Programming of 8085 Microprocessor INTRODUCTION ‘The main advantage of microprocessor is its ability to be programmed to perform a defined task. Program is a set of instructions written in a specified order 10 perform a particular task. The art of designing this sequence of instruction is called programming. A set of programs written for a particular microprocessor is called software of that processor. The primary job of a microprocessor is to execute the program. These programs are stored in the memory of the microprocessor. Microprocessor goes on fetching these instructions from the memory and executes them. This fetching and executing is performed in the same sequence as that of the program, until some branching or interruption occurs. In this chapter we will discuss programming techniques, flowcharts, programming steps and programming examples. 6.1 FLOWCHART A flowchart is a visual representation of a flow of data. It can be used to outline a process or a solution to a problem, whether it is simple or complex. For beginners in programming, it is vital to learn flowcharting to understand the basic logic behind a program. After a flowchart is created, it can be implemented (coded) in any language.6.1.1 Guidelines for Drawing a Flowchert Flowcharts are usually drawn using some standard symbols; however. some special symbols can also be developed when required. Some standard symbols, which are frequently required for flowcharting many computer programs are: Symbol Use in Flowchart bert eainrretla onan Denotes the direction of ogi law in a Fowiine program. Denotes eiter an input cperation or an culput operation Rectangle Denotes a process tobe caried out Denotes a decision or ranch to'be made. “Tho program chould continuo along ore of the Wo directions. The following are some guidelines in flowcharting: 1. In drawing a proper flowchart, logical order. 2. The flowchart should be clear, nest and easy to follow. There should not be any room for ambiguity in understanding the flowchart 3. The usual direction of the flow of a procedure or system is from left to right or from top to bottom. 4. Only one flow line should come out from a process symbol. 4 7 5. Only one flow line should enter a decision symbol, but two or three flow lines, one for each possible answer, should leave the decision symbol. ll necessary requirements should be listed out in a seAce gaA2e6. Only one flow line is used in conjunction with the terminal symbol. — 7. Write briefly within standard symbols. As necessary, one can use the annotation symbol to describe data or computational steps more clearly. ---{ Ths is atop secrot data 8. Ifthe flowchart becomes complex, it is better to use connector symbols to reduce the number of flow lines. Avoid the intersection of flow lines if you want to make it more effective and a better way of communication. 9. Ensure that the flowchart has a logical start and finish 10. Ibis useful to test the validity of the flowchart by passing it through with a simple test data. 641.2 Advantages of Using Flowcharts The benefits of flowcharts are as follows: Communication: Flowchans are a better way of communicating the logic of a system to all concerned. Effective analysis: With the help of flowchart, a problem can be analyzed in a more effective Proper documentation: Program flowcharts serve es a good program documentation, which is needed for various purposes. Efficient coding: The flowcharts act as a guide or blueprint during the system analysis and program development phase. Proper debugging: The flowchart helps in debugging process. Efficient program maintenance: The maintenance of operating program becomes easy with the help of flowchart. It helps the programmer to put efforts more efficiently on that part. 6.1.3 Limitations of Using Flowcharts Complex logic: Sometimes, the program logic is quite complicated. In that case, flowchart becomes complex and clumsy. Alterations and modifications: If alterations are required, the flowchart may require re~ drawing completely. Reproduction: As the flowchart symbols cannot be typed, reproduction of flowchart becomes a problem. ‘Technical details: The essentials of what is done can easily be lost in the technical details of how it is done.