E-Commerce Answer Set - I
E-Commerce Answer Set - I
E-Commerce Answer Set - I
PART –B
3. a) Write the concept of internet terminology.
Routers-
It transfers or routes the data between networks. They are particularly used in
controlling traffic flow by making intelligent routing decisions. It is used in the network
layer of ISO model. It is used to connect networks that use different architectures and
protocols; they can transfer information packets across multiple networks. It is used by
the network as an intermediate destination. Routers Can:
Direct signal traffic efficiently.
Route messages between any two protocols.
Route messages between linear bus, star and star-wired ring topologies.
Route messages across fibre optic, coaxial, and twisted-pair cabling.
Switches-
It is a device that selects a circuit for sending data through a network. A
concentrator is a device that provides a central connection point for cables from
workstations, servers and peripherals. A switch tends to be simpler, faster and less
expensive than a router, lacks information about the network that a router may use in
determining the best circuit or path to use to move data from one part of a network to
another.
Hubs-
It is used in the network but these are such type of network devices that transmits
a data to all its connected devices. It does not control the traffic so they are less used in
comparison to switches.
PART – C
4. Explain in detail about NSFNET architecture and components
National Science Foundation (NFS) has created five super computer centers for
complex and wider range of scientific explorations in mid-1980s. Until then,
supercomputers were limited to military researchers and other who can afford to buy.
Since every university could not be connected directly to the center, need of
access structure was realized and accordingly each campus joined the regional network
that was connected to the closest center. With this architecture, any computer could
communicate with any other by routing the traffic through its regional networks, where
the process was reserved to reach the destination. This can be depicted in the three level
hierarchical models as shown in the figure:
Fig1: Figure1 shows the structure of the Internet hierarchy from national backbone
to campus network.
This abstraction is not completely accurate because it ignores commercial
network providers, international networks, and interconnections that bypass the strict
hierarchy.
Water distribution systems may be useful analogy in understanding the technology and
economics of the NSFNET program.
1. We can think of the data circuits as pipes that carry data rather than water.
2. The cost to an institution was generally a function of the size of the data pipe entering
the campus.
3. The campuses installed plumbing and appliances such as computers, workstations and
routers. And Service cost as an infrastructure cost such as classrooms, libraries and water
fountains.
The mid-level networks acted like cooperatives that distributed data from the
national backbone to the campuses. They leased data pipes from the telephone
companies, and added services and management. So each member could access the pipe
and either consume or send data.
This model was a huge success but became a victim of its own success and was no
longer effective. One main reason for it was-the network's traffic increased until,
eventually, the computer controlling the network and the telephone lines connecting them
became saturated. The network was upgraded several times over the last decade to
accommodate the increasing demand.
The NSFNET backbone service was the largest single government investment in
the NSF-funded program. This backbone is important because almost all network users
throughout the world pass information to or from member institutions interconnected to
the U.S. NSFNET.
The current NSFNET backbone service dated from 1986, when the network consisted
of a small number of 56-Kbps links connecting six nationally funded supercomputer
centers. In 1997, NSF issued a competitive solicitation for provision of a new, still faster
network service.
In 1988, the old network was replaced with faster telephone lines, called T-1 lines
that had a capacity of 1.544 Mbps compared to the earlier 56 Kbps, with faster computers
called routers to control the traffic.
By the end of 1991, all NSFNET backbone sites were connected to the new ANS-
provided T-3 backbone with 45 Mbps capacity. Initial 170 networks in July 1988 to over
38,000 and traffic of initial 195 million packets to over 15 terabytes. Discussions of
electronic commerce were due to the economic factor. The cost to the NSF for transport
of information across the network decreased.
It fell from approximately $10 per megabyte in 1987 to less than $1.0 in 1989. At
the end of 1993, the cost was 13 cents. These cost reduction occurred gradually over a
six-year period. Cost reductions were due to new faster and more efficient hardware and
software technologies.
They provide a bridge between local organizations, such as campuses and libraries,
and the federally funded NSFNET backbone service.
The service of Mid Level Regional Networks tends to vary from sub state,
statewide and multistate coverage.
The mandate for state networks is to provide local connectivity and access to wider
area services for state governments, K-12 schools, higher education, and research
institutions.
These are the most important components of the network hierarchy, as the investment
in these infrastructures far exceeds that of the government's investments in the national
and regional networks.