Chapter 8 / Part D. Q 3. Camels are called the ship of desert.

 Camels are called the ship of desert as they are adapted

1) A cockroach walks with the help of three pairs of jointed to desert conditions and can travel through it by
legs and flies with the help of its wings. consuming less resource.
2) A snail moves due to its ventral, elongated and muscular Q 4. Body is streamlined and laterally compressed in fish.
foot.  Body is streamlined and laterally compressed in fish for
3) Snake ‘A’ would move faster because it is more curved in making them able to swim efficiently.
position. Q 5. Whales and dolphins have blowholes.
4) The birds have adapted themselves for walking and  Whales and dolphins have blowholes for enabling them
flying due to their streamlined body, hollow bones, to breathe from the surface.
powerful muscles, wider wings and strong foot. Q 6. Desert plants have long roots spreading into the soil.
5) Endoskeleton species have bones inside their body; like  Desert plants have long roots spreading into the soil for
fish, birds etc. absorbing water from deep under the ground.
6) Exoskeleton species have skeleton outside their body; Part D.
like cockroach. Q 1. What do you mean by adaptations?
 The quality of altering according to the surrounding in a
Part E. Ans 1. (a) particular ecosystem for survival is known as
adaptation.
Hinge joint Gliding joints Q 2. What is an environment and what constitutes an
It allows movement in one It allows two-way movement. environment?
direction.  An environment is the part of surrounding through
Elbow and knee have hinge Wrist and ankle are arranged which any organism interacts directly. Biotic
joints. as gliding joints. environment includes other living organisms and
Ans 1. (b) abiotic environment includes soil, water, air etc.
Q 3. What do you mean by habitat? Give at least two
Movable joints Immovable joints examples.
These joints allow movement These joints do not move.  A habitat is a place where plants and animals adapt
of joints. themselves for survival activities. For example aquatic
Movable joints may be hinge Skull and pelvis are with habitat inhibits species of water bodies and terrestrial
joints, ball and socket joints, immovable joints. habitat inhibits species of land.
gliding joint or pivotal joints. Q 4. What are hydrophytes?
Ans 2.  Hydrophytes are the species adapted to live in excess of
water.
Q 5. Give special terms for aquatic plants and desert plants.
a) Vertebral column:- It helps to twist and bend, and it also
 Aquatic plants – hydrophytes
holds the body upright. It also protect the spinal cord.
Desert plants – Xerophytic plants.
b) Skull:- It protects the brain.
Q 6. What is the function of swollen petiole in water
c) Rib cage:- It protects the internal organs like heart, lungs
hyacinth?
and liver.
 The function of swollen petiole in water hyacinth is to
d) Bone marrow- Its primary function is to produce blood
make them afloat.
cells and to store fat.
Q 7. Water on lotus leaf simply slides off or remains on its
e) Fins of a fish:- these helps in swimming while changing
surface as tiny silvery balls. Why?
direction.
 This is because of the coating of wax on the leaves.
Q 8. Give any three adaptations in hydrophytes.
Ans 3.
 * Poorly developed roots
* Long, thin and hollow stem
a) Movable joints. * Wax coating on leaves.
b) Bones. Q 9. What are mesophytes? Give its examples.
c) Immovable joints.  Mesophytes are plants that need only a moderate
d) Skeletal muscle. amount of water. For example mango guava, neem
e) Ribs. laburnum,, banyan etc.
f) Skeleton. Q 10. Which of the things in the following list are
g) Pelvis. non-living?
h) Spine.  Non-living things are book, Sewing machine, Radio,
i) Skull. Boat.
Part E.
Chapter 9 / Part C.
Q 1. Describe the effect of light and temperature on the
Q 1. Water lily floats on the water surface. growth and distribution of animals.
 Water lily floats on water surface because of its broad  All organisms need sun light for survival, from
leaves. producers to consumers. Organisms also need
Q 2. Leaves are coated with wax in hydrophytes. adaptable temperature conditions. Ambient
 Leaves are coated with wax in hydrophytes to protect temperature has a powerful effect on organisms. Some
them from rotting.
 organisms are specially adapted to live in extreme heat Example: Water hyacinth. Example: Cactus.
and cold. Q 2. Xerophytes and mesophytes
Q 2. Name (i) three aquatic plants (ii) two desert animals
and (iii) two polar animals. Xerophytes Mesophytes
 Three aquatic plants – Water hyacinth, lotus water Plants that live in Land plants living in
chestnut. conditions where water is environment with
Two desert animals- Camel and burrowers like rat, scare (for example in the moderate amount of
snake etc. desert) moisture.
Two polar animals – seal and polar bear. Q 3. Aquatic animals and terrestrial animals
Q 3. Describe the aerial adaptations in birds.
 The aerial adaptations in birds are streamlined body for Aquatic animals Terrestrial animals
flight. They have hollow bones and wider wings. An aquatic animal is an A terrestrial animal is an
Q 4. How is a fish adapted to the aquatic mode of life? animal who lives in water. animal who lives
 A fish has adapted itself to aquatic mode of life by exclusively in the land.
evolving a streamlined body for swimming. They Aquatic animals respire Terrestrial animals respire
possess gills for respiration and fins for effective through gills or their skin. through lungs or trachea.
maneuvers in water. Q 4. Biotic and abiotic components
Q 5. Mention briefly the adaptive features in xerophytes.
 Xerophytes are a species of plants that are adapted to Biotic components Abiotic components
survive in environments with very little water like Biotic factors are living or Abiotic factors refer to non-
deserts, ice or snow covered regions. Morphologically once-living organisms in living physical and chemical
and physiologically the xerophytes are adapted to the ecosystem. elements in the ecosystem.
conserve water and also to store large quantities of These are obtained from Abiotic resources are
water in the dry periods. Some species are adapted to the biosphere and are usually obtained from the
survive long periods of dehydration in their tissues. capable of reproduction. lithosphere, atmosphere,
Q 6. Mention various adaptations in terrestrial animals. and hydrosphere.
 Terrestrial habitat includes various types of habitats Examples of biotic factors Examples of abiotic factors
like deserts, forests, grasslands, coastal and mountain are animals, birds, plants, are water, air, soil, sunlight,
regions. Terrestrial animals show a wide range of fungi, and other similar and minerals.
adaptations. Animals that live on land are dogs, cat, organisms.
monkeys, etc. Some of the adaptations seen in these Q 5. Aquatic and terrestrial habitat
animals are legs that are strong and muscular, paws
have soft pads. Aquatic habitat Terrestrial habitat
Q 7. List few adaptations of animals that live in grasslands Aquatic habitat includes Terrestrial habitat includes
for example, deer. water bodies like lakes, land.
 Elephant, rhinoceros, cattle, horse ocean, rivers, swamps, algal
Part F. beds and reef.
Q 1. How have camels adapted themselves for the desert It is further classified under It is further classified under
life? marine habitat, fresh water desert, mountain, grassland,
 Camels have long legs which help to keep their body habitat and costal habitat. forest and polar habitats.
away from the heat of the sand. They secrete small
amount of urine, their dung is dry and they do not
sweat so they lose little water from their bodies. Chapter 10 / Part D.
Q 2. How are the abiotic and biotic components
interdependent? Q 1. The height of a person is 1.45 m. Express it in cm and
 Biotic and abiotic factors both influence each other. The mm.
abiotic factors will determine what kinds of biotic  1.45 m = 1.45 x 100 cm = 145 cm
factors will be present. Particular organisms and plant  = 1.45 x 1000 mm = 1450 mm
forms are suited for particular types of environments. Q 2. The distance between Rahul's school and market is
Part G. 4250 m. Express this distance in km.
Q 1. Hydrophytes and xerophytes  4250 m = 4250 / 1000 km = 4.250 km
Q 3. While measuring a table, reading of the scale at one end
Hydrophytes: Xerophytes: is 4.0 cm and at the other end is 4.3 cm. What is the
1. This include plants that 1. This includes that live in length of the table?
live in water or wet dry conditions or Desert  (4.3 – 4) cm = 0.3 cm = 0.3 x 10 mm = 3 mm
conditions. areas.
2. Leaves are large and 2. Leaves are small and
broad. spiny.
3. These plants lack thick 3. They have thick waxy
cuticle layer. cuticle.
4. Stomata are present on 4. Stomata are sunken in
the upper surface of leaf the pits of epidermis and
and are large in number. are less in numbers.
 2. What is linear motion? How is it different from rotational
motion? Explain with one example.

Motion in a straight line is called linear motion. It is

translational in nature as it has no axis of translation like
rotational motion. For example, moving of a bus on straight
road.

3. Differentiate between rotation of an object and the revolution

of an object.
E. Answer the following questions in one or two sentences.

1. If you are sitting in a moving car, are you at rest or in motion?

Rotation can be defined as the Revolution can be defined as
Obviously, we will be in motion with the moving car. spinning of an object on its movement of a body around
own axis. another
Earth’s rotation is completed
in approximately 24 hrs while
2. What type of motion does an apple falling from a tree show? its revolution takes around
365 days.
It will be a translatory motion. 3.Rotation causes day and
night. Revolution causes
different seasons.

3. Is the hour's hand of a wall clock at rest or in motion?

4. What is oscillatory motion? Give at least two applications of
It is in motion. oscillatory motion.
4. What type of motion does the wheel of a bicycle perform? If a body moves back and forth repeatedly about a mean
position, it is said to possess oscillatory motion. Vibrations of
Both rotatory and translatory. guitar strings, motion of a pendulum bob.

5. Define random motion with the help of an example.

5. Which type of motion do the feet of a tailor perform while Motion in which direction and pattern keeps on changing is
sewing some cloths on sewing machine? called random motion eg., butterfly flitting flower to flower.
Oscillatory motion. G. Give detailed answers to the following questions.

1. Why is a cubit or a footstep not used as a standard unit of

length?
6. Name the two movements of the earth.
A cubit or a footstep vary from person to person so it is not
Rotation about its axis and revolution about the Sun.
considered as a standard unit of length.

2. What precautions will you take to measure the length of the

7. Why is movement of a butterfly considered random? table top accurately?

A butterfly has a random motion because it exhibit translatory, Two precautions are :
rotatory and oscillatory motion.
(i) Place the scale in contact with the object along
its length.

(ii) Most important, eye should be correctly positioned

above the point to be measured to make a correct measurement.

3. What do you understand by the term 'parallax error'? How

can this be rectified? Explain with an example.

F. Answer the following questions in three or four sentences. Parallax is the way an object’s position or direction seems to
change depending on viewing angle. To experience this
1. When do you say an object is in the state of motion? phenomenon, simply cover one eye and focus on an object. Then
move the cover to the other eye. Because each eye provides a
An object is in the state of motion in a frame of reference if its different viewing angle, the object will appear to move.
position changes with time.
4. With the help of an activity, explain how will you measure the
length of a curved line. Use the method of your choice.
Procedure to Measure the Length of a Curved Line

Take a non-stretchable string or a thread and tie a knot at one of

its ends.

Place the knotted end of the thread at one end of the curved
line.

Holding the thread steadily with your fingers, stretch it along

the curved line until you reach the other end.

Now make a mark on the thread where it reaches the other end.

Finally, place the thread along a metre scale and measure the
length between the knot and the marked point.

This gives the length of the curved line.

H. Differentiate between

1. Periodic and non-periodic motion .

A motion which repeats itself at regular intervals of time is

called a periodic motion.

A motion which repeats itself, but not at regular intervals of

time, is called a non-periodic motion.

3. Vibratory and oscillatory motion.