Responsibility assignment matrix

A responsibility assignment matrix[1] (RAM), also known as RACI matrix[2]

(/ˈreɪsi/) or linear responsibility chart[3] (LRC), describes the participation by
various roles in completing tasks or deliverables for a project or business process.[4] It
is especially useful in clarifying roles and responsibilities in cross-
functional/departmental projects and processes.[5]

RACI is an acronym derived from the four key responsibilities most typically used:
Responsible, Accountable, Consulted, and Informed.[6]

RACI(Q) chart. At least one Responsible and exactly one

Contents Accountable person are designated for each task. Optional
Consulted and Informed roles may also be denoted.
Key responsibility roles (RACI model)
Role distinction
Assigning people to facilities
Alternatives
PARIS
PACSI
RASCI
RASI
RACIQ
RACI-VS
CAIRO
DACI
RAPID
RATSI
DRASCI
DCI
RASCEIO
Variations
RACI (alternative scheme)
ARCI (decisions)
References
External links

Key responsibility roles (RACI model)

R=Responsible, A=Accountable, C=Consulted, I=Informed

Responsible (also Recommender)

Those who do the work to complete the task.[7] There is at least one role with a participation type of responsible, although
others can be delegated to assist in the work required (see also RASCI below for separately identifying those who participate in
a supporting role).

Accountable (also Approver or final approving authority)

The one ultimately answerable for the correct and thorough completion of the deliverable or task, the one who ensures the
prerequisites of the task are met and who delegates the work to those responsible.[7] In other words, an accountable must sign
off (approve) work that responsible provides. There must be only one accountable specified for each task or deliverable.[4]

Consulted (sometimes Consultant or counsel)

Those whose opinions are sought, typically subject matter experts; and with whom there is two-way communication.[7]

Informed (also Informee)

Those who are kept up-to-date on progress, often only on completion of the task or deliverable; and with whom there is just
one-way communication.[7]
Very often the role that is accountable for a task or deliverable may also be responsible for completing it (indicated on the matrix by the task or deliverable
having a role accountable for it, but no role responsible for its completion, i.e. it is implied). Outside of this exception, it is generally recommended that each
role in the project or process for each task receive, at most, just one of the participation types. Where more than one participation type is shown, this generally
implies that participation has not yet been fully resolved, which can impede the value of this technique in clarifying the participation of each role on each task.

Role distinction
There is a distinction between a role and individually identified people: a role is a descriptor of an associated set of tasks; may be performed by many people;
and one person can perform many roles. For example, an organization may have ten people who can perform the role of project manager, although
traditionally each project only has one project manager at any one time; and a person who is able to perform the role of project manager may also be able to
perform the role of business analyst and tester.

Assigning people to facilities

The matrix is typically created with a vertical axis (left-hand column) of tasks (from a work breakdown structure) or deliverables (from a product breakdown
structure), and a horizontal axis (top row) of roles (from an organizational chart).

Example of a responsibility assignment (or RACI) matrix

Project Business Project Technical Applications

Code Name
sponsor analyst manager architect development

Stage A Manage sales

Stage B Assess job

Stage
Initiate project
C

- C04 Security governance (draft) C C A I I

- C10 Functional requirements A R I C I

Business acceptance
- C11 A R I C I
criteria

Stage
Design solution
D

Another example from the maintenance and reliability community

Maintenance Crew KPI RACI Chart

CMMS
Maint Maint Maint Maint Maint Rel
Tasks Proj
Supervisors Analyst Planner Technician Supert Specialist
Engr

Inputting Failure
A C I R C C
Data

Work Order
R C C C A I I Maintenance Crew KPI RACI Chart.
Completion

Work Order Close

C R C I I A
Out

QA of Failure Data
C R I C I C A
Input

Analyze Failure
C C I C A R I
Reports

Maintenance
Strategy C I I C A R R
Adjustments

Implementing new
R I R C A I I
strategies

Alternatives
There are a number of alternatives to the RACI participation types:

PARIS

This is an early version[8] of a Responsibility Assignment Matrix, with the roles defined as:
 Participant

Accountable

Review Required

Input Required

Sign-off Required

PACSI

This is a version very useful to organizations where the output of activities under the accountability of a single person/function
can be reviewed and vetoed by multiple stakeholders, due to the collaborative nature of the culture.

Perform

The person/function carrying out the activity.

Accountable

The person/function ultimately answerable for the correct and thorough completion of the deliverable or task, and often
the one who delegates the work to the performer.

Control

The person/function reviewing the result of the activity. He or she has a right of veto; his or her advice is binding.

Suggest

The person/function consulted to give advice based upon recognized expertise. The advice is non-binding.

Informed

The person/function who must be informed of the result of the activity.

RASCI

This is an expanded version[9] of the standard RACI, less frequently known as RASCI,[10] breaking the responsible participation
into:

Responsible

Those responsible for the task, who ensure that it is done as per the approver

Support
Resources allocated to responsible. Unlike consulted, who may provide input to the task, support helps complete the
task.

RASI

This is an alternative version[11][12] of the standard RACI, foregoing the consulted participation and replacing it with:

Support
Resources which play a supporting role in implementation.

RACIQ

This is an expanded version of the standard RACI, with an additional participation type:

Quality Review
Those who check whether the product meets the quality requirements.

RACI-VS

This is an expanded version[6] of the standard RACI, with two additional participation types:
 Verifier
Those who check whether the product meets the acceptance criteria set forth in the product description.

Signatory

Those who approve the verify decision and authorize the product hand-off. It seems to make sense that the signatory
should be the party being accountable for its success.

CAIRO

This is an expanded version,[13] of the standard RACI, also known as RACIO[14] with one additional participation type.

Out of the loop (or omitted)

Designating individuals or groups who are specifically not part of the task. Specifying that a resource does not participate
can be as beneficial to a task's completion as specifying those who do participate.

DACI

Another version that has been used to centralize decision making, and clarify who can re-open discussions.[15]

Driver
A single driver of overall project like the person steering a car.

Approver
One or more approvers who make most project decisions, and are responsible if it fails.

Contributors
Are the worker-bees who are responsible for deliverables; and with whom there is two-way communication.

Informed
Those who are impacted by the project and are provided status and informed of decisions; and with whom there is one-
way communication.

RAPID

Another tool used to clarify decision roles and thereby improve decision making overall is RAPID®, which was created by and is
a registered trademark of Bain & Company.

Recommend
The Recommend role typically involves 80 percent of the work in a decision. The recommender gathers relevant input
and proposes a course of action—sometimes alternative courses, complete with pros and cons so that the decision
maker's choices are as clear, simple and timely as possible.

Agree
The Agree role represents a formal approval of a recommendation. The 'A' and the 'R' should work together to come to a
mutually satisfactory proposal to bring forward to the Decider. But not all decisions will need an Agree role, as this is
typically reserved for those situations where some form of regulatory or compliance sign-off is required.

Perform
The Perform role defines who is accountable for executing or implementing the decision once it is made. Best-practice
companies typically define P's and gather input from them early in the process

Input
The Input role provides relevant information and facts so that the Recommender and Decider can assess all the relevant
facts to make the right decision. However, the 'I' role is strictly advisory. Recommenders should consider all input, but
they don't have to reflect every point of view in the final recommendation.

Decide
The Decide role is for the single person who ultimately is accountable for making the final decision, committing the group
to action and ensuring the decision gets implemented.

RATSI

Another tool used in organisation design or roles analysis.

Responsibility
Identify who is in charge of making sure the work is done.
 Authority
Identify who has final decision power on the work.

Task
Identify who actually does the work.

Support
Identify who is involved to provide support to the work.

Informed
Identify who is informed that the work has been done (or will be started)

DRASCI

A variant of RASCI developed by three Whitehall theorists (Kane, Jackson, Gilbert). This scheme is adapted for use in matrix
management environments, and differs only from RASCI in having an additional role of Driver and a narrower definition of
Support:

Driver
An individual or party that assists those who are Responsible for delivering a task by both producing supporting collateral
and setting timescales for delivery in line with the overarching aim of the individual or party who is Accountable for the
overall accomplishment of the objective. The distinction between Driver and Support lies in that the former reinforces and
clarifies the parameters of the task on behalf of those who are Accountable, while the latter refers to those who help
those who are Responsible in reaching a given goal.

DCI

A minimal set of decision making categories used in organisation design or roles analysis.

Decision Maker
Individual(s) who makes the decision and is accountable for its impact on the business.

Consulted
Individual(s) accountable for providing guidance based on functional expertise and experience, highlighting issues and
raising alternatives to support the Decision Maker.

Informed
Impacted stakeholder(s) are notified after the decision has been made and who will need to support the execution of the
decision.

RASCEIO
To be used when working on governance, risk, compliance (GRC) and outsourcing matters:

R Responsible
A Accountable
S Support
C Consult
E Execute (for 3rd parties contracted to execute activities in accordance with a service level agreement)
I Inform
O Overview (for key GRC roles, such as risk owner, policy owner - where accountability is devolved, but a role is
needed to oversee whether accountabilities all fit together)

Variations
There are also a number of variations to the meaning of RACI participation types:

RACI (alternative scheme)

There is an alternative coding, less widely published but used by some practitioners and process mapping software, which
modifies the application of the R and A codes of the original scheme. The overall methodology remains the same but this
alternative avoids potential confusion of the terms accountable and responsible, which may be understood by management
professionals but not always so clearly differentiated by others:

Responsible
 Those responsible for the performance of the task. There should be exactly one person with this assignment for each
task.

Assists
Those who assist completion of the task

Consulted
Those whose opinions are sought; and with whom there is two-way communication.

Informed
Those who are kept up-to-date on progress; and with whom there is one-way communication.

ARCI (decisions)

This alternative is focused only on documenting who has the authority to make which decisions. This can work across all sized
work groups.

Accountable
Authorized to approve an answer to the decision.

Responsible
Responsible to recommend an answer to the decision.

Consulted
Those whose opinions are sought; and with whom there is two-way communication.

Informed
Those who are informed after the decision is made; and with whom there is one-way communication.

References
1. "9.1.2.1 Organization Charts and Position Descriptions". A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK Guide) (5th ed.). Project
Management Institute. 2013. p. 262. ISBN 978-1-935589-67-9.
2. Jacka, Mike; Keller, Paulette (2009). Business Process Mapping: Improving Customer Satisfaction. John Wiley and Sons. p. 257. ISBN 0-470-44458-4.
3. Cleland, David; Ireland, Lewis (2006). Project management: strategic design and implementation. McGraw-Hill Professional. p. 234. ISBN 0-07-147160-X.
4. Margaria, Tiziana (2010). Leveraging Applications of Formal Methods, Verification, and Validation: 4th International Symposium on Leveraging
Applications, Isola 2010, Heraklion, Crete, Greece, October 18–21, 2010, Proceedings, Part 1. Springer. p. 492. ISBN 3-642-16557-5.
5. Brennan, Kevin (2009). A Guide to the Business Analysis Body of Knowledge (BABOK Guide). International Institute of Business Analysis. p. 29.
ISBN 0-9811292-1-8.
6. Blokdijk, Gerard (2008). The Service Level Agreement SLA Guide - SLA Book, Templates for Service Level Management and Service Level Agreement
Forms. Fast and Easy Way to Write Your SLA. Lulu. p. 81. ISBN 1-921523-62-X.
7. Smith, Michael (2005). Role & Responsibility Charting (RACI) (https://pmicie.org/images/downloads/raci_r_web3_1.pdf) (PDF). Project Management
Forum. p. 5.
8. A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge. Project Management Institute. 2000. p. 111. ISBN 1-880410-22-2.
9. Hightower, Rose (2008). Internal controls policies and procedures. John Wiley & Sons. p. 83. ISBN 0-470-28717-9.
10. Baker, Dean (2009). Multi-Company Project Management: Maximizing Business Results Through Strategic Collaboration. J Ross. p. 58. ISBN 1-60427-
035-7.
11. Mikes, Joe; Denton, Tara (2011). Training Speeds Continuous Improvement (https://www.lce.com/Training-Speeds-Continuous-Improvement-1271.html).
Life Cycle Engineering.
12. Glossary (https://web.archive.org/web/20041031223613/http://www.mgrush.com/content/view/70/33/). MG Rush. 2014. Archived from the original
(http://www.mgrush.com/content/view/70/33/) on 2004-10-31.
13. Bolman, Lee (2008). Reframing organizations: artistry, choice, and leadership. John Wiley & Sons. p. 112. ISBN 0-7879-8799-9.
14. Dickstein, Dennis (2008). No Excuses: A Business Process Approach to Managing Operational Risk. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0-470-48110-2.
15. Kendrick, Tom (2006). Results without authority: controlling a project when the team doesn't report to you. AMACOM Books, division of the American
Management Association. p. 106. ISBN 0-8144-7343-1.

External links
◾ Comprehensive Series on RACI (https://web.archive.org/web/20100829170031/http://www.pmhut.com/?
s=%22The+RACI%2FARCI+Matrix+for+Structuring+Roles+in+Project+Management%22)
◾ Seventeen Varieties of RACI (https://mgrush.com/blog/2016/12/08/raci/)
◾ Animation introducing RACI (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5KQvOB68Am0&list=UU-sJpy_O7zCN5zOrzWy4llQ)
◾ Transform Your RACI (Roles and Responsibilities) Into a GANTT Chart (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hnf4ZqFKNc0)
 ◾ Understanding Responsibility Assignment Matrix (RACI Matrix) (http://project-management.com/understanding-responsibility-assignment-matrix-raci-
matrix/)
◾ RACI Chart Explained (http://www.slideshare.net/igorkokcharov/responsibility-assignment-matrix-raci-chart-explained)

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