Salient Features of Indian Society)

VISION IAS
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VALUE ADDITION MATERIAL – 2018

PAPER I: SOCIETY
SALIENT FEATURES OF INDIAN
Copyright © by Vision IAS

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in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior
permission of Vision IAS
DELHI JAIPUR PUNE HYDERABAD AHMEDABAD LUCKNOW

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Student Notes:
SALIENT FEATURES OF INDIAN SOCIETY

Contents
1. Introduction ...........................................................................................................................2
2. Characteristics of Indian Society .............................................................................................2
3. Features of Indian Society ......................................................................................................2
3.1. Caste System ...................................................................................................................2
3.1.1. Changes in the Caste system .....................................................................................4
3.1.2. Factors Affecting the Changes in Caste System ..........................................................4
3.2. Religious Pluralism...........................................................................................................5
3.2.1. Different Religious Groups in India ............................................................................5
3.3. Kinship, Marriage and Family...........................................................................................5
3.3.1. Kinship......................................................................................................................5
3.3.2. Marriage...................................................................................................................6
3.3.3. Family in Indian Society.............................................................................................6
3.4. Diversity in India ............................................................................................................10
3.4.1. Various forms of diversity in India ...........................................................................10
3.4.2. Factors Leading to Unity Amidst Diversity in India ...................................................11
3.4.3. Factors that threaten India’s unity ...........................................................................12
4. Vision IAS GS Mains Test Series Questions ............................................................................13
5. Previous Year UPSC GS Mains Questions...............................................................................28

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system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying,
recording or otherwise, without prior permission of Vision IAS

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Student Notes:
1. Introduction
• Indian society is an exemplification of multicultural, multi-ethnic and multi-ideological
constructs, which co-exist, at once striving to strike harmony and also to retain its
individuality.
• Based on the generous concept of Vasudhaiva Kutumbkam (the world is one family), Indian
society possess a great cultural heritage. During the course of its evolution, it has
accommodated and integrated many communities and their ways of life from time to time.
2. Characteristics of Indian Society
• Multi-ethnic society- Indian society is multi-ethnic in nature due to co-existence of wide
variety of racial groups in India. India is home to almost all the racial profiles prevalent in
the world,
• Multilingual society- Across the length and breadth of the country, more than 1600
languages are spoken. Among them the major languages are Hindi, Telugu, Tamil, Kannada,
Malayalam, Bengali etc.
• Multi-class society- Indian society is segmented into multiple classes. This division can be
on the basis of birth as well as financial and social achievements during one's lifetime.
• Patriarchal society- Indian society is largely a patriarchal society where men tend to enjoy
greater status than women . However, some tribal societies are matrilineal societies where
women have the dominant decision making power.
• Unity in diversity- This is an inherent feature of Indian society. Diversity in India exists at
various levels in different forms. However, beneath this diversity, there is fundamental unity
in social institutions and practices.
• Co-existence of traditionalism and modernity- Traditionalism is upholding or maintenance
of core values. Whereas modernity refers to questioning the tradition and moving towards
rational thinking, social, scientific and technological progress. Due to the spread of
education and technological advances, modern thinking among Indians has increased.
However, the family life is still bound by traditional value and belief systems.
• Balance between spiritualism and materialism- Spiritualism's main focus is to promote an
individual's experience with God. Whereas materialism is a tendency to consider material
possessions and physical comfort as more important than spiritual values. Indian society is
largely possess spiritual orientations. However due to increased Westernisation,
materialistic tendencies have also become quite visible.
• Balance between Individualism and collectivism- Individualism is a moral, political or social
outlook that stresses human independence, self-reliance and liberty. Whereas collectivism
is the practice of giving a group priority over each individual in it. There exists a fine balance
between them in Indian society.
• Blood and kinship ties- Blood relations and kinship ties enjoy a stronghold over other social
relationships. They continue to govern the political and economic spheres of life.
3. Features of Indian Society

3.1. Caste System
• Caste can be defined as hereditary endogamous group, having a common name, common
traditional occupation, common culture, relatively rigid in matters of mobility,
distinctiveness of status and forming a single homogenous community.
• The caste system in India is mainly associated with Hinduism and has governed the Hindu
society for thousands of years. Some of the features of caste system in India include the
following:

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Student Notes:
o Segmental division of society: It means that social stratification is largely based on

caste. Membership to a caste group is acquired by birth, on the basis of which people
are ranked in relative to other caste groups.
o Hierarchy: It indicates that various castes are categorized according to their purity and
impurity of occupations. Just like a ladder, castes are ranked from higher to lower
positions. Pure caste is ranked at the top and impure is ranked at the bottom.
o Civil and religious disabilities: These comprise of restrictions based on contact, dress,
speech, rituals etc. and are placed on every caste group. It was done in order to
maintain purity of specific caste groups. Example, lower caste groups had no access to
wells, they were restricted from entering temples etc.
o Endogamy: Members of a particular caste have to marry within their caste only. Inter-
caste marriages are prohibited. However, in urban areas, the phenomenon of inter-
caste marriage is increasing.
o Untouchability: It is the practice of ostracizing a group by segregating them from the
mainstream by social custom. Untouchability was a corollary of the caste system,
wherein the untouchables (those belonging to the lowest caste groups) were deemed
impure and polluted.
o Manual scavenging: Manual scavenging eventually became a caste-based occupation,
which involves the removal of untreated human excreta from bucket toilets or pit
latrines. It has been officially abolished by the Prohibition of Employment as Manual
Scavengers and their Rehabilitation Act 2013.
o Caste based violence in India: Increasing trend of caste based violence are related to
instances of inter-caste marriage and assertion of basic rights by Dalits including land
rights, freedom of expression, access to justice, access to education etc. e.g. A group of
Dalits were attacked in Una, Gujarat when they had participated in the movement for
demand of land ownership for the Dalits.
o Policy of caste based reservation: The system of caste-based reservation in India
comprises of a series of affirmative action measures, such as reserving access to seats
in the various legislatures, to government jobs, and to enrollment in higher educational
institutions. E.g. Scheduled Caste groups are given 15% reservation in government
services and educational institutions.

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Student Notes:
3.1.1. Changes in the Caste system

• Trends for inter-caste marriage: Purity of blood was one of the main aim of the caste
system. As a result, inter-caste marriages were socially forbidden. Due to economic and
social necessities, inter-caste marriages on western lines are being performed at increased
frequency
• Challenge to orthodoxy: Orthodox practices of the caste system such as child marriage, ban
on widow re-marriage, ban on conversion, insensitiveness of superior class towards the low
caste people are being challenged in the wake of urbanization.
• New food habits: Due to frequent mixing of the people at meetings, conferences, seminars
etc., food habits have changed. Moreover, people have adapted to new social norms such
as eating at the same table, accepting food prepared by low caste people without any
reservations etc.
• Changes in occupation: Occupational mobility has become the new feature. Leaving behind
their traditional roles, Brahmins have become traders whereas Vaishyas have joined
teaching and so on.
• Improvement in the position of lower caste: Due to steps initiated by the government,
position of lower castes have improved economically as well as socially.
3.1.2. Factors Affecting the Changes in Caste System
• Sanskritisation: Sanskritisation as a process of change is the mobility concerned with
positional change in the caste system. By changing the customs and rituals such as by
adopting vegetarianism and teetotalism, people belonging to the low castes are claiming a
‘higher’ position in the caste hierarchy.
• Westernisation: Due to changes in the spheres of education, food habits, dressing sense,
style of eating, manners etc., westernization has brought occupational changes cutting
across the caste barriers.
• Modernisation: It is a process which primarily relies on scientific outlook, rational attitudes,
high social mobility, mass mobilisation and specialisation in work. It has made caste system
more flexible. For instances, in the urban areas, castes are gradually becoming classes. The
emergence of middle class with a rational outlook and goal orientation is a testimony to the
fact.
• Industrialisation and urbanisation: With the growth of industrial towns and cities,
migration has spiralled up. Unlike the source regions, destination areas witness fewer
adherences to caste rules.
• Democratic decentralisation: The reservation provided in the Panchayati Raj system has
given the opportunity for the lower castes to empower themselves.
• Caste and politics: They both are closely linked to each other. In fact, the link has led to an
empowerment among the lower castes since they ventilate their feelings through elections
and power lobby. Dalit politics is one such example, where Dalits are trying to assert their
identities and have become successful in capturing power in various states.
• Legislative measures: A variety of social legislations have been introduced in the post-
independence era which aim to safeguard the interests of the down-trodden, to eradicate
untouchability and to facilitate the social and economic development of the depressed
castes. For instance, Untouchability (offences) Act, 1955 provided for punishment against
the practice of untouchability.

Student Notes:
3.2. Religious Pluralism

3.2.1. Different Religious Groups in India
India is a secular country comprising various religions of the world, which are further
subdivided into several sects and cults. Religion in India is characterized by a diversity of
religious beliefs and practices. The Indian subcontinent is the birthplace of four world
religions—Hinduism, Buddhism, Sikhism and Jainism.
Further, variants of Hinduism such as Vaishnavism, Shaivism, etc is practiced. Even in Islam,
multiple variants such as Shia, Sunni tenets are followed. Animistic and naturistic religions are
also followed by tribal groups. Thus, there is a plurality of multiple religions and each religion
has individual salient tenets and associated festivals and customs.
3.3. Kinship, Marriage and Family
3.3.1. Kinship
Kinship system refers to a set of persons recognized as relatives either by virtue of a blood
relationship or by virtue of a marriage relationship. According to the Dictionary of
Anthropology, kinship system includes society recognized relationships based on supposed as
well as well actual genealogical ties. These relationships are the result of social interaction and
are recognized by society.
Kinship system represents one of the basic social institutions. Kinship is universal and in most
societies plays a significant role in the socialisation of individuals and the maintenance of group
solidarity, It is supremely important in the primitive societies and extends its influence on
almost all their activites - social, economic, political, religious, etc.
Types of Kinship
• Affinal Kinship: The bond of marriage is called ‘affinal’ kinship. When a person marries, he
establishes relationship not only with the girl whom he marries but also with a number of
other people in the girl’s family. Moreover, it is not only the person marrying who gets
bound to the family members of the girl but his family members also get bound to the
family members of the girl. Thus, a host of relations are created as soon as a marriage takes
place.
• Consanguineous Kinship: The bond of blood is called consanguineous kinship. The
consanguineous kin are related through blood whereas the affinal kin are related through
marriage. The bond between parents and their children and that between parents and their
children and that between parents and their children and that between siblings is
consanguineous kinship.
Regional differences regarding kinship systems and marriage in North and South India
• North India: In North India, there are mostly patrilineal groups, with descent traced in the
male line from father to son. Members of a patri-lineage cooperate in in ritual and
economic activities. Caste endogamy is strictly practiced. Further, marriage is prohibited
within the same gotra or clan and village exogamy is commonly preferred. Thus, marriage
prohibitions tend to bar marriage over a wide area in terms of kinship as well as space.
• South India: The Southern zone presents a very complicated pattern of kinship system and
family organization. While there is dominance of patrilineal and patrilocal system, but
simultaneously matrilineal (descent from maternal line) and matrilocal systems also exist.
Rules of marriage also vary in South India.

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Student Notes:
3.3.2. Marriage
Marriage is an important social institution. It is a relationship, which is socially approved and
sanctioned by custom and law. It is also a set of cultural mechanisms which ensure the
continuation of the family. It is more or less a universal social institution in India.
Structural and functional changes in the marriage system
The marriage system had undergone radical changes especially after independence. Even
though the basic religious beliefs associated with marriage have not crumbled down, many of
the practices, customs, and forms have changed. The recent changes in the marriage system are
as follows:
• Changes in the aim and purpose of marriage: In traditional societies the primary objective
of marriage is ‘dharma’ or duty; especially among Hindus. But today the modern objective
of marriage is more related to ‘life-long companionship’ between husband and wife.
• Changes in the form of marriage: Traditional forms of marriages like polygamy, polygyny
are legally prohibited in India. Nowadays, mostly monogamous marriages are practiced.
• Change in the age of marriage: According to legal standards, the marriageable age for boy
and girl stands at 21 and 18 respectively. Average age of marriage has gone up and pre-
puberty marriages have given place to post-puberty marriages.
• Increase in divorce and desertion rates: Relaxed legislative provisions for divorce have
virtually affected the stability of the marriage, particularly in the urban areas. . It is mainly
due to economic prosperity and internet connectivity. Internet has exposed people to the
different social trends prevalent across the world and has revolutionized the institution
in an otherwise conservative Indian society.
• Live in relationships: They are on a steady growth rate in India especially among the youth
in metropolitan cities. The institution also has legal recognition as a three judge bench of SC
in 2010 observed that a man and a woman living together without marriage cannot be
construed as an offence and held that living together is a Right to Life and Liberty (Article
21). SC has also acknowledged that children born out of such relations are legitimate and
have property rights of their parents under Section 16 of Hindu Marriage Act, 1955.
3.3.3. Family in Indian Society
The family is the basic unit of society. It is the first and the most immediate social environment
to which a child is exposed. It is in the family a child learns language, the behavioral Patterns
and social norms in his childhood.
In some way or the other the family is a universal group. It exists in tribal, rural and urban
communities and among the followers of all religious and cultures. It provides the most
enduring relationship in one form or other.
Characteristics of Family
• Family is a basic, definite and enduring group.
• Family is formed by the relatively durable companionship of husband, wife who procreate
children.
• Family may be limited to husband, wife or only the father and his children or only the
mother and her children.
• Family is generally smaller in size companied to other social groups, organizations and
associations.
• Family can also be large in size in which persons belonging to several generations may live
together.

Student Notes:
Types of family
1. On the basis of marriage:
Polygamous families may be described as families in which either spouse is allowed to have
more than one spouse simultaneously.
Monogamous families are those families in which the marriage is limited to one spouse.
2. On the basis of residence:

Patrilocal family: The family in which after marriage wife comes to reside in the family of
her husband is known as patrilocal family. The patrilocal family is also patriarchal and
patrilineal in nature.
Matrilocal family: The family in which after marriage husband comes to reside in the family
of her wife is known as matrilocal family. It is just opposite of patrilocal family. This type of
family is also Matriarchal and Matrilineal in nature.
Bilocal family: In this type of family after marriage the married couple change their
residence alternatively. Sometimes wife joins in her husband’s house while at some other
times husband resides in wife’s house. That is why this type of family is also known as
family of changing residence.
Neolocal family: After marriage when newly married couple establish a new family
independent of their parents and settled at a new place this type of family is known as neo-
local family.
3. On the basis of size and structure:

Nuclear Family: A nuclear family is a family which consists of husband, wife and their
unmarried children. The size of nuclear family is very small. It is an autonomous unit. There
is no control of the elders because newlyweds crate a separate residence for themselves
which is independent of elders. It is also known as primary family.

Student Notes:
Joint or Extended Family: It includes members of three to four generations. It is an

extension of parent child relationship. This family is based on close blood ties. It is like the
joint family of Hindu Society.
The eldest male member is the head of the family. It is characterized by common residence,
common kitchen, commensality, sharing of property, performance of ritual bonds,
reciprocal obligations and sentiments.
Extended family consists of father, mother, their sons and their wife, unmarried daughters,
grandchildren, grandfather, grandmother, uncles, aunts, their children and so on. This type
of family found to exist in rural community or agrarian economy
4. On the basis of Authority:

Patriarchal Family: The family in which all the power remains in the hands of patriarch or
father is known as patriarchal family. In other words in this type of family power or
authority is vested in the hands of eldest male member of the family who is supposed to be
the father. He exercises absolute power or authority over the other members of family. He
owns family property.
After his death authority transferred to the eldest son of family. In this family descent is
known through father line. In this type of family wife after marriage come to reside in his
husband’s house. Joint family system among the Hindus is a fine example of patriarchal
family.
Matriarchal family: This type of family is just opposite of patriarchal family. In this family
power or authority rests on the eldest female member of the family especially the wife or
mother. She enjoy absolute power or authority over other members of the family. She owns
all the family property. In this family descent is known through the mother.
Headship is transferred from mother to the eldest daughter. Husband remain subordinate
to his wife in a matriarchal family. This type of family is found among the Nayars of Kerala
and among the Garo and Khasi tribes of Assam.
5. Family on the basis of descent:
Patrilineal family: The family in which descent or ancestry is determined through father line
and continues through father it is known as patrilineal family. The property and family
name is also inherited through father line. The patrilineal family is also patrilocal and
patriarchal in nature.
Matrilineal family: Matrilineal family is just opposite of the patrilineal family. The family in
which descent is determined through mother line or continues through mother it is known
as Matrilineal family. The property and family name is also inherited through mother line.
This right transferred from mother to daughter. A woman is the ancestor of family. The
Matrilineal family is Matrilocal and Matriarchal in nature. This type of family found among
the Nayars of Kerala and among tribals like Garos and Khasis.
Functions of the family
• Primary function- Some of the functions of family are basic to its continued existence.
o Production and rearing of the child
o Provision of home
o Instrument of culture transmission

Student Notes:
o Agent of socialization
o Status ascribing function
o Agency of social control
• Secondary function
o Economic functions: With economic advancements, family has become more
consuming unit than a producing one. Members are engaged in earning wages for
ensuring socio-economic well-being of the family.
o Educational functions: Family provides the basis for the child’s formal learning. In spite
of great changes, the family still gives the child his basic training in the social attitudes
and habits important to adult participation in social life
o Religious functions: Family is a center for the religious training of the children. The
children learn from their parents various religious virtues.
o Recreational functions: Family provides the opportunities to parents and children for
engaging in various recreational activities such as playing indoor games, dancing,
singing, reading etc.
Structural and functional changes in the Indian family system
With the advent of industrial civilization with modern technology the structure and functions of
the family fatedly changed. Today most of the traditional activities of the family were
transferred to outside agencies; this further weakening the bonds that in the past kept the
family together. There occurred a reduction in the educational, recreational, religious and
protective functions of the family which have been more or less taken over by various
institutions and agencies created for that purpose.
Some of the major changes in the Indian family system are discussed below:
• Changes in family: Family which was a principal unit of production has been transformed in
the consumption unit. Instead of all members working together in an integrated economic
enterprise, a few male members go out of the home to earn the family’s living. These
affected family relations.
• Factory employment: It has freed young adults from direct dependence upon their families.
This functional independence of the youngsters has weakened the authority of the head of
the house hold over those earning members. In many cities even women too joined men in
working outside the families on salary basis.
• Influence of urbanization: Various sociologists have revealed that the city life is more
favorable to small nuclear families than to big joint families. Thus, urban living weakens
joint family pattern and strengthens nuclear family patterns.
• Legislative measures: Prohibition of early marriage and fixing the minimum age of marriage
by the child marriage Restraint Act, 1929, and the Hindu Marriage Act, 1955 have
lengthened the period of education. Even other legislations such as the Widow Remarriage
Act, 1856, Hindu Marriage Act, 1955, Hindu succession Act, 1956, all have modified inter
personal relations within the family, the composition of the family and the stability of the
joint family.
• Changes in marriage system: Changes in the age of marriage, freedom in mate-selection
and change in the attitude towards marriage has diminished marriage is not very much
considered a religious affair but only a social ceremony. Modern marriage does not
symbolize the superior authority of the family head over other members.
• Influence of western values: Values relating to modern science, rationalism, individualism,
equality, free life, democracy, freedom of women etc. have exerted a tremendous change
on the joint family system in India.

Student Notes:
• Changes in the position of women: Main factor causing changes in the position of women
in our society lie in her changing economic role. New economic role provided a new
position in society and especially with respect to men.
Current status
Over the years, various sociologists have affirmed in their studies that the rise of nuclear
families — consisting of a couple and their unmarried children — is consistent with rapid
urbanization.
According to the 2001 census, out of 19.31 crore households, 9.98 crore or 51.7% were nuclear
households. In the 2011 census, the share grew to 52.1% — 12.97 crore nuclear out of 24.88
crore households. However, there is the decline in the proportional share of nuclear households
in urban areas. From 54.3% of the urban households of 2001, nuclear families have fallen to
52.3% of all urban households. In contrast, in rural areas, the share of nuclear families has risen
from 50.7% to 52.1%.
Joint families, meanwhile, fell substantially from 19.1% (3.69 crore) to 16.1% (4 crore) across
India. In rural areas, the dip was sharper – from 20.1% to 16.8% – than in urban India where it
fell from 16.5% to 14.6%. Thus, the declining share of urban nuclear families is attributed to
increased migration as well as lack of housing.
3.4. Diversity in India
India is a plural society both in letter and spirit. It is rightly characterized by its unity and
diversity. A grand synthesis of cultures, religions and languages of the people belonging to
different castes and communities has upheld its unity and cohesiveness despite multiple foreign
invasions.
National unity and integrity have been maintained even through sharp economic and social
inequalities have obstructed the emergence of egalitarian social relations. It is this synthesis
which has made India a unique mosque of cultures. Thus, India present seemingly multicultural
situation within in the framework of a single integrated cultural whole.
The term ‘diversity’ emphasizes differences rather than inequalities. It means collective
differences, that is, differences which mark off one group of people from another. These
differences may be of any sort: biological, religious, linguistic etc. Thus, diversity means variety
of races, of religions, of languages, of castes and of cultures.
Unity means integration. It is a social psychological condition. It connotes a sense of one-ness, a
sense of we-ness. It stands for the bonds, which hold the members of a society together.
Unity in diversity essentially means “unity without uniformity” and “diversity without
fragmentation”. It is based on the notion that diversity enriches human interaction.
When we say that India is a nation of great cultural diversity, we mean that there are many
different types of social groups and communities living here. These are communities defined by
cultural markers such as language, religion, sect, race or caste.
3.4.1. Various forms of diversity in India
• Religious diversity: India is a land of multiple religions. Apart from the tribal societies,
many of whom still live in the pre-religious state of animism and magic, the Indian
population consists of the Hindus (82.41%), Muslims (11.6%), Christians (2.32%), Sikhs
(1.99%), Buddhists (0.77%) and Jains (0.41%). The Hindus themselves are divided into
several sects such as Vaishnavas, Shaivates, Shaktas, Smartas etc. Similarly, the Muslims are
divided into sects such as Shias, Sunnis, Ahmadiyas etc.

Student Notes:
• Linguistic diversity: Languages spoken in India belong to several language families, the
major ones being the Indo-Aryan languages spoken by 75% of Indians and the Dravidian
languages spoken by 20% of Indians. Other languages belong to the Austroasiatic, Sino-
Tibetan, Tai-Kadai, and a few other minor language families and isolates. India has the
world's second highest number of languages, after Papua New Guinea.
• Racial diversity: 1931 census classified India’s racial diversity in the following groups- The
Negrito, The Proto-Australoid, The Mongoloid, The Mediterranean, The Western
Brachycephals and the Nordic. Representatives of all the three major races of the world,
namely Caucasoid, Mongoloid, and Negroid, are found in the country.
• Caste diversity: India is a country of castes. The term caste has been used to refer to both
varna as well as jati. Varna is the four-fold division of society according to functional
differentiation. Thus, the four varnas include Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas and Shudras
and an outcaste group. Whereas Jati refers to a hereditary endogamous status group
practicing a specific traditional occupation.. There are more than 3000 jatis and there is no
one all India system of ranking them in order and status. The jati system is not static and
there is mobility in the system, through which jatis have changed their position over years.
This system of upward mobility has been termed as “Sanskritization” by M. N. Srinivas.
• Cultural diversity: Cultural patterns reflect regional variations. Because of population
diversity, there is immense variety in Indian culture as it is a blend of various cultures.
Different religion, castes, regions follow their own tradition and culture. Thus, there is
variation in art, architecture, dance forms, theatre forms, music etc.
• Geographical diversity: Spanning across an area of 3.28 million square kilometre, India is a
vast country with great diversity of physical features like dry deserts, evergreen forests,
lofty mountains, perennial and non-perennial river systems, long coasts and fertile plains.
In addition to the above described major forms of diversity, India also has diversity of many
other types like that of settlement patterns - tribal, rural, urban; marriage and kinship patterns
along religious and regional lines and so on.
3.4.2. Factors Leading to Unity Amidst Diversity in India
• Constitutional identity: The entire country is governed by one single Constitution. Even,
most of the states follow a generalised scheme of 3-tier government structure, thus
imparting uniformity in national governance framework . Further, the Constitution
guarantees certain fundamental rights to all citizens regardless of their age, gender, class,
caste, religion, etc.
• Religious co-existence: Religion tolerance is the unique feature of religions in India due to
which multiple religions co-exist in India. Freedom of religion and religious practice is
guaranteed by the Constitution itself. Moreover, there is no state religion and all religions
are given equal preference by the state.
• Inter-State mobility: The Constitution guarantees freedom to move throughout the
territory of India under Article 19 (1) (d), thus promoting a sense of unity and brotherhood
among the masses.
• Other factors such as uniform pattern of law, penal code, administrative works (eg. All India
services) too lead to uniformity in the criminal justice system, policy implementation etc.
• Economic integration: The Constitution of India secures the freedom of
Trade, Commerce and Intercourse within the Territory of India under Article 301. Further,
the Goods and Service Tax(GST) have paved way for ‘one country, one tax, one national
market’, thus facilitating unity among different regions.
• Institution of pilgrimage and religious practices : In India, religion and spirituality have
great significance. . From Badrinath and Kedarnath in the north to Rameshwaram in the
south, Jagannath Puri in the east to Dwaraka in the west the religious shrines and holy

Student Notes:
rivers are spread throughout the length and breadth of the country. Closely related to them
is the age-old culture of pilgrimage, which has always moved people to various parts of the
country and fostered in them a sense of geo-cultural unity.
• Fairs and festivals: They also act as integrating factors as people from all parts of the
country celebrate them as per their own local customs. Eg. Diwali is celebrated throughout
by Hindus in the country, similarly Id and Christmas are celebrated by Muslims and
Christians, respectively. Celebration of inter-religious festivals is also seen in India.
• Climatic integration via monsoon: The flora and fauna in the entire Indian subcontinent,
agricultural practices, life of people, including their festivities revolve around the monsoon
season in India.
• Sports and Cinema: These are followed by millions in the country, thus, acting as a binding
force across the length and breadth of India.
3.4.3. Factors that threaten India’s unity
• Regionalism: Regionalism tends to highlight interests of a particular region/regions over
national interests. It can also adversely impact national integration. Law and order situation
is hampered due to regional demands and ensuing agitation.
• Divisive politics: Sometimes, ascriptive identities such as caste, religion etc. are evoked by
politicians in order to garner votes. This type of divisive politics can result in violence,
feeling of mistrust and suspicion among minorities.
• Development imbalance: Uneven pattern of socio-economic development, inadequate
economic policies and consequent economic disparities can lead to backwardness of a
region. Consequently, this can result in violence, kickstart waves of migration and even
accelerate demands of separatism.. For instance, due to economic backwardness of the
North East region, several instances of separatist demands and secessionist tendencies
have sprung up in the region.
• Ethnic differentiation and nativism: Ethnic differentiation has often led to clashes between
different ethnic groups especially due to factors such as job competition, limited resources,
threat to identity etc. E.g. frequent clashes between Bodos and Bengali speaking Muslims in
Assam. This has been accentuated by son of the soil doctrine, which ties people to their
place of birth and confers some benefits, rights, roles and responsibilities on them, which
may not apply to others.
• Geographical isolation: Geographical isolation too can lead to identity issues and
separatist demands. The North-East is geographically isolated from the rest of the country
as it is connected with the rest of the country by a narrow corridor i.e the Siliguri corridor
(Chicken’s neck). The region has inadequate infrastructure, is more backward economically
as compared to the rest of the country. As a result, ithas witnessed several instances of
separatism and cross-border terrorism, among others.
• Inter-religious conflicts: Inter-religious conflicts not only hamper relations between two
communities by spreading fear and mistrust but also hinder the secular fabric of the
country.
• Inter-state conflicts: This can lead emergence of feelings related to regionalism. It can also
affect trade and communications between conflicting states. For instance, Cauvery river
dispute between Karnataka and Tamil Nadu.
• Influence of external factors: Sometimes external factors such as foreign organizations
terrorist groups, extremist groups can incite violence and sow feelings of separatism. E.g.
Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) has been accused of supporting and training mujahideen to
fight in Jammu and Kashmir and sow separatist tendencies among resident groups.
In-spite of the challenges posed by diversity, there can be no doubt on the role played by socio-
cultural diversity in sustaining and developing Indian society.

Student Notes:
Problem is not of diversity per se, but the handling of diversity in India society. The problems
of regionalism, communalism, ethnic conflicts etc. have arisen because the fruits of
development haven’t been distributed equally or the cultures of some groups haven’t been
accorded due recognition.
Hence, Constitution and its values must form guiding principles of our society. Any society
which has tried to homogenize itself, has witnessed stagnation in due-course and ultimately
decline. The most important example is this case is of Pakistan which tried to impose culture on
East-Pakistan ultimately leading to creation of Bangladesh.
4. Vision IAS GS Mains Test Series Questions

1. In the light of multi-cultural society of India, can we say that multi-culturalism and
pluralism are the two sides of a coin of “unity in diversity”?
Approach:
• First explain both these terms and try to bring out the similarities/differences
between them.
• Then describe these terms in the specific context of India. While answering this keep
in mind the theme of “unity in diversity”.
• You can argue either in favour or against the statement, i.e. whether they are two
sides of the same coin or altogether different.. However, either viewpoint needs to
be supported with logical and coherent arguments. While arguing against the
statement, you can show how multi-culturalism differs from pluralism and how
some interpretations of multiculturalism has seen pluralism being lost in its
definition. While arguing in favour you can show how both are essentially similar in
striving to achieve the same objectives. The following answer uses the latter
approach.
Answer:
Let us first see briefly the similarities and differences between pluralism and
multiculturalism:
Pluralism Multiculturalism
Public Individuals are treated as The public sphere is not culturally
Sphere equals in a common (neutral) neutral. Public sphere is an arena for
public sphere. cultural negotiation. No group
should dominate in a way that
excludes other cultural forms.
Cultural Different cultures allowed in a Different cultures are encouraged.
Diversity separate cultural sphere, but Individuals are considered part of
society has no obligation to collectivities that provide meaning
acknowledge or support to their lives. Multiculturalism seeks
alternative cultural forms. ways to support these collectivities.
Thus, pluralism also allows for
the dissolution of cultural
formations.
Dominant 1. equality of opportunity 1. affiliation
Principals 2. freedom of association 2. cultural recognition
A lot has been said about the success of multiculturalism in India. We have vibrant
communities of Hindus, Muslims, Sikhs, Christians, Jains, Buddhists, Parsis etc. that
have blended well and enhanced the progress of India. We are one of the most diverse

Student Notes:
countries in the world in terms of cultural, religious and linguistic diversity. And this
diversity owes mainly to our vast geographical extent and successive waves of migration
from all over the world.
Striking a balance between unity and diversity or managing unity in such diverse socio-
cultural situations, is always a challenge for a nation. Pluralism and multiculturalism are
two ways to manage this conundrum simultaneously.
In India, pluralism describes the reality of cultural diversity. It attempts to create a
society in which the best of all inputs continue to integrate. It allows for many different
groupings but does not try to impose a uniform status on all of them.
Our multiculturalism, on the other hand, means showing respect and tolerance to other
cultures and faith. It holds that all minority values must have equal status to those of
the majority. It also allows assertion of different identities in every sphere of life. The
Indian constitution also provides fundamental rights for the preservation of this variety.
This assertion of variety can be seen in linguistic reorganization of states, political
representation, rise in demand for minority rights, indigenous rights, anti-hindi
movements etc. These assertions present a new way of assimilation where all
communities find their respective place in making of nation-state. No community is left
out in creating a rainbow nation. Multiculturalism and pluralism provides a new
paradigm for stability which increases cohesiveness and integrity of nation.
Thus from the above discussion we can say that pluralism is the more general term for
any kind of plurality while the multiculturalism is the proactive application of plurality
to maintain and harmonize the diversity and heterogeneity in society in general and
nation-state in particular.

Student Notes:
2. Is India's linguistic diversity a threat to national integration?

Approach:
• Briefly explain the nature of linguistic diversity
• Then explain what are the problems which are/can be faced due to this diversity
• Finally conclude on a positive note that even after such linguistic diversity, India has
unity
Answer:
Nature of India’s linguistic diversity:
In India, there are more than 200 languages, being spoken by different groups. There
exists ‘linguistic pluralism’ in India, which is a state of ‘mutual existence’ of several
languages in a contiguous space. The plurality of languages has led to ‘language
problems’, in the past. These problems being: i) Linguistic reorganization of the states in
India ii) Status of ‘minority languages’ in the states iii) Official language issue.
Language Problems and National Integration:
• Linguistic reorganization of states was primarily done for administrative
convenience. It also helped in fulfilling the aspirations of different linguistic groups
in India, without threatening national unity.
• Discriminatory practices or policies against ‘linguistic minorities’ in different states,
can in the long term threaten national integration. Prejudiced treatment against
linguistic minorities, can perpetuate ‘separatism’. Example: Bengali speaking people
in Assam, Kanada, Malayalam speaking people in Andhra Pradesh. There are
various Constitutional Provisions, to safeguard the interests of ‘linguistic
minorities’, enshrined in Articles: 29, 30, 347, 350.
• ‘Hindi, English’ are the ‘official languages’ of the Union. There are ‘regional
languages ‘recognized as the ‘official languages’ of the states. There has emerged a
‘hierarchy of official status’. The 1960s witnessed ‘anti-Hindi’ agitations’, in the
southern states, speaking Dravidian family of languages. The fear of Hindi becoming
the ‘national language’ was allayed by the continuance of English as the official
language. Also the ‘Three language formula ‘was devised to accommodate the
different languages, in the educational curriculum.
Linguistic Unity and National integration:
• However, the linguistic heterogeneity has not always been disruptive for national
integration. With linguistic diversity, one has also witnessed, the development of an
‘all India common vocabulary.’ Ex. Sanskrit, which has not only acted as bridge
between different Indo Aryan languages, but also between Indo Aryan and
Dravidian languages. Ex. In contemporary times, “Hinglish”, which is the blending of
English language with Hindi and other languages spoken in India.
• The mainstream cinema ‘’Bollywood’’, has immensely contributed to the
development of an all India vocabulary.
• The popularity of many ‘Epics’ and ‘fictional non-fictional literature’, has lead their
translation into many different languages. This has also contribute to ‘linguistic
unity’ in India.

Student Notes:
3. Explain India s 'diversity in unity’. Illustrate from the socio- cultural life of people.
Approach:
• Write down how India is a plural society with extensive diversity in religion, races,
languages, culture, heritage etc.
• Provide some examples for each
Answer:
India's Diversity in Unity:
India's Diversity in unity refers to the existence of plural-ethnic, racial, religious and
linguistic cultures together within the nation of India.
The concept heralds the geo-political unity of the nation state of India encompassing
several diverse cultures within its uniform matrix.
The test examples of 'Diversity in Unity' can be highlighted through the following
examples from the socio-cultural life of the Indian people.
The Indian festivals are known for their enhancement and liveliness throughout the
world. The most important example, Diwali is celebrated by all. However, the meaning
and methods of celebration change across various religions and regional communities.
The architectural heritage symbolizes India's historic past and glory. The Taj Mahal is
famous as the symbol of love and dedication across all people. At a broader level, it is
quite interesting to see people of various cultures visiting such heritage monuments;
accepting them as their common heritage.
• The Multi-National corporations have brought in a new 'cosmopolitan' culture to
India through globalization; these companies employ people across various
ethnicities, caste and class, creating a diverse yet unified environment.
• The caste system as a system of hierarchy identifies an Indian. So much so, that it
has taken within its hold, people across various caste, communities and religions.
• The 'power of patriarchy' is another common thread of value found prevalent in
India. It includes the diverse sexes – men and women too.
• The Popular phenomena such as Cricket and Bollywood also represent diverse
cultures celebrating together. The Indian Premier league is a good example of this.
4. While democratic institutions in India have led to changes in the caste structure,
these changes have at best led to only partial re-distributive outcomes for the
backward castes. Discuss.
Approach:
Introduce by defining the caste structure in brief. Then bring out the reasons which led
to changes in caste structure while illustrating on the changes. Further, point out the
positive and negative aspects of such changes and conclude accordingly.
Answer:
Caste as a social institution has existed historically and had been characterized by
hierarchical relations between different social groups. However, this hierarchical nature
of social order violates the trinity of liberty, equality and dignity enshrined in
constitution and recognised in Ambedkar's words "one man one vote and one vote one
value".

Student Notes:
In Post-independence India, under the twin influence of affirmative polices for sc/st's in
legislature, government jobs and education along with the democratizing influence of
universal adult franchise, it was expected to correct for historical injustices and give
effect to the redistributive agenda of the state and thereby weakening the hierarchical
foundation of caste on the social life of individuals
The democratizing influence of universal adult franchise led to the rise of dominant
castes in the agriculturally prosperous belts of north India which was followed by their
capture of state power. It meant that some caste groups irrespective of their position in
the caste hierarchy were able to wield influence and gain prominence and social
recognition.
It was further followed by the rise of backward class movement in 1980's and 90's
which gave rise to caste groups backed regional political parties like BSP, SP etc. in north
India. These parties on the other hand were able to become vehicles of social
mobilization and registering their presence in wielding power in the state.
The mandalization of politics in India post 1990 has belied the expectation of social
scientists that the developmental agenda of the state will wipe out primitive social
institutions like caste, whereas other's like M.N Srinivas have argued that under the
aegis of a democratic state the vertical hierarchical nature of caste based social groups
has been replaced by a horizontal arrangement of competing caste groups free from
any stigma of purity and pollution and this has been termed as the modern avatar of
caste.
However, recent studies have pointed out that the benefit of affirmative state policies
have been cornered often by the dominant groups within the OBC and SC categories,
which are a manifestation of the unfulfilled promises of democratic institution.
This elite capture and the introduction of class element within caste which can be seen
in the need felt in recent years to create subcategories as in within the preexisting
backward caste and communities. has led to the fracturing of dalit identity into
categories like 'maha dalits' or 'ati dalits'.and backward class and extremely backward
class in Bihar.
Also it has also been lamented that rather than weakening caste consciousness
democracy has strengthened it and this has been seen by some as impeding the aim of
promoting fraternity between the subjects of the state.
Perhaps this examples support the thesis that democratic institution in India though
have succeeded in imparting some changes in the caste structure but it were limited to
partial redistributive outcomes as far as backward caste categories has concerned.
5. “Linguistic, regional and tribal identity rather than religion has provided the most
important basis for the formation of ethno-national identities in India”. Explain.
Approach:
• Briefly describe different basis like language, region, tribe and religion as the basis
of identification with a community. Then examine how these identities have played
a role in determining the identity discourse in the country.
• Students can agree, disagree, or take a middle path on the view that religion has
not played so important role in shaping the ethno-national identity in the country.
• Cite relevant examples wherever needed.

Student Notes:
Answer:
Ethnic identity is a basis for distribution of social rewards like money, prestige and
power. In most societies one or more ethnic groups dominate others in economic,
political and cultural matters. Ethnic politics can, therefore, take the appearance of
‘ethnic stratification’, resulting in the emergence of ‘ethnic nationalism’.
Nations are created when ‘ethnic groups’, in a multi-ethnic state are transformed into a
‘self-conscious political entities’. The goals of ‘sovereignty and self-determination’, lead
to ethno nationalism.
Often minority groups try to play the ethnic card in order to acquire a better deal for
themselves in a plural society. When subjugated groups, fail to achieve success
according to the norms established by the dominant group the nature of their response
tends to be ‘ethnic antagonism’ which may take the form of
• Struggle of the indigenous people’s right to their land and culture,
• competition by ethnic groups for obtaining scarce resources
• Movements for a separate nation.
India is one of the most diverse countries in the world in terms of languages, regional
disparities, cultures, ethnicity and religions. When such diverse state is engaged in
nation building through the construction of national identity, smaller identities move in
the opposite direction, when they feel that they are about to lose their identity. Hence,
Ethno-national identities in India have been shaped by the relative concentration of
these factors in a region clubbed with the sense of regional deprivation.
For Example: Instances of Naga, Mizo, Manipur ethno nationalism, Khalistan movement
of 1980s
In India, post-independence, major factors that contributed to the emergence of ethnic
mobilization were:
• the pitfalls of nation-building process,
• the faulty modernization process, and
• the nature of the nation-state.
The most important basis for the formation of identity was language. Community
aspirations vented out as the demand for linguistic states, ultimately leading to major
redrawing of the internal boundaries on the basis of language.
Secondly, the postcolonial development process tried to integrate and assimilate ethnic
communities towards the mainstream development process while ignoring their
cultural and economic specificities. The centralized planning and the capitalist
modernization further lead to the exclusion of various tribal communities from
mainstream. This led to the mass displacement of tribals from their historical and
traditional lands, without commensurate benefits of development being provided to
them.
As a result, a combination of ethnicity based on tribal identity, language, regional
deprivation and ecology provided the basis for intense regionalism resulting in the
formation of states like Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Uttarakhand and very recently
Telangana.
Similarly, the ethnic demand for homeland created a number of smaller states in the
northeast. For instance, the greater Assam was Balkanized into Nagaland, Meghalaya,
Arunachal Pradesh and Mizoram to meet the demands of these ethnic groups.

Student Notes:
However, mere making of territorial boundary did not solve the problem; on the
contrary, it further aggregated it. It is argued that the creation of separate state further
fanned the fire when “various smaller and bigger communities started to demand
establishment of more states; on the other hand, the state showed their inability to
deliver the basic goods”
However, in the Post-independence era, there are instances of religion becoming the
basis of identities especially among the Muslims and Sikhs. For example: demand for
the formation of Khalistan is an evidence of religion becoming the basis of identity.
However, demands from Muslims are more concerned with their relative backwardness
and poverty and a sense of security. Yet such instances of assertion of religious
identities are fewer when compared to language, regional deprivation etc.
Hence, it can be said that religion has played a relatively minor though not negligible
role in determining the ethno-national identities in India.
However, it must be emphasized that during recent times with the emergence of right-
wing political forces in the country, religion has again come into prominence as the
basis of national identity where nationalism is often misplaced with commitment to
religious and cultural traditions of the majority. This may result in the right-wing forces
in minorities asserting their religious identities to counter the right-wing of majority. It
may lead to not a very pleasant scenario of religion becoming dominant factor in
determining the identities of the communities from the minor one it currently is.
6. In recent times, there has been a clamor for implementing Article 44 of the Indian
Constitution. To what extent is such a demand justified, given the socio-cultural
diversity of India.
Approach:
Introduce the answer by mentioning what Article 44 is. The answer should discuss the
possibility of implementing this Article, considering the socio-cultural diversity of India.
Answer:
Article 44 of the Part IV directs the Indian State to implement Uniform Civil Code in the
country. Uniform civil code means to replace the personal laws based on the scriptures
and customs of each religious community with a common set governing every citizen.
These laws cover marriage, divorce, inheritance, adoption and maintenance.
The Indian-state is socially and culturally one of the most diverse countries in the world,
in terms of religion, language etc. Historically, most states feared that, identity politics,
recognition of social differences, was a threat to state unity. In such a context, time and
again, there has been a repeated demand to impose uniform civil code in India. There
seems to be some substance in the argument, considering the examples of some states,
like in Spain, Sri Lanka, and erstwhile East Pakistan.
Further, different communities have their separate Personal laws that often go against
the law of the land, apart from violating the rule of law, basic humanistic and rational
law. Therefore, it may be desirable that there is a common legal system which is equally
applicable to all the communities residing in India.
However, deeper analysis reveals that, it was the imposition of majoritarian culture and
the corresponding neglect of the customs and social symbols of the minority that led to

D
F
Student Notes:
social unrest in the above mentioned countries. Moreover, suppressing cultural

diversity can be very costly in terms of the alienation of the minorities whose culture is
treated as ‘non-national.’ Further, the very act of suppression can provoke the opposite
effect of intensifying community identities and social unrest, as happened in few
neighboring states.
Contrary to the above, case studies from around the world have demonstrated that
enduring democracies can be established in polities that are multicultural. Explicit
efforts are required to end the cultural exclusion of diverse groups and to build multiple
and complementary identities. Such responsive policies provide incentives to build a
feeling of unity in diversity. Indian Constitution rightly embodies this notion. Though,
India is culturally diverse, comparative surveys of long-standing democracies show that
India has been very cohesive despite its diversity.
Thus, national cohesion doesn’t require the imposition of a single identity and the
denunciation of diversity. Successful strategies to build state-nations can and do
accommodate diversity constructively by crafting responsive policies of cultural
recognition. They are the time tested solutions for ensuring the longer term objectives
of political stability and social harmony. Hence, any effort to implement Article 44
should be based on popular consensus.

Student Notes:
7. Marriage and family institutions in India are marked by continuity as well as change.
Discuss in the context of legislations and socio-economic changes that have been
taking place over the past few decades in India.
Approach:
• First, give a brief introduction to the answer on how marriage and family
institution in India are important .
• Second, highlight the reasons for change in these institutions i.e. socio- economic
reasons and the impact of the legislations ( preferably more recent ones)
separately.
• Finally, conclude the answer by highlighting that despite changes , how the essence
of marriage and familial relations are still intact.
Answer:
Marriage and family institutions are the repositories of the core values of the Indian
society. These institutions are still seen as a social legitimation to have children . We
can see the domination of patriarchal values and feudal mindsets in these institutions.
However, under the impact of socio-economic changes and legislations, they are
undergoing many changes.
Factors influencing change and continuity in Marriage and family institutions
• Economic Changes
o Industrialisation and Urbanisation: Growth of cities and city culture have a
direct impact on the family and marriage.
▪ modern industries have lessened the economic functions of the family and
led to the replacement of Joint family structure with Nuclear families.
▪ Status of women in the family has improved as they have become more
educated and started working, thus along with other male members in the
family ,they also now have a say in family issues.
▪ In partner selection, job and salary are given more importance, than the
family background , caste or religion. Also the online matrimonial sites have
come up which has reduced the role of elders of the family.
▪ To fulfil career and individual ambitions , “delayed marriages” and “long –
distance marriages” have become a common feature
▪ Marriage is often held in cities more as a social or a civil ceremony than a
religious ceremony. The duration of marriage ceremony is also cut short in
the city . Elaborate customs are either avoided or shortened ; court
marriages preferred.
▪ In cities, the cases of divorce , desertion , separation , broken families etc
alongwith pre-marital and extra-marital sex relations are seen.
• Social Changes
o Modern education , values and western ideologies such as rationalism,
individualism , equality of sex, democracy , individual freedom , secularism , etc
have influenced the outlook of educated young men and women . Hence, they
want to take their own decisions and make choices on the main events of their
life such as line of education , job and marriage.
• Influence of legislations on Marriage:
o Dowry Prohibition Act, 1996 , Domestic Violence Act( DVA) , 2005, etc -
have made the position of women stronger .Now the women are given justice
against the "invisible violence" at home-physical and verbal abuse,etc which
they used to go through either because of dowry demands or otherwise.The

Student Notes:
DVA, 2005, includes in its ambit live-in partners caters to the changing
dynamics of relationships.
o The ‘divorce’ laws have been made more flexible with the amendment of The
Hindu Marriage Act, 1955 in 1986, by including the ground of ‘incompatibility’
and ‘mutual consent’ apart from the reasons provided earlier like adultery,
conversion of religion, etc. This has led to the institution of marriage more
susceptible to conflicts, fights, giving lesser scope to “compromise” and time to
save marriage and family. But on the other hand, it also gave the option to both
men and women to come out of a “bad marriage” which they otherwise used
to be in just to fulfil societal obligations.
o Women are given right in the ancestral property and a legal right to share
property along with male members, after the Hindu Succession Act of 1956
was amended in 2005. This has made the economic position of women
stronger.
However, despite changes, the core values in the institutions of marriage and family are
still intact. Mutual fidelity and devotion is still respected.
8. Even after years of independence and despite modern legislation, the antiquated
practice of child marriage still persists in certain sections. What are the reasons for
persistence of child marriage in India? How does it affect our society? What can be
done to eradicate this practice?
Approach:
• Give reasons encompassing social, cultural and economic issues for child marriages.
These reasons should be more specific with respect to the persistence of child
marriage.
• Secondly mention the impact that child marriage has on society as a whole in this
modern context.
• Finally suggest some practices to eradicate this menace.
Answer:
Child marriage is a traditional practice that in many places happens simply because it
has happened for generations – and straying from tradition could mean exclusion from
the community. On top of this, there is limited capacity among officials and lack of
willingness to go against community decisions, since officials are themselves part of the
community.
In communities where a dowry or ‘bride price’ is paid, it is often welcome income for
poor families; in those where the bride’s family pay the groom a dowry, they often
have to pay less money if the bride is young and uneducated.
Many parents marry off their daughters young because they feel it is in her best
interest, often to ensure her safety in areas where girls are at high risk of physical or
sexual assault. Limited education opportunities, low quality of education, inadequate
infrastructure, lack of transport and therefore concerns about girls’ safety while
travelling to school significantly contribute to keeping girls out of school and therefore
tend to favour child marriage.
Girls are often seen as a liability with limited economic role. Women’s work is confined
to the household and is not valued. Archaic laws such as those of Muslim Personal Law
allows the marriage of girls aged between 15 and 18.

Student Notes:
Child marriage ensues the vicious cycle of poverty. With little access to education and
economic opportunities, they and their families are more likely to live in poverty. Child
brides are often disempowered, dependent on their husbands and deprived of their
fundamental rights to health, education and safety. A system that undervalues the
contribution of young women limits its own possibilities. In this way, child marriage
drains country of the innovation and potential that would enable them to thrive.
There is a need to implement a convergent strategy:
• Law enforcement: Capacity-building on laws, support mechanisms such as a child
marriage telephone hotline.
• Girls’ empowerment: Life skills, protection skills.
• Community mobilization: Working with influential leaders, oaths and pledges,
counselling, folk and traditional media.
• Promoting convergence of sectors at all levels, in particular with education and
social protection schemes and programmes.
• Building a social movement on the lines of Bachpan Bachao Aandolan which would
emphasize on an IEC campaign and generating community support against such
practices.
9. What are Personal Law Boards? Are their decisions binding on citizens? How can the
incongruence between the principles followed by them and those of the common law
courts be reconciled? Discuss.
Approach:
• Give a brief overview about personal laws.
• Define personal law boards.
• Bring out some measures from the past as well the problem that need to be solved
to reconcile the incongruence.
Answer:
In India different religions are governed by their own personal laws. Every religion
follows its own personal law in the matters pertaining to marriage, adoption,
successions etc. All these matters are decided and mobilized by various personal law
boards representing the religion.
Personal Law Boards are non-governmental organization constituted to adopt suitable
strategies for the protection and continued applicability of Personal laws in India. The
Boards present themselves as the leading body of religious group opinion in India.
These Boards work liaise with and influence the Government and guide the general
public about the critical issues. They primarily defend the personal laws from any laws
or legislation that they consider infringes on it.
The decisions of these Boards which are backed up by the legislations like that of the
Hindu Law act (1955-56), Muslim personal law (shariat) application acts, 1937 etc. are
binding on the citizens. However, those decisions which infringe upon the Fundamental
rights of the citizens are not binding, although not following them can have
repercussions like community boycott or personal attacks.
The incongruence between the principles followed by them and those of the common
law courts can be reconciled through greater interaction between them, judges, law-
makers, religious leaders and community. This will help to iron out the differences in
the legal opinion regarding matters of personal law. Hardly any forums for such

Student Notes:
interactions exist as of now. It should be done on urgency considering the divisive and
sensitive nature of such issues. Some other measures can be:
• Clearly interpreting Article 25 in conjunction with Article 44.
• Addressing the fears of minorities by citing example of Hindu Law which has
become part of regular law courts and proved quite progressive.
• Most vulnerable and victimized section that is women need to be brought into
these Boards and codes should be made keeping their plights in minds.
• A comprehensive review of the personal laws with an aim to align the with modern
progressive ethos.
10. Exclusion, humiliation-subordination and exploitation are all equally important in

defining the phenomenon of untouchability. Explain. Give an account of the
provisions in the Indian Constitution and the steps taken by the government to
compensate for past and present caste discriminations.
Approach:
• Define the phenomenon of untouchability on the three dimensions of exclusion,
humiliation-subordination and exploitation.
• Then bring out provisions in the Indian Constitution prohibiting the menace.
• Finally bring out steps taken by the government over a period of time and how the
state has tried to compensate for past and present caste discriminations.
Answer:
Untouchability is an extreme and vicious aspect of the society that prescribes stringent
social sanctions against members located at the bottom of the purity-pollution scale. It
is widely prevalent in all spheres of life and has evolved over time and expanded in
form of exclusion, humiliation-subordination and exploitation. It has grown its
dimension from caste factor to other factors like religion, poverty, ethnicity etc..
The performance of publicly visible acts of humiliation and subordination include
common instances like the imposition of gestures of deference such as taking of
headgear, carrying footwear in the hand, standing with bowed head, not wearing clean
or ‘bright’ clothes, and so on.
Moreover, untouchability is also associated with economic exploitation of various kinds,
most commonly through the imposition of forced, unpaid labor, or the confiscation of
property.
In terms of exclusion, religion exclusion, exclusion of persons with disability, caste based
exclusion etc. are giving new dimensions to untouchability.
Some provisions of Indian Constitution to fight against Untouchability
• Under Article 17 of the Constitution, Untouchability has been prohibited on any
ground.
• Article 14 providing equality before law, article 15 providing equality and equal
access to public places etc.
• Article 46 under DPSP says that the State shall promote educational and economic
interest of the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes, and shall protect them
from social injustice and exploitation.

Student Notes:
Some of the Government Initiatives

• Parliament passed Untouchability (offences) Act in 1955 which was further
amended and renamed in 1976 as Protection of Civil Rights Act, 1955.
• For further expansion of Article 17 of the Constitution, Scheduled Castes and
Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act of 1989 was passed, which was
amended in 2005 to give it more teeth.
• Setting up of National Commission for SCs and STs as well as setting up of National
Human Right Commission.
To compensate for past and current discrimination, the government has taken steps
like:
• Providing reservation which involves the setting aside of some places or ‘seats’ for
members of the Scheduled Castes in different spheres of public life.
• Introduction of reservation for SCs and STs in 73rd and 74th Amendment Acts to
contest elections at the Panchayat level.
11. Even as the caste system has weakened in recent times, caste based identity has
strengthened particularly in the wake of democratic politics in India. Comment.
Approach:
• Give a very brief overview of the caste system in Indian society
• State the factors that have weakened the hold of caste in society
• Also, list the reasons why caste based identity has strengthened, with focus on
democratic politics.
• Suggest some ways to weaken caste identities.
Answer:
Caste system is a hereditary system of social and occupational segregation based on
notions of purity and pollution. It legitimized and reinforced the existing structure of
social inequality. Recent times show a paradoxical situation- as on the one hand, caste
system has weakened, on the other, caste-based identities have strengthened due to
political mobilization.
Factors leading to weakening of caste system
• Change in hierarchical structure: Caste hierarchy based on purity and pollution has
weakened because of secularization. Additionally, wealth is replacing birth as the
basis of social prestige.
• Breakdown of Jajmani system: Jajmani system involved exchange of goods and
services, with each jati contributing its share based on occupational specialty.
However, it is dissipating due to traditional breakdown of occupation and
industrialization.
• Sanskritization: It is a process by which low Hindu caste groups/tribes change their
customs, rituals etc. emulating a higher caste group to attain vertical mobility.
• Disruption of traditionally ordained occupational system: Due to globalization and
rise of services sector.
• Anonymous urban life: With increasing migration, city life is becoming anonymous
where caste identities of co-habitants is seldom known.
• Modernization of education and legal system.

Student Notes:
Factors strengthening caste identity

• Caste based politics: Political parties are increasingly mobilizing caste groups for
votes, strengthening caste identities. It is evidenced by emergence of many
regional parties.
• Caste based affirmative actions: Provision of caste based reservation in education
and jobs has strengthened the caste identities. For example, recent demand of OBC
status by some caste groups.
• Collective mobilization: Caste groups are also mobilizing and collectively demanding
equality and non- discrimination in the wake of incidents of atrocities on Dalits.
• “Dominant caste” phenomenon: Landowning classes have also come to wield
political power in some states due to sheer numbers, like in UP and Bihar.
Some experts have called this phenomenon as “casteism”. It is good in short term,
because it links the modern democracy with the masses through caste based political
mobilization and participation. However, it may threaten emergence of single national
identity.
Some solutions:
• Further promote participation of people in free market: Increased prosperity would
further dilute the caste identities.
• Strengthen Section 123 of RPA 1951: To prevent parties from invoking votes solely
on caste grounds.
• Rationalize reservation system: To target benefits only to deserving candidates so as
to usher in egalitarian society.

Student Notes:
12. The present form of caste as an institution has been shaped both by developments
during the colonial period as well as changes witnessed in independent India. Discuss.
Approach:
• Give a brief overview of the origin of caste system and its evolution.
• Discuss the caste system prevailing during British rule and how it got shaped by it.
• Then briefly discuss the measures taken to improve upon it post-independence and
how it got influenced.
• Suggest further measures that are needed.
Answer:
Caste is an institution uniquely associated with the Indian sub-continent. The English
word ‘caste’ is actually a borrowing from the Portuguese casta, meaning pure breed.
The word refers to a broad institutional arrangement that in Indian languages
(beginning with the ancient Sanskrit) is referred to by two distinct terms, varna and jati.
It is generally agreed , that the four Varna classification is roughly three thousand years
old. However, the ‘caste system’ stood for different things in different time periods.,
The institution of caste as we know it today has been profoundly impacted by the
Brtish Colonial rule as well as developments since independence:
Changes during British rule/Colonial period
• The colonialists conducted methodical and, intensive surveys and reports on the
‘customs and manners’ of various tribes and castes all over the country so as to
govern them effectively. The 1901 Census sought to collect information on the
social hierarchy of caste this kind of direct attempt to count caste and to officially
record caste status changed the institution itself. Before this, caste identities had
been much more fluid and less rigid
• The land revenue settlements and related arrangements and laws served to give
legal recognition to the customary (caste-based) rights of the upper castes.
• At the other end of the scale, towards the end of the colonial period, the
administration also took an interest in the welfare of downtrodden castes, referred
to as the ‘depressed classes’ at that time. For e.g. the Government of India Act of
1935 gave legal recognition to the lists or ‘schedules’ of castes and tribes marked
out for special treatment by the state.
Caste considerations had inevitably played a role in the mass mobilizations of the
nationalist movement. The dominant view in the nationalist movement was to treat
caste as a social evil and as a colonial ploy to divide Indians.
Post-independence period
• After independence, the state was committed to the abolition of caste based
inequality and explicitly enshrined this into the Constitution. The political promise
of the constitution was accompanied by fast paced economic changes. Thus,
without sufficient measures to promote equality in the economic sphere caste
inequalities remained strong, caste based .
• The development activity of the state and the growth of private industry also
affected caste indirectly through the speeding up and intensification of economic
change. Modern industry created all kinds of new jobs for which there were no
caste rules.
• Urbanisation and the conditions of collective living in the cities made it difficult for
the caste-segregated patterns of social interaction

Student Notes:
• to survive.
• Caste proved to be strongest in cultural and domestic spheres. Endogamy
remained largely unaffected by modernization.
• The democratic politics in India is deeply conditioned by caste, thereby making
caste considerations important in electoral politics. In fact, 1980s witnessed the
emergence of caste based political parties.
• Reservation in jobs and education has contributed to caste consciousness and in
fact strengthened caste based movements that seek reservation.
5. Previous Year UPSC GS Mains Questions

1. The life cycle of a joint family depends on economic factors rather than social values.
Discuss.
2. Describe any four cultural elements of diversity in India and rate their relative significance
in building a national identity.
3. In the context of the diversity of India, can it be said that the regions form cultural units
rather than the States? Give reasons with examples for your view point.
4. The spirit of tolerance and love is not only an interesting feature of Indian society from
very early times, but it is also playing an important part at the present. Elaborate.

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How has the caste system changed over time in India?

How has the caste system changed over time in India?

What are some of the religious groups found in India?

What are some of the religious groups found in India?

VISION IAS

VALUE ADDITION MATERIAL – 2018

SALIENT FEATURES OF INDIAN

Copyright © by Vision IAS

DELHI JAIPUR PUNE HYDERABAD AHMEDABAD LUCKNOW

SALIENT FEATURES OF INDIAN SOCIETY

2. Characteristics of Indian Society .............................................................................................2

3. Features of Indian Society ......................................................................................................2

3.1. Caste System ...................................................................................................................2

3.1.1. Changes in the Caste system .....................................................................................4

3.1.2. Factors Affecting the Changes in Caste System ..........................................................4

3.2. Religious Pluralism...........................................................................................................5

3.2.1. Different Religious Groups in India ............................................................................5

3.3. Kinship, Marriage and Family...........................................................................................5

3.3.3. Family in Indian Society.............................................................................................6

3.4. Diversity in India ............................................................................................................10

3.4.1. Various forms of diversity in India ...........................................................................10

3.4.2. Factors Leading to Unity Amidst Diversity in India ...................................................11

3.4.3. Factors that threaten India’s unity ...........................................................................12

4. Vision IAS GS Mains Test Series Questions ............................................................................13

5. Previous Year UPSC GS Mains Questions...............................................................................28

Copyright © by Vision IAS

DELHI JAIPUR PUNE HYDERABAD AHMEDABAD LUCKNOW

3. Features of Indian Society

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o Segmental division of society: It means that social stratification is largely based on

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3.1.1. Changes in the Caste system

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3.2. Religious Pluralism

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2. On the basis of residence:

3. On the basis of size and structure:

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Joint or Extended Family: It includes members of three to four generations. It is an

4. On the basis of Authority:

5. Family on the basis of descent:

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4. Vision IAS GS Mains Test Series Questions

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2. Is India's linguistic diversity a threat to national integration?

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social unrest in the above mentioned countries. Moreover, suppressing cultural

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