11/27/2018 Period of Enlightenment (1872-1898)

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Period of Enlightenment (1872-1898

Historical Background
After 300 years of passivity under Spanish rule, the Filipino spirit reawak
the 3 priests Gomez, Burgos and Zamora were guillotined without sufficien
of guilt. This occurred on the 17th of February.
This was buttressed with the spirit of liberalism when the Philippines
doors to world trade and with the coming of a liberal leader in the person of
Carlos Maria de la Torre.
The Spaniards were unable to suppress the tide of rebellion among the Fili
once religious spirit transformed itself into one of nationalism and the
demanded changes in the government and in the church.

A. The Propaganda Movement (1872-1896)

This movement was spearheaded mostly by the intellectual middle-clas
Rizal, Marcelo del Pilar; Graciano Lopez Jaena, Antonio Luna, Mariano P
Ma. Panganiban, and Pedro Paterno. The objectives of this movement we
reforms and changes like the following:
1. To get equal treatment for the Filipinos and the Spaniards under the law.
2. To make the Philippines a colony of Spain.
3. To restore Filipino representation in the Spanish Cortes.

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4. To Filipinize the parishes.

5. To give the Filipinos freedom of speech, of the press, assembly and for
grievances.
B. Highlights of the Propaganda Movement
There were three principal leaders of the Propaganda movement. They we
Rizal, Marcelo H. del Pilar and Graciano Lopez Jaena. Here are highlights a
and what they have done for our country.
DR. JOSE P. RIZAL
Jose Protacio Rizal Mercado Alonzo y Realonda was born on June 1
Calamba, Laguna. His first teacher was his mother Teodora Alonozo. He stu
Ateneo de Manila, started medicine at UST and finished at the Universidad
Madrid. He also studied at the University of Berlin, Leipzig and Heidelber
by musketry in the hands of the Spaniards on December 30, 1896 on
sedition and rebellion against the Spaniards.
His pen-name was Laong Laan and Dimasalang. His books and writings:
1. NOLI ME TANGERE. This was the novel that gave spirit to the p
movement and paved the way to the revolution against Spain.
In this book, he courageously exposed the evils in the Spanish-run gov
the Philippines. The Spaniards prohibited the reading of this novel bu
translations were able to enter stealthily in the country even if it means dea
caught in possession of them.
The NOLI gave Philippine literature the immortal characters Maria C
Crisostomo Ibarra, Elias, Sisa, Pilosofong Tasio, Doña Victorina, Kapita
Basilio and Crispin, Rizal had a powerful pen in the delineation of these char
2. EL FILIBUSTERISMO. This is a sequel to the NOLI. While the NOL
the evils in society, the FILI exposed those in the government and in th
However, the NOLI has been dubbed the novel of society while that of FIL
politics.
3. MI ULTIMO ADIOS (My Last Farewell).
This was a poem by Rizal while he was incarcerated at Fort Santiago
that can compare favorably with the best in the world. It was only after his d
his name was affixed to the poem.
4. SOBRE LA INDOLENCIA DE LOS FILIPINOS(On the Indolen
Filipinos). An essay on the so-called Filipino indolence and an evaluat
reasons for such allegations.
5. FILIPINAS DENTRO DE CIEN AÑOS(The Philippines within a Cen
essay predicting the increasing influence of the US in the Philippine
decreasing interest of Europe here. Rizal predicted that if there is any other
of the Philippines in the future, it would be the US.
6. A LA JUVENTUD FILIPINA(To the Filipino Youth). A poem Rizal d
the Filipino youth studying at UST. 7. EL CONSEJO DE LES DIOSES (Th
of the Gods). An allegorical play manifesting admiration for Cervantes.
8. JUNTO AL PASIG (Beside the Pasig River). Written by Rizal when he wa
of age.
9. ME PIDEN VERSOS (You asked Me for Verses); 1882 and A LAS FL
HEIDELBERG (To the Flowers of Heidelberg). Two poems manifesti
unusual depth of emotion.
10. NOTAS A LA OBRA SUCESOS DE LAS FILIPINAS FOR
ANTONIO DE MORGA (Notes on Philippine Events by Dr. Antonio d
1889 11. P. JACINTO: MEMORIAS DE UN ESTUDIANTE DE MANILA (
Memoirs of a Student of Manila) 1882
12. DIARIO DE VIAJE DE NORTE AMERICA (Diary of a Voyage
America)
MARCELO H. DEL PILAR
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Marcelo H. del Pilar is popularly known for his pen name of Plaride
Piping Dilat and Dolores Manapat. He was born at Cupang, San Nicolas, B
August 30, 1850. His parents were Julian H. del Pilar, noted Filipino writer
Gatmaita. His brother was the priest Fr. Toribio del Pilar who was b
Marianas in 1872. Because there were many children in the family, Marce
his share of his inheritance for his other brothers and sisters.
Marcelo started schooling at the school of Mr. Flores and then transferred
San Jose before UST. His last year in law school was interrupted for 8 yea
had quarrel with the parish priest during a baptism at San Miguel, Manila in
established the Diariong Tagalog in 1883 where he exposed the evils of th
government in the Philippines and in order to avoid the false accusations hur
by the priests. To avoid banishment, he was forced to travel to Spain in 1888
He was assisted by Fr. Serrano Laktaw in publishing a different Cath
Passion Book wherein they made fun of the priests.
They also made the DASALAN AT TOCSOHAN and KAIINGAT KA
from the word IGAT, a kind of snake fish caught in politics.
Upon his arrival in Spain, he replaced Graciano Lopez Jaena as edi
SOLIDARIDAD, a paper which became the vehicle thru which refor
government could be worked out. This did not last long for he got sick an
reach Hong Kong from where he could arouse his countrymen.
He died of tuberculosis in Spain but before he died, he asked his compan
his wife and children that he was sorry he wasn’t able to bid them goodb
others about the fate of our countrymen and to continue helping the countr
has truly earned a niche in the history of our nation. Even today, countless s
been named after him. The former Kingwa has been named Plaridel, the Ma
School is now Marcelo H. del Pilar High School and above all, his patr
bravery will remain alive in our memories.
Writings of Marcelo H. del Pilar
1. PAGIBIG SA TINUBUANG LUPA (Love of Country). Translated
Spanish AMOR PATRIA of Rizal, published onAugust 20,1882, in Diariong
2. KAIINGAT KAYO (Be Careful). A humorous and sarcastic dig in ans
Jose Rodriquez in the novel NOLI of Rizal, published in Barcelona in 188
Dolores Manapat as pen-name here.
3. DASALAN AT TOCSOHAN (Prayers and Jokes). Similar to a cath
sarcastically done agains the parish priests, published in Barcelona in 1888. B
this, del Pilar was called “filibuster.”Done in admirable tone of supplic
excellent use of Tagalog.
4. ANG CADAQUILAAN NG DIOS (God’s Goodness). Published in Ba
was also like a cathecism sarcastically aimed against the parish priest
contains a philosophy of the power and intelligence of God and an appreciati
love for nature.
5. SAGOT SA ESPANYA SA HIBIK NG PILIPINAS (Answer to Spa
Plea of the Filipinos). A poem pleading for change from Spain but tha
already old and weak to grant any aid to the Philippines.
This poem is in answer to that of Hermenigildo Flores’Hibik sa Pilipin
from the Philippines).
6. DUPLUHAN…DALIT…MGA BUGTONG (A poetical contest in
sequence, psalms, riddles). A compilation of poems on the oppression by
in the Philippines.
7. LA SOBERANIA EN PILIPINAS (Sovereignty in the Philippines). T
the injustices of the friars to the Pilipinos.
8. POR TELEFONO (By Telephone)
9. PASIONG DAPAT IPAG-ALAB NG PUSO NG TAONG BABASA
that should arouse the hearts of the readers)
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GRACIANO LOPEZ JAENA

(1856-1896)
A most notable hero and genius of the Philippines, Graciano Lopez Jaen
on December 18, 1856 and died on January 20, 1896. The pride of Jaro, Iloi
the admiration of the Spaniards and Europeans.
He is a known writer and orator in the Philippines. He wrote 100 speec
were published by Remigio Garcia, former bookstore owner in Manila F
which are still read up to no by modern Filipinos.
Lopez Jaena left the Philippines in 1887 with the help of Don Claudio Lo
uncle, in order to escape punishment form his enemies and arrived at Va
center of the Republican movement of the Spaniards. He gained the acqua
the high officials like Piy Margall, Morayta, Moret, Castelar, and Salme
Valencia, he moved to Barcelona where he established the first mag
SOLIDARIDAD. This later became the official voice of the Association H
Filipinas (a Filipino-Spanish Association) composed of Filipinos and Span
worked for reforms in the Philippines. Because of this, Jaena successfully s
Spaniards and the people of the world how a newspaperman can introduce
law and reforms towards a better life and progress.
Jaena, although he didn’t become a professor, was also a teacher in a s
friends and relatives in the Philippines. Like Antonio Maria Regidor, Tom
Rosario and Felipe Calderon, he stood for the separation of church and sta
education, better government and schools, freedom of worship and for an in
and free university.
He sided with Rizal in the controversy between Rizal and del Pilar over w
head the Association Hispano de Filipinas in Madrid. He returned to the Phi
ask for donations to continue a new government called El Latigo N
Pambansang Latigo. He sold the rights of La Solidaridad ot del Pilar who h
a lawyer and had brought in money from his sojourn in Spain Graciano Lo
died in a charity hospital in Barcelona on January 20, 1896, eleven months
best friend Rizal was shot at the Luneta on December 30, 1896.
A. The Works of Graciano Lopez Jaena
1. ANG FRAY BOTOD (Friar Botod). One of his works written in Jaro
1876, six years after the Cavite Revolt attacking the friars in the Philip
exposed how some of the friars were greedy, ambitious and immoral.
2. LA HIJA DEL FRAILE (The Child of the Friar) and EVERY
HAMBUG (Everything is mere show). Here Jaena explains the tragedy of m
Spaniard.
3. SA MGA PILIPINO...1891…A speech which aimed to improve the co
the Filipinos to become free and progressive.
4. TALUMPATING PAGUNITA KAY KOLUMBUS (An Or
Commemorate Columbus). A speech he delivered in Madrid on the 39tha
of the discovery of America
5. EN HONOR DEL PRESIDENTE MORAYTA DE LA ASSOC
HISPANO FILIPINO 1884.
Here he praised Gen. Morayta for his equal treatment of the Filipinos.
6. EN HONOR DE LOS ARTISTAS LUNA Y RESURRECCION HID
sincere expression of praise for the paintings of Hidalgo on the condit
Filipinos under the Spaniards.
7. AMOR A ESPAÑA O A LAS JOVENES DE MALOLOS (Love for Sp
the Youth of Malolos). The theme is about how girls were taught Spanish
and whose teachers were the governors-general of the place.
8. EL BANDOLERISMO EN PILIPINAS (Banditry in the Philippin
refuted the existence of banditry in the Philippines and of how there should
robbery and other reforms.
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9. HONOR EN PILIPINAS (Honor in the Philippines). The triumphant

of Luna, Resurrecion and Pardo de Tavera of the thesis that intellect or k
gives honor to the Philippines.
10. PAG-ALIS SA BUWIS SA PILIPINAS (Abolition of Taxes in the Phi
11. INSTITUCION NG PILIPINAS (Sufferings of the Philippines). Ja
here to the wrong management of education in the Philippines 1887.
B. OTHER PROPAGANDISTS
ANTONIO LUNA
Antonio Luna was a pharmacist who was banished by the Spaniards to
joined the Propaganda Movement and contributed his writings to LA SOLID
Most of his works dealt with Filipino customs and others were accusations
the Spaniards ran the government. His pen name was Tagailog.
He died at the age of 33 in June 1899. He was put to death by the
Aguinaldo because of his instant rise to fame which became a threat to A
Some of his works are:
1. NOCHE BUENA (Christmas Eve). It pictured true Filipino life.
2. SE DEVIERTEN (How They Diverted Themselves). A dig at a da
Spaniards where the people were very crowded.
3. LA TERTULIA FILIPINA (A Filipino Conference or Feast). Depicts
custom which he believed was much better than the Spanish.
4. POR MADRID (For Madrid). A denouncement of Spaniards who clai
Philippines is a colony of Spain but who think of Filipinos as foreigners whe
to collecting taxes for stamps.
5. LA CASA DE HUEPEDES (The Landlady’s House). Depicts a lan
looks for boarders not for money but in order to get a husband for her child.
MARIANO PONCE
Mariano Ponce became an editor-in-chief, biographer and research
Propaganda Movement. He used Tikbalang, Kalipulako, and Naning as penn
common themes of his works were the values of education. He also wrote
the Filipinos were oppressed by the foreigners and of the problems of his co
Among his writings were:
1. MGA ALAMAT NG BULACAN (Legend of Bulacan). Contains leg
folklores of his native town.
2. PAGPUGOT KAY LONGINOS (The Beheading of Longinos). A play
the plaza of Malolos, Bulacan.
3. SOBRE FILIPINOS (About the Filipinos)
4. ANG MGA PILIPINO SA INDO-TSINA (The Filipinos in Indo-China
PEDRO PATERNO
Pedro Paterno was a scholar, dramatic, researcher and novelist of the P
Movement.: He also joined the Confraternity of Masons and the Asociacion
Pilipino in order to further the aims of the Movement. He was the first Filip
who escaped censorship of the press during the last day of the Spanish colon
The following were a few of his wrtings:
1. NINAY. The first social novel in Spanish by a Filipino.
2. A MI MADRE (To My Mother). Shows the importance of a mother es
the
home.
3. SAMPAGUITA Y POESIAS VARIAS (Sampaguitas and Varied P
collection of his poems.
JOSE MA. PANGANIBAN
Jose Ma. Panganiban hid his identity behind his penname JORMAPA. H
known for having photographic mind. He was a member of a number of m
for the country.
Some of his writings were:
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1. ANG LUPANG TINUBUAN (My Native Land)

2. ANG AKING BUHAY (My Life)
3. SU PLANO DE ESTUDIO (Your Study Plan)
4. EL PENSAMIENTO (The Thinking)
C. Period of Active Revolution (1896-1898)
Historical Background
The Filipinos did not get the reforms demanded by the propagan
government turned deaf ears to these petitions; oppression continued and
and the government became even more oppressive to the Filipinos.
intentions of Spain were reversed by the friars who were lording it o
Philippines.
Because of this, not a few of the Filipinos affiliated with the La Liga
civic organization suspected of being revolutionary and which trigger
banishment to Dapitan). Like Andres Bonifacio, Emilio Jacinto, Apolinar
Jose Palma, and Pio Valenzuela decided that there was no other way excep
The gist of literature contained mostly accusations against the governmen
meant to arouse the people to unite and to prepare for independence.
D. Highlights of the Active Revolution
The noted leaders of this period were Andres Bonifacio, Emilio J
Apolinario Mabini. These are their contributions to our country.
ANDRES BONIFACIO
Andres Bonifacio is best known as the Father of Filipino Democracy, but
others, as the Father of the Katipunan because he led in establishing the Kat
Kagalang-galanga Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan (KKK).
Andres Bonifacio came from a poor family and it is said that what he
got from the school of experience.
He was a voracious reader and among those he loved to read which a
revolutionary spirit were the NOLI and the FILI of Rizal. He joined th
Filipina founded by Rizal in 1892. He established the Katipunan which tri
spirit of freedom especially when Rizal was banished to Dapitan, Mindanao.
Bonifacio is better known as the great Revolutionary rather than a writer b
wrote things which paved the way for the revolution and which also became
literature. Among his works were:
1. ANG DAPAT MABATID NG MGA TAGALOG (What the Tagalo
Know)
2. KATUNGKULANG GAGAWIN NG MGA ANA NG BAYAN (Obli
Our Countrymen). This is an outline of obligations just like the 10 comman
God.
3. PAG-IBIG SA TINUBUAN LUPA (Love of One’s Native Land). A po
title similar to that of Marcelo H. del Pilar.
4. HULING PAALAM (Last Farewell). A translation of Mi Ultimo Adios
Tagalog. APOLINARIO MABINI
Apolinario Mabini is known in literature and history as the Sublime Pa
the Brains of the Revolution.
EMILIO JACINTO
Emilio Jacinto was the intelligent assistant of Andres Bonifacio in the est
of the Katipuna. He is called the Brains of the Katipunan. He edited
(Freedom) a Katipunan newspaper. Bonifacio withdrew his writing of the K
deference to Jacinto’s work as secretary of the Katipunan. His Kartilya w
followed by the members of the organization. Here are few of his writings:
1. KARTILYA NG KATIPUNAN (A primer book on the Katipunan)
2. LIWANAG AT DILIM (Light and Darkness). A collection of essays o
subjects like freedom, work, faith, government, love of country.
3. A MI MADRE (To My Mother). A touching ode to his mother.
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4. A LA PATRIA (To My Country). His masterpiece. He was born

Tanauan, Batangas on July 22, 1864. Because he was born of a poor family
work in order to study. He became known to his professors and classmate
and the UST because of his sharp memory and the simple clothes he use
throughout his schooling.
He became the right-hand of Emilio Aguinaldo when the latter fo
Republic in Malolos.
His contributions to literature were writing on government society, philo
politics.
Here are some of his works:
1. EL VERDADERO DECALOGO (The True Decalogue
Commandments). This was his masterpiece and his aim here was to pro
spirit of nationalism.
2. EL DESAROLLO Y CAIDA DE LA REPUBLICA (The Rise and F
Philippine Republic)
3. SA BAYANG PILIPINO (To the Filipino Nation)
4. PAHAYAG (News)
OTHER REVOLUTIONISTS
JOSE PALMA
Jose Palma became popular because of his Himno Nacional Fili
Philippine National Anthem) which was set to music by Julian Felipe. He w
Tondo, Manila on June 6, 1876.
His brother Rafael Palma became the president of the UP.
He joined the revolution against the Americans together with Gregorio de
youngest Filipino general who died during the revolution.
Aside from the National Anthem, here are his other works:
1. MELANCOLIAS (Melancholies). A collection of his poems.
2. DE MI JARDIN (In My Garden). A poem expressing one’s longin
sweetheart.
NEWSPAPERS DURING THE REVOLUTION
In the effort of the Revolutionists to spread to the world their longing
country, many newspapers were put up during the Revolutionary period. The
1. HERALDO DE LA REVOLUCION. Printed the decrees of the Rev
Government, news and works in Tagalog that aroused nationalism.
2. LA INDEPENDENCIA (Independence). Edited by Antonio Luna and w
was for Philippine Independence.
3. LA REPUBLICA PILIPINA (The Philippine Republic). Established
Paterno in 1898.
4. LA LIBERTAD (Liberty). Edited by Clemente Zulueta.

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