DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF GROUND
NUT HRVESTING
PROJECT REPORT 2008-2009
Submitted by:
(Team name)
COLLEGE LOGO
Guided by:
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the
requirement for the
Award of Diploma in
-----------------------------------------
By the State Board of Technical Education
Government of
Tamilnadu, Chennai.
Department:
College name:
Place:
COLLEGE NAME
COIMBATORE
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
PROJECT REPORT-2008-2009
This Report is certified to be the Bonafide work done by
Selvan/Selvi ---------------- Reg.No. ------------ Of VI
Semester class of this college.
Guide Head of the Department
Submitter for the Practical Examinations of the board of
Examinations,State Board of Technical Education,Chennai,
TamilNadu.On -------------- (date) held at the ------------
(college name),Coimbatore
Internal Examiner External Examiner
DEDICATED TO OUR BELOVED
PARENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
At this pleasing movement of having successfully
completed our project, we wish to convey our sincere thanks
and gratitude to the management of our college and our
beloved chairman------------------------.who provided all the
facilities to us.
We would like to express our sincere thanks to our
principal ------------------for forwarding us to do our project and
offering adequate duration in completing our project.
We are also grateful to the Head of Department prof
., for her/him constructive suggestions &encouragement
during our project.
With deep sense of gratitude, we extend our earnest
&sincere thanks to our guide --------------------, Department of
Mechanical for her/him kind guidance and encouragement
during this project we also express our indebt thanks to our
TEACHING staff of MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT,
---------- (college Name).
DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF GROUND
NUT HRVESTING
CONTENTS
CONTENTS
CHAPTER NO TITLE
SYNOPSIS
LIST OF FIGURES
NOMENCLATURE
1 Introduction
2 Description of equipments
3.1 Battery
3.2 Motor
4 Design and drawing
4.1 General machine Specifications
4.2 Design calculation
6 Working principle
7 Merits & demerits
8 Applications
9 List of materials
10 Cost Estimation
11 Conclusion
Bibliography
photography
LIST OF FIGURES
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure
Number Title
6 Bearing
8 Motor
NOMENCLATURE
NOMENCLATURE
A =Area (m2 )
D=Diameter (m)
F =Force (N)
H=Height (m)
L=Length(m)
P=Pressure (N/m2)
V=Volume (m3)
SYNOPSIS
SYNOPSIS:
CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER-3
DESCRIPTION OF EQUIPMENT
CHAPTER-3
DESCRIPTION OF EQUIPMENTS
3.1 BATTERY:
BATTERY CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM DETAILS:
In our project we are using secondary type battery. It is
rechargeable Type. A battery is one or more electrochemical cells,
which store chemical energy and make it available as electric current.
There are two types of batteries, primary (disposable) and secondary
(rechargeable), both of which convert chemical energy to electrical
energy. Primary batteries can only be used once because they use
up their chemicals in an irreversible reaction. Secondary batteries can
be recharged because the chemical reactions they use are reversible;
they are recharged by running a charging current through the battery,
but in the opposite direction of the discharge current. Secondary, also
called rechargeable batteries can be charged and discharged many
times before wearing out. After wearing out some batteries can be
recycled.
Batteries have gained popularity as they became portable and
useful for many purposes. The use of batteries has created many
environmental concerns, such as toxic metal pollution. A battery is a
device that converts chemical energy directly to electrical energy it
consists of one or more voltaic cells. Each voltaic cell consists of two
half cells connected in series by a conductive electrolyte.
One half-cell is the positive electrode, and the other is the
negative electrode. The electrodes do not touch each other but are
electrically connected by the electrolyte, which can be either solid or
liquid. A battery can be simply modeled as a perfect voltage source
which has its own resistance, the resulting voltage across the load
depends on the ratio of the battery's internal resistance to the
resistance of the load.
When the battery is fresh, its internal resistance is low, so the
voltage across the load is almost equal to that of the battery's internal
voltage source. As the battery runs down and its internal resistance
increases, the voltage drop across its internal resistance increases,
so the voltage at its terminals decreases, and the battery's ability to
deliver power to the load decreases.
3.2 MOTOR:
D.C.MOTOR PRINCIPLE:
A machine that converts direct current power into mechanical
power is known as D.C Motor. Its generation is based on the principle
that when a current carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic field,
the conductor experiences a mechanical force. The direction if this
force is given by Flemings left hand rule.
WORKING OF A DC MOTOR:
Consider a part of a multipolar dc motor as shown in fig. when the
terminals of the motor are connected to an external source of dc
supply;
(i) The field magnets are excited developing alternate N and S
poles.
(ii) The armature conductors carry currents. All conductors
under N-pole carry currents in one direction while all the
conductors under S-pole carry currents in the opposite
direction.
Suppose the conductors under N-pole carry currents into the plane
of paper and those under S-pole carry current out of the plane of
paper as shown in fig. Since each armature conductor is carrying
current and is placed in the magnetic field, mechanical force acts on
it. Applying Flemings left hand rule, it is clear that force on each
conductor is tending to rotate the armature in anticlockwise direction.
All these forces add together to produce a driving torque which sets
the armature rotating. When the conductor moves from one side of
the brush to the other, current in the conductor is received and at the
same time it comes under the influence of next pole which is of
opposite polarity. Consequently the direction of force on the
conductor remains same.
PRINCIPLES OF OPERATION:
In any electric motor, operation is based on simple electromagnetism.
A current-carrying conductor generates a magnetic field; when this is
then placed in an external magnetic field, it will experience a force
proportional to the current in the conductor, and to the strength of the
external magnetic field. As you are well aware of from playing with
magnets as a kid, opposite (North and South) polarities attract, while
like polarities (North and North, South and South) repel. The internal
configuration of a DC motor is designed to harness the magnetic
interaction between a current-carrying conductor and an external
magnetic field to generate rotational motion.
Let's start by looking at a simple 2-pole DC electric motor (here red
represents a magnet or winding with a "North" polarization, while
green represents a magnet or winding with a "South" polarization).
Every DC motor has six basic parts -- axle, rotor (armature), stator,
commutator, field magnet(s), and brushes. In most common DC
motors, the external magnetic field is produced by high-strength
permanent magnets. The stator is the stationary part of the motor --
this includes the motor casing, as well as two or more permanent
magnet pole pieces. The rotor (together with the axle and attached
commutator) rotate with respect to the stator. The rotor consists of
windings (generally on a core), the windings being electrically
connected to the commutator. The above diagram shows a common
motor layout -- with the rotor inside the stator (field) magnets.
The geometry of the brushes, commutator contacts, and rotor
windings are such that when power is applied, the polarities of the
energized winding and the stator magnet(s) are misaligned, and the
rotor will rotate until it is almost aligned with the stator's field
magnets. As the rotor reaches alignment, the brushes move to the
next commutator contacts, and energize the next winding. Given our
example two-pole motor, the rotation reverses the direction of current
through the rotor winding, leading to a "flip" of the rotor's magnetic
field, driving it to continue rotating.
In real life, though, DC motors will always have more than two poles
(three is a very common number). In particular, this avoids "dead
spots" in the commutator. You can imagine how with our example
two-pole motor, if the rotor is exactly at the middle of its rotation
(perfectly aligned with the field magnets), it will get "stuck" there.
Meanwhile, with a two-pole motor, there is a moment where the
commutator shorts out the power supply. This would be bad for the
power supply, waste energy, and damage motor components as well.
Yet another disadvantage of such a simple motor is that it would
exhibit a high amount of torque "ripple" (the amount of torque it could
produce is cyclic with the position of the rotor).
So since most small DC motors are of a three-pole design, let's tinker
with the workings of one via an interactive animation (JavaScript
required):
A few things from this -- namely, one pole is fully energized at a time
(but two others are "partially" energized). As each brush transitions
from one commutator contact to the next, one coil's field will rapidly
collapse, as the next coil's field will rapidly charge up (this occurs
within a few microsecond). We'll see more about the effects of this
later, but in the meantime you can see that this is a direct result of the
coil windings' series wiring:
There's probably no better way to see how an average DC motor is
put together, than by just opening one up. Unfortunately this is
tedious work, as well as requiring the destruction of a perfectly good
motor.
The guts of a disassembled Mabuchi FF-030-PN motor (the same
model that Solarbotics sells) are available for (on 10 lines / cm graph
paper). This is a basic 3-pole DC motor, with 2 brushes and three
commutator contacts.
The use of an iron core armature (as in the Mabuchi, above) is quite
common, and has a number of advantages. First off, the iron core
provides a strong, rigid support for the windings -- a particularly
important consideration for high-torque motors. The core also
conducts heat away from the rotor windings, allowing the motor to be
driven harder than might otherwise be the case. Iron core
construction is also relatively inexpensive compared with other
construction types.
But iron core construction also has several disadvantages. The iron
armature has a relatively high inertia which limits motor acceleration.
This construction also results in high winding inductances which limit
brush and commutator life.
In small motors, an alternative design is often used which features a
'coreless' armature winding. This design depends upon the coil wire
itself for structural integrity. As a result, the armature is hollow, and
the permanent magnet can be mounted inside the rotor coil.
Coreless DC motors have much lower armature inductance than iron-
core motors of comparable size, extending brush and commutator
life.
The coreless design also allows manufacturers to build smaller
motors; meanwhile, due to the lack of iron in their rotors, coreless
motors are somewhat prone to overheating. As a result, this design is
generally used just in small, low-power motors. Beamers will most
often see coreless DC motors in the form of pager motors.
Again, disassembling a coreless motor can be instructive -- in this
case, my hapless victim was a cheap pager vibrator motor. The guts
of this disassembled motor are available (on 10 lines / cm graph
paper). This is (or more accurately, was) a 3-pole coreless DC motor.
3.6 BEARING:
A bearing is a device to permit constrained relative motion
between two parts, typically rotation or linear movement. Bearings
may be classified broadly according to the motions they allow and
according to their principle of operation. Low friction bearings are
often important for efficiency, to reduce wear and to facilitate high
speeds. Essentially, a bearing can reduce friction by virtue of its
shape, by its material, or by introducing and containing a fluid
between surfaces. By shape, gains advantage usually by using
spheres or rollers. By material, exploits the nature of the bearing
material used. Sliding bearings, usually called bushes bushings
journal bearings sleeve bearings rifle bearings or plain bearings.
Rolling-element bearings such as ball bearings and roller bearings.
Jewel bearings, in which the load is carried by rolling the axle slightly
off-center.
Fluid bearings in which the load is carried by a gas or liquid.
Magnetic bearings in which the load is carried by a magnetic field.
Flexure bearings, in which the motion is supported by a load element
which bends. Bearings vary greatly over the forces and speeds that
they can support. Forces can be radial, axial (thrust bearings) or
moments perpendicular to the main axis. Bearings very typically
involve some degree of relative movement between surfaces, and
different types have limits as to the maximum relative surface speeds
they can handle, and this can be specified as a speed in ft/s or m/s.
The moving parts there is considerable overlap between capabilities,
but plain bearings can generally handle the lowest speeds while
rolling element bearings are faster, hydrostatic bearings faster still,
followed by gas bearings and finally magnetic bearings which have
no known upper speed limit.
CHAPTER-4
DESIGN AND DRAWING
CHAPTER-IV
DESIGN OF EQUIPMENT AND DRAWING
4.1 COMPONENTS
Wind mill power generation with load consists of the following
components to full fill the requirements of complete operation of the
machine.
1. Battery
2. Motor
BASE:
Length of the base = 500mm
With of the base = 450mm
Height of the base = 50mm
Material = M.S
Quantity = 1
MACHINE SPECIFICATION:
Size of machine (L x H) :500mmx----mm
4.2 DESIGN CALCULATION:
Formula:
P= 2πnt/60
Where N - speed of the motor in rpm
P – Power in watts
T – Torque transmitted in N.M
T = Px60/ 2πN
= 18 x 60/ 2πx30
= 1080/188.5
T = 5.73N.M
DRAWING
GROUND NUT HARVESTER
Chapter -6
WORKING PRINCIPLE
CHAPTER-VI
WORKING PRINCIPLE
CHAPTER -7
MERITS AND DEMERITS
CHAPTER-VII
MERITS AND DEMERITS
MERITS
Reliability
Use of renewable energy
Easy implementation
DEMIRTS
The rotating speed is depends upon the wind strength
Chapter-8
APPLICATIONS
CHAPTER-VIII
APPLICATIONS
For Home appliances usage
Industries, agricultural
CHAPTER-9
LIST OF MATERIALS
CHAPTER-IX
LIST OF MATERIALS
FACTORS DETERMINING THE CHOICE OF MATERIALS
The various factors which determine the choice of material are
discussed below.
1. Properties:
The material selected must posses the necessary properties for
the proposed application. The various requirements to be satisfied
Can be weight, surface finish, rigidity, ability to withstand
environmental attack from chemicals, service life, reliability etc.
The following four types of principle properties of materials
decisively affect their selection
a. Physical
b. Mechanical
c. From manufacturing point of view
d. Chemical
The various physical properties concerned are melting point, thermal
Conductivity, specific heat, coefficient of thermal expansion, specific
gravity, electrical conductivity, magnetic purposes etc.
The various Mechanical properties Concerned are strength in tensile,
Compressive shear, bending, torsional and buckling load, fatigue
resistance, impact resistance, eleastic limit, endurance limit, and
modulus of elasticity, hardness, wear resistance and sliding
properties.
The various properties concerned from the manufacturing point
of view are,
Cast ability
Weld ability
Surface properties
Shrinkage
Deep drawing etc.
2. Manufacturing case:
Sometimes the demand for lowest possible manufacturing cost or
surface qualities obtainable by the application of suitable coating
substances may demand the use of special materials.
3. Quality Required:
This generally affects the manufacturing process and ultimately
the material. For example, it would never be desirable to go casting of
a less number of components which can be fabricated much more
economically by welding or hand forging the steel.
4. Availability of Material:
Some materials may be scarce or in short supply. It then
becomes obligatory for the designer to use some other material which
though may not be a perfect substitute for the material designed. the
delivery of materials and the delivery date of product should also be
kept in mind.
5. Space consideration:
Sometimes high strength materials have to be selected because the
forces involved are high and space limitations are there.
6. Cost:
As in any other problem, in selection of material the cost of
material plays an important part and should not be ignored.
Some times factors like scrap utilization, appearance, and non-
maintenance of the designed part are involved in the selection of
proper materials.
Chapter-10
COST ESTIMATION
1. LABOUR COST:
Lathe, drilling, welding, drinding, power hacksaw, gas cutting cost
2. OVERGHEAD CHARGES:
The overhead charges are arrived bymanufacturing cost
Manufaturing Cost =Material Cost +Labour Cost
=
Overhead Charges =20%of the manufacturing cost
3.TOTAL COST:
Total cost = Material Cost +Labour Cost +Overhead Charges
Total cost for this project =
Chapter-11
CONCLUSION
CHAPTER-XI
CONCLUSION
The project carried out by us made an impressing task in the
field of electricity department. It is used for to produce the current in
windmill unit.
This project has also reduced the cost involved in the concern.
Project has been designed to perform the entire requirement task
which has also been provided.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
BIBLIGRAPHY
1. Design data book -P.S.G.Tech.
2. Machine tool design handbook Central machine tool
Institute, Bangalore.
3. Strength of Materials -R.S.Kurmi
4. Manufaturing Technology -M.Haslehurst.
5. Design of machine elements- R.s.Kurumi
PHOTOGRAPHY
