AISC Design Guides

A Resource for Practicing Engineers

10th International Symposium on Steel Structures

Queretaro, Mexico
March 4 – 7, 2009

Louis F. Geschwindner, Ph.D., P.E.

Vice President
American Institute of Steel Construction

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 Design Guide 3: Design for
Serviceability
• Camber
• Tolerances
• Drift
• Cladding / Skylights
• Equipment Vibration
• Flat and Level
Floors
• Summary Charts
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and Guidelines 5

Deflection Criteria

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 Deflection Criteria

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The Problem,
To Camber or Not to Camber…

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To Camber or Not to Camber…
Select a W18 Floor Beam
Span = 30 ft
Supporting a Suspended Ceiling Grid
End Plate Connections

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To Camber or Not to Camber…

“To control excessive accumulation of
concrete in the deflected bay… the total
accumulated deflection in a bay due to
dead load (should be) limited to L/360, not
to exceed 1 in.”
Δ = (30 ft × 12 in./ft)/360 = 1 in.

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To Camber or Not to Camber…

L = 30 ft.

W18×35 (Ix = 510 in.4) Δx = 2.36 in.

W18×46 (Ix = 712 in.4) Δx = 1.69 in.
W18×71 (Ix = 1170 in.4) Δx = 1.03 in.
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To Camber or Not to Camber…

W18×35, Δx = 2.36 in. camber = 1-1/2 in.

W18×46, Δx = 1.69 in. camber = 3/4 in.
W18×71, Δx = 1.03 in. does not require
cambering

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 To Camber or Not to Camber…
“It is common practice not to camber beams
when the indicated camber is w in. or less”

“…beams received by the Fabricator with 75

percent of the specified camber require no
further cambering.”

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To Camber or Not to Camber…

Cost to camber ≈ $30 - $75
Cost of steel ≈ $0.40 per pound
Steel Savings = (71-35)(30)(0.40) = $432 > $75

Camber is an appropriate choice in this case

For non-composite design, this will not as often be the case.

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To Camber or Not to Camber…
• Filler Beams
• Girder Beams
• Composite floor beams
• Members with uniform cross section
• Trusses

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To Camber or Not to Camber…

• Spandrel beams (those supporting facia)
• Beams with cantilevers
• Beams with knee braces
• Members of non-uniform cross section.
• Beams with significant non-symmetrical loading.
• Beams subject to torsional loads.
• Beams less than 25' in length.
• Beams less than 14" in depth.
• Beams that require less than 1" of camber.
• Beams in braced frames.

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 Camber Cautions
•Don’t over-camber beams that receive shear
studs for composite action.

•Cambering of members with web thicknesses ¼

in. or less may result in web buckling.

•Beams that require square and parallel ends,

such as for end plate or welded moment
connections, must be cut after cambering.

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Camber Tolerances
From the AISC Code of Standard Practice
Section 6.4:
•For members less than 50-ft. long, the camber tolerance is
minus zero/plus ½-in.

•an additional 1/8-in. per each additional 10 ft of length (or

fraction thereof) is allowed for lengths in excess of 50 ft.

•These tolerances are serviceability guidelines and should

not be considered absolute.
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 Camber Tolerances
From the AISC Code of Standard Practice
Section 6.4:

Remember that the AISC Code of Standard

Practice indicates that camber is measured
in the un-stressed position in the shop.

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Design Guide 7:
Industrial Buildings
• Roof Systems
• Roof Trusses
• Crane Loads and
Runway Design
• Fatigue
• Column Anchorage

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 The Problem: Crane Runway
Girder Design

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Crane Runway Girder Design

1. Compute the required moments of inertia
(Ix and Iy) to satisfy deflection control
criteria.

L/600 to L/1000 for Vertical Deflection.

L/400 for Lateral Deflection.

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 Crane Runway Girder Design
2. Position the crane to produce worst loading
conditions…

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Crane Runway Girder Design

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 Crane Runway Girder Design

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Crane Runway Girder Design

3. Calculate Mx and My including effects of
impact.
Impact Factor
Accounts for
Dynamic Loads and
location of force
application, as well
as impact itself

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 Crane Runway Girder Design
4.For sections without channel caps, select a
trial section ignoring lateral load (My)
effects from: M
Sx = x
Fbx
• For sections with channel caps,
Appendix A Tables 1 and 2 are of assistance.

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Crane Runway Girder Design

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 Crane Runway Girder Design

If A36 channel caps are used on A992

steel beams then lateral torsional buckling
requirements must be based on the A36
material. Also the weak axis strength
must be based on the channel cap
material.

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Crane Runway Girder Design

5. Check this section by using:

M x S x M y St
+ ≤ 1.0
Fbx Fby
St = Section modulus of top half of section about y-axis.

• For rolled beams without channel caps, St should be taken as 1/2 of

the total Sy of the shape, since the design assumption is that only
the top flange resists the lateral crane loads.
• For sections with channel caps, St is the section modulus of the
channel and top flange area.

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 Crane Runway Girder Design
6. Check the section with respect to
sidesway web buckling as described the
AISC Specification.

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www.aisc.org/steeltools

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 www.aisc.org/steeltools

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AISC Design Guide 15:

Retrofit and Rehabilitation of
Existing Structures
• Section Properties of
Historic Shapes (1873 –
2000)
• Historic Review of AISC
Specifications
• Evaluation of Existing
Structures
• Enhancement of Existing
Structural Systems
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 Replaced “Iron and Steel
Beams…”

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The Problem: Evaluation of an

Existing Structure

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 Existing Steel Structures

Determine the load that this girder can carry based on

the original specification

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Evaluation of an Existing Structure

Project Completed 1931

(Drawing is for field
performance observations)

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 There's always a solution in steel
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Evaluation of an Existing Structure

Ma = FaS = 18 ksi × 145.2 in.3

= 2613 in.-kips
= 218 ft-kips
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Evaluation of an Existing Structure
P P

a = 6.33 ft

P = M/a = 218 ft-kips/6.33 ft

= 34.4 kips
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AISC Design Guide 11:

Floor Vibrations
• General Vibration
Principles
• Design for Walking
Excitation
• Design for Rhythmic
Excitation
• Design for Sensitive
Equipment
• Remedial Measures for
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Vibration Problems
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 The Problem: Evaluation of
Vibration Characteristics

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Determine if the floor system below

satisfies criteria for walking
vibration.

Design Guide
Ex. 4.4
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 Assumptions
Determine Occupancy Type and Actual
Floor Loads

Office Floors without full height partitions:

Floor live load = 11 psf
Mechanical equipment + ceiling = 4 psf
Slab + deck = 42 psf

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Joist/Beam Mode
Fundamental Frequency

5w j L4j
Δj = = 0.384 in.
384 Es I j
g
f j = 0.18
Δj
386
= 0.18 = 5.71 Hz
0.384
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 Girder Mode Fundamental
Frequency
5wg Lg 4
Δg = = 0.415 in.
384 Es I g
g
f g = 0.18
Δg
386
= 0.18 = 5.49 Hz
0.415
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Combined Mode Properties

Because girder span (30 ft) is less than the
beam panel effective width (32.2 ft), the girder
deflection is reduced

Lg 30
Δ'g = Δg = × 0.415 = 0.387 in.
Bj 32.2

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 Combined Mode Fundamental
Frequence

g
f n = 0.18
( Δ j + Δ'g )
386
= 0.18 = 4.03 Hz
( 0.384 + 0.837 )

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Performance Evaluation
Constants from Table 4.1
Effective Damping
β = 0.03
Force Constant

Po = 65 lbs
Calculated value
βW = 0.03 × 111 kips
= 3.33 kips
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 Performance Evaluation
Acceleration
ap Po exp ( − 0.35 f n )
=
g βW
65 exp (−0.35( 4.03))
=
3,300
= 0.0048 (0.48 percent gravity)

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Performance Evaluation

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 Performance Evaluation
ap
= 0.48% g
g

acceleration limit = 0.5% g

Therefore, the floor is marginally acceptable

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Performance Evaluation
Effective Damping

Modern Steel Construction, April 2004

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 Performance Evaluation
Effective Damping

Modern Steel Construction, April 2004

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Performance Evaluation
Effective Damping

Modern Steel Construction, April 2004

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 Performance Evaluation
Effective Damping

Modern Steel Construction, April 2004

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www.aisc.org/steeltools

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Other AISC Design Guides
and Resources
• Design of column
bases (both flat and triangular
stress block)

• Materials and repairs

• Small moment bases
• Large moment bases
• Design examples

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Other AISC Design Guides

and Resources
• Moment and shear
design of beams with
web openings
• Reinforced and
unreinforced
openings
• Deflection
considerations
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 Other AISC Design Guides
and Resources
• Unstiffened extended
end plate connections
• Stiffend extended end
plate connections
• Yield line procedure
• Preliminary selection
tables

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Other AISC Design Guides

and Resources
• Economical system
design
• Loading requirements
• Composite floor
systems
• Open web joist layout
and design
• Bay sizing
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 Other AISC Design Guides
and Resources
• Composite frame
construction
• Practical use of
composite columns
• Advantages and
Limitations
• Suggested details
• Beam-column
examples and design
tables
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Other AISC Design Guides

and Resources
• Design of frames with
partially restrained
connections
• Moment-rotation curves
for composite
connections
• PR beam deflections
• Connection detailing
• Tables and design aids
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 Other AISC Design Guides
and Resources
• Fundamentals of
torsion design
• Derivation of torsional
properties
• Torsional properties
tables for rolled
shapes
• Design examples and
aids
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Other AISC Design Guides

and Resources
• Temporary lateral
support systems
• Construction loads
• Prescriptive erection
bracing requirements
• Systems for
constructability

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 Other AISC Design Guides
and Resources
• Retrofit of Seismic
Systems
– RBS Connection
– Welded Haunch
– Bolted Bracket

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Other AISC Design Guides

and Resources
• Stiffener/continuity
Plate design
• Web doubler plate
design
• Panel zone strength
• Column selection to
avoid stiffeners and
doublers
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 Other AISC Design Guides
and Resources
• Truss member design
• Diaphragm design
• Fire Protection
• Erection
considerations
• Seismic
Considerations

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Other AISC Design Guides

and Resources
• Flush end plate
Connections
• Extended end
plates
• Design Procedures
• Gable frame panel
zones
• Design flow charts
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 Other AISC Design Guides
and Resources
• Methods of installation
• Methods of Inspection
• Strength of bolts
• Design of connections
• Strength of Rivets in
retrofit applications

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Other AISC Design Guides

and Resources
• Deck Systems for
Parking Structures
• Framing Systems
• Fire Protection
Requirements
• Corrosion
Protection

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 Other AISC Design Guides
and Resources
• Design of fire resistant
steel framing
• Building code requirements
• Fire protection methods
– Prescriptive Fire Protection
– Engineered Fire Protection
• Standard tests
• Material Properties
• Tables of Shape Surface
Areas

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Other AISC Design Guides

and Resources
• History and design
• High- and low-
seismic applications
• Design procedures
• Design examples
• Case studies

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 Other AISC Design Guides
and Resources
• General Reference
• Selection of weld
types
• Weld design
• Metallurgy
• Weld repair
• Quality
• Inspection
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Other AISC Design Guides

and Resources
• Economical slab
edge details
• Performance
characteristics
• Assistance for
architects
• Focuses on
strategies and their
effect on design
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 Other AISC Design Guides
and Resources
• Future Design Guides
DG 23. Constructability
DG 24. HSS Connections
DG 25. Web-tapered Member Design
DG 26. Stability Design of Steel Buildings
DG 27. Blast and Progressive Collapse
DG 28. Bracing Connections
DG 29. Castellated Beams
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 www.aisc.org/elearning

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Gracias

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