The document describes experiments to measure signal power and analyze signal spectra using TIMS equipment. The objectives are to:
1. Measure signal power using an RMS voltmeter and determine accuracy by comparing to calculations.
2. Analyze signal spectra using an oscilloscope's FFT feature as a makeshift spectrum analyzer.
3. Investigate the effects of filters on signals by passing different frequency signals through low-pass filters and measuring the output.
The document describes experiments to measure signal power and analyze signal spectra using TIMS equipment. The objectives are to:
1. Measure signal power using an RMS voltmeter and determine accuracy by comparing to calculations.
2. Analyze signal spectra using an oscilloscope's FFT feature as a makeshift spectrum analyzer.
3. Investigate the effects of filters on signals by passing different frequency signals through low-pass filters and measuring the output.
The document describes experiments to measure signal power and analyze signal spectra using TIMS equipment. The objectives are to:
1. Measure signal power using an RMS voltmeter and determine accuracy by comparing to calculations.
2. Analyze signal spectra using an oscilloscope's FFT feature as a makeshift spectrum analyzer.
3. Investigate the effects of filters on signals by passing different frequency signals through low-pass filters and measuring the output.
The document describes experiments to measure signal power and analyze signal spectra using TIMS equipment. The objectives are to:
1. Measure signal power using an RMS voltmeter and determine accuracy by comparing to calculations.
2. Analyze signal spectra using an oscilloscope's FFT feature as a makeshift spectrum analyzer.
3. Investigate the effects of filters on signals by passing different frequency signals through low-pass filters and measuring the output.
Equipment: OSCILLOSCOPE, RMS VOLTMETER This experiment is concerned with the measurement of the power in modulated signals. It uses an RMS voltmeter to make the measurements, each of which can be con rmed by independent calculation, and indirect measurement using the oscilloscope. The measurement of absolute power is seldom required when working with TIMS. More often than not you will be interested in measuring power ratios, or power changes. In this case an rms volt meter is very useful. You will nd that the accuracy of this meter is more than adequate for measurements of all signals met in the TIMS environment. If the magnitude of the voltage V appearing across a resistor of `R' ohms is known to be Vrms Volts, then the power being dissipated in that resistor is, by de nition:
2 Vrms P ower = W att R
Table 1 gives some examples which you should check analytically. During the experiment you can con rm them with TIMS models and instrumentation. Assume that the resistance is normalized to 1Ω.
1.2 EXPERIMENT
You will now model the signals in Table 1, and make some measurements to con rm the calculations shown there. For each signal it will be possible to measure the individual component amplitudes with the oscilloscope, by conveniently removing all the others, and then to calculate the expected rms value of the composite signal. Then the rms value of the signal itself can be measured, using the RMS meter. In this way you can check the performance of the voltmeter against predictions.
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
University of the Philippines, Diliman EEE 107 Introduction to Communication Systems 2
1.2.1 Single Tone
T1 Model the signal #1 of Table 1. Use the AUDIO OSCILLATOR module. It is assumed that you can measure the amplitude `V' on your oscilloscope. It is also assumed that you agree with the calculated magnitude of the rms voltage as given in the Table. Check the RMS voltmeter reading. √ The two readings should be in the ratio 2 : 1. If this is not so you should either determine a calibration constant to apply to this (and subsequent) oscilloscope reading, or adjust the oscilloscope sensitivity. This correction (or adjustment) will ensure that subsequent readings should have the expected relative magnitudes. But note that their absolute magnitudes have not been checked. This is not of interest in this experiment.
1.2.2 Two Tone
T2 Model the two-tone signal #2 of Table 1. Use the 2kHz MESSAGE signal in the MASTER SIGNALS module for the second tone. You can combine the two in an ADDER, and thus examine and measure each one independently at the ADDER output (as per the previous module). Compare the reading of the RMS voltmeter with predictions. T3 Adjust the amplitudes of the signal examined in the previous Task to equality. Con rm that the peak-to-peak amplitude, as measured on the oscilloscope, can lead directly to a knowledge of the individual amplitudes V1 and V2 . Show this to your instructor before proceeding.
1.2.3 Modulated T4 Model the signal #3 of Table 1. Use the 2kHz MESSAGE signal in the MASTER SIGNALS module for the second sinusoid. The frequency of the rst sinusoid should be a multiple of the second. Compare the reading of the RMS voltmeter with predictions.
Table 1: Common message signals
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
University of the Philippines, Diliman EEE 107 Introduction to Communication Systems 3
Equipment: OSCILLOSCOPE A spectrum analyzer is a device used to examine the frequency spectra of signals. A spectrum analyzer may be implemented either in analog or digital.
(a) Principle (b) Practical
Figure 1: Spectrum analyzer block diagram
The principle of an analog spectrum analyzer is illustrated in Figure 1a. The bandpass lter has a tunable center frequency. This center frequency is swept through the range of frequencies to be measured. When the input signal has a component located at the center frequency of the bandpass lter, an output registers. The frequency resolution of the instrument is determined by the lter bandwidth. The above implementation of a spectrum analyzer is not practical since tunable bandpass lters are very hard to manufacture. An alternative approach uses the principles of a superheterodyne receiver (which will be discussed in more detail in later lecture classes), as shown in Figure 1b. Instead of using a tunable bandpass lter, the input signal is mixed (multiplied) with the output of a tunable oscillator. Recall that multiplying a signal with a sinusoid shifts the frequency components of the signal up and down by the sinusoid's frequency. As an example, multiplying two sinusoids with frequencies of 9 KHz and 10 KHz results in a signal with frequency components at 1 KHz (10 KHz 9 KHz) and 19 KHz (10 KHz + 9 KHz). The shifted component of interest here is that shifted down. If the input signal has a component at the same frequency as the tunable oscillator, an output signal is produced. The lowpass lter is needed so that only the components shifted down are extracted. On the other hand, a digital spectrum analyzer uses the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT), a mathematical process that separates a signal into its frequency components. The signal to be analyzed may be sent to a computer, and computer programs can easily apply the necessary transforms to extract the desired information.
2.2 Experiment
2.2.1 Generate a test signal
T5 Set an AUDIO OSCILLATOR to output a sinusoid with a frequency of 1 kHz. You may check the output frequency using the FREQUENCY COUNTER or an oscilloscope.
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
University of the Philippines, Diliman EEE 107 Introduction to Communication Systems 4
T6 For the second sinusoid, the 2kHz MESSAGE signal from the MASTER SIGNALS module will be used. This is useful for generating subsequent 2 kHz signals or any arbitrary low frequency signal. T7 Using an ADDER, add the two sinusoids. Set the gain of the 1 kHz sinusoid to produce a 2V peak-to-peak sinusoid, and the gain of the 2 kHz sinusoid to produce a 1V peak-to-peak sinusoid. Use the oscilloscope to accurately set the gains for the two sinusoids. The output of the ADDER is the test signal we will be analyzing.
2.2.2 Makeshift Spectrum Analyzer
T8 Display the test signal in the oscilloscope. Set the trigger control to either CH1 or CH2. Set the oscilloscope to display MATH mode, then select FFT mode to see the spectrum of the test signal. This oscilloscope feature will be our makeshift spectrum analyzer. You can adjust the center frequency and frequency resolution by using the oscilloscope controls. Show the magnitude spectrum to your instructor. For the experiments to be conducted using TIMS, the absolute amplitudes of the frequency components are not important. More value is placed on knowing the relative amplitudes of the frequency components we are examining.
T9 Observe the ratio of the amplitudes of the 2 kHz and 1 kHz signals as displayed in the magnitude spectra. Verify that your makeshift spectrum analyzer works acceptably. Try modifying the ADDER gain and observe if the magnitude spectrum is aected. T10 Produce a new test signal by multiplying two sinusoids with equal amplitudes and frequencies of 5 kHz and 2 kHz. Analyze this new signal as before using your makeshift spectrum analyzer. Show the magnitude spectrum to your instructor.
2.2.3 Eects of Filters on Signals
T11 You will rst analyze the 3kHz LPF which is contained within the HEADPHONE AMPLIFIER module. Set the LPF SELECT switch to IN. Take the output of the AUDIO OSCILLATOR and use it as the input to the HEADPHONE AMPLIFIER. Using your oscilloscope, observe the output amplitude of the lter when the input sinusoid is: 1 kHz, 3 kHz, 5 kHz and 9 kHz. Tabulate the gain (in dB) for each frequency. T12 Devise a method to nd the -3dB frequency of the 3 kHz LPF . T13 You will now analyze the TUNEABLE LPF. Set the FREQUENCY RANGE SELECT switch to WIDE. Turn the TUNE knob fully clockwise. Input a 1 kHz sinusoid and display the lter output on the oscilloscope. Adjust the gain of the TUNEABLE LPF so that the passband gain is 0dB. Set the cut-o frequency of the lter to 5 KHz. T14 Add a 2 kHz sinusoid and a 9 kHz sinusoid. Use this as the input to the LPF. Observe the output using an oscilloscope. T15 Display the magnitude spectra of the input and output of the TUNEABLE LPF. Show your plots to your instructor. The AUDIO OSCILLATOR is capable of producing a TTL output. This output has two levels: 0V and 5V. This TTL output is compatible with the TUNEABLE LPF input. (Note that not all analog inputs can accept TTL-level signals or vice versa. Ask your instructor rst before performing these types of connections.) T16 Produce a 1 kHz square wave using the TTL output of the AUDIO OSCILLATOR . Use this as the input to the TUNEABLE LPF . T17 Observe the time-domain eect of the LPF on the square wave using your oscilloscope. T18 Plot the magnitude spectra of the ltered square wave. Show this to the instructor.
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
