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    2.2.1. Criteria of Purity PDF

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    This document discusses paper chromatography and how it can be used to separate mixtures and identify substances. [1] Paper chromatography uses a stationary phase, such as paper, and a mobile phase, such as a solvent, to separate mixtures based on how substances distribute themselves between the phases. [2] Simple chromatograms can be interpreted to determine if substances or mixtures are pure based on the number of spots that appear. [3] Additional techniques like determining Rf values and using locating agents allow chromatography to be used to analyze even colorless substances.

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    2.2.1. Criteria of Purity PDF

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    Otto
    110 views3 pages
    This document discusses paper chromatography and how it can be used to separate mixtures and identify substances. [1] Paper chromatography uses a stationary phase, such as paper, and a mobile phase, such as a solvent, to separate mixtures based on how substances distribute themselves between the phases. [2] Simple chromatograms can be interpreted to determine if substances or mixtures are pure based on the number of spots that appear. [3] Additional techniques like determining Rf values and using locating agents allow chromatography to be used to analyze even colorless substances.

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    2.2.1. Criteria of purity.pdf

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    This document discusses paper chromatography and how it can be used to separate mixtures and identify substances. [1] Paper chromatography uses a stationary phase, such as paper, and a mobile phase, such as a solvent, to separate mixtures based on how substances distribute themselves between the phases. [2] Simple chromatograms can be interpreted to determine if substances or mixtures are pure based on the number of spots that appear. [3] Additional techniques like determining Rf values and using locating agents allow chromatography to be used to analyze even colorless substances.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    110 views3 pages

    2.2.1. Criteria of Purity PDF

    Uploaded by

    Otto
    This document discusses paper chromatography and how it can be used to separate mixtures and identify substances. [1] Paper chromatography uses a stationary phase, such as paper, and a mobile phase, such as a solvent, to separate mixtures based on how substances distribute themselves between the phases. [2] Simple chromatograms can be interpreted to determine if substances or mixtures are pure based on the number of spots that appear. [3] Additional techniques like determining Rf values and using locating agents allow chromatography to be used to analyze even colorless substances.

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    of 3

    Cambridge​ ​IGCSE​ ​Chemistry

    Topic​ ​2:​ ​Experimental​ ​techniques


    Criteria​ ​of​ ​purity

    Notes

    www.pmt.education
    Demonstrate​ ​knowledge​ ​and​ ​understanding​ ​of​ ​paper​ ​chromatography

    ● Paper​ ​chromatography:
    o Used​ ​to​ ​separate​ ​mixtures​ ​and​ ​give​ ​information​ ​to​ ​help​ ​identify
    substances
    o Involves​ ​a​ ​stationary​ ​phase​ ​and​ ​a​ ​mobile​ ​phase
    o Separation​ ​depends​ ​on​ ​the​ ​distribution​ ​of​ ​substances​ ​between​ ​the
    phases
    o To​ ​carry​ ​it​ ​out:​ ​place​ ​substances​ ​on​ ​line​ ​near​ ​bottom​ ​of​ ​paper,​ ​place​ ​in
    solvent​ ​and​ ​observe​ ​how​ ​far​ ​the​ ​substances​ ​travel​ ​up​ ​the​ ​paper

    Interpret​ ​simple​ ​chromatograms

    ● if​ ​two​ ​substances​ ​are​ ​the​ ​same,​ ​they​ ​will​ ​show​ ​up​ ​the​ ​same​ ​on​ ​the​ ​paper​ ​after
    carrying​ ​out​ ​the​ ​chromatogram
    ● if​ ​the​ ​substance​ ​is​ ​a​ ​mixture,​ ​it​ ​will​ ​separate​ ​on​ ​the​ ​paper​ ​to​ ​show​ ​all​ ​the
    different​ ​components​ ​as​ ​separate​ ​spots
    ● an​ ​impure​ ​substance​ ​will​ ​show​ ​up​ ​with​ ​more​ ​than​ ​one​ ​spot,​ ​a​ ​pure​ ​substance
    should​ ​only​ ​show​ ​up​ ​with​ ​one​ ​spot

    Paper​ ​Chromatography Analytical technique separating compounds by their


    relative​ ​speeds​ ​in​ ​a​ ​solvent​ ​as​ ​it​ ​spreads​ ​through​ ​paper.

    The more soluble a substance is, the further up the paper


    it​ ​travels.

    Separates​ ​different​ ​pigments​ ​in​ ​a​ ​coloured​ ​substance.


    Pigment Solid,​ ​coloured​ ​substance

    (Extended​ ​only)​ ​…Including​ ​the​ ​use​ ​of​ ​Rf​ ​values

    ● Rf​ ​value​ ​=​ ​distance​ ​moved​ ​by​ ​substance​ ​÷​ ​distance​ ​moved​ ​by​ ​solvent
    ● Different​ ​compounds​ ​have​ ​different​ ​Rf​ ​values​ ​in​ ​different​ ​solvents,​ ​which​ ​can​ ​be
    used​ ​to​ ​help​ ​identify​ ​the​ ​compounds
    o Compounds​ ​in​ ​a​ ​mixture​ ​may​ ​separate​ ​into​ ​different​ ​spots​ ​depending​ ​on
    the​ ​solvent​ ​but​ ​a​ ​pure​ ​compound​ ​will​ ​produce​ ​a​ ​single​ ​spot​ ​in​ ​all​ ​solvents

    www.pmt.education
    (Extended​ ​only)​ ​Outline​ ​how​ ​chromatography​ ​techniques​ ​can​ ​be​ ​applied​ ​to
    colourless​ ​substances​ ​by​ ​exposing​ ​chromatograms​ ​to​ ​substances​ ​called
    locating​ ​agents;​ ​knowledge​ ​of​ ​specific​ ​locating​ ​agents​ ​is​ ​not​ ​required

    ● You​ ​can​ ​analyse​ ​colourless​ ​mixtures​ ​of​ ​chemicals​ ​if​ ​the​ ​‘spots’​ ​can​ ​be​ ​coloured
    by​ ​a​ ​chemical​ ​or​ ​light​ ​treatment
    o Examples​ ​include…
    ▪ Ninhydrin​ ​used​ ​with​ ​proteins​ ​–​ ​breaks​ ​them​ ​down​ ​into​ ​amino
    acids​ ​and​ ​colours​ ​them​ ​purple
    ▪ UV​ ​light​ ​–​ ​fluoresce​ ​many​ ​colourless​ ​organic​ ​molecules
    ▪ (you​ ​don’t​ ​need​ ​to​ ​remember​ ​these​ ​specific​ ​locating​ ​agents)
    o These​ ​are​ ​all​ ​known​ ​as​ ​locating​ ​agents,​ ​allowing​ ​Rf​ ​values​ ​to​ ​be​ ​taken​ ​and
    (previously​ ​colourless)​ ​molecules​ ​to​ ​be​ ​identified

    Identify​ ​substances​ ​and​ ​assess​ ​their​ ​purity​ ​from​ ​melting​ ​point​ ​and​ ​boiling
    point​ ​information

    ● Pure​ ​substances​ ​melt​ ​and​ ​boil​ ​at​ ​specific​ ​temperatures


    o This​ ​melting​ ​and​ ​boiling​ ​points​ ​data​ ​can​ ​be​ ​used​ ​to​ ​distinguish​ ​pure
    substances​ ​from​ ​mixtures​ ​(which​ ​melt​ ​over​ ​a​ ​range​ ​of​ ​temperatures​ ​due
    to​ ​them​ ​consisting​ ​of​ ​2​ ​or​ ​more​ ​elements​ ​or​ ​compounds)

    Understand​ ​the​ ​importance​ ​of​ ​purity​ ​in​ ​substances​ ​in​ ​everyday​ ​life,​ ​e.g.
    foodstuffs​ ​and​ ​drugs
    ● A​ ​mixture:
    o Consists​ ​of​ ​2​ ​or​ ​more​ ​elements​ ​or​ ​compounds​ ​not​ ​chemically​ ​combined
    together
    o Chemical​ ​properties​ ​of​ ​each​ ​substance​ ​in​ ​the​ ​mixture​ ​are​ ​unchanged
    ● A​ ​pure​ ​substance​ ​=​ ​a​ ​single​ ​element​ ​or​ ​compound,​ ​not​ ​mixed​ ​with​ ​any​ ​other
    substance
    ● In​ ​everyday​ ​language,​ ​a​ ​pure​ ​substance​ ​=​ ​substance​ ​that​ ​has​ ​had​ ​nothing​ ​added
    to​ ​it,​ ​so​ ​it​ ​is​ ​unadulterated​ ​and​ ​in​ ​its​ ​natural​ ​state,​ ​e.g.​ ​pure​ ​milk
    ● to​ ​have​ ​a​ ​pure​ ​substance​ ​for​ ​food​ ​or​ ​drugs​ ​is​ ​very​ ​important​ ​as​ ​impurities​ ​could
    be​ ​dangerous​ ​even​ ​in​ ​small​ ​amounts

    www.pmt.education

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