Osteoarthrology

dr. Nur Afrainin Syah, M.Med.Ed, PhD

Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Andalas
Is this the correct anatomical position?
 The Skeletal System
 Parts of the skeletal system
 Bones (skeleton)
 Joints
 Cartilages

 Ligaments (bone to bone)(tendon=bone to muscle)

 Divided into two divisions

 Axial skeleton- skull, spinal column
 Appendicular skeleton – limbs and girdle

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

 Functions of Bones
 Support of the body
 Protection of soft organs
 Movement due to attached skeletal
muscles
 Storage of minerals and fats
 Blood cell formation
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
 Bones of the Human Body
 The skeleton has 206 bones
 Two basic types of bone tissue
 Compact bone
 Homogeneous
 Spongy bone
 Small needle-like
pieces of bone
Figure 5.2b

 Many open spaces

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Bones are classified by their shape:

1. Long- bones are longer than they

are wide (arms, legs)
2. Short- usually square in shape,
cube like (wrist, ankle)
3. Flat- flat , curved (skull, Sternum)
4. Irregular- odd shapes (vertebrae,
pelvis)
 Classification of Bones on the Basis of
Shape

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

 Types of Bone Cells
 Osteocytes
 Mature bone cells
 Osteoblasts
 Bone-forming cells
 Osteoclasts
 Bone-destroying cells
 Break down bone matrix for remodeling and
release of calcium
 Bone remodeling is a process by both
osteoblasts and osteoclasts
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
 Changes in the Human Skeleton
 In embryos, the skeleton is primarily
hyaline cartilage
 During development, much of this cartilage
is replaced by bone
 Cartilage remains in isolated areas
 Bridge of the nose
 Parts of ribs
 Joints

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

 Bone Fractures
 A break in a bone
 Types of bone fractures
 Closed (simple) fracture – break that does not
penetrate the skin
 Open (compound) fracture – broken bone penetrates
through the skin
 Greenstick- frays, hard to repair, breaks like a green
twig
 Bone fractures are treated by reduction and
immobilization
 Realignment of the bone
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Axial skeleton supports and protects
organs of head, neck and trunk

Axial skeleton:
-skull (cranium and facial bones)
-hyoid bone (anchors tongue and
muscles associated with swallowing)
-vertebral column (vertebrae and
disks)
-bony thorax (ribs and sternum)
Appendicular skeleton includes
bones of limbs and bones that anchor
them to the axial skeleton
Appendicular skeleton:
pectoral girdle (clavicle,scapula)
upper limbs (arms)
pelvic girdle (coxae, sacrum,
coccyx)
lower limbs (legs)
Articulation- where joints meet, connect,
and are formed.
 The Axial Skeleton

 Forms the longitudinal part of the body

 Divided into three parts
 Skull
 Vertebral Column
 Rib Cage

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide

 The Axial Skeleton

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

The Skull
•8 sutured bones in cranium
•Facial bones: 13 sutured bones
and 1 mandible

Cranium
encases brain
attachments for muscles
sinuses
 Bones of the Cranium
• Some are thicker
than others!!!
Parietal Bone Parietal Bone
Cranium Bones
Frontal Bone

Temporal
Occipital Bone
Bone
 Maxilla and Mandible

Maxilla

Mandible
 Bones of the Skull

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Allows for
growth
 Paranasal Sinuses
 Hollow portions of bones surrounding
the nasal cavity

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

 The Hyoid Bone
 The only bone that
does not articulate
with another bone

 Serves as a
moveable base for
the tongue, and
other muscle
attachments
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
 The Vertebral Column
 Vertebrae separated
by intervertebral
discs made of
cartilage
 The spine has a
normal S curvature
 Each vertebrae is
given a name
according to its
location
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Thoracic cage
ribs
thoracic Vertebrae
sternum
costal cartilages

•True ribs are directly attached to the sternum

(first seven pairs)

•Three false ribs are joined to the 7th rib

•Two pairs of floating ribs

30/9
Coccyx and Sacrum
 Clavicle or Collarbone
• The clavicle, or
collar bone, holds
the shoulder joint
away from the rest
of the upper body
and is only as thick
as your little finger.
 Scapula
• The scapula is
located on the back
side of the ribcage
and helps provide
part of the shoulder
joint and movement
for the arms.
Humerus (Upper Arm Bone)
 Radius and Ulna

• Radius on Top

• Ulna on Bottom
Carpals or (Wrist Bones)
Metacarpals (Top of Hands)
Phalanges (Little Fingers)
Pelvis (Dancing Bone)
 Femur
(Largest Bone in the Body)
The Tibia and Fibula
Tarsals
Metatarsals
Phalanges
Calcaneous
 Skeletal System Review
My Videos\wholebodyskeleton.mov

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UXtG052Klkg
 Joints
A joint, or articulation, is the place where two
bones come together.

• Fibrous- Immovable: connect bones, no

movement. (skull and pelvis).
• Cartilaginous- slightly movable, bones are
attached by cartilage, a little movement (spine
or ribs).
• Synovial- freely movable, much more
movement than cartilaginous joints. Cavities
between bones are filled with synovial fluid. This
fluid helps lubricate and protect the bones.
 The Synovial Joint

Figure 5.28

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Types of Synovial Joints Based on Shape

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

 Types of Synovial Joints Based on Shape

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

 Joints of the Body
• Hinge Joint: Movement
at joint in one direction
like a door, allows
extension and retraction
of an appendage
– Ex. Knee and Elbow
Ball and Socket- A ball and socket joint
allows for radial movement in almost any
direction. They are found in the hips and
shoulders. (Hip, Shoulder)
Gliding- In a gliding or plane joint bones
slide past each other. Mid-carpal and mid-
tarsal joints are gliding joints. (Hands,
Feet)
Saddle- This type of joint occurs when the
touching surfaces of two bones have both
concave and convex regions with the
shapes of the two bones complementing
one other and allowing a wide range of
movement. (Thumb)
• Pivot Joint: Bone
resting atop another
bone permitting free
movement.
– Ex. Neck, Wrist and
Ankles
 condyloid joint
(condylar, ellipsoidal, or
bicondylar):
is an ovoid articular surface, or
condyle that is received into an
elliptical cavity. This permits
movement in two planes, allowing
flexion, extension, adduction,
abduction, and circumduction

• The wrist-joint
• metacarpophalangeal joints
• metatarsophalangeal joints
58/9
.
The Connectors of the Body
• Ligaments: Connect
bone to bone
 The Connectors of the Body!!

• Tendon: Attaches muscles to bones

The Connectors of the Body
• Cartilage: It acts as a cushion
between bones at a joint and protects
the bones.
Diseases and
Conditions
of the Skeletal
System
 • Dislocation: Out of joint
• Fracture: Break
Arthritis
 Bursitis
• Inflammation of the Bursa (fluid filled
sac surrounding the joint).
• A bursa can become inflamed from
injury, infection (rare in the
shoulder), or due to an underlying
rheumatic condition.
• Bursitis is typically identified by
localized pain or swelling,
tenderness, and pain with motion of
the tissues in the affected area.
 Tendonitis
• Sometimes the tendons become inflamed for
a variety of reasons, and the action of pulling
the muscle becomes irritating. If the normal
smooth gliding motion of your tendon is
impaired, the tendon will become inflamed
and movement will become painful. This is
called tendonitis, and literally means
inflammation of the tendon.
• The most common cause of tendonitis is
overuse.
 Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
• Any condition that causes swelling or a
change in position of the tissue within
the carpal tunnel can squeeze and
irritate the median nerve. Irritation of
the median nerve in this manner
causes tingling and numbness of the
thumb, index, and the middle fingers, a
condition known as "carpal tunnel
syndrome."
 Osteoporosis
• Osteoporosis is a term that means "porous
bones." It is a skeletal disease affecting
women and men. Osteoporosis is a
condition in which bones have lost minerals
especially calcium making them weaker,
more brittle, and susceptible to fractures
(broken bones). Any bone in the body can be
affected by osteoporosis, but the most
common places where fractures occur are
the back (spine), hips, and wrists.
 Scoliosis
• Scoliosis is an abnormal curvature of the
spine. If your child has scoliosis, the view
from behind may reveal one or more
abnormal curves.Scoliosis runs in families,
but doctors often don't know the cause.
More girls than boys have severe scoliosis.
Adult scoliosis may be a worsening of a
condition that began in childhood, but
wasn't diagnosed or treated. In other cases,
scoliosis may result from a degenerative
joint condition in the spine.
 Kyphosis
• With kyphosis, your spine may look
normal or you may develop a hump.
Kyphosis can occur as a result of
developmental problems; degenerative
diseases, such as arthritis of the spine;
osteoporosis with compression
fractures of the vertebrae; or trauma to
the spine. It can affect children,
adolescents and adults.
 Lordosis
• A normal spine, when viewed from
behind appears straight. However, a
spine affected by lordosis shows
evidence of a curvature of the back
bones (vertebrae) in the lower back
area, giving the child a "swayback"
appearance.
Tuberculosis of the Spine- Pott’s
Disease
• As a form of extrapulmonary tuberculosis that impacts the
spine, Pott’s disease has an effect that is sometimes
described as being a sort of arthritis for the vertebrae that
make up the spinal column. More properly known as
tuberculosis spondylitis, Pott’s disease is named after Dr.
Percivall Pott, an eighteenth century surgeon who was
considered an authority in issues related to the back and
spine.Pott's disease is often experienced as a local
phenomenon that begins in the thoracic section of the spinal
column. Early signs of the presence of Pott’s disease
generally begin with back pain that may seem to be due to
simple muscle strain. However, in short order, the symptoms
will begin to multiply.
 Rickets
• Rickets is the softening and weakening
of bones in children, usually because
of an extreme and prolonged vitamin D
deficiency.
• Some skeletal deformities caused by
rickets may need corrective surgery.
 Scurvy
• The human body lacks the ability to
synthesize and make vitamin C and
therefore depends on exogenous dietary
sources to meet vitamin C needs.
Consumption of fruits and vegetables or
diets fortified with vitamin C are essential to
avoid ascorbic acid deficiency. Even though
scurvy is uncommon, it still occurs and can
affect adults and children who have chronic
dietary vitamin C deficiency.
 Gout
• Gout is a disease that results from an
overload of uric acid in the body. This
overload of uric acid leads to the
formation of tiny crystals of urate that
deposit in tissues of the body, especially
the joints. When crystals form in the
joints it causes recurring attacks of joint
inflammation (arthritis). Chronic gout can
also lead to deposits of hard lumps of
uric acid in and around the joints and
may cause joint destruction, decreased
kidney function, and kidney stones.
 Acromegaly
• Acromegaly is a serious condition that
occurs when the body produces too much of
the hormones that control growth. ･The
hormone most often affected is called growth
hormone, or GH. It is produced by the
pituitary gland, a tiny organ at the base of the
brain.･･Growth hormone promotes growth of
bone, cartilage, muscle, organs, and other
tissues.･･When there is too much growth
hormone in the body, these tissues grow
larger than normal. This excessive growth
can cause serious disease and even
premature death.
 Poliomyelitis
• Poliomyelitis (polio) is a highly infectious disease caused by a virus. It
invades the nervous system, and can cause total paralysis in a matter
of hours. It can strike at any age, but affects mainly children under
three (over 50% of all cases). The virus enters the body through the
mouth and multiplies in the intestine. Initial symptoms are fever,
fatigue, headache, vomiting, stiffness in the neck and pain in the
limbs. One in 200 infections leads to irreversible paralysis (usually in
the legs). Amongst those paralysed, 5%-10% die when their breathing
muscles become immobilized. Although polio paralysis is the most
visible sign of polio infection, fewer than 1% of polio infections ever
result in paralysis. Poliovirus can spread widely before cases of
paralysis are seen. As most people infected with poliovirus have no
signs of illness, they are never aware they have been infected. After
initial infection with poliovirus, the virus is shed intermittently in
faeces (excrement) for several weeks. During that time, polio can
spread rapidly through the community.
 Spina Bifida
• Spina bifida is a birth defect that involves the
incomplete development of the spinal cord
or its coverings. The term spina bifida comes
from Latin and literally means "split" or
"open" spine.Spina bifida occurs at the end
of the first month of pregnancy when the two
sides of the embryo's spine fail to join
together, leaving an open area. In some
cases, the spinal cord or other membranes
may push through this opening in the back.
The condition usually is detected before a
baby is born and treated right away.
 Talipes Equinovarus- “Clubfoot”
• Clubfoot is a deformity of the whole foot that is
present at birth. There are several types of
clubfoot that are jointly known as 'talipes', as
the deformity is mostly in the talus (a bone in
the ankle). The most common of the talipes is
what is known as "talipes equino varus" - it is
so common that the word clubfoot is
commonly used to refer to this. In talipes
equino varus, the child is born with the foot
pointing down and twisted inwards at the
ankle.
 Sarcoma
• Osteosarcoma-The most common type
of bone cancer. It arises in bone and is
most commonly found in children and
adolescents but a rare form occurs in
adults, particularly in patients who
have been cured of other cancers with
radiation therapy.
 Myeloma
• Multiple myeloma is a cancer in which abnormal
cells collect in the bone marrow and form tumors.
Sometimes these abnormal cells (called myeloma
cells) collect in only one bone and form a single
tumor known as a plasmacytoma. However, in most
cases, the myeloma cells collect in many bones,
forming several tumors and causing other
problems. When this happens, the disease is called
multiple myeloma.
 Leukemia
• Leukemia is cancer of the blood cells. It starts in the
bone marrow, the soft tissue inside most bones. Bone
marrow is where blood cells are made.When you are
healthy, your bone marrow makes:･White blood cells,
which help your body fight infection.･Red blood cells,
which carry oxygen to all parts of your body.･
Platelets, which help your blood clot.When you have
leukemia, the bone marrow starts to make a lot of
abnormal white blood cells, called leukemia cells.
They don't do the work of normal white blood cells,
they grow faster than normal cells, and they don't
stop growing when they should.
Bone Marrow Biopsy