8-bit Atmel XMEGA C Microcontroller

XMEGA C MANUAL

This document contains complete and detailed description of all modules included in the
Atmel® AVR® XMEGA® C microcontroller family. The Atmel AVR XMEGA C is a family of low-
power, high-performance, and peripheral-rich CMOS 8/16-bit microcontrollers based on the
AVR enhanced RISC architecture. The available Atmel AVR XMEGA C modules described in
this manual are:
 Atmel AVR CPU
 Memories
 DMAC - Direct memory access controller
 Event system
 System clock and clock options
 Power management and sleep modes
 System control and reset
 WDT - Watchdog timer
 Interrupts and programmable multilevel interrupt controller
 PORT - I/O ports
 TC - 16-bit timer/counters
 AWeX - Advanced waveform extension
 Hi-Res - High resolution extension
 RTC - Real-time counter
 USB - Universal serial bus interface
 TWI - Two-wire serial interface
 SPI - Serial peripheral interface
 USART - Universal synchronous and asynchronous serial receiver and transmitter
 IRCOM - Infrared communication module
 AES cryptographic engine
 CRC - Cyclic redundancy check
 ADC - Analog-to-digital converter
 AC - Analog comparator
 PDI - Program and debug interface
 Memory programming
 Peripheral address map
 Register summary
 Interrupt vector summary
 Instruction set summary

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
1. About the Manual
This document contains in-depth documentation of all peripherals and modules available for the Atmel AVR XMEGA C
microcontroller family. All features are documented on a functional level and described in a general sense. All peripherals
and modules described in this manual may not be present in all Atmel AVR XMEGA C devices.
For all device-specific information such as characterization data, memory sizes, modules, peripherals available and their
absolute memory addresses, refer to the device datasheets. When several instances of a peripheral exists in one device,
each instance will have a unique name. For example each port module (PORT) have unique name, such as PORTA,
PORTB, etc. Register and bit names are unique within one module instance.
For more details on applied use and code examples for peripherals and modules, refer to the Atmel AVR XMEGA
specific application notes available from http://www.atmel.com/avr.

1.1 Reading the Manual

The main sections describe the various modules and peripherals. Each section contains a short feature list and overview
describing the module. The remaining section describes the features and functions in more detail.
The register description sections list all registers and describe each register, bit and flag with their function. This includes
details on how to set up and enable various features in the module. When multiple bits are needed for a configuration
setting, these are grouped together in a bit group. The possible bit group configurations are listed for all bit groups
together with their associated Group Configuration and a short description. The Group Configuration refers to the defined
configuration name used in the Atmel AVR XMEGA assembler header files and application note source code.
The register summary sections list the internal register map for each module type.
The interrupt vector summary sections list the interrupt vectors and offset address for each module type.

1.2 Resources
A comprehensive set of development tools, application notes, and datasheets are available for download from
http://www.atmel.com/avr.

1.3 Recommended Reading

 Atmel AVR XMEGA C device datasheets
 AVR XMEGA application notes

This manual contains general modules and peripheral descriptions. The AVR XMEGA C device datasheets contains the
device-specific information. The XMEGA application notes and AVR Software Framework contain example code and
show applied use of the modules and peripherals.
For new users, it is recommended to read the AVR1000: Getting Started Writing C-code for Atmel XMEGA.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 2
Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-Datasheet_12/2014
2. Overview
The AVR XMEGA C microcontrollers is a family of low-power, high-performance, and peripheral-rich CMOS 8/16-bit
microcontrollers based on the AVR enhanced RISC architecture. By executing powerful instructions in a single clock
cycle, the Atmel AVR XMEGA C devices achieve throughputs approaching one million instructions per second (MIPS)
per megahertz, allowing the system designer to optimize power consumption versus processing speed.
The AVR CPU combines a rich instruction set with 32 general purpose working registers. All 32 registers are directly
connected to the arithmetic logic unit (ALU), allowing two independent registers to be accessed in a single instruction,
executed in one clock cycle. The resulting architecture is more code efficient while achieving throughputs many times
faster than conventional single-accumulator or CISC based microcontrollers.
The Atmel AVR XMEGA C devices provide the following features: in-system programmable flash with read-while-write
capabilities; internal EEPROM and SRAM; two-channel DMA controller on the selected devices; four-channel event
system and programmable multilevel interrupt controller; up to 50 general purpose I/O lines; 16-bit real-time counter
(RTC); up to five flexible, 16-bit timer/counters with capture, compare and PWM modes; up to three USARTs; two I2C
and SMBUS compatible two-wire serial interfaces (TWIs); one full-speed USB 2.0 interface; up to two serial peripheral
interfaces (SPIs); CRC module; AES cryptographic engine on selected devices; one 16-channel, 12-bit ADC with
programmable gain; two analog comparators (ACs) with window mode; programmable watchdog timer with separate
internal oscillator; accurate internal oscillators with PLL and prescaler; and programmable brown-out detection.
The program and debug interface (PDI), a fast, two-pin interface for programming and debugging, is available.
The Atmel AVR XMEGA devices have five software selectable power saving modes. The idle mode stops the CPU while
allowing the SRAM, DMA controller, event system, interrupt controller, and all peripherals to continue functioning. The
power-down mode saves the SRAM and register contents, but stops the oscillators, disabling all other functions until the
next TWI, USB resume, or pin-change interrupt, or reset. In power-save mode, the asynchronous real-time counter
continues to run, allowing the application to maintain a timer base while the rest of the device is sleeping. In standby
mode, the external crystal oscillator keeps running while the rest of the device is sleeping. This allows very fast startup
from the external crystal, combined with low power consumption. In extended standby mode, both the main oscillator and
the asynchronous timer continue to run. To further reduce power consumption, the peripheral clock to each individual
peripheral can optionally be stopped in active mode and idle sleep mode.
The devices are manufactured using Atmel high-density, nonvolatile memory technology. The program flash memory can
be reprogrammed in-system through the PDI interface. A boot loader running in the device can use any interface to
download the application program to the flash memory. The boot loader software in the boot flash section will continue to
run while the application flash section is updated, providing true read-while-write operation. By combining an 8/16-bit
RISC CPU with In-system, self-programmable flash, the Atmel AVR XMEGA is a powerful microcontroller family that
provides a highly flexible and cost effective solution for many embedded applications.
The Atmel AVR XMEGA C devices are supported with a full suite of program and system development tools, including C
compilers, macro assemblers, program debugger/simulators, programmers, and evaluation kits.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 3
Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-Datasheet_12/2014
Figure 2-1. Atmel AVR XMEGA C Block Diagram
PR[0..1]
Power Programming, debug, test
XTAL1
Ground External clock /Crystal pins TOSC1
Digital function General Purpose I /O
XTAL2
Analog function /Oscillators TOSC2

Oscillator
Real Time Circuits/
PORT R (2) Counter Clock
Generation
Watchdog
EVENT ROUTING NETWORK Oscillator

DATA BUS
Watchdog
Timer
ACA
Event System Oscillator
Controller Control
Power VCC
PA[0..7] PORT A (8) SRAM
Supervision
DMA Sleep POR/BOD & GND
Controller Controller RESET

ADCA
RESET/
BUS Prog/Debug PDI_CLK
PDI
AREFA Matrix Controller
PDI_DATA
VCC/10

Int. Refs.
AES OCD
Tempref

AREFB
CPU Interrupt
CRC
Controller
ADCB

NVM Controller
PB[0..7] PORT B (8)
Flash EEPROM

ACB

DATA BUS

EVENT ROUTING NETWORK

USARTC0:1

USARTD0

USARTE0

USARTF0
TCC0:1
IRCOM

TCD0
TWIC

TCE0

TWIE

TCF0
SPIC

SPID
USB

PORT C (8) PORT D (8) PORT E (8) PORT F (8)

PC[0..7] PD[0..7] PE[0..7] PF[0..7]

In Table 2-1 on page 5 a feature summary for the XMEGA C family is shown, split into one feature summary column for
each sub-family. Each sub-family has identical feature set, but different memory options, refer to their device datasheet
for ordering codes and memory options.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 4
Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-Datasheet_12/2014
Table 2-1. XMEGA C Feature Summary Overview

Feature Details / sub-family C3 C4

Total 64 44
Pins, I/O
Programmable I/O pins 50 34

Program memory (KB) 64 - 384 16 - 32

Boot memory (KB) 4-8 4

Memory SRAM (KB) 8 - 32 2-8

EEPROM (KB) 2-4 1

General purpose registers 4 4

TQFP 64A 44A

Package QFN /VQFN 64M2 / 64Z3 44M1

BGA – 49C2

QTouch® Sense channels 56 56

DMA Controller Channels 0 - 2(1) -

Channels 4 4
Event System
QDEC 1 1

0.4 - 16MHz XOSC Yes Yes

Crystal Oscillator
32.768 kHz TOSC Yes Yes

2MHz calibrated Yes Yes

32MHz calibrated Yes Yes

Internal Oscillator 128MHz PLL Yes Yes

32.768kHz calibrated Yes Yes

32kHz ULP Yes Yes

TC0 - 16-bit, 4 CC 4 3

TC1 - 16-bit, 2 CC 1 1

TC2 - 2x 8-bit 4 2
Timer / Counter
Hi-Res 1 1

AWeX 1 1

RTC 1 1

USB full-speed device 1 1

USART 3 3
Serial Communication
SPI 2 2

TWI 2 2

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 5
Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-Datasheet_12/2014
 Feature Details / sub-family C3 C4
(1)
AES-128 Yes –

Crypto /CRC CRC-16 Yes Yes

CRC-32 Yes Yes

External Memory (EBI) – –

1 1

Resolution (bits) 12 12

Analog to Digital Converter (ADC) Sampling speed (kbps) 300 300

Input channels per ADC 16 12

Conversion channels 1 1

Digital to Analog Converter (DAC) – –

Analog Comparator (AC) 2 2

PDI Yes Yes

Program and Debug Interface JTAG – –

Boundary scan – –
Note: 1. Selected devices only.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 6
Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-Datasheet_12/2014
3. Atmel AVR CPU

3.1 Features
 8/16-bit, high-performance Atmel AVR RISC CPU
 142 instructions
 Hardware multiplier
 32x8-bit registers directly connected to the ALU
 Stack in RAM
 Stack pointer accessible in I/O memory space
 Direct addressing of up to 16MB of program memory and 16MB of data memory
 True 16/24-bit access to 16/24-bit I/O registers
 Efficient support for 8-, 16-, and 32-bit arithmetic
 Configuration change protection of system-critical features

3.2 Overview
All Atmel AVR XMEGA devices use the 8/16-bit AVR CPU. The main function of the CPU is to execute the code and
perform all calculations. The CPU is able to access memories, perform calculations, control peripherals, and execute the
program in the flash memory. Interrupt handling is described in a separate section, “Interrupts and Programmable
Multilevel Interrupt Controller” on page 112.

3.3 Architectural Overview

In order to maximize performance and parallelism, the AVR CPU uses a Harvard architecture with separate memories
and buses for program and data. Instructions in the program memory are executed with single-level pipelining. While one
instruction is being executed, the next instruction is pre-fetched from the program memory. This enables instructions to
be executed on every clock cycle. For a summary of all AVR instructions, refer to “Instruction Set Summary” on page
343. For details of all AVR instructions, refer to http://www.atmel.com/avr.

Figure 3-1. Block Diagram of the AVR CPU Architecture

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 7
Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
 The arithmetic logic unit (ALU) supports arithmetic and logic operations between registers or between a constant and a
register. Single-register operations can also be executed in the ALU. After an arithmetic operation, the status register is
updated to reflect information about the result of the operation.
The ALU is directly connected to the fast-access register file. The 32 x 8-bit general purpose working registers all have
single clock cycle access time allowing single-cycle arithmetic logic unit operation between registers or between a
register and an immediate. Six of the 32 registers can be used as three 16-bit address pointers for program and data
space addressing, enabling efficient address calculations.
The memory spaces are linear. The data memory space and the program memory space are two different memory
spaces.
The data memory space is divided into I/O registers, SRAM, and external RAM. In addition, the EEPROM can be
memory mapped in the data memory.
All I/O status and control registers reside in the lowest 4KB addresses of the data memory. This is referred to as the I/O
memory space. The lowest 64 addresses can be accessed directly, or as the data space locations from 0x00 to 0x3F.
The rest is the extended I/O memory space, ranging from 0x0040 to 0x0FFF. I/O registers here must be accessed as
data space locations using load (LD/LDS/LDD) and store (ST/STS/STD) instructions.
The SRAM holds data. Code execution from SRAM is not supported. It can easily be accessed through the five different
addressing modes supported in the AVR architecture. The first SRAM address is 0x2000.
Data addresses 0x1000 to 0x1FFF are reserved for memory mapping of EEPROM.
The program memory is divided in two sections, the application program section and the boot program section. Both
sections have dedicated lock bits for write and read/write protection. The SPM instruction that is used for self-
programming of the application flash memory must reside in the boot program section. The application section contains
an application table section with separate lock bits for write and read/write protection. The application table section can
be used for save storing of nonvolatile data in the program memory.

3.4 ALU - Arithmetic Logic Unit

The arithmetic logic unit supports arithmetic and logic operations between registers or between a constant and a register.
Single-register operations can also be executed. The ALU operates in direct connection with all 32 general purpose
registers. In a single clock cycle, arithmetic operations between general purpose registers or between a register and an
immediate are executed and the result is stored in the register file. After an arithmetic or logic operation, the status
register is updated to reflect information about the result of the operation.
ALU operations are divided into three main categories – arithmetic, logical, and bit functions. Both 8- and 16-bit
arithmetic is supported, and the instruction set allows for efficient implementation of 32-bit arithmetic. The hardware
multiplier supports signed and unsigned multiplication and fractional format.

3.4.1 Hardware Multiplier

The multiplier is capable of multiplying two 8-bit numbers into a 16-bit result. The hardware multiplier supports different
variations of signed and unsigned integer and fractional numbers:
 Multiplication of unsigned integers
 Multiplication of signed integers
 Multiplication of a signed integer with an unsigned integer
 Multiplication of unsigned fractional numbers
 Multiplication of signed fractional numbers
 Multiplication of a signed fractional number with an unsigned one
A multiplication takes two CPU clock cycles.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 8
Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
3.5 Program Flow
After reset, the CPU starts to execute instructions from the lowest address in the flash program memory ‘0.’ The program
counter (PC) addresses the next instruction to be fetched.
Program flow is provided by conditional and unconditional jump and call instructions capable of addressing the whole
address space directly. Most AVR instructions use a 16-bit word format, while a limited number use a 32-bit format.
During interrupts and subroutine calls, the return address PC is stored on the stack. The stack is allocated in the general
data SRAM, and consequently the stack size is only limited by the total SRAM size and the usage of the SRAM. After
reset, the stack pointer (SP) points to the highest address in the internal SRAM. The SP is read/write accessible in the
I/O memory space, enabling easy implementation of multiple stacks or stack areas. The data SRAM can easily be
accessed through the five different addressing modes supported in the AVR CPU.

3.6 Instruction Execution Timing

The AVR CPU is clocked by the CPU clock, clkCPU. No internal clock division is used. Figure 3-2 shows the parallel
instruction fetches and instruction executions enabled by the Harvard architecture and the fast-access register file
concept. This is the basic pipelining concept used to obtain up to 1MIPS/MHz performance with high power efficiency.

Figure 3-2. The Parallel Instruction Fetches and Instruction Executions

T1 T2 T3 T4

clkCPU

1st Instruction Fetch

1st Instruction Execute
2nd Instruction Fetch

2nd Instruction Execute

3rd Instruction Fetch
3rd Instruction Execute
4th Instruction Fetch

Figure 3-3 shows the internal timing concept for the register file. In a single clock cycle, an ALU operation using two
register operands is executed and the result is stored back to the destination register.

Figure 3-3. Single Cycle ALU Operation

T1 T2 T3 T4

clkCPU
Total Execution Time

Register Operands Fetch

ALU Operation Execute

Result Write Back

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 9
Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
3.7 Status Register
The status register (SREG) contains information about the result of the most recently executed arithmetic or logic
instruction. This information can be used for altering program flow in order to perform conditional operations. Note that
the status register is updated after all ALU operations, as specified in the instruction set reference. This will in many
cases remove the need for using the dedicated compare instructions, resulting in faster and more compact code.
The status register is not automatically stored when entering an interrupt routine nor restored when returning from an
interrupt. This must be handled by software.
The status register is accessible in the I/O memory space.

3.8 Stack and Stack Pointer

The stack is used for storing return addresses after interrupts and subroutine calls. It can also be used for storing
temporary data. The stack pointer (SP) register always points to the top of the stack. It is implemented as two 8-bit
registers that are accessible in the I/O memory space. Data are pushed and popped from the stack using the PUSH and
POP instructions. The stack grows from a higher memory location to a lower memory location. This implies that pushing
data onto the stack decreases the SP, and popping data off the stack increases the SP. The SP is automatically loaded
after reset, and the initial value is the highest address of the internal SRAM. If the SP is changed, it must be set to point
above address 0x2000, and it must be defined before any subroutine calls are executed or before interrupts are enabled.
During interrupts or subroutine calls, the return address is automatically pushed on the stack. The return address can be
two or three bytes, depending on program memory size of the device. For devices with 128KB or less of program
memory, the return address is two bytes, and hence the stack pointer is decremented/incremented by two. For devices
with more than 128KB of program memory, the return address is three bytes, and hence the SP is
decremented/incremented by three. The return address is popped off the stack when returning from interrupts using the
RETI instruction, and from subroutine calls using the RET instruction.
The SP is decremented by one when data are pushed on the stack with the PUSH instruction, and incremented by one
when data is popped off the stack using the POP instruction.
To prevent corruption when updating the stack pointer from software, a write to SPL will automatically disable interrupts
for up to four instructions or until the next I/O memory write.

3.9 Register File

The register file consists of 32 x 8-bit general purpose working registers with single clock cycle access time. The register
file supports the following input/output schemes:

 One 8-bit output operand and one 8-bit result input

 Two 8-bit output operands and one 8-bit result input
 Two 8-bit output operands and one 16-bit result input
 One 16-bit output operand and one 16-bit result input

Six of the 32 registers can be used as three 16-bit address register pointers for data space addressing, enabling efficient
address calculations. One of these address pointers can also be used as an address pointer for lookup tables in flash
program memory.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 10
Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
 Figure 3-4. AVR CPU General Purpose Working Registers

7 0 Addr.

R0 0x00

R1 0x01

R2 0x02

R13 0x0D

General R14 0x0E

Purpose R15 0x0F

Working R16 0x10

Registers R17 0x11

R26 0x1A X-register Low Byte

R27 0x1B X-register High Byte

R28 0x1C Y-register Low Byte

R29 0x1D Y-register High Byte

R30 0x1E Z-register Low Byte

R31 0x1F Z-register High Byte

The register file is located in a separate address space, and so the registers are not accessible as data memory.

3.9.1 The X-, Y-, and Z- Registers

Registers R26..R31 have added functions besides their general-purpose usage.
These registers can form 16-bit address pointers for addressing data memory. These three address registers are called
the X-register, Y-register, and Z-register. The Z-register can also be used as an address pointer to read from and/or write
to the flash program memory, signature rows, fuses, and lock bits.

Figure 3-5. The X-, Y-, and Z-registers

Bit (individually) 7 R27 0 7 R26 0

X-register XH XL
Bit (X-register) 15 8 7 0

Bit (individually) 7 R29 0 7 R28 0

Y-register YH YL
Bit (Y-register) 15 8 7 0

Bit (individually) 7 R31 0 7 R30 0

Z-register ZH ZL
Bit (Z-register) 15 8 7 0

The lowest register address holds the least-significant byte (LSB), and the highest register address holds the most-
significant byte (MSB). In the different addressing modes, these address registers function as fixed displacement,
automatic increment, and automatic decrement (see the instruction set reference for details).

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 11
Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
3.10 RAMP and Extended Indirect Registers
In order to access program memory or data memory above 64KB, the address pointer must be larger than 16 bits. This is
done by concatenating one register to one of the X-, Y-, or Z-registers. This register then holds the most-significant byte
(MSB) in a 24-bit address or address pointer.
These registers are available only on devices with external bus interface and/or more than 64KB of program or data
memory space. For these devices, only the number of bits required to address the whole program and data memory
space in the device is implemented in the registers.

3.10.1 RAMPX, RAMPY, and RAMPZ Registers

The RAMPX, RAMPY and RAMPZ registers are concatenated with the X-, Y-, and Z-registers, respectively, to enable
indirect addressing of the whole data memory space above 64KB and up to 16MB.

Figure 3-6. The Combined RAMPX + X, RAMPY + Y, and RAMPZ + Z Registers

Bit (Individually) 7 0 7 0 7 0
RAMPX XH XL
Bit (X-pointer) 23 16 15 8 7 0

Bit (Individually) 7 0 7 0 7 0
RAMPY YH YL
Bit (Y-pointer) 23 16 15 8 7 0

Bit (Individually) 7 0 7 0 7 0
RAMPZ ZH ZL
Bit (Z-pointer) 23 16 15 8 7 0

When reading (ELPM) and writing (SPM) program memory locations above the first 128KB of the program memory,
RAMPZ is concatenated with the Z-register to form the 24-bit address. LPM is not affected by the RAMPZ setting.

3.10.2 RAMPD Register

This register is concatenated with the operand to enable direct addressing of the whole data memory space above 64KB.
Together, RAMPD and the operand will form a 24-bit address.

Figure 3-7. The Combined RAMPD + K register

Bit (Individually) 7 0 15 0
RAMPD K
Bit (D-pointer) 23 16 15 0

3.10.3 EIND - Extended Indirect Register

EIND is concatenated with the Z-register to enable indirect jump and call to locations above the first 128KB (64K words)
of the program memory.

Figure 3-8. The combined EIND + Z Register

Bit (Individually) 7 0 7 0 7 0
EIND ZH ZL
Bit (D-pointer) 23 16 15 8 7 0

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 12
Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
3.11 Accessing 16-bit Registers
The AVR data bus is 8 bits wide, and so accessing 16-bit registers requires atomic operations. These registers must be
byte-accessed using two read or write operations. 16-bit registers are connected to the 8-bit bus and a temporary register
using a 16-bit bus.
For a write operation, the low byte of the 16-bit register must be written before the high byte. The low byte is then written
into the temporary register. When the high byte of the 16-bit register is written, the temporary register is copied into the
low byte of the 16-bit register in the same clock cycle.
For a read operation, the low byte of the 16-bit register must be read before the high byte. When the low byte register is
read by the CPU, the high byte of the 16-bit register is copied into the temporary register in the same clock cycle as the
low byte is read. When the high byte is read, it is then read from the temporary register.
This ensures that the low and high bytes of 16-bit registers are always accessed simultaneously when reading or writing
the register.
Interrupts can corrupt the timed sequence if an interrupt is triggered and accesses the same 16-bit register during an
atomic 16-bit read/write operation. To prevent this, interrupts can be disabled when writing or reading 16-bit registers.
The temporary registers can also be read and written directly from user software.

3.11.1 Accessing 24- and 32-bit Registers

For 24- and 32-bit registers, the read and write access is done in the same way as described for 16-bit registers, except
there are two temporary registers for 24-bit registers and three for 32-bit registers. The least-significant byte must be
written first when doing a write, and read first when doing a read.

3.12 Configuration Change Protection

System critical I/O register settings are protected from accidental modification. The SPM instruction is protected from
accidental execution, and the LPM instruction is protected when reading the fuses and signature row. This is handled
globally by the configuration change protection (CCP) register. Changes to the protected I/O registers or bits, or
execution of protected instructions, are only possible after the CPU writes a signature to the CCP register. The different
signatures are described in the register description.
There are two modes of operation: one for protected I/O registers, and one for the protected instructions, SPM/LPM.

3.12.1 Sequence for Write Operation to Protected I/O Registers

1. The application code writes the signature that enable change of protected I/O registers to the CCP register.
2. Within four instruction cycles, the application code must write the appropriate data to the protected register. Most
protected registers also contain a write enable/change enable bit. This bit must be written to one in the same oper-
ation as the data are written. The protected change is immediately disabled if the CPU performs write operations to
the I/O register or data memory or if the SPM, LPM, or SLEEP instruction is executed.

3.12.2 Sequence for Execution of Protected SPM/LPM

1. The application code writes the signature for the execution of protected SPM/LPM to the CCP register.
2. Within four instruction cycles, the application code must execute the appropriate instruction. The protected change
is immediately disabled if the CPU performs write operations to the data memory or if the SLEEP instruction is
executed.
Once the correct signature is written by the CPU, interrupts will be ignored for the duration of the configuration change
enable period. Any interrupt request (including non-maskable interrupts) during the CCP period will set the
corresponding interrupt flag as normal, and the request is kept pending. After the CCP period is completed, any pending
interrupts are executed according to their level and priority. DMA requests are still handled, but do not influence the
protected configuration change enable period. A signature written by DMA is ignored.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 13
Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
3.13 Fuse Lock
For some system-critical features, it is possible to program a fuse to disable all changes to the associated I/O control
registers. If this is done, it will not be possible to change the registers from the user software, and the fuse can only be
reprogrammed using an external programmer. Details on this are described in the datasheet module where this feature is
available.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 14
Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
3.14 Register Descriptions

3.14.1 CCP – Configuration Change Protection Register

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x04 CCP[7:0]
Read/Write W W W W W W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

 Bit 7:0 – CCP[7:0]: Configuration Change Protection

The CCP register must be written with the correct signature to enable change of the protected I/O register or execution of
the protected instruction for a maximum period of four CPU instruction cycles. All interrupts are ignored during these
cycles. After these cycles, interrupts will automatically be handled again by the CPU, and any pending interrupts will be
executed according to their level and priority. When the protected I/O register signature is written, CCP[0] will read as
one as long as the protected feature is enabled. Similarly when the protected SPM/LPM signature is written, CCP[1] will
read as one as long as the protected feature is enabled. CCP[7:2] will always read as zero. Table 3-1 shows the
signature for the various modes.

Table 3-1. Modes of CPU Change Protection

Signature Group configuration Description

0x9D SPM Protected SPM/LPM

0xD8 IOREG Protected IO register

3.14.2 RAMPD – Extended Direct Addressing Register

This register is concatenated with the operand for direct addressing (LDS/STS) of the whole data memory space on
devices with more than 64KB of data memory. This register is not available if the data memory, including external
memory, is less than 64KB.
Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x08 RAMPD[7:0]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

 Bit 7:0 – RAMPD[7:0]: Extended Direct Addressing bits

These bits hold the MSB of the 24-bit address created by RAMPD and the 16-bit operand. Only the number of bits
required to address the available data memory is implemented for each device. Unused bits will always read as zero.

3.14.3 RAMPX – Extended X-Pointer Register

This register is concatenated with the X-register for indirect addressing (LD/LDD/ST/STD) of the whole data memory
space on devices with more than 64KB of data memory. This register is not available if the data memory, including
external memory, is less than 64KB.
Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x09 RAMPX[7:0]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 15
Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
  Bit 7:0 – RAMPX[7:0]: Extended X-pointer Address bits
These bits hold the MSB of the 24-bit address created by RAMPX and the 16-bit X-register. Only the number of bits
required to address the available data memory is implemented for each device. Unused bits will always read as zero.

3.14.4 RAMPY – Extended Y-Pointer Register

This register is concatenated with the Y-register for indirect addressing (LD/LDD/ST/STD) of the whole data memory
space on devices with more than 64KB of data memory. This register is not available if the data memory, including
external memory, is less than 64KB.
Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x0A RAMPY[7:0]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

 Bit 7:0 – RAMPY[7:0]: Extended Y-pointer Address bits

These bits hold the MSB of the 24-bit address created by RAMPY and the 16-bit Y-register. Only the number of bits
required to address the available data memory is implemented for each device. Unused bits will always read as zero.

3.14.5 RAMPZ – Extended Z-Pointer Register

This register is concatenated with the Z-register for indirect addressing (LD/LDD/ST/STD) of the whole data memory
space on devices with more than 64KB of data memory. RAMPZ is concatenated with the Z-register when reading
(ELPM) program memory locations above the first 64KB and writing (SPM) program memory locations above the first
128KB of the program memory.
This register is not available if the data memory, including external memory and program memory in the device, is less
than 64KB.
Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x0B RAMPZ[7:0]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

 Bit 7:0 – RAMPZ[7:0]: Extended Z-pointer Address bits

These bits hold the MSB of the 24-bit address created by RAMPZ and the 16-bit Z-register. Only the number of bits
required to address the available data and program memory is implemented for each device. Unused bits will always
read as zero.

3.14.6 EIND – Extended Indirect Register

This register is concatenated with the Z-register for enabling extended indirect jump (EIJMP) and call (EICALL) to the
whole program memory space on devices with more than 128KB of program memory. The register should be used for
jumps to addresses below 128KB if ECALL/EIJMP are used, and it will not be used if CALL and IJMP commands are
used. For jump or call to addresses below 128KB, this register is not used. This register is not available if the program
memory in the device is less than 128KB.
Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x0C EIND[7:0]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

 Bit 7:0 – EIND[7:0]: Extended Indirect Address bits

These bits hold the MSB of the 24-bit address created by EIND and the 16-bit Z-register. Only the number of bits
required to access the available program memory is implemented for each device. Unused bits will always read as zero.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 16
Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
3.14.7 SPL – Stack Pointer Register Low
The SPH and SPL register pair represent the 16-bit SP value. The SP holds the stack pointer that points to the top of the
stack. After reset, the stack pointer points to the highest internal SRAM address. To prevent corruption when updating
the stack pointer from software, a write to SPL will automatically disable interrupts for the next four instructions or until
the next I/O memory write.
Only the number of bits required to address the available data memory, including external memory, up to 64KB is
implemented for each device. Unused bits will always read as zero.
Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x0D SP[7:0]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
(1)
Initial Value 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1
Note: 1. Refer to specific device datasheets for exact initial values.

 Bit 7:0 – SP[7:0]: Stack Pointer Register Low

These bits hold the LSB of the 16-bit stack pointer (SP).

3.14.8 SPH – Stack Pointer Register High

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x0E SP[15:8]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
(1)
Initial Value 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1 0/1
Note: 1. Refer to specific device datasheets for exact initial values.

 Bit 7:0 – SP[15:8]: Stack Pointer Register High

These bits hold the MSB of the 16-bit stack pointer (SP).

3.14.9 SREG – Status Register

The status register (SREG) contains information about the result of the most recently executed arithmetic or logic
instruction.
Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x0F I T H S V N Z C
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

 Bit 7 – I: Global Interrupt Enable

The global interrupt enable bit must be set for interrupts to be enabled. If the global interrupt enable register is cleared,
none of the interrupts are enabled independent of the individual interrupt enable settings. This bit is not cleared by
hardware after an interrupt has occurred. This bit can be set and cleared by the application with the SEI and CLI
instructions, as described in “Instruction Set Manual.” Changing the I flag through the I/O-register result in a one-cycle
wait state on the access.
 Bit 6 – T: Bit Copy Storage
The bit copy instructions bit load (BLD) and bit store (BST) use the T bit as source or destination for the operated bit. A bit
from a register in the register file can be copied into this bit by the BST instruction, and this bit can be copied into a bit in
a register in the register file by the BLD instruction.
 Bit 5 – H: Half Carry Flag
The half carry flag (H) indicates a half carry in some arithmetic operations. Half carry Is useful in BCD arithmetic. See
“Instruction Set Manual” for detailed information.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 17
Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
  Bit 4 – S: Sign Bit, S = N V
The sign bit is always an exclusive or between the negative flag, N, and the two’s complement overflow flag, V. See
“Instruction Set Manual” for detailed information.
 Bit 3 – V: Two’s Complement Overflow Flag
The two’s complement overflow flag (V) supports two’s complement arithmetic. See “Instruction Set Manual” for detailed
information.
 Bit 2 – N: Negative Flag
The negative flag (N) indicates a negative result in an arithmetic or logic operation. See “Instruction Set Manual” for
detailed information.
 Bit 1 – Z: Zero Flag
The zero flag (Z) indicates a zero result in an arithmetic or logic operation. See “Instruction Set Manual” for detailed
information.
 Bit 0 – C: Carry Flag
The carry flag (C) indicates a carry in an arithmetic or logic operation. See “Instruction Set Manual” for detailed
information.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 18
Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
3.15 Register Summary
Address Name Bit 7 Bit 6 Bit 5 Bit 4 Bit 3 Bit 2 Bit 1 Bit 0 Page

+0x00 Reserved – – – – – – – –
+0x01 Reserved – – – – – – – –
+0x02 Reserved – – – – – – – –
+0x03 Reserved – – – – – – – –
+0x04 CCP CCP[7:0] 15
+0x05 Reserved – – – – – – – –
+0x06 Reserved – – – – – – – –
+0x07 Reserved – – – – – – – –
+0x08 RAMPD RAMPD[7:0] 15
+0x09 RAMPX RAMPX[7:0] 15
+0x0A RAMPY RAMPY[7:0] 16
+0x0B RAMPZ RAMPZ[7:0] 16
+0x0C EIND EIND[7:0] 16
+0x0D SPL SPL[7:0] 17
+0x0E SPH SPH[7:0] 17
+0x0F SREG I T H S V N Z C 17

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 19
Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
4. Memories

4.1 Features
 Flash program memory
 One linear address space
 In-system programmable
 Self-programming and boot loader support
 Application section for application code
 Application table section for application code or data storage
 Boot section for application code or bootloader code
 Separate read/write protection lock bits for all sections
 Built in fast CRC check of a selectable flash program memory section
 Data memory
 One linear address space
 Single-cycle access from CPU
 SRAM
 EEPROM
 Byte and page accessible
 Optional memory mapping for direct load and store
 I/O memory
 Configuration and status registers for all peripherals and modules
 Four bit-accessible general purpose registers for global variables or flags
 Bus arbitration
 Safe and deterministic handling of priority between CPU, DMA controller, and other bus masters
 Separate buses for SRAM, EEPROM, I/O memory, and external memory access
 Simultaneous bus access for CPU and DMA controller
 Production signature row memory for factory programmed data
 ID for each microcontroller device type
 Serial number for each device
 Calibration bytes for factory calibrated peripherals
 User signature row
 One flash page in size
 Can be read and written from software
 Content is kept after chip erase

4.2 Overview
This section describes the different memory sections. The AVR architecture has two main memory spaces, the program
memory and the data memory. Executable code can reside only in the program memory, while data can be stored in the
program memory and the data memory. The data memory includes the internal SRAM, and EEPROM for nonvolatile
data storage. All memory spaces are linear and require no memory bank switching. Nonvolatile memory (NVM) spaces
can be locked for further write and read/write operations. This prevents unrestricted access to the application software.
A separate memory section contains the fuse bytes. These are used for configuring important system functions, and can
only be written by an external programmer.

4.3 Flash Program Memory

All XMEGA devices contain on-chip, in-system reprogrammable flash memory for program storage. The flash memory
can be accessed for read and write from an external programmer through the PDI or from application software running in
the device.
All AVR CPU instructions are 16 or 32 bits wide, and each flash location is 16 bits wide. The flash memory is organized
in two main sections, the application section and the boot loader section, as shown in Figure 4-1 on page 21. The sizes

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 20
Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
 of the different sections are fixed, but device-dependent. These two sections have separate lock bits, and can have
different levels of protection. The store program memory (SPM) instruction, which is used to write to the flash from the
application software, will only operate when executed from the boot loader section.
The application section contains an application table section with separate lock settings. This enables safe storage of
nonvolatile data in the program memory.

Figure 4-1. Flash Memory Sections

0x000000

Application Flash
Section

Application Table
Flash Section
End Application
Start Boot Loader
Boot Loader Flash
Section
Flashend

4.3.1 Application Section

The Application section is the section of the flash that is used for storing the executable application code. The protection
level for the application section can be selected by the boot lock bits for this section. The application section can not store
any boot loader code since the SPM instruction cannot be executed from the application section.

4.3.2 Application Table Section

The application table section is a part of the application section of the flash memory that can be used for storing data.
The size is identical to the boot loader section. The protection level for the application table section can be selected by
the boot lock bits for this section. The possibilities for different protection levels on the application section and the
application table section enable safe parameter storage in the program memory. If this section is not used for data,
application code can reside here.

4.3.3 Boot Loader Section

While the application section is used for storing the application code, the boot loader software must be located in the boot
loader section because the SPM instruction can only initiate programming when executing from this section. The SPM
instruction can access the entire flash, including the boot loader section itself. The protection level for the boot loader
section can be selected by the boot loader lock bits. If this section is not used for boot loader software, application code
can be stored here.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 21
Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
4.3.4 Production Signature Row
The production signature row is a separate memory section for factory programmed data. It contains calibration data for
functions such as oscillators and analog modules. Some of the calibration values will be automatically loaded to the
corresponding module or peripheral unit during reset. Other values must be loaded from the signature row and written to
the corresponding peripheral registers from software. For details on calibration conditions such as temperature, voltage
references, etc., refer to the device datasheet.
The production signature row also contains an ID that identifies each microcontroller device type and a serial number for
each manufactured device. The serial number consists of the production lot number, wafer number, and wafer
coordinates for the device.
The production signature row cannot be written or erased, but it can be read from application software and external
programmers.
For accessing the production signature row, refer to “NVM Flash Commands” on page 328.

4.3.5 User Signature Row

The user signature row is a separate memory section that is fully accessible (read and write) from application software
and external programmers. It is one flash page in size, and is meant for static user parameter storage, such as calibration
data, custom serial number, identification numbers, random number seeds, etc. This section is not erased by chip erase
commands that erase the flash, and requires a dedicated erase command. This ensures parameter storage during
multiple program/erase operations and on-chip debug sessions.

4.4 Fuses and Lockbits

The fuses are used to configure important system functions, and can only be written from an external programmer. The
application software can read the fuses. The fuses are used to configure reset sources such as brownout detector,
watchdog and startup configuration.
The lock bits are used to set protection levels for the different flash sections (i.e., if read and/or write access should be
blocked). Lock bits can be written by external programmers and application software, but only to stricter protection levels.
Chip erase is the only way to erase the lock bits. To ensure that flash contents are protected even during chip erase, the
lock bits are erased after the rest of the flash memory has been erased.
An unprogrammed fuse or lock bit will have the value one, while a programmed fuse or lock bit will have the value zero.
Both fuses and lock bits are reprogrammable like the flash program memory.
For some fuse bytes, leaving them unprogrammed (0xFF) will result in invalid settings. The user must ensure that the
fuse bytes are programmed to values which give valid settings. Refer to the detailed description of the individual fuse
bytes for further information.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 22
Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
4.5 Data Memory
The data memory contains the I/O memory, internal SRAM, optionally memory mapped and EEPROM. The data memory
is organized as one continuous memory section, as shown in Figure 4-2.

Figure 4-2. Data Memory Map

Start/End
Data Memory
Address
0x0000
I/O Memory
(Up to 4 KB)

0x1000
EEPROM
(Up to 4 KB)

0x2000

Internal SRAM

I/O memory, EEPROM, and SRAM will always have the same start addresses for all XMEGA devices.

4.6 Internal SRAM

The internal SRAM always starts at hexadecimal address 0x2000. SRAM is accessed by the CPU using the load
(LD/LDS/LDD) and store (ST/STS/STD) instructions.

4.7 EEPROM
All XMEGA devices have EEPROM for nonvolatile data storage. It is addressable in a separate data space (default) or
memory mapped and accessed in normal data space. The EEPROM supports both byte and page access. Memory
mapped EEPROM allows highly efficient EEPROM reading and EEPROM buffer loading. When doing this, EEPROM is
accessible using load and store instructions. Memory mapped EEPROM will always start at hexadecimal address
0x1000.

4.8 I/O Memory

The status and configuration registers for peripherals and modules, including the CPU, are addressable through I/O
memory locations. All I/O locations can be accessed by the load (LD/LDS/LDD) and store (ST/STS/STD) instructions,
which are used to transfer data between the 32 registers in the register file and the I/O memory. The IN and OUT
instructions can address I/O memory locations in the range of 0x00 to 0x3F directly. In the address range 0x00 - 0x1F,
single-cycle instructions for manipulation and checking of individual bits are available.

4.8.1 General Purpose I/O Registers

The lowest four I/O memory addresses are reserved as general purpose I/O registers. These registers can be used for
storing global variables and flags, as they are directly bit-accessible using the SBI, CBI, SBIS, and SBIC instructions.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 23
Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
4.9 Data Memory and Bus Arbitration
Since the data memory is organized as four separate sets of memories, the different bus masters (CPU, DMA controller
read and DMA controller write, etc.) can access different memory sections at the same time. See Figure 4-3. The USB
module acts as a bus master, and is connected directly to internal SRAM through a pseudo-dual-port (PDP) interface.

Figure 4-3. Bus Access

DMA CPU External

Programming
CH0 CH1
AVR core OCD PDI

Bus matrix

Interrupt
Flash CRC Controller
USB

NVM Power
EEPROM Controller Management
USART

Event System
AC Controller SPI SRAM
Non-Volatile
Oscillator
Memory ADC Control
TWI RAM
Timer /
I/O Counter

Crypto Real Time

modules Counter

Peripherals and system modules

4.9.1 Bus Priority

When several masters request access to the same bus, the bus priority is in the following order (from higher to lower
priority):
1. Bus Master with ongoing access.
2. Bus Master with ongoing burst.
 Alternating DMA controller read and DMA controller write when they access the same data memory section
3. Bus Master requesting burst access.
 CPU has priority
4. Bus Master requesting bus access.
 CPU has priority

4.10 Memory Timing

Read and write access to the I/O memory takes one CPU clock cycle. A write to SRAM takes one cycle, and a read from
SRAM takes two cycles. For burst read (DMA), new data are available every cycle. EEPROM page load (write) takes one
cycle, and three cycles are required for read. For burst read, new data are available every second cycle. Refer to the
instruction summary for more details on instructions and instruction timing.

4.11 Device ID and Revision

Each device has a three-byte device ID. This ID identifies Atmel as the manufacturer of the device and the device type. A
separate register contains the revision number of the device.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 24
Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
4.12 I/O Memory Protection
Some features in the device are regarded as critical for safety in some applications. Due to this, it is possible to lock the
I/O register related to the clock system, the event system, and the advanced waveform extensions. As long as the lock is
enabled, all related I/O registers are locked and they can not be written from the application software. The lock registers
themselves are protected by the configuration change protection mechanism. For details, refer to “Configuration Change
Protection” on page 13.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 25
Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
4.13 Register Description – NVM Controller

4.13.1 ADDR0 – Address Register 0

The ADDR0, ADDR1, and ADDR2 registers represent the 24-bit value, ADDR. This is used for addressing all NVM
sections for read, write, and CRC operations.
Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x00 ADDR[7:0]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

 Bit 7:0 – ADDR[7:0]: Address Byte 0

This register gives the address low byte when accessing NVM locations.

4.13.2 ADDR1 – Address Register 1

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x01 ADDR[15:8]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

 Bit 7:0 – ADDR[15:8]: Address Byte 1

This register gives the address high byte when accessing NVM locations.

4.13.3 ADDR2 – Address Register 2

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x02 ADDR[23:16]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

 Bit 7:0 – ADDR[23:16]: Address Byte 2

This register gives the address extended byte when accessing NVM locations.

4.13.4 DATA0 – Data Register 0

The DATA0, DATA1, and DATA registers represent the 24-bit value, DATA. This holds data during NVM read, write, and
CRC access.
Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x04 DATA[7:0]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

 Bit 7:0 – DATA[7:0]: Data Byte 0

This register gives the data value byte 0 when accessing NVM locations.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 26
Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
4.13.5 DATA1 – Data Register 1

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x05 DATA[15:8]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

 Bit 7:0 – DATA[15:8]: Data Byte 1

This register gives the data value byte 1 when accessing NVM locations.

4.13.6 DATA2 – Data Register 2

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x06 DATA[23:16]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

 Bit 7:0 – DATA[23:16]: Data Byte 2

This register gives the data value byte 2 when accessing NVM locations.

4.13.7 CMD – Command Register

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x0A – CMD[6:0]
Read/Write R R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

 Bit 7 – Reserved
This bit is unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write this bit to zero when this
register is written.
 Bit 6:0 – CMD[6:0]: Command
These bits define the programming commands for the flash. Bit 6 is only set for external programming commands. See
“Memory Programming” on page 323” for programming commands.

4.13.8 CTRLA – Control Register A

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x0B – – – – – – – CMDEX
Read/Write R R R R R R R S
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

 Bit 7:1 – Reserved

These bits are unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write these bits to zero
when this register is written.
 Bit 0 – CMDEX: Command Execute
Setting this bit will execute the command in the CMD register. This bit is protected by the configuration change protection
(CCP) mechanism. Refer to “Configuration Change Protection” on page 13 for details on the CCP.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 27
Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
4.13.9 CTRLB – Control Register B

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x0C – – – – EEMAPEN FPRM EPRM SPMLOCK
Read/Write R R R R R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

 Bit 7:4 – Reserved

These bits are unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write these bits to zero
when this register is written.
 Bit 3 – EEMAPEN: EEPROM Data Memory Mapping Enable
Setting this bit enables data memory mapping of the EEPROM section. The EEPROM can then be accessed using load
and store instructions.
 Bit 2 – FPRM: Flash Power Reduction Mode
Setting this bit enables power saving for the flash memory. If code is running from the application section, the boot loader
section will be turned off, and vice versa. If access to the section that is turned off is required, the CPU will be halted for
a time equal to the start-up time from the idle sleep mode.
 Bit 1 – EPRM: EEPROM Power Reduction Mode
Setting this bit enables power saving for the EEPROM. The EEPROM will then be turned off in a manner equal to
entering sleep mode. If access is required, the bus master will be halted for a time equal to the start-up time from idle
sleep mode.
 Bit 0 – SPMLOCK: SPM Locked
This bit can be written to prevent all further self-programming. The bit is cleared at reset, and cannot be cleared from
software. This bit is protected by the configuration change protection (CCP) mechanism. Refer to “Configuration Change
Protection” on page 13 for details on the CCP.

4.13.10 INTCTRL – Interrupt Control Register

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x0D – – – – SPMLVL[1:0] EELVL[1:0]
Read/Write R R R R R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

 Bit 7:4 – Reserved

These bits are unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write these bits to zero
when this register is written.
 Bit 3:2 – SPMLVL[1:0]: SPM Ready Interrupt Level
These bits enable the interrupt and select the interrupt level, as described in “Interrupts and Programmable Multilevel
Interrupt Controller” on page 112. This is a level interrupt that will be triggered only when the NVMBUSY flag in the
STATUS register is set to zero. Thus, the interrupt should not be enabled before triggering an NVM command, as the
NVMBUSY flag will not be set before the NVM command is triggered. The interrupt should be disabled in the interrupt
handler.
 Bit 1:0 – EELVL[1:0]: EEPROM Ready Interrupt Level
These bits enable the EEPROM ready interrupt and select the interrupt level, as described in “Interrupts and
Programmable Multilevel Interrupt Controller” on page 112. This is a level interrupt that will be triggered only when the
NVMBUSY flag in the STATUS register is set to zero. Thus, the interrupt should not be enabled before triggering an NVM
command, as the NVMBUSY flag will not be set before the NVM command is triggered. The interrupt should be disabled
in the interrupt handler.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 28
Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
4.13.11 STATUS – Status Register

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x04 NVMBUSY FBUSY – – – – EELOAD FLOAD
Read/Write R R R R R R R R
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

 Bit 7 – NVMBUSY: Nonvolatile Memory Busy

The NVMBUSY flag indicates if the NVM (Flash, EEPROM, lock bit) is being programmed. Once an operation is started,
this flag is set and remains set until the operation is completed. The NVMBUSY flag is automatically cleared when the
operation is finished.
 Bit 6 – FBUSY: Flash Busy
The FBUSY flag indicates if a flash programming operation is initiated. Once an operation is started, the FBUSY flag is
set and the application section cannot be accessed. The FBUSY flag is automatically cleared when the operation is
finished.
 Bit 5:2 – Reserved
These bits are unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write these bits to zero
when this register is written.
 Bit 1 – EELOAD: EEPROM Page Buffer Active Loading
The EELOAD flag indicates that the temporary EEPROM page buffer has been loaded with one or more data bytes. It
remains set until an EEPROM page write or a page buffer flush operation is executed. For more details, see “Flash and
EEPROM Programming Sequences” on page 325.
 Bit 0 – FLOAD: Flash Page Buffer Active Loading
The FLOAD flag indicates that the temporary flash page buffer has been loaded with one or more data bytes. It remains
set until an application page write, boot page write, or page buffer flush operation is executed. For more details, see
“Flash and EEPROM Programming Sequences” on page 325.

4.13.12 LOCKBITS – Lock Bit Register

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x07 BLBB[1:0] BLBA[1:0] BLBAT[1:0] LB[1:0]
Read/Write R R R R R R R R
Initial Value 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

This register is a mapping of the NVM lock bits into the I/O memory space, which enables direct read access from the
application software. Refer to “LOCKBITS – Lock Bit Register” on page 33 for a description.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 29
Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
4.14 Register Descriptions – Fuses and Lock Bits

4.14.1 FUSEBYTE1 – Fuse Byte1

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x01 WDWPER[3:0] WDPER[3:0]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

 Bit 7:4 – WDWPER[3:0]: Watchdog Window Timeout Period

These fuse bits are used to set initial value of the closed window for the Watchdog Timer in Window Mode. During reset
these fuse bits are automatically written to the WPER bits Watchdog Window Mode Control Register. Refer to “WINCTRL
– Window Mode Control Register” on page 110 for details.
 Bit 3:0 – WDPER[3:0]: Watchdog Timeout Period
These fuse bits are used to set the initial value of the watchdog timeout period. During reset these fuse bits are
automatically written to the PER bits in the watchdog control register. Refer to “CTRL – Control Register” on page 109 for
details.

4.14.2 FUSEBYTE2 – Fuse Byte2

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x02 – BOOTRST TOSCSEL – – – BODPD[1:0]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

 Bit 7 – Reserved
This bit is unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write this bit to one when this
register is written.
 Bit 6 – BOOTRST: Boot Loader Section Reset Vector
This fuse can be programmed so the reset vector is pointing to the first address in the boot loader flash section. The
device will then start executing from the boot loader flash section after reset.

Table 4-1. Boot Reset Fuse

BOOSTRST Reset address

0 Reset vector = Boot loader reset

1 Reset vector = Application reset (address 0x0000)

 Bit 5 – TOSCSEL: 32.768kHz Timer Oscillator Pin Selection

This fuse is used to select the pin location for the 32.768kHz timer oscillator (TOSC). This fuse is available only on
devices where XTAL and TOSC pins by default are shared.

Table 4-2. TOSCSEL Fuse

TOSCSEL Group configuration Description

0 ALTERNATE(1) TOSC1/2 on separate pins

1 XTAL TOSC1/2 shared with XTAL

Note: 1. See the device datasheet for alternate TOSC position.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 30
Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
  Bit 4:2 – Reserved
These bits are unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write these bits to one
when this register is written.
 Bit 1:0 – BODPD[1:0]: BOD Operation in Power-down Mode
These fuse bits set the BOD operation mode in all sleep modes except idle mode.
For details on the BOD and BOD operation modes, refer to “Brownout Detection” on page 102.

Table 4-3. BOD Operation Modes in Sleep Modes

BODPD[1:0] Description

00 Reserved

01 BOD enabled in sampled mode

10 BOD enabled continuously

11 BOD disabled

4.14.3 FUSEBYTE4 – Fuse Byte4

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x04 – – – RSTDISBL STARTUPTIME[1:0] WDLOCK –
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

 Bit 7:5 – Reserved

These bits are unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write these bits to one
when this register is written.
 Bit: 4 – RSTDISBL: External Reset Disable
This fuse can be programmed to disable the external reset pin functionality. When this is done, pulling the reset pin low
will not cause an external reset. A reset is required before this bit will be read correctly after it is changed.
 Bit 3:2 – STARTUPTIME[1:0]: Start-up time
These fuse bits can be used to set at a programmable timeout period from when all reset sources are released until the
internal reset is released from the delay counter. A reset is required before these bits will be read correctly after they are
changed.
The delay is timed from the 1kHz output of the ULP oscillator. Refer to “Reset Sequence” on page 101 for details.

Table 4-4. Start-up Time

STARTUPTIME[1:0 1kHz ULP oscillator cycles

00 64

01 4

10 Reserved

11 0

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 31
Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
  Bit 1 – WDLOCK: Watchdog Timer Lock
The WDLOCK fuse can be programmed to lock the watchdog timer configuration. When this fuse is programmed, the
watchdog timer configuration cannot be changed, and the ENABLE bit in the watchdog CTRL register is automatically set
at reset and cannot be cleared from the application software. The WEN bit in the watchdog WINCTRL register is not set
automatically, and needs to be set from software. A reset is required before this bit will be read correctly after it is
changed.

Table 4-5. Watchdog Timer Lock

WDLOCK Description

0 Watchdog timer locked for modifications

1 Watchdog timer not locked

 Bit 0 – Reserved
This bit is unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write this bit to one when this
register is written.

4.14.4 FUSEBYTE5 – Fuse Byte 5

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x05 – – BODACT[1:0] EESAVE BODLEVEL[2:0]
Read/Write R R R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 1 1 – – – – – –

 Bit 7:6 – Reserved

These bits are unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write these bits to one
when this register is written.
 Bit 5:4 – BODACT[1:0]: BOD Operation in Active Mode
These fuse bits set the BOD operation mode when the device is in active and idle modes. For details on the BOD and
BOD operation modes. Refer to “Brownout Detection” on page 102.

Table 4-6. BOD Operation Modes in Active and Idle Modes

BODACT[1:0] Description

00 Reserved

01 BOD enabled in sampled mode

10 BOD enabled continuously

11 BOD disabled

 Bit 3 – EESAVE: EEPROM is Preserved through the Chip Erase

A chip erase command will normally erase the flash, EEPROM, and internal SRAM. If this fuse is programmed, the
EEPROM is not erased during chip erase. This is useful if EEPROM is used to store data independently of the software
revision.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 32
Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
 Table 4-7. EEPROM Preserved through Chip Erase

EESAVE Description

0 EEPROM is preserved during chip erase

1 EEPROM is erased during chip erase

Changes to the EESAVE fuse bit take effect immediately after the write timeout elapses. Hence, it is possible to update
EESAVE and perform a chip erase according to the new setting of EESAVE without leaving and reentering programming
mode.
 Bit 2:0 – BODLEVEL[2:0]: Brownout Detection Voltage Level
These fuse bits sets the BOD voltage level. Refer to “Reset System” on page 100 for details. For BOD level nominal
values, see Table 9-2 on page 103.

4.14.5 LOCKBITS – Lock Bit Register

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x07 BLBB[1:0] BLBA[1:0] BLBAT[1:0] LB[1:0]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

 Bit 7:6 – BLBB[1:0]: Boot Lock Bit Boot Loader Section

These lock bits control the software security level for accessing the boot loader section. The BLBB bits can only be
written to a more strict locking. Resetting the BLBB bits is possible by executing a chip erase command.

Table 4-8. Boot Lock Bit for the Boot Loader Section

BLBB[1:0] Group configuration Description

No lock – no restrictions for SPM and (E)LPM accessing the boot

11 NOLOCK
loader section.

10 WLOCK Write lock – SPM is not allowed to write the boot loader section.

Read lock – (E)LPM executing from the application section is not

allowed to read from the boot loader section.
01 RLOCK If the interrupt vectors are placed in the application section,
interrupts are disabled while executing from the boot loader
section.

Read and write lock – SPM is not allowed to write to the boot loader
section, and (E)LPM executing from the application section is not
allowed to read from the boot loader section.
00 RWLOCK
If the interrupt vectors are placed in the application section,
interrupts are disabled while executing from the boot loader
section.

 Bit 5:4 – BLBA[1:0]: Boot Lock Bit Application Section

These lock bits control the software security level for accessing the application section according to Table 4-9 on page
34. The BLBA bits can only be written to a more strict locking. Resetting the BLBA bits is possible only by executing a
chip erase command.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 33
Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
Table 4-9. Boot Lock Bit for the Application Section

BLBA[1:0] Group configuration Description

No lock - no restrictions for SPM and (E)LPM accessing the

11 NOLOCK
application section.

10 WLOCK Write lock – SPM is not allowed to write the application section.

Read lock – (E)LPM executing from the boot loader section is not
allowed to read from the application section.
01 RLOCK
If the interrupt vectors are placed in the boot loader section,
interrupts are disabled while executing from the application section.

Read and write lock – SPM is not allowed to write to the application
section, and (E)LPM executing from the boot loader section is not
00 RWLOCK allowed to read from the application section.
If the interrupt vectors are placed in the boot loader section,
interrupts are disabled while executing from the application section.

 Bit 3:2 – BLBAT[1:0]: Boot Lock Bit Application Table Section

These lock bits control the software security level for accessing the application table section for software access. The
BLBAT bits can only be written to a more strict locking. Resetting the BLBAT bits is possible only by executing a chip
erase command.

Table 4-10. Boot Lock Bit for the Application Table Section

BLBAT[1:0] Group configuration Description

No lock – no restrictions for SPM and (E)LPM accessing the

11 NOLOCK
application table section.

10 WLOCK Write lock – SPM is not allowed to write the application table

Read lock – (E)LPM executing from the boot loader section is not
allowed to read from the application table section.
01 RLOCK If the interrupt vectors are placed in the boot loader section,
interrupts are disabled while executing from the application
section.

Read and write lock – SPM is not allowed to write to the

application table section, and (E)LPM executing from the boot
loader section is not allowed to read from the application table
00 RWLOCK section.
If the interrupt vectors are placed in the boot loader section,
interrupts are disabled while executing from the application
section.

 Bit 1:0 – LB[1:0]: Lock Bits(1)

These lock bits control the security level for the flash and EEPROM during external programming. These bits are writable
only through an external programming interface. Resetting the lock bits is possible only by executing a chip erase
command. All other access; using the TIF and OCD, is blocked if any of the Lock Bits are written to 0. These bits do not
block any software access to the memory.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 34
Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
Table 4-11. Lock Bit Protection Mode

LB[1:0] Group configuration Description

11 NOLOCK3 No lock – no memory locks enabled.

Write lock – programming of the flash and EEPROM is disabled for

10 WLOCK the programming interface. Fuse bits are locked for write from the
programming interface.

Read and write lock – programming and read/verification of the

flash and EEPROM are disabled for the programming interface.
00 RWLOCK
The lock bits and fuses are locked for read and write from the
programming interface.

Note: 1. Program the Fuse Bits and Boot Lock Bits before programming the Lock Bits.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 35
Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
4.15 Register Description – Production Signature Row

4.15.1 RCOSC2M – Internal 2MHz Oscillator Calibration Register

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
0x00 RCOSC2M[7:0]
Read/Write R R R R R R R R
Initial Value x x x x x x x x

 Bit 7:0 – RCOSC2M[7:0]: Internal 2MHz Oscillator Calibration Value

This byte contains the oscillator calibration value for the internal 2MHz oscillator. Calibration of the oscillator is performed
during production test of the device. During reset this value is automatically loaded into calibration register B for the
2MHz DFLL. Refer to “CALB – DFLL Calibration Register B” on page 90 for more details.

4.15.2 RCOSC2MA – Internal 2MHz Oscillator Calibration Register

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
0x01 RCOSC2MA[7:0]
Read/Write R R R R R R R R
Initial Value x x x x x x x x

 Bit 7:0 – RCOSC2MA[7:0]: Internal 2MHz Oscillator Calibration Value

This byte contains the oscillator calibration value for the internal 2MHz oscillator. Calibration of the oscillator is performed
during production test of the device. During reset this value is automatically loaded into calibration register A for the
2MHz DFLL. Refer to “CALA – DFLL Calibration Register A” on page 89 for more details.

4.15.3 RCOSC32K – Internal 32.768kHz Oscillator Calibration Register

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
0x02 RCOSC32K[7:0]
Read/Write R R R R R R R R
Initial Value x x x x x x x x

 Bit 7:0 – RCOSC32K[7:0]: Internal 32.768kHz Oscillator Calibration Value

This byte contains the oscillator calibration value for the internal 32.768kHz oscillator. Calibration of the oscillator is
performed during production test of the device. During reset this value is automatically loaded into the calibration register
for the 32.768kHz oscillator. Refer to “RC32KCAL – 32kHz Oscillator Calibration Register” on page 88 for more details.

4.15.4 RCOSC32M – Internal 32MHz Oscillator Calibration Register

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
0x03 RCOSC32M[7:0]
Read/Write R R R R R R R R
Initial Value x x x x x x x x

 Bit 7:0 – RCOSC32M[7:0]: Internal 32MHz Oscillator Calibration Value

This byte contains the oscillator calibration value for the internal 32MHz oscillator. Calibration of the oscillator is
performed during production test of the device. During reset this value is automatically loaded into calibration register B
for the 32MHz DFLL. Refer to “CALB – DFLL Calibration Register B” on page 90 for more details.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 36
Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
4.15.5 RCOSC32MA – Internal 32MHz RC Oscillator Calibration Register

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
0x04 RCOSC32MA[7:0]
Read/Write R R R R R R R R
Initial Value x x x x x x x x

 Bit 7:0 – RCOSC32MA[7:0]: Internal 32MHz Oscillator Calibration Value

This byte contains the oscillator calibration value for the internal 32MHz oscillator. Calibration of the oscillator is
performed during production test of the device. During reset this value is automatically loaded into calibration register A
for the 32MHz DFLL. Refer to “CALA – DFLL Calibration Register A” on page 89 for more details.

4.15.6 LOTNUM0 – Lot Number Register 0

LOTNUM0, LOTNUM1, LOTNUM2, LOTNUM3, LOTNUM4, and LOTNUM5 contain the lot number for each device.
Together with the wafer number and wafer coordinates this gives a serial number for the device.
Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
0x08 LOTNUM0[7:0]
Read/Write R R R R R R R R
Initial Value x x x x x x x x

 Bit 7:0 – LOTNUM0[7:0]: Lot Number Byte 0

This byte contains byte 0 of the lot number for the device.

4.15.7 LOTNUM1 – Lot Number Register 1

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
0x09 LOTNUM1[7:0]
Read/Write R R R R R R R R
Initial Value x x x x x x x x

 Bit 7:0 – LOTNUM1[7:0]: Lot Number Byte 1

This byte contains byte 1 of the lot number for the device.

4.15.8 LOTNUM2 – Lot Number Register 2

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
0x0A LOTNUM2[7:0]
Read/Write R R R R R R R R
Initial Value x x x x x x x x

 Bit 7:0 – LOTNUM2[7:0]: Lot Number Byte 2

This byte contains byte 2 of the lot number for the device.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 37
Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
4.15.9 LOTNUM3 – Lot Number Register 3

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
0x0B LOTNUM3[7:0]
Read/Write R R R R R R R R
Initial Value x x x x x x x x

 Bit 7:0 – LOTNUM3[7:0]: Lot Number Byte 3

This byte contains byte 3 of the lot number for the device.

4.15.10 LOTNUM4 – Lot Number Register 4

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
0x0C LOTNUM4[7:0]
Read/Write R R R R R R R R
Initial Value x x x x x x x x

 Bit 7:0 – LOTNUM4[7:0]: Lot Number Byte 4

This byte contains byte 4 of the lot number for the device.

4.15.11 LOTNUM5 – Lot Number Register 5

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
0x0D LOTNUM5[7:0]
Read/Write R R R R R R R R
Initial Value x x x x x x x x

 Bit 7:0 – LOTNUM5[7:0]: Lot Number Byte 5

This byte contains byte 5 of the lot number for the device.

4.15.12 WAFNUM – Wafer Number Register

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
0x10 WAFNUM[7:0]
Read/Write R R R R R R R R
Initial Value 0 0 0 x x x x x

 Bit 7:0 – WAFNUM[7:0]: Wafer Number

This byte contains the wafer number for each device. Together with the lot number and wafer coordinates this gives a
serial number for the device.

4.15.13 COORDX0 – Wafer Coordinate X Register 0

COORDX0, COORDX1, COORDY0, and COORDY1 contain the wafer X and Y coordinates for each device. Together
with the lot number and wafer number, this gives a serial number for each device.
Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
0x12 COORDX0[7:0]
Read/Write R R R R R R R R
Initial Value x x x x x x x x

 Bit 7:0 – COORDX0[7:0]: Wafer Coordinate X Byte 0

This byte contains byte 0 of wafer coordinate X for the device.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 38
Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
4.15.14 COORDX1 – Wafer Coordinate X Register 1

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
0x13 COORDX1[7:0]
Read/Write R R R R R R R R
Initial Value x x x x x x x x

 Bit 7:0 – COORDX0[7:0]: Wafer Coordinate X Byte 1

This byte contains byte 1 of wafer coordinate X for the device.

4.15.15 COORDY0 – Wafer Coordinate Y Register 0

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
0x14 COORDY0[7:0]
Read/Write R R R R R R R R
Initial Value x x x x x x x x

 Bit 7:0 – COORDY0[7:0]: Wafer Coordinate Y Byte 0

This byte contains byte 0 of wafer coordinate Y for the device.

4.15.16 COORDY1 – Wafer Coordinate Y Register 1

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
0x15 COORDY1[7:0]
Read/Write R R R R R R R R
Initial Value x x x x x x x x

 Bit 7:0 – COORDY1[7:0]: Wafer Coordinate Y Byte 1

This byte contains byte 1 of wafer coordinate Y for the device.

4.15.17 USBCAL0 – USB Calibration Register 0

USBCAL0 and USBCAL1 contain the calibration value for the USB pins. Calibration is done during production to enable
operation without requiring external components on the USB lines for the device. The calibration bytes are not loaded
automatically into the USB calibration registers, and so this must be done from software.
Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
0x1A USBCAL0[7:0]
Read/Write R R R R R R R R
Initial Value x x x x x x x x

 Bit 7:0 – USBCAL0[7:0]: USB Pad Calibration byte 0

This byte contains byte 0 of the USB pin calibration data, and must be loaded into the USB CALL register.

4.15.18 USBCAL1 – USB Pad Calibration Register 1

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
0x1B USBCAL1[7:0]
Read/Write R R R R R R R R
Initial Value x x x x x x x x

 Bit 7:0 – USBCAL1[7:0]: USB Pad Calibration byte 1

This byte contains byte 1 of the USB pin calibration data.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 39
Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
4.15.19 USBRCOSC – USB RCOSC Calibration

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
0x1C USBRCOSC[7:0]
Read/Write R R R R R R R R
Initial Value x x x x x x x x

 Bit 7:0 – USBRCOSC[7:0]: 48MHz RSCOSC Calibration

This byte contains a 48MHz calibration value for the internal 32MHz oscillator. When this calibration value is written to
calibration register B for the 32MHz DFLL, the oscillator is calibrated to 48MHz to enable full-speed USB operation from
internal oscillator.
Note: The COMP2 and COMP1 registers inside the DFLL32M must be set to B71B.

4.15.20 ADCACAL0 – ADCA Calibration Register 0

ADCACAL0 and ADCACAL1 contain the calibration value for the analog to digital converter A (ADCA). Calibration is
done during production test of the device. The calibration bytes are not loaded automatically into the ADC calibration
registers, so this must be done from software.
Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
0x20 ADCACAL0[7:0]
Read/Write R R R R R R R R
Initial Value x x x x x x x x

 Bit 7:0 – ADCACAL0[7:0]: ADCA Calibration Byte 0

This byte contains byte 0 of the ADCA calibration data, and must be loaded into the ADCA CALL register.

4.15.21 ADCACAL1 – ADCA Calibration Register 1

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
0x21 ADCACAL1[7:0]
Read/Write R R R R R R R R
Initial Value x x x x x x x x

 Bit 7:0 – ADCACAL1[7:0]: ADCA Calibration Byte 1

This byte contains byte 1 of the ADCA calibration data.

4.15.22 TEMPSENSE0 – Temperature Sensor Calibration Register 0

TEMPSENSE0 and TEMPSENSE1 contain the 12-bit ADCA value from a temperature measurement done with the
internal temperature sensor. The measurement is done in production test at 85C and can be used for single- or multi-
point temperature sensor calibration.
Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
0x2E TEMPSENSE0[7:0]
Read/Write R R R R R R R R
Initial Value x x x x x x x x

 Bit 7:0 – TEMPSENSE0[7:0]: Temperature Sensor Calibration Byte 0

This byte contains the byte 0 of the temperature measurement.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 40
Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
4.15.23 TEMPSENSE1 – Temperature Sensor Calibration Register 1

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
0x2F TEMPSENSE1[7:0]
Read/Write R R R R R R R R
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 x x x x

 Bit 7:0 – TEMPSENSE1[7:0]: Temperature Sensor Calibration Byte 1

This byte contains byte 1 of the temperature measurement.

4.16 Register Description – General Purpose I/O Memory

4.16.1 GPIORn – General Purpose I/O Register n

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+n GPIORn[7:0]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

These are general purpose registers that can be used to store data, such as global variables and flags, in the bit-
accessible I/O memory space.

4.17 Register Descriptions – MCU Control

4.17.1 DEVID0 – Device ID Register 0

DEVID0, DEVID1 and DEVID2 contain the byte identification that identifies each microcontroller device type. For details
on the actual ID, refer to the device datasheets.
Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x00 DEVID0[7:0]
Read/Write R R R R R R R R
Initial Value 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0

 Bit 7:0 – DEVID0[7:0]: Device ID Byte 0

Byte 0 of the device ID. This byte will always be read as 0x1E. This indicates that the device is manufactured by Atmel.

4.17.2 DEVID1 – Device ID Register 1

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x01 DEVID1[7:0]
Read/Write R R R R R R R R
Initial Value 1/0 1/0 1/0 1/0 1/0 1/0 1/0 1/0

 Bit 7:0 – DEVID[7:0]: Device ID Byte 1

Byte 1 of the device ID indicates the flash size of the device.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 41
Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
4.17.3 DEVID2 – Device ID Register 2

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x02 DEVID2[7:0]
Read/Write R R R R R R R R
Initial Value 1/0 1/0 1/0 1/0 1/0 1/0 1/0 1/0

 Bit 7:0 – DEVID2[7:0]: Device ID Byte 2

Byte 2 of the device ID indicates the device number.

4.17.4 REVID – Revision ID

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x03 – – – – REVID[3:0]
Read/Write R R R R R R R R
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 1/0 1/0 1/0 1/0

 Bit 7:4 – Reserved

These bits are unused and reserved for future use.
 Bit 3:0 – REVID[3:0]: Revision ID
These bits contains the device revision. 0 = A, 1 = B, and so on.

4.17.5 ANAINIT – Analog Initialization Register

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x07 – – – – – – STARTUPDLYA[1:0]
Read/Write R R R R R R R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

 Bit 7:2 – Reserved

These bits are unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write these bits to zero
when this register is written.
 Bit 1:0 – STARTUPDLYx
Setting these bits enables sequential start of the internal components used for the ADC, DAC, and analog comparator
with the main input/output connected to that port. When this is done, the internal components such as voltage reference
and bias currents are started sequentially when the module is enabled. This reduces the peak current consumption
during startup of the module. For maximum effect, the start-up delay should be set so that it is larger than 0.5µs.

Table 4-12. Analog Start-up Delay

STARTUPDLYx Group configuration Description

00 NONE Direct startup

11 2CLK 2 * CLKPER

10 8CLK 8 * CLKPER

11 32CLK 32 * CLKPER

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 42
Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
4.17.6 EVSYSLOCK – Event System Lock Register

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x08 – – – – – – – EVSYS0LOCK
Read/Write R R R R R R R R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

 Bit 7:1 – Reserved

These bits are unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write these bits to zero
when this register is written.
 Bit 0 – EVSYS0LOCK
Setting this bit will lock all registers in the event system related to event channels 0 to 3 foragainst further modification.
The following registers in the event system are locked: CH0MUX, CH0CTRL, CH1MUX, CH1CTRL, CH2MUX,
CH2CTRL, CH3MUX, and CH3CTRL. This bit is protected by the configuration change protection mechanism. For
details, refer to “Configuration Change Protection” on page 13.

4.17.7 AWEXLOCK – Advanced Waveform Extension Lock Register

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x09 – – – – – – – AWEXCLOCK
Read/Write R R R R R R R R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

 Bit 7:1 – Reserved

These bits are unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write these bits to zero
when this register is written.
 Bit 0 – AWEXCLOCK: Advanced Waveform Extension Lock for TCC0
Setting this bit will lock all registers in the AWEXC module for timer/counter C0 for against further modification. This bit is
protected by the configuration change protection mechanism. For details, refer to “Configuration Change Protection” on
page 13.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 43
Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
4.18 Register Summary - NVM Controller
Address Name Bit 7 Bit 6 Bit 5 Bit 4 Bit 3 Bit 2 Bit 1 Bit 0 Page
+0x00 ADDR0 Address Byte 0 26
+0x01 ADDR1 Address Byte 1 26
+0x02 ADDR2 Address Byte 2 26
+0x03 Reserved – – – – – – – –
+0x04 DATA0 Data Byte 0 26
+0x05 DATA1 Data Byte 1 27
+0x06 DATA2 Data Byte 2 27
+0x07 Reserved – – – – – – – –
+0x08 Reserved – – – – – – – –
+0x09 Reserved – – – – – – – –
+0x0A CMD – CMD[6:0] 27
+0x0B CTRLA – – – – – – – CMDEX 27
+0x0C CTRLB – – – – EEMAPEN FPRM EPRM SPMLOCK 28
+0x0D INTCTRL – – – – SPMLVL[1:0] EELVL[1:0] 28
+0x0E Reserved – – – – – – – –
+0x0F STATUS NVMBUSY FBUSY – – – – EELOAD FLOAD 29
+0x10 LOCKBITS BLBB[1:0] BLBA[1:0] BLBAT[1:0] LB[1:0] 29

4.19 Register Summary - Fuses and Lock Bits

Address Name Bit 7 Bit 6 Bit 5 Bit 4 Bit 3 Bit 2 Bit 1 Bit 0 Page
+0x00 Reserved – – – – – – – –
+0x01 FUSEBYTE1 WDWPER3:0] WDPER[3:0] 30
+0x02 FUSEBYTE2 – BOOTRST TOSCSEL – – – BODPD[1:0] 30
+0x03 Reserved – – – – – – – –
+0x04 FUSEBYTE4 – – – RSTDISBL STARTUPTIME[1:0] WDLOCK – 31
+0x05 FUSEBYTE5 – – BODACT[1:0] EESAVE BODLEVEL[2:0] 32
+0x06 Reserved – – – – – – – –
+0x07 LOCKBITS BLBB[1:0] BLBA[1:0] BLBAT[1:0] LB[1:0] 33

4.20 Register Summary - Production Signature Row

Address Auto load Name Bit 7 Bit 6 Bit 5 Bit 4 Bit 3 Bit 2 Bit 1 Bit 0 Page
0x00 YES RCOSC2M RCOSC2M[7:0] 36
0x01 YES RCOSC2MA RCOSC2MA[7:0] 37
0x02 YES RCOSC32K RCOSC32K[7:0] 36
0x03 YES RCOSC32M RCOSC32M[7:0] 36
0x04 YES RCOSC32MA RCOSC32MA[7:0] 37
0x05 Reserved – – – – – – – –
0x06 Reserved – – – – – – – –
0x07 Reserved – – – – – – – –
0x08 NO LOTNUM0 LOTNUM0[7:0] 37
0x09 NO LOTNUM1 LOTNUM1[7:0] 37
0x0A NO LOTNUM2 LOTNUM2[7:0] 37
0x0B NO LOTNUM3 LOTNUM3[7:0] 38
0x0C NO LOTNUM4 LOTNUM4[7:0] 38
0x0D NO LOTNUM5 LOTNUM5[7:0] 38
0x0E Reserved – – – – – – – –
0x0F Reserved – – – – – – – –
0x10 NO WAFNUM WAFNUM[7:0] 38
0x11 Reserved – – – – – – – –
0x12 NO COORDX0 COORDX0[7:0] 38
0x13 NO COORDX1 COORDX1[7:0] 39
0x14 NO COORDY0 COORDY0[7:0] 39
0x15 NO COORDY1 COORDY1[7:0] 39
0x16 Reserved – – – – – – – –
0x17 Reserved – – – – – – – –
0x18 Reserved – – – – – – – –
0x19 Reserved – – – – – – – –
0x1A USBCAL0 USBCAL0[7:0] 39
0x1B USBCAL1 USBCAL1[7:0] 39
0x1C USBRCOSC USBRCOSC[7:0] 40
0x1D Reserved – – – – – – – –
0x0E Reserved – – – – – – – –

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 44
Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
 Address Auto load Name Bit 7 Bit 6 Bit 5 Bit 4 Bit 3 Bit 2 Bit 1 Bit 0 Page
0x1E Reserved – – – – – – – –
0x20 NO ADCACAL0 ADCACAL0[7:0] 40
0x21 NO ADCACAL1 ADCACAL1{7:0] 40
0x22 Reserved – – – – – – – –
0x23 Reserved – – – – – – – –
0x24 Reserved – – – – – – – –
0x25 Reserved – – – – – – – –
0x26 Reserved – – – – – – – –
0x27 Reserved – – – – – – – –
0x28 Reserved – – – – – – – –
0x29 Reserved – – – – – – – –
0x2A Reserved – – – – – – – –
0x2B Reserved – – – – – – – –
0x2C Reserved – – – – – – – –
0x2D Reserved – – – – – – – –
0x2E NO TEMPSENSE0 TEMPSENSE0[7:0] 40
0x2F NO TEMPSENSE1 – – – – TEMPSENSE1[11:8] 41
0x38 Reserved – – – – – – – –
0x39 Reserved – – – – – – – –
0x3A Reserved – – – – – – – –
0x3B Reserved – – – – – – – –
0x3C Reserved – – – – – – – –
0x3D Reserved – – – – – – – –
0x3E Reserved – – – – – – – –

4.21 Register Summary – General Purpose I/O Registers

Address Name Bit 7 Bit 6 Bit 5 Bit 4 Bit 3 Bit 2 Bit 1 Bit 0 Page
+0x00 GPIOR0 GPIOR[7:0] 41
+0x01 GPIOR1 GPIOR[7:0] 41
+0x02 GPIOR2 GPIOR[7:0] 41
+0x03 GPIOR3 GPIOR[7:0] 41

4.22 Register Summary – MCU Control

Address Name Bit 7 Bit 6 Bit 5 Bit 4 Bit 3 Bit 2 Bit 1 Bit 0 Page
+0x00 DEVID0 DEVID0[7:0] 41
+0x01 DEVID1 DEVID1[7:0] 41
+0x02 DEVID2 DEVID2[7:0] 42
+0x03 REVID – – – – REVID[3:0] 42
+0x04 Reserved – – – – – – – –
+0x05 Reserved – – – – – – – –
+0x06 Reserved – – – – – – – –
+0x07 ANAINIT – – – – STARTUPDLYB[1:0] STARTUPDLYA[1:0] 42
+0x08 EVSYSLOCK – – – – – – – EVSYS0LOC 43
+0x09 AWEXLOCK – – – – – – – AWEXCLOCK 43
+0x0A Reserved – – – – – – – –
+0x0B Reserved – – – – – – – –

4.23 Interrupt Vector Summary – NVM Controller

Offset Source Interrupt description

0x00 EE_vect Nonvolatile memory EEPROM interrupt vector

0x02 SPM_vect Nonvolatile memory SPM interrupt vector

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 45
Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
5. DMAC - Direct Memory Access Controller

5.1 Features
 Allows high speed data transfers with minimal CPU intervention
 from data memory to data memory
 from data memory to peripheral
 from peripheral to data memory
 from peripheral to peripheral
 Two DMA channels with separate
 transfer triggers
 interrupt vectors
 addressing modes
 Programmable channel priority
 From 1 byte to 16MB of data in a single transaction
 Up to 64KB block transfers with repeat
 1, 2, 4, or 8 byte burst transfers
 Multiple addressing modes
 Static
 Incremental
 Decremental
 Optional reload of source and destination addresses at the end of each
 Burst
 Block
 Transaction
 Optional interrupt on end of transaction
 Optional connection to CRC generator for CRC on DMA data

5.2 Overview
The two-channel direct memory access (DMA) controller can transfer data between memories and peripherals, and thus
offload these tasks from the CPU. It enables high data transfer rates with minimum CPU intervention, and frees up CPU
time. The two DMA channels enable up to two independent and parallel transfers.
The DMA controller can move data between SRAM and peripherals, between SRAM locations and directly between
peripheral registers. With access to all peripherals, the DMA controller can handle automatic transfer of data to/from
communication modules. The DMA controller can also read from memory mapped EEPROM.
Data transfers are done in continuous bursts of 1, 2, 4, or 8 bytes. They build block transfers of configurable size from 1
byte to 64KB. A repeat counter can be used to repeat each block transfer for single transactions up to 16MB. Source and
destination addressing can be static, incremental or decremental. Automatic reload of source and/or destination
addresses can be done after each burst or block transfer, or when a transaction is complete. Application software,
peripherals, and events can trigger DMA transfers.
The two DMA channels have individual configuration and control settings. This include source, destination, transfer
triggers, and transaction sizes. They have individual interrupt settings. Interrupt requests can be generated when a
transaction is complete or when the DMA controller detects an error on a DMA channel.
To allow for continuous transfers, two channels can be interlinked so that the second takes over the transfer when the
first is finished, and vice versa.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 46
Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
 Figure 5-1. DMA Overview

DMA Channel 0
DMA trigger /
CTRLA
Event
CTRLB
Enable TRIGSRC Arbitration
Burst
R/W Master port
Control Logic Arbiter

TRFCNT DESTADDR Read

REPCNT SRCADDR BUF
Write
Bus
DMA Channel 1 matrix
CTRL

Slave port
Read /
Write

5.3 DMA Transaction

A complete DMA read and write operation between memories and/or peripherals is called a DMA transaction. A
transaction is done in data blocks, and the size of the transaction (number of bytes to transfer) is selectable from
software and controlled by the block size and repeat counter settings. Each block transfer is divided into smaller bursts.

5.3.1 Block Transfer and Repeat

The size of the block transfer is set by the block transfer count register, and can be anything from 1 byte to 64KB.
A repeat counter can be enabled to set a number of repeated block transfers before a transaction is complete. The
repeat is from 1 to 255, and an unlimited repeat count can be achieved by setting the repeat count to zero.

5.3.2 Burst Transfer

Since the AVR CPU and DMA controller use the same data buses, a block transfer is divided into smaller burst transfers.
The burst transfer is selectable to 1, 2, 4, or 8 bytes. This means that if the DMA acquires the data bus and a transfer
request is pending, it will occupy the bus until all bytes in the burst are transferred.
A bus arbiter controls when the DMA controller and the AVR CPU can use the bus. The CPU always has priority, and so
as long as the CPU requests access to the bus, any pending burst transfer must wait. The CPU requests bus access
when it executes an instruction that writes or reads data to SRAM, I/O memory, EEPROM or the external bus interface.
For more details on memory access bus arbitration, refer to “Data Memory” on page 23.

Figure 5-2. DMA Transaction

Four-byte burst mode Block size: 12 bytes Repeat count: 2

Burst transfer Block transfer

DMA transaction

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 47
Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
5.4 Transfer Triggers
DMA transfers can be started only when a DMA transfer request is detected. A transfer request can be triggered from
software, from an external trigger source (peripheral), or from an event. There are dedicated source trigger selections for
each DMA channel. The available trigger sources may vary from device to device, depending on the modules or
peripherals that exist in the device. Using a transfer trigger for a module or peripherals that does not exist will have no
effect. For a list of all transfer triggers, refer to “TRIGSRC – Trigger Source” on page 55.
By default, a trigger starts a block transfer operation. When the block transfer is complete, the channel is automatically
disabled. When enabled again, the channel will wait for the next block transfer trigger. It is possible to select the trigger to
start a burst transfer instead of a block transfer. This is called a single-shot transfer, and for each trigger only one burst is
transferred. When repeat mode is enabled, the next block transfer does not require a transfer trigger. It will start as soon
as the previous block is done.
If the trigger source generates a transfer request during an ongoing transfer, this will be kept pending, and the transfer
can start when the ongoing one is done. Only one pending transfer can be kept, and so if the trigger source generates
more transfer requests when one is already pending, these will be lost.

5.5 Addressing
The source and destination address for a DMA transfer can either be static or automatically incremented or
decremented, with individual selections for source and destination. When address increment or decrement is used, the
default behaviour is to update the address after each access. The original source and destination addresses are stored
by the DMA controller, and so the source and destination addresses can be individually configured to be reloaded at the
following points:
 End of each burst transfer
 End of each block transfer
 End of transaction
 Never reloaded

5.6 Priority Between Channels

If several channels request a data transfer at the same time, a priority scheme is available to determine which channel is
allowed to transfer data. Application software can decide whether one or more channels should have a fixed priority or if
a round robin scheme should be used. A round robin scheme means that the channel that last transferred data will have
the lowest priority.

5.7 Double Buffering

To allow for continuous transfer, two channels can be interlinked so that the second takes over the transfer when the first
is finished, and vice versa. This leaves time for the application to process the data transferred by the first channel,
prepare fresh data buffers, and set up the channel registers again while the second channel is working. This is referred to
as double buffering or chained transfers.
When double buffering is enabled for a channel pair, it is important that the two channels are configured with the same
repeat count. The block sizes need not be equal, but for most applications they should be, along with the rest of the
channel’s operation mode settings.
Note that the double buffering channel pairs are limited to channels 0 and 1 as the first pair and channels 2 and 3 as the
second pair. However, it is possible to have one pair operate in double buffered mode while the other is left unused or
operating independently.

5.8 Transfer Buffers

To avoid unnecessary bus loading when doing data transfer between memories with different access timing (for
example, I/O register and external memory), the DMA controller has a four-byte buffer. Two bytes will be read from the
source address and written to this buffer before a write to the destination is started.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 48
Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
5.9 Error Detection
The DMA controller can detect erroneous operation. Error conditions are detected individually for each DMA channel,
and the error conditions are:
 Write to memory mapped EEPROM locations
 Reading EEPROM when the EEPROM is off (sleep entered)
 DMA controller or a busy channel is disabled in software during a transfer

5.10 Software Reset

Both the DMA controller and a DMA channel can be reset from the user software. When the DMA controller is reset, all
registers associated with the DMA controller, including channels, are cleared. A software reset can be done only when
the DMA controller is disabled.
When a DMA channel is reset, all registers associated with the DMA channel are cleared. A software reset can be done
only when the DMA channel is disabled.

5.11 Protection
In order to ensure safe operation, some of the channel registers are protected during a transaction. When the DMA
channel busy flag (CHnBUSY) is set for a channel, the user can modify only the following registers and bits:
 CTRL register
 INTFLAGS register
 TEMP registers
 CHEN, CHRST, TRFREQ, and REPEAT bits of the channel CTRL register
 TRIGSRC register

5.12 Interrupts
The DMA controller can generate interrupts when an error is detected on a DMA channel or when a transaction is
complete for a DMA channel. Each DMA channel has a separate interrupt vector, and there are different interrupt flags
for error and transaction complete.
If repeat is not enabled, the transaction complete flag is set at the end of the block transfer. If unlimited repeat is enabled,
the transaction complete flag is also set at the end of each block transfer.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 49
Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
5.13 Register Description – DMA Controller

5.13.1 CTRL – Control Register

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x00 ENABLE RESET – – – DBUFMODE – PRIMODE
Read/Write R/W R/W R R R R/W R R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

 Bit 7 – ENABLE: Enable

Setting this bit enables the DMA controller. If the DMA controller is enabled and this bit is written to zero, the ENABLE bit
is not cleared before the internal transfer buffer is empty, and the DMA data transfer is aborted.
 Bit 6 – RESET: Software Reset
Writing a one to RESET will be ignored as long as DMA is enabled (ENABLE = 1). This bit can be set only when the DMA
controller is disabled (ENABLE = 0).
 Bit 5:3 – Reserved
These bits are unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write these bits to zero
when this register is written.
 Bit 2 – DBUFMODE: Double Buffer Mode
This bit enables the double buffer mode.
 Bit 1 – Reserved
This bit is unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write this bits to zero when
this register is written.
 Bit 0 – PRIMODE: Channel Priority Mode
This bit determines the internal channel priority according to Table 5-1.

Table 5-1. Channel Priority Settings

PRIMODE Group configuration Description

0 RR01 Round robin

1 CH01 Channel0 has priority

5.13.2 INTFLAGS – Interrupt Status Register

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x03 – – CH1ERRIF CH0ERRIF – – CH1TRNFIF CH0TRNFIF
Read/Write R R R/W R/W R R R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

 Bit 7:6 – Reserved

These bits are unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write these bits to zero
when this register is written.
 Bit 5:4 – CHnERRIF[1:0]: Channel n Error Interrupt Flag
If an error condition is detected on DMA channel n, the CHnERRIF flag will be set. Writing a one to this bit location will
clear the flag.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 50
Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
  Bit 3:2 – Reserved
These bits are unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write these bits to zero
when this register is written.
 Bit 1:0 – CHnTRNFIF[1:0]: Channel n Transaction Complete Interrupt Flag
When a transaction on channel n has been completed, the CHnTRFIF flag will be set. If unlimited repeat count is
enabled, this flag is read as one after each block transfer. Writing a one to this bit location will clear the flag.

5.13.3 STATUS – Status Register

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x04 – – CH1BUSY CH0BUSY – – CH1PEND CH0PEND
Read/Write R R R R R R R R
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

 Bit 7:6 – Reserved

These bits are unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write these bits to zero
when this register is written.
 Bit 5:4 – CHnBUSY[1:0]: Channel Busy
When channel n starts a DMA transaction, the CHnBUSY flag will be read as one. This flag is automatically cleared when
the DMA channel is disabled, when the channel n transaction complete interrupt flag is set, or if the DMA channel n error
interrupt flag is set.
 Bit 3:2 – Reserved
These bits are unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write these bits to zero
when this register is written
 Bit 1:0 – CHnPEND[1:0]: Channel Pending
If a block transfer is pending on DMA channel n, the CHnPEND flag will be read as one. This flag is automatically cleared
when the block transfer starts or if the transfer is aborted.

5.13.4 TEMPL – Temporary Register Low

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x06 TEMP[7:0]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

 Bit 7:0 – TEMP[7:0]: Temporary register 0

This register is used when reading 16- and 24-bit registers in the DMA controller. Byte 1 of the 16/24-bit register is stored
here when it is written by the CPU. Byte 1 of the 16/24-bit register is stored when byte 0 is read by the CPU. This register
can also be read and written from the user software.
Reading and writing 16- and 24-bit registers requires special attention. For details, refer to “Accessing 16-bit Registers”
on page 13.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 51
Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
5.13.5 TEMPH – Temporary Register High

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x07 TEMP[15:8]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

 Bit 7:0 – TEMP[15:8]: Temporary Register

This register is used when reading and writing 24-bit registers in the DMA controller. Byte 2 of the 24-bit register is stored
when it is written by the CPU. Byte 2 of the 24-bit register is stored here when byte 1 is read by the CPU. This register
can also be read and written from the user software.
Reading and writing 24-bit registers requires special attention. For details, refer to “Accessing 16-bit Registers” on page
13.

5.14 Register Description – DMA Channel

5.14.1 CTRLA – Control Register A

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x00 ENABLE RESET REPEAT TRFREQ – SINGLE BURSTLEN[1:0]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

 Bit 7 – ENABLE: Channel Enable

Setting this bit enables the DMA channel. This bit is automatically cleared when the transaction is completed. If the DMA
channel is enabled and this bit is written to zero, the CHEN bit is not cleared until the internal transfer buffer is empty and
the DMA transfer is aborted.
 Bit 6 – RESET: Software Reset
Setting this bit will reset the DMA channel. It can only be set when the DMA channel is disabled (CHEN = 0). Writing a
one to this bit will be ignored as long as the channel is enabled (CHEN=1). This bit is automatically cleared when reset is
completed.
 Bit 5 – REPEAT: Repeat Mode
Setting this bit enables the repeat mode. In repeat mode, this bit is cleared by hardware at the beginning of the last block
transfer. The REPCNT register should be configured before setting the REPEAT bit.
 Bit 4 – TRFREQ: Transfer Request
Setting this bit requests a data transfer on the DMA channel. This bit is automatically cleared at the beginning of the data
transfer. Writing this bit does not have any effect unless the channel is enabled.
 Bit 3 – Reserved
This bit is unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write this bit to zero when this
register is written.
 Bit 2 – SINGLE: Single-Shot Data transfer
Setting this bit enables the single-shot mode. The channel will then do a burst transfer of BURSTLEN bytes on the
transfer trigger. A write to this bit will be ignored while the channel is enabled.
 Bit 1:0 – BURSTLEN[1:0]: Burst Mode
These bits decide the DMA channel burst mode according to Table 5-2 on page 53. These bits cannot be changed if the
channel is busy.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 52
Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
 Table 5-2. DMA Channel Burst Mode

BURSTLEN[1:0] Group configuration Description

00 1BYTE 1 byte burst mode

01 2BYTE 2 bytes burst mode

10 4BYTE 4 bytes burst mode

11 8BYTE 8 bytes burst mode

Table 5-3. Summary of Triggers, Transaction Complete Flag, and Channel Disable According to DMA Channel
Configuration

REPEAT SINGLE REPCNT Trigger Flag set after Channel disabled after

0 0 0 Block 1 block 1 block

0 0 1 Block 1 block 1 block

0 0 n>1 Block 1 block 1 block

0 1 0 BURSTLEN 1 block 1 block

0 1 1 BURSTLEN 1 block 1 block

0 1 n>1 BURSTLEN 1 block 1 block

1 0 0 Block Each block Each block

1 0 1 Transaction 1 block 1 block

1 0 n>1 Transaction n blocks n blocks

1 1 0 BURSTLEN Each block Never

1 1 1 BURSTLEN 1 block 1 block

1 1 n>1 BURSTLEN n blocks n blocks

5.14.2 CTRLB – Control Register B

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x01 CHBUSY CHPEND ERRIF TRNIF ERRINTLVL[1:0] TRNINTLVL[1:0]
Read/Write R R R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

 Bit 7 – CHBUSY: Channel Busy

When the DMA channel starts a DMA transaction, the CHBUSY flag will be read as one. This flag is automatically
cleared when the DMA channel is disabled, when the channel transaction complete interrupt flag is set or when the
channel error interrupt flag is set.
 Bit 6 – CHPEND: Channel Pending
If a block transfer is pending on the DMA channel, the CHPEND flag will be read as one. This flag is automatically
cleared when the transfer starts or if the transfer is aborted.
 Bit 5 – ERRIF: Error Interrupt Flag
If an error condition is detected on the DMA channel, the ERRIF flag will be set and the optional interrupt is generated.
Since the DMA channel error interrupt shares the interrupt address with the DMA channel n transaction complete

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 53
Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
 interrupt, ERRIF will not be cleared when the interrupt vector is executed. This flag is cleared by writing a one to this
location.
 Bit 4 – TRNIF: Channel n Transaction Complete Interrupt Flag
When a transaction on the DMA channel has been completed, the TRNIF flag will be set and the optional interrupt is
generated. When repeat is not enabled, the transaction is complete and TRNIFR is set after the block transfer. When
unlimited repeat is enabled, TRNIF is also set after each block transfer.
Since the DMA channel transaction n complete interrupt shares the interrupt address with the DMA channel error
interrupt, TRNIF will not be cleared when the interrupt vector is executed. This flag is cleared by writing a one to this
location.
 Bit 3:2 – ERRINTLVL[1:0]: Channel Error Interrupt Level
These bits enable the interrupt for DMA channel transfer errors and select the interrupt level, as described in “Interrupts
and Programmable Multilevel Interrupt Controller” on page 112. The enabled interrupt will trigger for the conditions when
ERRIF is set.
 Bit 1:0 – TRNINTLVL[1:0]: Channel Transaction Complete Interrupt Level
These bits enable the interrupt for DMA channel transaction completes and select the interrupt level, as described in
“Interrupts and Programmable Multilevel Interrupt Controller” on page 112. The enabled interrupt will trigger for the
conditions when TRNIF is set.

5.14.3 ADDRCTRL – Address Control Register

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x02 SRCRELOAD[1:0] SRCDIR[1:0] DESTRELOAD[1:0] DESTDIR[1:0]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

 Bit 7:6 – SRCRELOAD[1:0]: Channel Source Address Reload

These bits decide the DMA channel source address reload according to Table 5-4. A write to these bits is ignored while
the channel is busy.

Table 5-4. DMA Channel Source Address Reload Settings

SRCRELOAD[1:0] Group configuration Description

00 NONE No reload performed.

DMA source address register is reloaded with initial value at end

01 BLOCK
of each block transfer.

DMA source address register is reloaded with initial value at end

10 BURST
of each burst transfer.

DMA source address register is reloaded with initial value at end

11 TRANSACTION
of each transaction.

 Bit 5:4 – SRCDIR[1:0]: Channel Source Address Mode

These bits decide the DMA channel source address mode according to Table 5-5. These bits cannot be changed if the
channel is busy.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 54
Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
 Table 5-5. DMA Channel Source Address Mode Settings

SRCDIR[1:0] Group configuration Description

00 FIXED Fixed

01 INC Increment

10 DEC Decrement

11 - Reserved

 Bit 3:2 – DESTRELOAD[1:0]: Channel Destination Address Reload

These bits decide the DMA channel destination address reload according to Table 5-6. These bits cannot be changed if
the channel is busy.

Table 5-6. DMA Channel Destination Address Reload Settings

DESTRELOAD[1:0] Group configuration Description

00 NONE No reload performed.

DMA channel destination address register is reloaded with

01 BLOCK
initial value at end of each block transfer.

DMA channel destination address register is reloaded with

10 BURST
initial value at end of each burst transfer.

DMA channel destination address register is reloaded with

11 TRANSACTION
initial value at end of each transaction.

 Bit 1:0 – DESTDIR[1:0]: Channel Destination Address Mode

These bits decide the DMA channel destination address mode according to Table 5-7. These bits cannot be changed if
the channel is busy.

Table 5-7. DMA Channel Destination Address Mode Settings

DESTDIR[1:0] Group configuration Description

00 FIXED Fixed

01 INC Increment

10 DEC Decrement

11 - Reserved

5.14.4 TRIGSRC – Trigger Source

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x03 TRIGSRC[7:0]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

 Bit 7:0 – TRIGSRC[7:0]: Channel Trigger Source Select

These bits select which trigger source is used for triggering a transfer on the DMA channel. A zero value means that the
trigger source is disabled. For each trigger source, the value to put in the TRIGSRC register is the sum of the module’s or
peripheral’s base value and the offset value for the trigger source in the module or peripheral. Table 5-8 on page 56

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 55
Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
shows the base value for all modules and peripherals. Table 5-9 to Table 5-11 on page 57 shows the offset value for the
trigger sources in the different modules and peripheral types. For modules or peripherals which do not exist for a device,
the transfer trigger does not exist. Refer to the device datasheet for the list of peripherals available.
If the interrupt flag related to the trigger source is cleared or the interrupt level enabled so that an interrupt is triggered,
the DMA request will be lost. Since a DMA request can clear the interrupt flag, interrupts can be lost.
Note: For most trigger sources, the request is cleared by accessing a register belonging to the peripheral with the request. Refer to the dif-
ferent peripheral chapters for how requests are generated and cleared.

Table 5-8. DMA Trigger Source Base Values for all Modules and Peripherals

TRIGSRC base value Group configuration Description

0x00 OFF Software triggers only

0x01 SYS Event system DMA triggers base value

0x04 AES AES DMA trigger value

0x10 ADCA ADCA DMA trigger value

0x40 TCC0 Timer/counter C0 DMA triggers base value

0x46 TCC1 Timer/counter C1 triggers base value

0x4A SPIC SPI C DMA trigger value

0x4B USARTC0 USART C0 DMA triggers base value

0x60 TCD0 Timer/counter D0 DMA triggers base value

0x6A SPID SPI D DMA triggers value

0x6B USARTD0 USART D0 DMA triggers base value

0x80 TCE0 Timer/counter E0 DMA triggers base value

0x8B USARTE0 USART E0 DMA triggers base value

0xA0 TCF0 Timer/counter F0 DMA triggers base value

0xAB USARTF0 USART F0 DMA triggers base value

Table 5-9. DMA Trigger Source Offset Values for Event System Triggers

TRGSRC offset value Group configuration Description

+0x00 CH0 Event channel 0

+0x01 CH1 Event channel 1

+0x02 CH2 Event channel 2

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 56
Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
 Table 5-10. DMA Trigger Source Offset Values for Timer/ Counter Triggers

TRGSRC offset value Group configuration Description

+0x00 OVF Overflow/underflow

+0x01 ERR Error

+0x02 CCA Compare or capture channel A

+0x03 CCB Compare or capture channel B

+0x04 CCC(1) Compare or capture channel C

+0x05 CCD(1) Compare or capture channel D

Note: 1. CC channel C and D triggers are available only for timer/counters 0.

Table 5-11. DMA Trigger Source Offset Values for USART Triggers

TRGSRC offset value Group configuration Description

0x00 RXC Receive complete

0x01 DRE Data register empty

The group configuration is the “base_offset;” for example, TCC1_CCA for the timer/counter C1 CC channel A the transfer
trigger.

5.14.5 TRFCNTL – Channel Block Transfer Count Register Low

The TRFCNTH and TRFCNTL register pair represents the 16-bit value TRFCNT. TRFCNT defines the number of bytes
in a block transfer. The value of TRFCNT is decremented after each byte read by the DMA channel. When TRFCNT
reaches zero, the register is reloaded with the last value written to it.
Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x04 TRFCNT[7:0]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

 Bit 7:0 – TRFCNT[7:0]: Channel n Block Transfer Count low byte

These bits hold the LSB of the 16-bit block transfer count.
The default value of this register is 0x1. If a user writes 0x0 to this register and fires a DMA trigger, DMA will be doing
0xFFFF transfers.

5.14.6 TRFCNTH – Channel Block Transfer Count Register High

Reading and writing 16-bit values requires special attention. For details, refer to “Accessing 16-bit Registers” on page 13.
Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x05 TRFCNT[15:8]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

 Bit 7:0 – TRFCNT[15:8]: Channel n Block Transfer Count high byte

These bits hold the MSB of the 16-bit block transfer count.
The default value of this register is 0x1. If a user writes 0x0 to this register and fires a DMA trigger, DMA will be doing
0xFFFF transfers.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 57
Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
5.14.7 REPCNT – Repeat Counter Register

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x06 REPCNT[7:0]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

REPCNT counts how many times a block transfer is performed. For each block transfer, this register will be
decremented.
When repeat mode is enabled (see REPEAT bit in “ADDRCTRL – Address Control Register” on page 54), this register is
used to control when the transaction is complete. The counter is decremented after each block transfer if the DMA has to
serve a limited number of repeated block transfers. When repeat mode is enabled, the channel is disabled when
REPCNT reaches zero and the last block transfer is completed. Unlimited repeat is achieved by setting this register to
zero.

5.14.8 SRCADDR0 – Source Address 0

SRCADDR0, SRCADDR1, and SRCADDR2 represent the 24-bit value SRCADDR, which is the DMA channel source
address. SRCADDR2 is the most significant byte in the register. SRCADDR may be automatically incremented or
decremented based on settings in the SRCDIR bits in “ADDRCTRL – Address Control Register” on page 54.
Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x08 SRCADDR[7:0]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

 Bit 7:0 – SRCADDR[7:0]: Channel Source Address byte 0

These bits hold byte 0 of the 24-bit source address.

5.14.9 SRCADDR1 – Channel Source Address 1

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x09 SRCADDR[15:8]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

 Bit 7:0 – SRCADDR[15:8]: Channel Source Address byte 1

These bits hold byte 1 of the 24-bit source address.

5.14.10 SRCADDR2 – Channel Source Address 2

Reading and writing 24-bit values require special attention. For details, refer to “Accessing 24- and 32-bit Registers” on
page 13.
Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x0A SRCADDR[23:16]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

 Bit 7:0 – SRCADDR[23:16]: Channel Source Address byte 2

These bits hold byte 2 of the 24-bit source address.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 58
Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
5.14.11 DESTADDR0 – Channel Destination Address 0
DESTADDR0, DESTADDR1, and DESTADDR2 represent the 24-bit value DESTADDR, which is the DMA channel
destination address. DESTADDR2 holds the most significant byte in the register. DESTADDR may be automatically
incremented or decremented based on settings in the DESTDIR bits in “ADDRCTRL – Address Control Register” on
page 54.
Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x0C DESTADDR[7:0]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

 Bit 7:0 – DESTADDR[7:0]: Channel Destination Address byte 0

These bits hold byte 0 of the 24-bit source address.

5.14.12 DESTADDR1 – Channel Destination Address 1

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x0D DESTADDR[15:8]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

 Bit 7:0 – DESTADDR[15:8]: Channel Destination Address byte 1

These bits hold byte 1 of the 24-bit source address.

5.14.13 DESTADDR2 – Channel Destination Address 2

Reading and writing 24-bit values require special attention. For details, refer to “Accessing 24- and 32-bit Registers” on
page 13.
Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x0E DESTADDR[23:16]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

 Bit 7:0 – DESTADDR[23:16]: Channel Destination Address byte 2

These bits hold byte 2 of the 24-bit source address.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 59
Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
5.15 Register Summary – DMA Controller
Address Name Bit 7 Bit 6 Bit 5 Bit 4 Bit 3 Bit 2 Bit 1 Bit 0 Page
+0x00 CTRL ENABLE RESET – – – DBUFMODE – PRIMODE 50
+0x01 Reserved – – – – – – – –
+0x02 Reserved – – – – – – – –
+0x03 INTFLAGS – – CH1ERRIF CH0ERRIF – – CH1TRNFIF CH0TRNFIF 50
+0x04 STATUS – – CH1BUSY CH0BUSY – – CH1PEND CH0PEND 51
+0x05 Reserved – – – – – – – –
+0x06 TEMPL TEMP[7:0] 51
+0x07 TEMPH TEMP[15:8] 52
+0x10 CH0 Offset Offset address for DMA Channel 0
+0x20 CH1 Offset Offset address for DMA Channel 1
+0x30 Reserved – – – – – – – –
+0x40 Reserved – – – – – – – –

5.16 Register Summary – DMA Channel

Address Name Bit 7 Bit 6 Bit 5 Bit 4 Bit 3 Bit 2 Bit 1 Bit 0 Page
+0x00 CTRLA ENABLE RESET REPEAT TRFREQ – SINGLE BURSTLEN[1:0] 52
+0x01 CTRLB CHBUSY CHPEND ERRIF TRNIF ERRINTLVL[1:0] TRNINTLVL[1:0] 53
+0x02 ADDCTRL SRCRELOAD[1:0] SRCDIR[1:0] DESTRELOAD[1:0] DESTDIR[1:0] 54
+0x03 TRIGSRC TRIGSRC[7:0] 55
+0x04 TRFCNTL TRFCNT[7:0] 57
+0x05 TRFCNTH TRFCNT[15:8] 57
+0x06 REPCNT REPCNT[7:0] 58
+0x07 Reserved – – – – – – – –
+0x08 SRCADDR0 SRCADDR[7:0] 58
+0x09 SRCADDR1 SRCADDR[15:8] 58
+0x0A SRCADDR2 SRCADDR[23:16] 58
+0x0B Reserved – – – – – – – –
+0x0C DESTADDR0 DESTADDR[7:0] 59
+0x0D DESTADDR1 DESTADDR[15:8] 59
+0x0E DESTADDR2 DESTADDR[23:16] 59
+0x0F Reserved – – – – – – – –

5.17 DMA Interrupt Vector Summary

Offset Source Interrupt Description

0x00 CH0_vect DMA controller channel 0 interrupt vector

0x02 CH1_vect DMA controller channel 1 interrupt vector

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 60
Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
6. Event System

6.1 Features
 System for direct peripheral-to-peripheral communication and signaling
 Peripherals can directly send, receive, and react to peripheral events
 CPU and DMA controller independent operation
 100% predictable signal timing
 Short and guaranteed response time
 Four event channels for up to eight different and parallel signal routings and configurations
 Events can be sent and/or used by most peripherals, clock system, and software
 Additional functions include
 Quadrature decoders
 Digital filtering of I/O pin state
 Works in active mode and idle sleep mode

6.2 Overview
The event system enables direct peripheral-to-peripheral communication and signaling. It allows a change in one
peripheral’s state to automatically trigger actions in other peripherals. It is designed to provide a predictable system for
short and predictable response times between peripherals. It allows for autonomous peripheral control and interaction
without the use of interrupts CPU or DMA controller resources, and is thus a powerful tool for reducing the complexity,
size and execution time of application code. It also allows for synchronized timing of actions in several peripheral
modules.
A change in a peripheral’s state is referred to as an event, and usually corresponds to the peripheral’s interrupt
conditions. Events can be directly passed to other peripherals using a dedicated routing network called the event routing
network. How events are routed and used by the peripherals is configured in software.
Figure 6-1 on page 62 shows a basic diagram of all connected peripherals. The event system can directly connect
together analog converters, analog comparators, I/O port pins, the real-time counter, timer/counters, IR communication
module (IRCOM) and USB interface. It can also be used to trigger DMA transactions (DMA controller). Events can also
be generated from software and the peripheral clock.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 61
Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
 Figure 6-1. Event System Overview and Connected Peripherals

CPU / DMA
Software Controller

Event Routing Network

clkPER
Prescaler

ADC Real Time

Event Counter
System
Controller Timer /
AC Counters

USB

Port pins IRCOM

The event routing network consists of four software-configurable multiplexers that control how events are routed and
used. These are called event channels, and allow for up to four parallel event configurations and routings. The maximum
routing latency is two peripheral clock cycles. The event system works in both active mode and idle sleep mode.

6.3 Events
In the context of the event system, an indication that a change of state within a peripheral has occurred is called an
event. There are two main types of events: signaling events and data events. Signaling events only indicate a change of
state while data events contain additional information about the event.
The peripheral from which the event originates is called the event generator. Within each peripheral (for example, a
timer/counter), there can be several event sources, such as a timer compare match or timer overflow. The peripheral
using the event is called the event user, and the action that is triggered is called the event action.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 62
Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
 Figure 6-2. Example of Event Source, Generator, User, and Action

Event Generator Event User

Timer/Counter ADC

Compare Match
Event Syncsweep

Over-/Underflow
| Routing
Network Single
Conversion
Error

Event Action Selection

Event Source Event Action

Events can also be generated manually in software.

6.3.1 Signaling Events

Signaling events are the most basic type of event. A signaling event does not contain any information apart from the
indication of a change in a peripheral. Most peripherals can only generate and use signaling events. Unless otherwise
stated, all occurrences of the word ”event” are to be understood as meaning signaling events.

6.3.2 Data Events

Data events differ from signaling events in that they contain information that event users can decode to decide event
actions based on the receiver information.
Although the event routing network can route all events to all event users, those that are only meant to use signaling
events do not have decoding capabilities needed to utilize data events. How event users decode data events is shown in
Table 6-1 on page 64.
Event users that can utilize data events can also use signaling events. This is configurable, and is described in the
datasheet module for each peripheral.

6.3.3 Peripheral Clock Events

Each event channel includes a peripheral clock prescaler with a range from 1 (no prescaling) to 32768. This enables
configurable periodic event generation based on the peripheral clock. It is possible to periodically trigger events in a
peripheral or to periodically trigger synchronized events in several peripherals. Since each event channel include a
prescaler, different peripherals can receive triggers with different intervals.

6.3.4 Software Events

Events can be generated from software by writing the DATA and STROBE registers. The DATA register must be written
first, since writing the STROBE register triggers the operation. The DATA and STROBE registers contain one bit for each
event channel. Bit n corresponds to event channel n. It is possible to generate events on several channels at the same
time by writing to several bit locations at once.
Software-generated events last for one clock cycle and will overwrite events from other event generators on that event
channel during that clock cycle.
Table 6-1 on page 64 shows the different events, how they can be manually generated, and how they are decoded.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 63
Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
 Table 6-1. Manually Generated Events and Decoding of Events

STROBE DATA Data event user Signaling event user

0 0 No event No event

0 1 Data event 01 No event

1 0 Data event 02 Signaling event

1 1 Data event 03 Signaling event

6.4 Event Routing Network

The event routing network routes the events between peripherals. It consists of eight multiplexers (CHnMUX), which can
each be configured to route any event source to any event users. The output from a multiplexer is referred to as an event
channel. For each peripheral, it is selectable if and how incoming events should trigger event actions. Details on
configurations can be found in the datasheet for each peripheral. The event routing network is shown in Figure 6-3 on
page 65.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 64
Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
 Figure 6-3. Event Routing Network

Event Channel 3
Event Channel 2
Event Channel 1
Event Channel 0

(10)
TCC0 (6)
(4)
TCC1 (4)
CH0CTRL[7:0]

CH0MUX[7:0]
(4) TCD0 (6)

(4) TCE0 (6)

CH1CTRL[7:0]
(4) TCF0 (6)
CH1MUX[7:0]

(29)
(4) ADCA (4)

USB (4)

CH2CTRL[7:0]

CH2MUX[7:0]
ACA (3)

RTC (2)

ClkPER (16)

(48)
PORTA (8)

PORTB (8)
CH3CTRL[7:0]
PORTC (8)
CH3MUX[7:0]
PORTD (8)

PORTE (8)

PORTF (8)

Four multiplexers means that it is possible to route up to four events at the same time. It is also possible to route one
event through several multiplexers.
Not all XMEGA devices contain all peripherals. This only means that a peripheral is not available for generating or using
events. The network configuration itself is compatible between all devices.

6.5 Event Timing

An event normally lasts for one peripheral clock cycle, but some event sources, such as a low level on an I/O pin, will
generate events continuously. Details on this are described in the datasheet for each peripheral, but unless otherwise
stated, an event lasts for one peripheral clock cycle.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 65
Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
 It takes a maximum of two peripheral clock cycles from when an event is generated until the event actions in other
peripherals are triggered. This ensures short and 100% predictable response times, independent of CPU or DMA
controller load or software revisions.

6.6 Filtering
Each event channel includes a digital filter. When this is enabled, an event must be sampled with the same value for a
configurable number of system clock cycles before it is accepted. This is primarily intended for pin change events.

6.7 Quadrature Decoder

The event system includes one quadrature decoder (QDEC), which enable the device to decode quadrature input on I/O
pins and send data events that a timer/counter can decode to count up, count down, or index/reset. Table 6-2
summarizes which quadrature decoder data events are available, how they are decoded, and how they can be
generated. The QDEC and related features, control and status registers are available for event channel 0.

Table 6-2. Quadrature Decoder Data Events

STROBE DATA Data event user Signaling event user

0 0 No event No event

0 1 Index/reset No event

1 0 Count down Signaling event

1 1 Count up Signaling event

6.7.1 Quadrature Operation

A quadrature signal is characterized by having two square waves that are phase shifted 90 degrees relative to each
other. Rotational movement can be measured by counting the edges of the two waveforms. The phase relationship
between the two square waves determines the direction of rotation.

Figure 6-4. Quadrature Signals from a Rotary Encoder

1 cycle / 4 states

Forward Direction
QDPH0

QDPH90

QDINDX
00 10 11 01
Backward
Direction
QDPH0

QDPH90

QDINDX
01 11 10 00

Figure 6-4 shows typical quadrature signals from a rotary encoder. The signals QDPH0 and QDPH90 are the two
quadrature signals. When QDPH90 leads QDPH0, the rotation is defined as positive or forward. When QDPH0 leads
QDPH90, the rotation is defined as negative or reverse. The concatenation of the two phase signals is called the
quadrature state or the phase state.
In order to know the absolute rotary displacement, a third index signal (QINDX) can be used. This gives an indication
once per revolution.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 66
Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
6.7.2 QDEC Setup
For a full QDEC setup, the following is required:
 Tho or three I/O port pins for quadrature signal input
 Two event system channels for quadrature decoding
 One timer/counter for up, down, and optional index count
The following procedure should be used for QDEC setup:
1. Choose two successive pins on a port as QDEC phase inputs.
2. Set the pin direction for QDPH0 and QDPH90 as input.
3. Set the pin configuration for QDPH0 and QDPH90 to low level sense.
4. Select the QDPH0 pin as a multiplexer input for an event channel, n.
5. Enable quadrature decoding and digital filtering in the event channel.
6. Optional:
1. Set up a QDEC index (QINDX).
2. Select a third pin for QINDX input.
3. Set the pin direction for QINDX as input.
4. Set the pin configuration for QINDX to sense both edges.
5. Select QINDX as a multiplexer input for event channel n+1.
6. Set the quadrature index enable bit in event channel n+1.
7. Select the index recognition mode for event channel n+1.
7. Set quadrature decoding as the event action for a timer/counter.
8. Select event channel n as the event source for the timer/counter.
 Set the period register of the timer/counter to ('line count' * 4 - 1), the line count of the quadrature encoder
 Enable the timer/counter without clock prescaling
The angle of a quadrature encoder attached to QDPH0, QDPH90 (and QINDX) can now be read directly from the
timer/counter count register. If the count register is different from BOTTOM when the index is recognized, the
timer/counter error flag is set. Similarly, the error flag is set if the position counter passes BOTTOM without the
recognition of the index.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 67
Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
6.8 Register Description

6.8.1 CHnMUX – Event Channel n Multiplexer Register

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
CHnMUX[7:0]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

 Bit 7:0 – CHnMUX[7:0]: Channel Multiplexer

These bits select the event source according to Table 6-3. This table is valid for all XMEGA devices regardless of
whether the peripheral is present or not. Selecting event sources from peripherals that are not present will give the same
result as when this register is zero. When this register is zero, no events are routed through. Manually generated events
will override CHnMUX and be routed to the event channel even if this register is zero.

Table 6-3. CHnMUX[7:0] Bit Settings

CHnMUX[7:4] CHnMUX[3:0] Group configuration Event source

0000 0 0 0 0 None (manually generated events only)

0000 0 0 0 1 (Reserved)

0000 0 0 1 X (Reserved)

0000 0 1 X X (Reserved)

0000 1 0 0 0 RTC_OVF RTC overflow

0000 1 0 0 1 RTC_CMP RTC compare match

USB start of frame on CH0(2)

USB error on CH1(2)
0000 1 0 1 0
USB overflow on CH2(2)
USB setup on CH3(2)

0000 1 0 1 X (Reserved)

0000 1 1 X X (Reserved)

0001 0 0 0 0 ACA_CH0 ACA channel 0

0001 0 0 0 1 ACA_CH1 ACA channel 1

0001 0 0 1 0 ACA_WIN ACA window

0001 0 0 1 1 (Reserved)

0001 0 1 X X (Reserved)

0001 1 X X X (Reserved)

0010 0 0 0 0 ADCA_CH0 ADCA

0010 0 0 0 1 (Reserved)

0010 0 0 1 X (Reserved)

0010 0 1 X X (Reserved)

0010 1 X X X (Reserved)

0011 X X X X (Reserved)

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 68
Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
 CHnMUX[7:4] CHnMUX[3:0] Group configuration Event source

0100 X X X X (Reserved)

0101 0 n PORTA_PINn(1) PORTA pin n (n= 0, 1, 2 ... or 7)

0101 1 n PORTB_PINn(1) PORTB pin n (n= 0, 1, 2 ... or 7)

0110 0 n PORTC_PINn(1) PORTC pin n (n= 0, 1, 2 ... or 7)

(1)
0110 1 n PORTD_PINn PORTD pin n (n= 0, 1, 2 ... or 7)

0111 0 n PORTE_PINn(1) PORTE pin n (n= 0, 1, 2 ... or 7)

0111 1 n PORTF_PINn(1) PORTF pin n (n= 0, 1, 2 ... or 7)

1000 M PRESCALER_M ClkPER divide by 2M (M=0 to 15)

1001 X X X X (Reserved)

1010 X X X X (Reserved)

1011 X X X X (Reserved)

1100 0 E See Table 6-4 Timer/counter C0 event type E

1100 1 E See Table 6-4 Timer/counter C1 event type E

1101 0 E See Table 6-4 Timer/counter D0 event type E

1111 1 X X X (Reserved)

1110 0 E See Table 6-4 Timer/counter E0 event type E

1111 1 X X X (Reserved)

1111 0 E See Table 6-4 Timer/counter F0 event type E

1111 1 X X X (Reserved)
Notes: 1. The description of how the ports generate events is described in “Port Event” on page 126.
2. The different USB events can be selected for only event channel, 0 to 3.

Table 6-4. Timer/counter Events

T/C event E Group configuration Event type

0 0 0 TCxn_OVF Over/Underflow (x = C, D, E or F) (n= 0 or 1)

0 0 1 TCxn_ERR Error (x = C, D, E or F) (n= 0 or 1)

0 1 X – (Reserved)

1 0 0 TCxn_CCA Capture or compare A (x = C, D, E or F) (n= 0 or 1)

1 0 1 TCxn_CCB Capture or compare B (x = C, D, E or F) (n= 0 or 1)

1 1 0 TCxn_CCC Capture or compare C (x = C, D, E or F) (n= 0)

1 1 1 TCxn_CCD Capture or compare D (x = C, D, E or F) (n= 0)

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 69
Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
6.8.2 CHnCTRL – Event Channel n Control Register

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
– QDIRM[1:0](1) QDIEN(1) QDEN(1) DIGFILT[2:0]
– – – – – DIGFILT[2:0]
Read/Write R R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Note: 1. Only available for CH0CTRL and CH2CTRL. These bits are reserved in CH1CTRL and CH3CTRL.

 Bit 7 – Reserved
This bit is reserved and will always be read as zero. For compatibility with future devices, always write this bit to zero
when this register is written.
 Bit 6:5 – QDIRM[1:0]: Quadrature Decode Index Recognition Mode
These bits determine the quadrature state for the QDPH0 and QDPH90 signals, where a valid index signal is recognized
and the counter index data event is given according to Table 6-5. These bits should only be set when a quadrature
encoder with a connected index signal is used.These bits are available only for CH0CTRL and CH2CTRL.

Table 6-5. QDIRM Bit Settings

QDIRM[1:0] Index recognition state

0 0 {QDPH0, QDPH90} = 0b00

0 1 {QDPH0, QDPH90} = 0b01

1 0 {QDPH0, QDPH90} = 0b10

1 1 {QDPH0, QDPH90} = 0b11

 Bit 4 – QDIEN: Quadrature Decode Index Enable

When this bit is set, the event channel will be used as a QDEC index source, and the index data event will be enabled.
This bit is available only for CH0CTRL and CH2CTRL.
 Bit 3 – QDEN: Quadrature Decode Enable
Setting this bit enables QDEC operation.
This bit is available only for CH0CTRL and CH2CTRL.
 Bit 2:0 – DIGFILT[2:0]: Digital Filter Coefficient
These bits define the length of digital filtering used, according to Table 6-6. Events will be passed through to the event
channel only when the event source has been active and sampled with the same level for the number of peripheral clock
cycles defined by DIGFILT.
Table 6-6. Digital Filter Coefficient Values

DIGFILT[2:0] Group configuration Description

000 1SAMPLE One sample

001 2SAMPLES Two samples

010 3SAMPLES Three samples

011 4SAMPLES Four samples

100 5SAMPLES Five samples

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 70
Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
 Table 6-6. Digital Filter Coefficient Values (Continued)

DIGFILT[2:0] Group configuration Description

101 6SAMPLES Six samples

110 7SAMPLES Seven samples

111 8SAMPLES Eight samples

6.8.3 STROBE – Strobe Register

If the STROBE register location is written, each event channel will be set according to the STROBE[n] and corresponding
DATA[n] bit settings, if any are unequal to zero.
A single event lasting for one peripheral clock cycle will be generated.
Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x10 STROBE[7:0]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

6.8.4 DATA – Data Register

This register contains the data value when manually generating a data event. This register must be written before the
STROBE register. For details, see “STROBE – Strobe Register” .
Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x11 DATA[7:0]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 71
Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
6.9 Register Summary
Address Name Bit 7 Bit 6 Bit 5 Bit 4 Bit 3 Bit 2 Bit 1 Bit 0 Page

+0x00 CH0MUX CH0MUX[7:0] 68

+0x01 CH1MUX CH1MUX[7:0] 68
+0x02 CH2MUX CH2MUX[7:0] 68
+0x03 CH3MUX CH3MUX[7:0] 68
+0x04 Reserved – – – – – – – –
+0x05 Reserved – – – – – – – –
+0x06 Reserved – – – – – – – –
+0x07 Reserved – – – – – – – –
+0x08 CH0CTRL – QDIRM[1:0] QDIEN QDEN DIGFILT[2:0] 70
+0x09 CH1CTRL – – – – – DIGFILT[2:0] 70
+0x0A CH2CTRL – QDIRM[1:0] QDIEN QDEN DIGFILT[2:0] 70
+0x0B CH3CTRL – – – – – DIGFILT[2:0] 70
+0x0C Reserved – – – – – – – –
+0x0D Reserved – – – – – – – –
+0x0E Reserved – – – – – – – –
+0x0F Reserved – – – – – – – –
+0x10 STROBE STROBE[7:0] 71
+0x11 DATA DATA[7:0] 71

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 72
Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
7. System Clock and Clock Options

7.1 Features
 Fast start-up time
 Safe run-time clock switching
 Internal oscillators:
 32MHz run-time calibrated and tunable oscillator
 2MHz run-time calibrated oscillator
 32.768kHz calibrated oscillator
 32kHz ultra low power (ULP) oscillator with 1kHz output
 External clock options
 0.4MHz - 16MHz crystal oscillator
 32.768kHz crystal oscillator
 External clock
 PLL with 20MHz - 128MHz output frequency
 Internal and external clock options and 1x to 31x multiplication
 Lock detector
 Clock prescalers with 1x to 2048x division
 Fast peripheral clocks running at 2 and 4 times the CPU clock
 Automatic run-time calibration of internal oscillators
 External oscillator and PLL lock failure detection with optional non-maskable interrupt

7.2 Overview
XMEGA devices have a flexible clock system supporting a large number of clock sources. It incorporates both accurate
internal oscillators and external crystal oscillator and resonator support. A high-frequency phase locked loop (PLL) and
clock prescalers can be used to generate a wide range of clock frequencies. A calibration feature (DFLL) is available,
and can be used for automatic run-time calibration of the internal oscillators to remove frequency drift over voltage and
temperature. An oscillator failure monitor can be enabled to issue a non-maskable interrupt and switch to the internal
oscillator if the external oscillator or PLL fails.
When a reset occurs, all clock sources except the 32kHz ultra low power oscillator are disabled. After reset, the device
will always start up running from the 2MHz internal oscillator. During normal operation, the system clock source and
prescalers can be changed from software at any time.
Figure 7-1 on page 74 presents the principal clock system in the XMEGA family of devices. Not all of the clocks need to
be active at a given time. The clocks for the CPU and peripherals can be stopped using sleep modes and power
reduction registers, as described in “Power Management and Sleep Modes” on page 93.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 73
Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
Figure 7-1. The Clock System, Clock Sources, and Clock Distribution

Real Time Non-Volatile

Peripherals RAM AVR CPU
Counter Memory

clkPER

clkPER2 clkCPU

clkPER4

USB

clkUSB
System Clock Prescalers
Brown-out Watchdog
Prescaler
Detector Timer

clkSYS
clkRTC
System Clock Multiplexer
RTCSRC (SCLKSEL) USBSRC
DIV32

DIV32

DIV32

PLL

PLLSRC

DIV4

XOSCSEL

32 kHz 32.768 kHz 32.768 kHz 0.4 – 16 MHz 32 MHz 2 MHz

Int. ULP Int. OSC TOSC XTAL Int. Osc Int. Osc
TOSC1

TOSC2

XTAL1

XTAL2

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 74
Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
7.3 Clock Distribution
Figure 7-1 on page 74 presents the principal clock distribution system used in XMEGA devices.

7.3.1 System Clock - ClkSYS

The system clock is the output from the main system clock selection. This is fed into the prescalers that are used to
generate all internal clocks except the asynchronous and USB clocks.

7.3.2 CPU Clock - ClkCPU

The CPU clock is routed to the CPU and nonvolatile memory. Halting the CPU clock inhibits the CPU from executing
instructions.

7.3.3 Peripheral Clock - ClkPER

The majority of peripherals and system modules use the peripheral clock. This includes the DMA controller, event
system, interrupt controller, external bus interface and RAM. This clock is always synchronous to the CPU clock, but may
run even when the CPU clock is turned off.

7.3.4 Peripheral 2x/4x Clocks - ClkPER2/ClkPER4

Modules that can run at two or four times the CPU clock frequency can use the peripheral 2x and peripheral 4x clocks.

7.3.5 Asynchronous Clock - ClkRTC

The asynchronous clock allows the real-time counter (RTC) to be clocked directly from an external 32.768kHz crystal
oscillator or the 32 times prescaled output from the internal 32.768kHz oscillator or ULP oscillator. The dedicated clock
domain allows operation of this peripheral even when the device is in sleep mode and the rest of the clocks are stopped.

7.3.6 USB Clock - ClkUSB

The USB device module requires a 12MHz or 48MHz clock. It has a separate clock source selection in order to avoid
system clock source limitations when USB is used.

7.4 Clock Sources

The clock sources are divided in two main groups: internal oscillators and external clock sources. Most of the clock
sources can be directly enabled and disabled from software, while others are automatically enabled or disabled,
depending on peripheral settings. After reset, the device starts up running from the 2MHz internal oscillator. The other
clock sources, DFLLs and PLL, are turned off by default.

7.4.1 Internal Oscillators

The internal oscillators do not require any external components to run. For details on characteristics and accuracy of the
internal oscillators, refer to the device datasheet.

7.4.1.1 32kHz Ultra Low Power Oscillator

This oscillator provides an approximate 32kHz clock. The 32kHz ultra low power (ULP) internal oscillator is a very low
power clock source, and it is not designed for high accuracy.The oscillator employs a built-in prescaler that provides a
1kHz output, see “RTCCTRL – RTC Control Register” on page 83 for details. The oscillator is automatically
enabled/disabled when it is used as clock source for any part of the device. This oscillator can be selected as the clock
source for the RTC.

7.4.1.2 32.768kHz Calibrated Oscillator

This oscillator provides an approximate 32.768kHz clock. It is calibrated during production to provide a default frequency
close to its nominal frequency. The calibration register can also be written from software for run-time calibration of the

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 75
Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
 oscillator frequency. The oscillator employs a built-in prescaler, which provides both a 32.768kHz output and a 1.024kHz
output, see “RTCCTRL – RTC Control Register” on page 83 for details.

7.4.1.3 32MHz Run-time Calibrated Oscillator

The 32MHz run-time calibrated internal oscillator is a high-frequency oscillator. It is calibrated during production to
provide a default frequency close to its nominal frequency. A digital frequency looked loop (DFLL) can be enabled for
automatic run-time calibration of the oscillator to compensate for temperature and voltage drift and optimize the oscillator
accuracy. This oscillator can also be adjusted and calibrated to any frequency between 30MHz and 55MHz. The
production signature row contains 48MHz calibration values intended used when the oscillator is used a full-speed USB
clock source.

7.4.1.4 2MHz Run-time Calibrated Oscillator

The 2MHz run-time calibrated internal oscillator is the default system clock source after reset. It is calibrated during
production to provide a default frequency close to its nominal frequency. A DFLL can be enabled for automatic run-time
calibration of the oscillator to compensate for temperature and voltage drift and optimize the oscillator accuracy.

7.4.2 External Clock Sources

The XTAL1 and XTAL2 pins can be used to drive an external oscillator, either a quartz crystal or a ceramic resonator.
XTAL1 can be used as input for an external clock signal. The TOSC1 and TOSC2 pins is dedicated to driving a
32.768kHz crystal oscillator.

7.4.2.1 0.4MHz - 16MHz Crystal Oscillator

This oscillator can operate in four different modes optimized for different frequency ranges, all within 0.4MHz - 16MHz.
Figure 7-2 shows a typical connection of a crystal oscillator or resonator.

Figure 7-2. Crystal Oscillator Connection

C2
XTAL2

C1
XTAL1

GND

Two capacitors, C1 and C2, may be added to match the required load capacitance for the connected crystal.

7.4.2.2 External Clock Input

To drive the device from an external clock source, XTAL1 must be driven as shown in Figure 7-3. In this mode, XTAL2
can be used as a general I/O pin.

Figure 7-3. External Clock Drive Configuration

General
Purpose XTAL2
I/O

External
Clock XTAL1
Signal

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 76
Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
7.4.2.3 32.768kHz Crystal Oscillator
A 32.768kHz crystal oscillator can be connected between the TOSC1 and TOSC2 pins and enables a dedicated low
frequency oscillator input circuit. A typical connection is shown in Figure 7-4. A low power mode with reduced voltage
swing on TOSC2 is available. This oscillator can be used as a clock source for the system clock and RTC, and as the
DFLL reference clock.

Figure 7-4. 32.768kHz Crystal Oscillator Connection

C2
TOSC2

C1
TOSC1

GND

Two capacitors, C1 and C2, may be added to match the required load capacitance for the connected crystal. For details
on recommended TOSC characteristics and capacitor load, refer to device datasheets.

7.5 System Clock Selection and Prescalers

All the calibrated internal oscillators, the external clock sources (XOSC), and the PLL output can be used as the system
clock source. The system clock source is selectable from software, and can be changed during normal operation. Built-in
hardware protection prevents unsafe clock switching. It is not possible to select a non-stable or disabled oscillator as the
clock source, or to disable the oscillator currently used as the system clock source. Each oscillator option has a status
flag that can be read from software to check that the oscillator is ready.
The system clock is fed into a prescaler block that can divide the clock signal by a factor from 1 to 2048 before it is routed
to the CPU and peripherals. The prescaler settings can be changed from software during normal operation. The first
stage, prescaler A, can divide by a factor of from 1 to 512. Then, prescalers B and C can be individually configured to
either pass the clock through or combine divide it by a factor from 1 to 4. The prescaler guarantees that derived clocks
are always in phase, and that no glitches or intermediate frequencies occur when changing the prescaler setting. The
prescaler settings are updated in accordance with the rising edge of the slowest clock.

Figure 7-5. System Clock Selection and Prescalers

Clock Selection

Internal 32.768kHz Osc.

ClkPER4 ClkPER2
Internal 2MHz Osc.
ClkCPU
Internal 32MHz Osc. ClkSYS Prescaler A Prescaler B Prescaler C
1, 2, 4, ... , 512 1, 2, 4 1, 2 ClkPER
Internal PLL.

External Oscillator or Clock.

Prescaler A divides the system clock, and the resulting clock is clkPER4. Prescalers B and C can be enabled to divide the
clock speed further to enable peripheral modules to run at twice or four times the CPU clock frequency. If Prescalers B
and C are not used, all the clocks will run at the same frequency as the output from Prescaler A.
The system clock selection and prescaler registers are protected by the configuration change protection mechanism,
employing a timed write procedure for changing the system clock and prescaler settings. For details, refer to
“Configuration Change Protection” on page 13.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 77
Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
7.6 PLL with 1x-31x Multiplication Factor
The built-in phase locked loop (PLL) can be used to generate a high-frequency system clock. The PLL has a user-
selectable multiplication factor of from 1 to 31. The output frequency, fOUT, is given by the input frequency, fIN, multiplied
by the multiplication factor, PLL_FAC.

f OUT = f IN  PLL_FAC

Four different clock sources can be chosen as input to the PLL:

 2MHz internal oscillator
 32MHz internal oscillator divided by 4
 0.4MHz - 16MHz crystal oscillator
 External clock
To enable the PLL, the following procedure must be followed:
1. Enable reference clock source.
2. Set the multiplication factor and select the clock reference for the PLL.
3. Wait until the clock reference source is stable.
4. Enable the PLL.
Hardware ensures that the PLL configuration cannot be changed when the PLL is in use. The PLL must be disabled
before a new configuration can be written.
It is not possible to use the PLL before the selected clock source is stable and the PLL has locked.
The reference clock source cannot be disabled while the PLL is running.

7.7 DFLL 2MHz and DFLL 32MHz

Two built-in digital frequency locked loops (DFLLs) can be used to improve the accuracy of the 2MHz and 32MHz
internal oscillators. The DFLL compares the oscillator frequency with a more accurate reference clock to do automatic
run-time calibration of the oscillator and compensate for temperature and voltage drift. The choices for the reference
clock sources are:
 32.768kHz calibrated internal oscillator
 32.768kHz crystal oscillator connected to the TOSC pins
 External clock
 USB start of frame
The DFLLs divide the oscillator reference clock by 32 to use a 1.024kHz reference. The reference clock is individually
selected for each DFLL, as shown on Figure 7-6 on page 79.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 78
Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
Figure 7-6. DFLL Reference Clock Selection
XOSCSEL

TOSC1
32.768 kHz Crystal Osc
TOSC2

XTAL1 External Clock

32.768 kHz Int. Osc

DIV32 DIV32
USB Start of Frame
clkRC2MCREF

clkRC32MCREF

DFLL32M

32 MHz Int. RCOSC

DFLL2M

2 MHz Int. RCOSC

The ideal counter value representing the frequency ratio between the internal oscillator and a 1.024kHz reference clock
is loaded into the DFLL oscillator compare register (COMP) during reset. For the 32MHz oscillator, this register can be
written from software to make the oscillator run at a different frequency or when the ratio between the reference clock
and the oscillator is different (for example when the USB start of frame is used). The 48MHz calibration values must be
read from the production signature row and written to the 32MHz CAL register before the DFLL is enabled with USB SOF
as reference source.
The value that should be written to the COMP register is given by the following formula:

f OSC
COMP  hex ( )
f RCnCREF

When the DFLL is enabled, it controls the ratio between the reference clock frequency and the oscillator frequency. If the
internal oscillator runs too fast or too slow, the DFLL will decrement or increment its calibration register value by one to
adjust the oscillator frequency. The oscillator is considered running too fast or too slow when the error is more than a half
calibration step size.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 79
Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
 Figure 7-7. Automatic Run-time Calibration

clkRCnCREF

DFLL CNT tRCnCREF

COMP

RCOSC slow,
Frequency CALA incremented
OK RCOSC fast,
CALA decremented

The DFLL will stop when entering a sleep mode where the oscillators are stopped. After wake up, the DFLL will continue
with the calibration value found before entering sleep. The reset value of the DFLL calibration register can be read from
the production signature row.
When the DFLL is disabled, the DFLL calibration register can be written from software for manual run-time calibration of
the oscillator.

7.8 PLL and External Clock Source Failure Monitor

A built-in failure monitor is available for the PLL and external clock source. If the failure monitor is enabled for the PLL
and/or the external clock source, and this clock source fails (the PLL looses lock or the external clock source stops) while
being used as the system clock, the device will:
 Switch to run the system clock from the 2MHz internal oscillator
 Reset the oscillator control register and system clock selection register to their default values
 Set the failure detection interrupt flag for the failing clock source (PLL or external clock)
 Issue a non-maskable interrupt (NMI)
If the PLL or external clock source fails when not being used for the system clock, it is automatically disabled, and the
system clock will continue to operate normally. No NMI is issued. The failure monitor is meant for external clock sources
above 32kHz. It cannot be used for slower external clocks.
When the failure monitor is enabled, it will not be disabled until the next reset.
The failure monitor is stopped in all sleep modes where the PLL or external clock source are stopped. During wake up
from sleep, it is automatically restarted.
The PLL and external clock source failure monitor settings are protected by the configuration change protection
mechanism, employing a timed write procedure for changing the settings. For details, refer to “Configuration Change
Protection” on page 13.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 80
Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
7.9 Register Description – Clock

7.9.1 CTRL – Control Register

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x00 – – – – – SCLKSEL[2:0]
Read/Write R R R R R R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

 Bit 7:3 – Reserved

These bits are unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write these bits to zero
when this register is written.
 Bit 2:0 – SCLKSEL[2:0]: System Clock Selection
These bits are used to select the source for the system clock. See Table 7-1 for the different selections. Changing the
system clock source will take two clock cycles on the old clock source and two more clock cycles on the new clock
source. These bits are protected by the configuration change protection mechanism. For details, refer to “Configuration
Change Protection” on page 13.
SCLKSEL cannot be changed if the new clock source is not stable. The old clock can not be disabled until the clock
switching is completed.

Table 7-1. System Clock Selection

SCLKSEL[2:0] Group configuration Description

000 RC2MHZ 2MHz internal oscillator

001 RC32MHZ 32MHz internal oscillator

010 RC32KHZ 32.768kHz internal oscillator

011 XOSC External oscillator or clock

100 PLL Phase locked loop

101 – Reserved

110 – Reserved

111 – Reserved

7.9.2 PSCTRL – Prescaler Register

This register is protected by the configuration change protection mechanism. For details, refer to “Configuration Change
Protection” on page 13.
Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x01 – PSADIV[4:0] PSBCDIV
Read/Write R R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

 Bit 7 – Reserved
This bit is unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write this bit to zero when this
register is written.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 81
Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
  Bit 6:2 – PSADIV[4:0]: Prescaler A Division Factor
These bits define the division ratio of the clock prescaler A according to Table 7-2. These bits can be written at run-time
to change the frequency of the ClkPER4 clock relative to the system clock, ClkSYS.

Table 7-2. Prescaler A Division Factor

PSADIV[4:0] Group configuration Description

00000 1 No division

00001 2 Divide by 2

00011 4 Divide by 4

00101 8 Divide by 8

00111 16 Divide by 16

01001 32 Divide by 32

01011 64 Divide by 64

01101 128 Divide by 128

01111 256 Divide by 256

10001 512 Divide by 512

10101 – Reserved

10111 – Reserved

11001 – Reserved

11011 – Reserved

11101 – Reserved

11111 – Reserved

 Bit 1:0 – PSBCDIV: Prescaler B and C Division Factors

These bits define the division ratio of the clock prescalers B and C according to Table 7-3. Prescaler B will set the clock
frequency for the ClkPER2 clock relative to the ClkPER4 clock. Prescaler C will set the clock frequency for the ClkPER and
ClkCPU clocks relative to the ClkPER2 clock. Refer to Figure 7-5 on page 77 fore more details.

Table 7-3. Prescaler B and C Division Factors

PSBCDIV[1:0] Group configuration Prescaler B division Prescaler C division

00 1_1 No division No division

01 1_2 No division Divide by 2

10 4_1 Divide by 4 No division

11 2_2 Divide by 2 Divide by 2

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 82
Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
7.9.3 LOCK – Lock Register

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x02 – – – – – – – LOCK
Read/Write R R R R R R R R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

 Bit 7:1 – Reserved

These bits are unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write these bits to zero
when this register is written.
 Bit 0 – LOCK: Clock System Lock
When this bit is written to one, the CTRL and PSCTRL registers cannot be changed, and the system clock selection and
prescaler settings are protected against all further updates until after the next reset. This bit is protected by the
configuration change protection mechanism. For details, refer to “Configuration Change Protection” on page 13.
The LOCK bit can be cleared only by a reset.

7.9.4 RTCCTRL – RTC Control Register

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x03 – – – – RTCSRC[2:0] RTCEN
Read/Write R R R R R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

 Bit 7:4 – Reserved

These bits are unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write these bits to zero
when this register is written.
 Bit 3:1 – RTCSRC[2:0]: RTC Clock Source
These bits select the clock source for the real-time counter according to Table 7-4.

Table 7-4. RTC Clock Source Selection

RTCSRC[2:0] Group configuration Description

000 ULP 1kHz from 32kHz internal ULP oscillator

001 TOSC 1.024kHz from 32.768kHz crystal oscillator on TOSC

010 RCOSC 1.024kHz from 32.768kHz internal oscillator

011 — Reserved

100 — Reserved

101 TOSC32 32.768kHz from 32.768kHz crystal oscillator on TOSC

110 RCOSC32 32.768kHz from 32.768kHz internal oscillator

111 EXTCLK External clock from TOSC1

 Bit 0 – RTCEN: RTC Clock Source Enable

Setting the RTCEN bit enables the selected RTC clock source for the real-time counter.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 83
Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
7.9.5 USBSCTRL – USB Control Register

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x04 – – USBPSDIV[2:0] USBSRC[1:0] USBSEN
Read/Write R R R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

 Bit 7:6 – Reserved

These bits are unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write these bits to zero
when this register is written.
 Bit 5:3 – USBPSDIV[2:0]: USB Prescaler Division Factor
These bits define the division ratio of the USB clock prescaler according to Table 7-5. These bits are locked as long as
the USB clock source is enabled.

Table 7-5. USB Prescaler Division Factor

USBPSDIV[2:0] Group configuration Description

000 1 No division

001 2 Divide by 2

010 4 Divide by 4

011 8 Divide by 8

100 16 Divide by 16

101 32 Divide by 32

110 — Reserved

111 — Reserved

 Bit 2:1 – USBSRC[1:0]: USB Clock Source

These bits select the clock source for the USB module according to Table 7-6.

Table 7-6. USB Clock Source

USBSRC[1:0] Group configuration Description

00 PLL PLL

01 RC32M 32MHz internal oscillator(1)

Note: 1. The 32MHz internal oscillator must be calibrated to 48MHz before selecting this as source for the USB device module. Refer to “DFLL 2MHz and
DFLL 32MHz” on page 78.

 Bit 0 – USBSEN: USB Clock Source Enable

Setting this bit enables the selected clock source for the USB device module.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 84
Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
7.10 Register Description – Oscillator

7.10.1 CTRL – Oscillator Control Register

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x00 – – – PLLEN XOSCEN RC32KEN RC32MEN RC2MEN
Read/Write R R R R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1

 Bit 7:5 – Reserved

These bits are unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write these bits to zero
when this register is written.
 Bit 4 – PLLEN: PLL Enable
Setting this bit enables the PLL. Before the PLL is enabled, it must be configured with the desired multiplication factor
and clock source. See “STATUS – Oscillator Status Register” .
 Bit 3 – XOSCEN: External Oscillator Enable
Setting this bit enables the selected external clock source. Refer to “XOSCCTRL – XOSC Control Register” on page 86
for details on how to select the external clock source. The external clock source should be allowed time to stabilize
before it is selected as the source for the system clock. See “STATUS – Oscillator Status Register” .
 Bit 2 – RC32KEN: 32.768kHz Internal Oscillator Enable
Setting this bit enables the 32.768kHz internal oscillator. The oscillator must be stable before it is selected as the source
for the system clock. See “STATUS – Oscillator Status Register” .
 Bit 1 – RC32MEN: 32MHz Internal Oscillator Enable
Setting this bit will enable the 32MHz internal oscillator. The oscillator must be stable before it is selected as the source
for the system clock. See “STATUS – Oscillator Status Register” .
 Bit 0 – RC2MEN: 2MHz Internal Oscillator Enable
Setting this bit enables the 2MHz internal oscillator. The oscillator must be stable before it is selected as the source for
the system clock. See “STATUS – Oscillator Status Register” .
By default, the 2MHz internal oscillator is enabled and this bit is set.

7.10.2 STATUS – Oscillator Status Register

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x01 – – – PLLRDY XOSCRDY RC32KRDY RC32MRDY RC2MRDY
Read/Write R R R R R R R R
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

 Bit 7:5 – Reserved

These bits are unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write these bits to zero
when this register is written.
 Bit 4 – PLLRDY: PLL Ready
This flag is set when the PLL has locked on the selected frequency and is ready to be used as the system clock source.
 Bit 3 – XOSCRDY: External Clock Source Ready
This flag is set when the external clock source is stable and is ready to be used as the system clock source.
 Bit 2 – RC32KRDY: 32.768kHz Internal Oscillator Ready
This flag is set when the 32.768kHz internal oscillator is stable and is ready to be used as the system clock source.
 Bit 1 – RC32MRDY: 32MHz Internal Oscillator Ready
This flag is set when the 32MHz internal oscillator is stable and is ready to be used as the system clock source.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 85
Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
  Bit 0 – RC2MRDY: 2MHz Internal Oscillator Ready
This flag is set when the 2MHz internal oscillator is stable and is ready to be used as the system clock source.

7.10.3 XOSCCTRL – XOSC Control Register

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x02 FRQRANGE[1:0] X32KLPM XOSCPWR XOSCSEL[3:0]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

 Bit 7:6 – FRQRANGE[1:0]: 0.4 - 16MHz Crystal Oscillator Frequency Range Select
These bits select the frequency range for the connected crystal oscillator according to Table 7-7.

Table 7-7. 16MHz Crystal Oscillator Frequency Range Selection

Typical frequency range Recommended range for

FRQRANGE[1:0] Group configuration [MHz] capacitors C1 and C2 [pF]

00 04TO2 0.4 - 2 100-300

01 2TO9 2-9 10-40

10 9TO12 9 - 12 10-40

11 12TO16 12 - 16 10-30

 Bit 5 – X32KLPM: Crystal Oscillator 32.768kHz Low Power Mode

Setting this bit enables the low power mode for the 32.768kHz crystal oscillator. This will reduce the swing on the TOSC2
pin.
 Bit 4 – XOSCPWR: Crystal Oscillator Drive
Setting this bit will increase the current in the 0.4MHz - 16MHz crystal oscillator and increase the swing on the XTAL2
pin. This allows for driving crystals with higher load or higher frequency than specified by the FRQRANGE bits.
 Bit 3:0 – XOSCSEL[3:0]: Crystal Oscillator Selection
These bits select the type and start-up time for the crystal or resonator that is connected to the XTAL or TOSC pins. See
Table 7-8 on page 87 for crystal selections. If an external clock or external oscillator is selected as the source for the
system clock, see “CTRL – Oscillator Control Register” on page 85. This configuration cannot be changed.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 86
Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
 Table 7-8. External Oscillator Selection and Start-up Time

XOSCSEL[3:0] Group configuration Selected clock source Start-up time

0000 EXTCLK(3) External clock 6 CLK

(3)
0010 32KHZ 32.768kHz TOSC 16K CLK

0011 XTAL_256CLK(1) 0.4MHz - 16MHz XTAL 256 CLK

0111 XTAL_1KCLK(2) 0.4MHz - 16MHz XTAL 1K CLK

1011 XTAL_16KCLK 0.4MHz - 16MHz XTAL 16K CLK

Notes: 1. This option should be used only when frequency stability at startup is not important for the application. The option is not suitable for crystals.
2. This option is intended for use with ceramic resonators. It can also be used when the frequency stability at startup is not important for the
application.
3. When the external oscillator is used as the reference for a DFLL, only EXTCLK and 32KHZ can be selected.

7.10.4 XOSCFAIL – XOSC Failure Detection Register

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x03 – – – – PLLFDIF PLLFDEN XOSCFDIF XOSCFDEN
Read/Write R R R R R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

 Bit 7:4 – Reserved

These bits are unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write these bits to zero
when this register is written.
 Bit 3 – PLLFDIF: PLL Fault Detection Flag
If PLL failure detection is enabled, PLLFDIF is set when the PLL looses lock. Writing logic one to this location will clear
PLLFDIF.
 Bit 2 – PLLFDEN: PLL Fault Detection Enable
Setting this bit will enable PLL failure detection. A non-maskable interrupt will be issued when PLLFDIF is set.
This bit is protected by the configuration change protection mechanism. Refer to “Configuration Change Protection” on
page 13 for details.
 Bit 1 – XOSCFDIF: Failure Detection Interrupt Flag
If the external clock source oscillator failure monitor is enabled, XOSCFDIF is set when a failure is detected. Writing logic
one to this location will clear XOSCFDIF.
 Bit 0 – XOSCFDEN: Failure Detection Enable
Setting this bit will enable the failure detection monitor, and a non-maskable interrupt will be issued when XOSCFDIF is
set.
This bit is protected by the configuration change protection mechanism. Refer to “Configuration Change Protection” on
page 13 for details. Once enabled, failure detection can only be disabled by a reset.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 87
Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
7.10.5 RC32KCAL – 32kHz Oscillator Calibration Register

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x04 RC32KCAL[7:0]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value x x x x x x x x

 Bit 7:0 – RC32KCAL[7:0]: 32.768kHz Internal Oscillator Calibration bits

This register is used to calibrate the 32.768kHz internal oscillator. A factory-calibrated value is loaded from the signature
row of the device and written to this register during reset, giving an oscillator frequency close to 32.768kHz. The register
can also be written from software to calibrate the oscillator frequency during normal operation.

7.10.6 PLLCTRL – PLL Control Register

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x05 PLLSRC[1:0] PLLDIV PLLFAC[4:0]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

 Bit 7:6 – PLLSRC[1:0]: Clock Source

The PLLSRC bits select the input source for the PLL according to Table 7-9.

Table 7-9. PLL Clock Source

PLLSRC[1:0] Group configuration PLL input source

00 RC2M 2MHz internal oscillator

01 — Reserved

10 RC32M 32MHz internal oscillator

11 XOSC External clock source(1)

Notes: 1. The 32.768kHz TOSC cannot be selected as the source for the PLL. An external clock must be a minimum 0.4MHz to be used as the source clock.

 Bit 5 – PLLDIV: PLL Divided Output Enable

Setting this bit will divide the output from the PLL by 2.
 Bit 4:0 – PLLFAC[4:0]: Multiplication Factor
These bits select the multiplication factor for the PLL. The multiplication factor can be in the range of from 1x to 31x.

7.10.7 DFLLCTRL – DFLL Control Register

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x06 – – – – – RC32MCREF[1:0] RC2MCREF
Read/Write R R R R R R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

 Bit 7:3 – Reserved

These bits are unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write these bits to zero
when this register is written.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 88
Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
  Bit 2:1 – RC32MCREF[1:0]: 32MHz Oscillator Calibration Reference
These bits are used to select the calibration source for the 32MHz DFLL according to the Table 7-10. These bits will
select only which calibration source to use for the DFLL. In addition, the actual clock source that is selected must enabled
and configured for the calibration to function.

Table 7-10. 32MHz Oscillator Reference Selection

RC32MCREF[1:0] Group configuration Description

00 RC32K 32.768kHz internal oscillator

01 XOSC32 32.768kHz crystal oscillator on TOSC

10 USBSOF USB start of frame

11 – Reserved

 Bit 0 – RC2MCREF: 2MHz Oscillator Calibration Reference

This bit is used to select the calibration source for the 2MHz DFLL. By default, this bit is zero and the 32.768kHz internal
oscillator is selected. If this bit is set to one, the 32.768kHz crystal oscillator on TOSC is selected as the reference. This
bit will select only which calibration source to use for the DFLL. In addition, the actual clock source that is selected must
enabled and configured for the calibration to function.

7.11 Register Description – DFLL32M/DFLL2M

7.11.1 CTRL – DFLL Control Register

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x00 – – – – – – – ENABLE
Read/Write R R R R R R R R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

 Bit 7:1 – Reserved

These bits are unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write these bits to zero
when this register is written.
 Bit 0 – ENABLE: DFLL Enable
Setting this bit enables the DFLL and auto-calibration of the internal oscillator. The reference clock must be enabled and
stable before the DFLL is enabled.
After disabling the DFLL, the reference clock can not be disabled before the ENABLE bit is read as zero.

7.11.2 CALA – DFLL Calibration Register A

The CALA and CALB registers hold the 13-bit DFLL calibration value that is used for automatic run-time calibration of the
internal oscillator. When the DFLL is disabled, the calibration registers can be written by software for manual run-time
calibration of the oscillator. The oscillators will also be calibrated according to the calibration value in these registers
when the DFLL is disabled.
Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x02 – CALA[6:0]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 x x x x x x x

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 89
Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
  Bit 7 – Reserved
This bit is unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write this bit to zero when this
register is written.
 Bit 6:0 – CALA[6:0]: DFLL Calibration Bits
These bits hold the part of the oscillator calibration value that is used for automatic runtime calibration. A factory-
calibrated value is loaded from the signature row of the device and written to this register during reset, giving an oscillator
frequency approximate to the nominal frequency for the oscillator. The bits cannot be written when the DFLL is enabled.

7.11.3 CALB – DFLL Calibration Register B

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x03 – – CALB[5:0]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 x x x x x x

 Bit 7:6 – Reserved

These bits are unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write these bits to zero
when this register is written.
 Bit 5:0 – CALB[5:0]: DFLL Calibration bits
These bits hold the part of the oscillator calibration value that is used to select the oscillator frequency. A factory-
calibrated value is loaded from the signature row of the device and written to this register during reset, giving an oscillator
frequency approximate to the nominal frequency for the oscillator. These bits are not changed during automatic run-time
calibration of the oscillator. The bits cannot be written when the DFLL is enabled. When calibrating to a frequency
different from the default, the CALA bits should be set to a middle value to maximize the range for the DFLL.

7.11.4 COMP1 – DFLL Compare Register 1

The COMP1 and COMP2 register pair represent the frequency ratio between the oscillator and the reference clock. The
initial value for these registers is the ratio between the internal oscillator frequency and a 1.024kHz reference
Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x05 COMP[7:0]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

 Bit 7:0 – COMP1[7:0]: Compare value byte 1

These bits hold byte 1 of the 16-bit compare register.

7.11.5 COMP2 – DFLL Compare Register 2

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x06 COMP[15:8]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

 Bit 7:0 – COMP2[15:8]: Compare Register value byte 2

These bits hold byte 2 of the 16-bit compare register.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 90
Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
Table 7-11. Nominal DFLL32M COMP Values for Different Output Frequencies

Oscillator frequency [MHz] COMP value (ClkRCnCREF = 1.024kHz)

30.0 0x7270

32.0 0x7A12

34.0 0x81B3

36.0 0x8954

38.0 0x90F5

40.0 0x9896

42.0 0xA037

44.0 0xA7D8

46.0 0xAF79

48.0 0xB71B

50.0 0xBEBC

52.0 0xC65D

54.0 0xCDFE

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 91
Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
7.12 Register Summary - Clock
Address Name Bit 7 Bit 6 Bit 5 Bit 4 Bit 3 Bit 2 Bit 1 Bit 0 Page
+0x00 CTRL – – – – – SCLKSEL[2:0] 81
+0x01 PSCTRL – PSADIV[4:0] PSBCDIV[1:0] 81
+0x02 LOCK – – – – – – – LOCK 83
+0x03 RTCCTRL – – – – RTCSRC[2:0] RTCEN 83
+0x04 USBSCTR – – USBPSDIV[2:0] USBSRC[1:0] USBSEN 84
+0x05 Reserved – – – – – – – –
+0x06 Reserved – – – – – – – –
+0x07 Reserved – – – – – – – –

7.13 Register Summary - Oscillator

Address Name Bit 7 Bit 6 Bit 5 Bit 4 Bit 3 Bit 2 Bit 1 Bit 0 Page
+0x00 CTRL – – – PLLEN XOSCEN RC32KEN R32MEN RC2MEN 85
+0x01 STATUS – – – PLLRDY XOSCRDY RC32KRD R32MRDY RC2MRDY 85
+0x02 XOSCCTR FRQRANGE[1:0] X32KLPM XOSCPW XOSCSEL[3:0] 86
+0x03 XOSCFAIL – – – – PLLFDIF PLLFDEN XOSCFDIF XOSCFDEN 87
+0x04 RC32KCAL RC32KCAL[7:0] 88
+0x05 PLLCTRL PLLSRC[1:0] – PLLFAC[4:0] 88
+0x06 DFLLCTRL – – – – – RC32MCREF[1:0] RC2MCREF 88
+0x07 Reserved – – – – – – – –

7.14 Register Summary - DFLL32M/DFLL2M

Address Name Bit 7 Bit 6 Bit 5 Bit 4 Bit 3 Bit 2 Bit 1 Bit 0 Page
+0x00 CTRL – – – – – – – ENABLE 89
+0x01 Reserved – – – – – – – –
+0x02 CALA – CALA[6:0] 89
+0x03 CALB – – CALB[5:0] 90
+0x04 Reserved – – – – – – – –
+0x05 COMP1 COMP[7:0] 90
+0x06 COMP2 COMP[15:8] 90
+0x07 Reserved – – – – – – – –

7.15 Oscillator Failure Interrupt Vector Summary

Offset Source Interrupt description

0x00 OSCF_vect PLL and external oscillator failure interrupt vector (NMI)

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 92
Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
8. Power Management and Sleep Modes

8.1 Features
 Power management for adjusting power consumption and functions
 Five sleep modes
 Idle
 Power down
 Power save
 Standby
 Extended standby
 Power reduction register to disable clock and turn off unused peripherals in active and idle modes

8.2 Overview
Various sleep modes and clock gating are provided in order to tailor power consumption to application requirements.
This enables the XMEGA microcontroller to stop unused modules to save power.
All sleep modes are available and can be entered from active mode. In active mode, the CPU is executing application
code. When the device enters sleep mode, program execution is stopped and interrupts or a reset is used to wake the
device again. The application code decides which sleep mode to enter and when. Interrupts from enabled peripherals
and all enabled reset sources can restore the microcontroller from sleep to active mode.
In addition, power reduction registers provide a method to stop the clock to individual peripherals from software. When
this is done, the current state of the peripheral is frozen, and there is no power consumption from that peripheral. This
reduces the power consumption in active mode and idle sleep modes and enables much more fine-tuned power
management than sleep modes alone.

8.3 Sleep Modes

Sleep modes are used to shut down modules and clock domains in the microcontroller in order to save power. XMEGA
microcontrollers have five different sleep modes tuned to match the typical functional stages during application
execution. A dedicated sleep instruction (SLEEP) is available to enter sleep mode. Interrupts are used to wake the
device from sleep, and the available interrupt wake-up sources are dependent on the configured sleep mode. When an
enabled interrupt occurs, the device will wake up and execute the interrupt service routine before continuing normal
program execution from the first instruction after the SLEEP instruction. If other, higher priority interrupts are pending
when the wake-up occurs, their interrupt service routines will be executed according to their priority before the interrupt
service routine for the wake-up interrupt is executed. After wake-up, the CPU is halted for four cycles before execution
starts.
Table 8-1 on page 94 shows the different sleep modes and the active clock domains, oscillators, and wake-up sources.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 93
Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
 Table 8-1. Active Clock Domains and Wake-up Sources in the Different Sleep Modes

Active clock domain Oscillators Wake-up sources

Asynchronous port interrupts

TWI address match interrupts

Real time clock interrupts

Peripheral and USB clock

System clock source

RTC clock source

All interrupts
USB resume
CPU clock

RTC clock
Sleep Modes

Idle X X X X X X X X X

Power down X X X

Power save X X X X X X

Standby X X X X

Extended standby X X X X X X X

The wake-up time for the device is dependent on the sleep mode and the main clock source. The startup time for the
system clock source must be added to the wake-up time for sleep modes where the system clock source is not kept
running. For details on the startup time for the different oscillator options, refer to “System Clock and Clock Options” on
page 73.
The content of the register file, SRAM and registers are kept during sleep. If a reset occurs during sleep, the device will
reset, start up, and execute from the reset vector.

8.3.1 Idle Mode

In idle mode the CPU and nonvolatile memory are stopped (note that any ongoing programming will be completed), but
all peripherals, including the interrupt controller, event system, and DMA controller are kept running. Any enabled
interrupt will wake the device.

8.3.2 Power-down Mode

In power-down mode, all clocks, including the real-time counter clock source, are stopped. This allows operation only of
asynchronous modules that do not require a running clock. The only interrupts that can wake up the MCU are the two-
wire interface address match interrupt, asynchronous port interrupts, and the USB resume interrupt.

8.3.3 Power-save Mode

Power-save mode is identical to power down, with one exception. If the real-time counter (RTC) is enabled, it will keep
running during sleep, and the device can also wake up from either an RTC overflow or compare match interrupt.

8.3.4 Standby Mode

Standby mode is identical to power down, with the exception that the enabled system clock sources are kept running
while the CPU, peripheral, and RTC clocks are stopped. This reduces the wake-up time.

8.3.5 Extended Standby Mode

Extended standby mode is identical to power-save mode, with the exception that the enabled system clock sources are
kept running while the CPU and peripheral clocks are stopped. This reduces the wake-up time.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 94
Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
8.4 Power Reduction Registers
The power reduction (PR) registers provide a method to stop the clock to individual peripherals. When this is done, the
current state of the peripheral is frozen and the associated I/O registers cannot be read or written. Resources used by the
peripheral will remain occupied; hence, the peripheral should be disabled before stopping the clock. Enabling the clock to
a peripheral again puts the peripheral in the same state as before it was stopped. This can be used in idle mode and
active modes to reduce the overall power consumption. In all other sleep modes, the peripheral clock is already stopped.
Not all devices have all the peripherals associated with a bit in the power reduction registers. Setting a power reduction
bit for a peripheral that is not available will have no effect.

8.5 Minimizing Power Consumption

There are several possibilities to consider when trying to minimize the power consumption in an AVR MCU controlled
system. In general, correct sleep modes should be selected and used to ensure that only the modules required for the
application are operating.
All unneeded functions should be disabled. In particular, the following modules may need special consideration when
trying to achieve the lowest possible power consumption.

8.5.1 Analog-to-Digital Converter - ADC

When entering idle mode, the ADC should be disabled if not used. In other sleep modes, the ADC is automatically
disabled. When the ADC is turned off and on again, the next conversion will be an extended conversion. Refer to “ADC –
Analog-to-Digital Converter” on page 279 for details on ADC operation.

8.5.2 Analog Comparator - AC

When entering idle mode, the analog comparator should be disabled if not used. In other sleep modes, the analog
comparator is automatically disabled. However, if the analog comparator is set up to use the internal voltage reference as
input, the analog comparator should be disabled in all sleep modes. Otherwise, the internal voltage reference will be
enabled, irrespective of sleep mode. Refer to “AC – Analog Comparator” on page 303 for details on how to configure the
analog comparator.

8.5.3 Brownout Detector

If the brownout detector is not needed by the application, this module should be turned off. If the brownout detector is
enabled by the BODLEVEL fuses, it will be enabled in all sleep modes, and always consume power. In the deeper sleep
modes, it can be turned off and set in sampled mode to reduce current consumption. Refer to “Brownout Detection” on
page 102 for details on how to configure the brownout detector.

8.5.4 Watchdog Timer

If the watchdog timer is not needed in the application, the module should be turned off. If the watchdog timer is enabled,
it will be enabled in all sleep modes and, hence, always consume power. Refer to “WDT – Watchdog Timer” on page 107
for details on how to configure the watchdog timer.

8.5.5 Port Pins

When entering a sleep mode, all port pins should be configured to use minimum power. Most important is to ensure that
no pins drive resistive loads. In sleep modes where the Peripheral Clock (ClkPER) is stopped, the input buffers of the
device will be disabled. This ensures that no power is consumed by the input logic when not needed.

8.5.6 On-chip Debug Systems

If the On-chip debug system is enabled and the chip enters sleep mode, the main clock source is enabled and hence
always consumes power. In the deeper sleep modes, this will contribute significantly to the total current consumption.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 95
Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
8.6 Register Description – Sleep

8.6.1 CTRL – Control Register

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x00 – – – – SMODE[2:0] SEN
Read/Write R R R R R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

 Bit 7:4 – Reserved

These bits are unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write these bits to zero
when this register is written.
 Bit 3:1 – SMODE[2:0]: Sleep Mode Selection
These bits select sleep modes according to Table 8-2.

Table 8-2. Sleep Mode

SMODE[2:0] Group configuration Description

000 IDLE Idle mode

001 – Reserved

010 PDOWN Power-down mode

011 PSAVE Power-save mode

100 – Reserved

101 – Reserved

110 STDBY Standby mode

111 ESTDBY Extended standby mode

 Bit 0 – SEN: Sleep Enable

This bit must be set to make the MCU enter the selected sleep mode when the SLEEP instruction is executed. To avoid
unintentional entering of sleep modes, it is recommended to write SEN just before executing the SLEEP instruction and
clear it immediately after waking up.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 96
Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
8.7 Register Description – Power Reduction

8.7.1 PRGEN – General Power Reduction Register

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x00 – USB – AES – RTC EVSYS DMA
Read/Write R R/W R R/W R R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

 Bit 7 – Reserved
This bit is unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write this bit to zero when this
register is written.
 Bit 6 – USB: USB Module
Setting this bit stops the clock to the USB module. When this bit is cleared, the peripheral should be reinitialized to
ensure proper operation.
 Bit 5 – Reserved
This bit is unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write this bit to zero when this
register is written.
 Bit 4 – AES: AES Module
Setting this bit stops the clock to the AES module. When this bit is cleared, the peripheral should be reinitialized to
ensure proper operation.
 Bit 3 – Reserved
This bit is unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write this bit to zero when this
register is written.
 Bit 2 – RTC: Real-Time Counter
Setting this bit turns off the peripheral clock to the RTC. This means that register access, interrupt generation and event
generation is stopped, but the counter will continue to run.
 Bit 1 – EVSYS: Event System
Setting this stops the clock to the event system. When this bit is cleared, the module will continue as before it was
stopped.
 Bit 0 – DMA: DMA Controller
Setting this bit stops the clock to the DMA controller. This bit can be set only if the DMA controller is disabled.

8.7.2 PRPA – Power Reduction Port A Register

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x01/+0x02 – – – – – – ADC AC
Read/Write R R R R R R R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Note: Disabling of analog modules stops the clock to the analog blocks themselves and not only the interfaces.
 Bit 7:2 – Reserved
These bits are unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write these bits to zero
when this register is written.
 Bit 1 – ADC: Power Reduction ADC
Setting this bit stops the clock to the ADC. The ADC should be disabled before stopped.
 Bit 0 – AC: Power Reduction Analog Comparator
Setting this bit stops the clock to the analog comparator. The AC should be disabled before shutdown.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 97
Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
8.7.3 PRPC/D/E/F – Power Reduction Port C/D/E/F Register

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x03/+0x04/
– TWI – USART0 SPI(1) HIRES(2) TC1(2) TC0
+0x05/+0x06
Read/Write R R/W R R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Notes: 1. Only available for PRPC and PRPD. Reserved bit for PRPE and PRPF.
2. Only available for PRPC. Reserved bit for PRPD, PRPE and PRPF.

 Bit 7 – Reserved
This bit is unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write this bit to zero when this
register is written.
 Bit 6 – TWI: Two-Wire Interface
Setting this bit stops the clock to the two-wire interface. When this bit is cleared, the peripheral should be reinitialized to
ensure proper operation.
 Bit 5 – Reserved
This bit is unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write this bit to zero when this
register is written.
 Bit 4 – USART0
Setting this bit stops the clock to USART0. When this bit is cleared, the peripheral should be reinitialized to ensure proper
operation.
 Bit 3 – SPI: Serial Peripheral Interface
Setting this bit stops the clock to the SPI. When this bit is cleared, the peripheral should be reinitialized to ensure proper
operation.
 Bit 2 – HIRES: High-Resolution Extension
Setting this bit stops the clock to the high-resolution extension for the timer/counters. When this bit is cleared, the
peripheral should be reinitialized to ensure proper operation.
 Bit 1 – TC1: Timer/Counter 1
Setting this bit stops the clock to timer/counter 1. When these bit is cleared, the peripheral will continue like before the
shut down.
 Bit 0 – TC0: Timer/Counter 0
Setting this bit stops the clock to timer/counter 0. When this bit is cleared, the peripheral will continue like before the shut
down.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 98
Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
8.8 Register Summary – Sleep
Address Name Bit 7 Bit 6 Bit 5 Bit 4 Bit 3 Bit 2 Bit 1 Bit 0 Page
+0x00 CTRL – – – – SMODE[2:0] SEN 96

8.9 Register Summary – Power Reduction

Address Name Bit 7 Bit 6 Bit 5 Bit 4 Bit 3 Bit 2 Bit 1 Bit 0 Page
+0x00 PRGEN – USB – AES – RTC EVSYS DMA 97
+0x01 PRPA – – – – – – ADC AC 97
+0x02 Reserved – – – – – – – –
+0x03 PRPC – TWI – USART0 SPI HIRES TC1 TC0 98
+0x04 PRPD – – – USART0 SPI – – TC0 98
+0x05 PRPE – TWI – USART0 – – – TC0 98
+0x06 PRPF – – – USART0 – – – TC0 98

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 99
Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
9. Reset System

9.1 Features
 Reset the microcontroller and set it to initial state when a reset source goes active
 Multiple reset sources that cover different situations
 Power-on reset
 External reset
 Watchdog reset
 Brownout reset
 PDI reset
 Software reset
 Asynchronous operation
 No running system clock in the device is required for reset
 Reset status register for reading the reset source from the application code

9.2 Overview
The reset system issues a microcontroller reset and sets the device to its initial state. This is for situations where
operation should not start or continue, such as when the microcontroller operates below its power supply rating. If a reset
source goes active, the device enters and is kept in reset until all reset sources have released their reset. The I/O pins
are immediately tri-stated. The program counter is set to the reset vector location, and all I/O registers are set to their
initial values. The SRAM content is kept. However, if the device accesses the SRAM when a reset occurs, the content of
the accessed location can not be guaranteed.
After reset is released from all reset sources, the default oscillator is started and calibrated before the device starts
running from the reset vector address. By default, this is the lowest program memory address, 0, but it is possible to
move the reset vector to the lowest address in the boot section.
The reset functionality is asynchronous, and so no running system clock is required to reset the device. The software
reset feature makes it possible to issue a controlled system reset from the user software.
The reset status register has individual status flags for each reset source. It is cleared at power-on reset, and shows
which sources have issued a reset since the last power-on.
An overview of the reset system is shown in Figure 9-1 on page 101.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 100

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
 Figure 9-1. Reset System Overview

MCU Status
Register (MCUSR)

PORF
BORF
EXTRF
WDRF
JTRF
Power-on Reset

Brown-out
BODLEVEL [2:0] Reset
Pull-up Resistor

SPIKE External
FILTER Reset

PDI
Reset

Software
Reset

Watchdog
Reset

ULP
Delay Counters
Oscillator TIMEOUT

SUT[1:0]

9.3 Reset Sequence

A reset request from any reset source will immediately reset the device and keep it in reset as long as the request is
active. When all reset requests are released, the device will go through three stages before the device starts running
again:
 Reset counter delay
 Oscillator startup
 Oscillator calibration
If another reset requests occurs during this process, the reset sequence will start over again.

9.3.1 Reset Counter

The reset counter can delay reset release with a programmable period from when all reset requests are released. The
reset delay is timed from the 1kHz output of the ultra low power (ULP) internal oscillator, and in addition 24 System clock
(clkSYS) cycles are counted before reset is released. The reset delay is set by the STARTUPTIME fuse bits. The
selectable delays are shown in Table 9-1.

Table 9-1. Reset Delay

SUT[1:0] Number of 1kHz ULP oscillator clock cycles Recommended usage

00 64K ClkULP+ 24 ClkSYS Stable frequency at startup

01 4K ClkULP + 24 ClkSYS Slowly rising power

10 Reserved -

11 24 ClkSYS Fast rising power or BOD enabled

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 101

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
 Whenever a reset occurs, the clock system is reset and the internal 2MHz internal oscillator is chosen as the source for
ClkSYS.

9.3.2 Oscillator Startup

After the reset delay, the 2MHz internal oscillator clock is started, and its calibration values are automatically loaded from
the calibration row to the calibration registers.

9.4 Reset Sources

9.4.1 Power-on Reset

A power-on reset (POR) is generated by an on-chip detection circuit. The POR is activated when the VCC rises and
reaches the POR threshold voltage (VPOT), and this will start the reset sequence.
The POR is also activated to power down the device properly when the VCC falls and drops below the VPOT level.
The VPOT level is higher for falling VCCthan for rising VCC. Consult the datasheet for POR characteristics data.

Figure 9-2. MCU Startup, RESET Tied to VCC

VPOT
VCC

VRST
RESET

tTOUT
TIME-OUT

INTERNAL
RESET

Figure 9-3. MCU Startup, RESET Extended Externally

VPOT
VCC

VRST
RESET

tTOUT
TIME-OUT

INTERNAL
RESET

9.4.2 Brownout Detection

The on-chip brownout detection (BOD) circuit monitors the VCC level during operation by comparing it to a fixed,
programmable level that is selected by the BODLEVEL fuses. If disabled, BOD is forced on at the lowest level during chip
erase and when the PDI is enabled.
When the BOD is enabled and VCC decreases to a value below the trigger level (VBOT- in Figure 9-4 on page 103), the
brownout reset is immediately activated.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 102

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
When VCC increases above the trigger level (VBOT+ in Figure 9-4), the reset counter starts the MCU after the timeout
period, tTOUT, has expired.
The trigger level has a hysteresis to ensure spike free brownout detection. The hysteresis on the detection level should
be interpreted as VBOT+= VBOT + VHYST/2 and VBOT- = VBOT - VHYST/2.
The BOD circuit will detect a drop in VCC only if the voltage stays below the trigger level for longer than tBOD.

Figure 9-4. Brownout Detection Reset

tBOD

VCC VBOT+
VBOT-

TIME-OUT tTOUT

INTERNAL
RESET

For BOD characterization data consult the device datasheet. The programmable BODLEVEL setting is shown in Table 9-
2.

Table 9-2. Programmable BODLEVEL Setting

BOD level Fuse BODLEVEL[2:0](2) VBOT(1) Unit

BOD level 0 111 1.6

BOD level 1 110 1.8

BOD level 2 101 2.0

BOD level 3 100 2.2

V
BOD level 4 011 2.4

BOD level 5 010 2.6

BOD level 6 001 2.8

BOD level 7 000 3.0

Notes: 1. The values are nominal values only. For accurate, actual numbers, consult the device datasheet.
2. Changing these fuse bits will have no effect until leaving programming mode.

The BOD circuit has three modes of operation:

 Disabled: In this mode, there is no monitoring of the VCC level
 Enabled: In this mode, the VCC level is continuously monitored, and a drop in VCC below VBOT for a period of tBOD
will give a brownout reset
 Sampled: In this mode, the BOD circuit will sample the VCC level with a period identical to that of the 1kHz output
from the ultra low power (ULP) internal oscillator. Between each sample, the BOD is turned off. This mode will
reduce the power consumption compared to the enabled mode, but a fall in the VCC level between two positive

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 103

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
 edges of the 1kHz ULP oscillator output will not be detected. If a brownout is detected in this mode, the BOD circuit
is set in enabled mode to ensure that the device is kept in reset until VCC is above VBOT again
The BODACT fuse determines the BOD setting for active mode and idle mode, while the BODPD fuse determines the
brownout detection setting for all sleep modes, except idle mode.

Table 9-3. BOD Setting Fuse Decoding

BODACT[1:0]/ BODPD[1:0] Mode

00 Reserved

01 Sampled

10 Enabled

11 Disabled

9.4.3 External Reset

The external reset circuit is connected to the external RESET pin. The external reset will trigger when the RESET pin is
driven below the RESET pin threshold voltage, VRST, for longer than the minimum pulse period, tEXT. The reset will be
held as long as the pin is kept low. The RESET pin includes an internal pull-up resistor.

Figure 9-5. External Reset Characteristics

CC

tEXT

For external reset characterization data consult the device datasheet.

9.4.4 Watchdog Reset

The watchdog timer (WDT) is a system function for monitoring correct program operation. If the WDT is not reset from
the software within a programmable timout period, a watchdog reset will be given. The watchdog reset is active for one to
two clock cycles of the 2MHz internal oscillator.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 104

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
 Figure 9-6. Watchdog Reset

CC

1-2 2MHz Cycles

For information on configuration and use of the WDT, refer to the “WDT – Watchdog Timer” on page 107.

9.4.5 Software Reset

The software reset makes it possible to issue a system reset from software by writing to the software reset bit in the reset
control register.The reset will be issued within two CPU clock cycles after writing the bit. It is not possible to execute any
instruction from when a software reset is requested until it is issued.

Figure 9-7. Software Reset

CC

1-2 2MHz Cycles

SOFTWARE

9.4.6 Program and Debug Interface Reset

The program and debug interface reset contains a separate reset source that is used to reset the device during external
programming and debugging. This reset source is accessible only from external debuggers and programmers.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 105

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
9.5 Register Description

9.5.1 STATUS – Status Register

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x00 – – SRF PDIRF WDRF BORF EXTRF PORF
Read/Write R R R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value - - - - - - - -

 Bit 7:6 – Reserved

These bits are unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write these bits to zero
when this register is written.
 Bit 5 – SRF: Software Reset Flag
This flag is set if a software reset occurs. The flag will be cleared by a power-on reset or by writing a one to the bit
location.
 Bit 4 – PDIRF: Program and Debug Interface Reset Flag
This flag is set if a programming interface reset occurs. The flag will be cleared by a power-on reset or by writing a one to
the bit location.
 Bit 3 – WDRF: Watchdog Reset Flag
This flag is set if a watchdog reset occurs. The flag will be cleared by a power-on reset or by writing a one to the bit
location.
 Bit 2 – BORF: Brownout Reset Flag
This flag is set if a brownout reset occurs. The flag will be cleared by a power-on reset or by writing a one to the bit
location.
 Bit 1 – EXTRF: External Reset Flag
This flag is set if an external reset occurs. The flag will be cleared by a power-on reset or by writing a one to the bit
location.
 Bit 0 – PORF: Power On Reset Flag
This flag is set if a power-on reset occurs. Writing a one to the flag will clear the bit location.

9.5.2 CTRL – Control Register

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x01 – – – – – – – SWRST
Read/Write R R R R R R R R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

 Bit 7:1 – Reserved

These bits are unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write these bits to zero
when this register is written.
 Bit 0 – SWRST: Software Reset
When this bit is set, a software reset will occur. The bit is cleared when a reset is issued. This bit is protected by the
configuration change protection mechanism. For details, refer to “Configuration Change Protection” on page 13.

9.6 Register Summary

Address Name Bit 7 Bit 6 Bit 5 Bit 4 Bit 3 Bit 2 Bit 1 Bit 0 Page
+0x00 STATUS – – SRF PDIRF WDRF BORF EXTRF PORF 106
+0x01 CTRL – – – – – – – SWRST 106

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 106

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
10. WDT – Watchdog Timer

10.1 Features
 Issues a device reset if the timer is not reset before its timeout period
 Asynchronous operation from dedicated oscillator
 1kHz output of the 32kHz ultra low power oscillator
 11 selectable timeout periods, from 8ms to 8s
 Two operation modes:
 Normal mode
 Window mode
 Configuration lock to prevent unwanted changes

10.2 Overview
The watchdog timer (WDT) is a system function for monitoring correct program operation. It makes it possible to recover
from error situations such as runaway or deadlocked code. The WDT is a timer, configured to a predefined timeout
period, and is constantly running when enabled. If the WDT is not reset within the timeout period, it will issue a
microcontroller reset. The WDT is reset by executing the WDR (watchdog timer reset) instruction from the application
code.
The window mode makes it possible to define a time slot or window inside the total timeout period during which WDT
must be reset. If the WDT is reset outside this window, either too early or too late, a system reset will be issued.
Compared to the normal mode, this can also catch situations where a code error causes constant WDR execution.
The WDT will run in active mode and all sleep modes, if enabled. It is asynchronous, runs from a CPU-independent clock
source, and will continue to operate to issue a system reset even if the main clocks fail.
The configuration change protection mechanism ensures that the WDT settings cannot be changed by accident. For
increased safety, a fuse for locking the WDT settings is also available.

10.3 Normal Mode Operation

In normal mode operation, a single timeout period is set for the WDT. If the WDT is not reset from the application code
before the timeout occurs, then the WDT will issue a system reset. There are 11 possible WDT timeout (TOWDT) periods,
selectable from 8ms to 8s, and the WDT can be reset at any time during the timeout period. A new WDT timeout period
will be started each time the WDT is reset by the WDR instruction. The default timeout period is controlled by fuses.
Normal mode operation is illustrated in Figure 10-1.

Figure 10-1. Normal Mode Operation

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 107

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
10.4 Window Mode Operation
In window mode operation, the WDT uses two different timeout periods, a "closed" window timeout period (TOWDTW) and
the normal timeout period (TOWDT). The closed window timeout period defines a duration of from 8ms to 8s where the
WDT cannot be reset. If the WDT is reset during this period, the WDT will issue a system reset. The normal WDT timeout
period, which is also 8ms to 8s, defines the duration of the "open" period duirng which the WDT can (and should) be
reset. The open period will always follow the closed period, and so the total duration of the timeout period is the sum of
the closed window and the open window timeout periods. The default closed window timeout period is controlled by fuses
(both open and closed periods are controlled by fuses). The window mode operation is illustrated in Figure 10-2.

Figure 10-2. Window Mode Operation

10.5 Watchdog Timer Clock

The WDT is clocked from the 1kHz output from the 32kHz ultra low power (ULP) internal oscillator. Due to the ultra low
power design, the oscillator is not very accurate, and so the exact timeout period may vary from device to device. When
designing software which uses the WDT, this device-to-device variation must be kept in mind to ensure that the timeout
periods used are valid for all devices. For more information on ULP oscillator accuracy, consult the device datasheet.

10.6 Configuration Protection and Lock

The WDT is designed with two security mechanisms to avoid unintentional changes to the WDT settings.
The first mechanism is the configuration change protection mechanism, employing a timed write procedure for changing
the WDT control registers. In addition, for the new configuration to be written to the control registers, the register’s
change enable bit must be written at the same time.
The second mechanism locks the configuration by setting the WDT lock fuse. When this fuse is set, the watchdog time
control register cannot be changed; hence, the WDT cannot be disabled from software. After system reset, the WDT will
resume at the configured operation. When the WDT lock fuse is programmed, the window mode timeout period cannot
be changed, but the window mode itself can still be enabled or disabled.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 108

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
10.7 Registers Description

10.7.1 CTRL – Control Register

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x00 – – PER[3:0] ENABLE CEN
Read/Write (unlocked) R R R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Read/Write (locked) R R R R R R R R
Initial Value (x = fuse) 0 0 X X X X X 0

 Bits 7:6 – Reserved

These bits are unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write these bits to zero
when this register is written.
 Bits 5:2 – PER[3:0]: Timeout Period
These bits determine the watchdog timeout period as a number of 1kHz ULP oscillator cycles. In window mode
operation, these bits define the open window period. The different typical timeout periods are found in Table 10-1. The
initial values of these bits are set by the watchdog timeout period (WDP) fuses, which are loaded at power-on.
In order to change these bits, the CEN bit must be written to 1 at the same time. These bits are protected by the
configuration change protection mechanism. For a detailed description, refer to “Configuration Change Protection” on
page 13.

Table 10-1. Watchdog Timeout Periods

PER[3:0] Group configuration Typical timeout periods

0000 8CLK 8ms

0001 16CLK 16ms

0010 32CLK 32ms

0011 64CLK 64ms

0100 128CLK 0.128s

0101 256CLK 0.256s

0110 512CLK 0.512s

0111 1KCLK 1.0s

1000 2KCLK 2.0s

1001 4KCLK 4.0s

1010 8KCLK 8.0s

1011 – Reserved

1100 – Reserved

1101 – Reserved

1110 – Reserved

1111 – Reserved

Note: Reserved settings will not give any timeout.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 109

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
  Bit 1 – ENABLE: Enable
This bit enables the WDT. Clearing this bit disables the watchdog timer.
In order to change this bit, the CEN bit in “CTRL – Control Register” on page 109 must be written to one at the same
time. This bit is protected by the configuration change protection mechanism, For a detailed description, refer to
“Configuration Change Protection” on page 13.
 Bit 0 – CEN: Change Enable
This bit enables the ability to change the configuration of the “CTRL – Control Register” on page 109. When writing a new
value to this register, this bit must be written to one at the same time for the changes to take effect. This bit is protected
by the configuration change protection mechanism. For a detailed description, refer to “Configuration Change Protection”
on page 13.

10.7.2 WINCTRL – Window Mode Control Register

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x01 – – WPER[3:0] WEN WCEN
Read/Write (unlocked) R R R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Read/Write (locked) R R R R R R R/W R/W
Initial Value (x = fuse) 0 0 X X X X X 0

 Bit 7:6 – Reserved

These bits are unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write these bits to zero
when this register is written.
 Bit 5:2 – WPER[3:0]: Window Mode Timeout Period
These bits determine the closed window period as a number of 1kHz ULP oscillator cycles in window mode operation.
The typical different closed window periods are found in Table 10-2. The initial values of these bits are set by the
watchdog window timeout period (WDWP) fuses, and are loaded at power-on. In normal mode these bits are not in use.
In order to change these bits, the WCEN bit must be written to one at the same time. These bits are protected by the
configuration change protection mechanism. For a detailed description, refer to “Configuration Change Protection” on
page 13.

Table 10-2. Watchdog Closed Window Periods

WPER[3:0] Group configuration Typical closed window periods

0000 8CLK 8ms

0001 16CLK 16ms

0010 32CLK 32ms

0011 64CLK 64ms

0100 128CLK 0.128s

0101 256CLK 0.256s

0110 512CLK 0.512s

0111 1KCLK 1.0s

1000 2KCLK 2.0s

1001 4KCLK 4.0s

1010 8KCLK 8.0s

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 110

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
 WPER[3:0] Group configuration Typical closed window periods

1011 – Reserved

1100 – Reserved

1101 – Reserved

1110 – Reserved

1111 – Reserved
Note: Reserved settings will not give any timeout for the window.

 Bit 1 – WEN: Window Mode Enable

This bit enables the window mode. In order to change this bit, the WCEN bit in “WINCTRL – Window Mode Control
Register” on page 110 must be written to one at the same time. This bit is protected by the configuration change
protection mechanism. For a detailed description, refer to “Configuration Change Protection” on page 13.
 Bit 0 – WCEN: Window Mode Change Enable
This bit enables the ability to change the configuration of the “WINCTRL – Window Mode Control Register” on page 110.
When writing a new value to this register, this bit must be written to one at the same time for the changes to take effect.
This bit is protected by the configuration change protection mechanism, but not protected by the WDT lock fuse.

10.7.3 STATUS – Status Register

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x02 – – – – – – – SYNCBUSY
Read/Write R R R R R R R R
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

 Bit 7:1 – Reserved

These bits are unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write these bits to zero
when this register is written.
 Bit 0 – SYNCBUSY: Synchronization Busy Flag
This flag is set after writing to the CTRL or WINCTRL registers and the data are being synchronized from the system
clock to the WDT clock domain. This bit is automatically cleared after the synchronization is finished. Synchronization will
take place only when the ENABLE bit for the Watchdog Timer is set.

10.8 Register Summary

Address Name Bit 7 Bit 6 Bit 5 Bit 4 Bit 3 Bit 2 Bit 1 Bit 0 Page
+0x00 CTRL – – PER[3:0] ENABLE CEN 109
+0x01 WINCTRL – – WPER[3:0] WEN WCEN 110
+0x02 STATUS – – – – – – – SYNCBUSY 111

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 111

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
11. Interrupts and Programmable Multilevel Interrupt Controller

11.1 Features
 Short and predictable interrupt response time
 Separate interrupt configuration and vector address for each interrupt
 Programmable multilevel interrupt controller
 Interrupt prioritizing according to level and vector address
 Three selectable interrupt levels for all interrupts: low, medium and high
 Selectable, round-robin priority scheme within low-level interrupts
 Non-maskable interrupts for critical functions
 Interrupt vectors optionally placed in the application section or the boot loader section

11.2 Overview
Interrupts signal a change of state in peripherals, and this can be used to alter program execution. Peripherals can have
one or more interrupts, and all are individually enabled and configured. When an interrupt is enabled and configured, it
will generate an interrupt request when the interrupt condition is present. The programmable multilevel interrupt
controller (PMIC) controls the handling and prioritizing of interrupt requests. When an interrupt request is acknowledged
by the PMIC, the program counter is set to point to the interrupt vector, and the interrupt handler can be executed.
All peripherals can select between three different priority levels for their interrupts: low, medium, and high. Interrupts are
prioritized according to their level and their interrupt vector address. Medium-level interrupts will interrupt low-level
interrupt handlers. High-level interrupts will interrupt both medium- and low-level interrupt handlers. Within each level, the
interrupt priority is decided from the interrupt vector address, where the lowest interrupt vector address has the highest
interrupt priority. Low-level interrupts have an optional round-robin scheduling scheme to ensure that all interrupts are
serviced within a certain amount of time.
Non-maskable interrupts (NMI) are also supported, and can be used for system critical functions.

11.3 Operation
Interrupts must be globally enabled for any interrupts to be generated. This is done by setting the global interrupt enable
( I ) bit in the CPU status register. The I bit will not be cleared when an interrupt is acknowledged. Each interrupt level
must also be enabled before interrupts with the corresponding level can be generated.
When an interrupt is enabled and the interrupt condition is present, the PMIC will receive the interrupt request. Based on
the interrupt level and interrupt priority of any ongoing interrupts, the interrupt is either acknowledged or kept pending
until it has priority. When the interrupt request is acknowledged, the program counter is updated to point to the interrupt
vector. The interrupt vector is normally a jump to the interrupt handler; the software routine that handles the interrupt.
After returning from the interrupt handler, program execution continues from where it was before the interrupt occurred.
One instruction is always executed before any pending interrupt is served.
The PMIC status register contains state information that ensures that the PMIC returns to the correct interrupt level when
the RETI (interrupt return) instruction is executed at the end of an interrupt handler. Returning from an interrupt will return
the PMIC to the state it had before entering the interrupt. The status register (SREG) is not saved automatically upon an
interrupt request. The RET (subroutine return) instruction cannot be used when returning from the interrupt handler
routine, as this will not return the PMIC to its correct state.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 112

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
Figure 11-1. Interrupt Controller Overview

Interrupt Controller
Priority
INT LEVEL
decoder

Peripheral 1 INT REQ

INT ACK CPU ”RETI”
CPU INT ACK

INT LEVEL
INT LEVEL CPU
CPU INT REQ

Peripheral n
INT REQ
INT REQ
INT ACK
INT ACK Global
Interrupt
LEVEL Enable STATUS Enable Wake-up Sleep
CTRL INTPRI CPU.SREG Controller

11.4 Interrupts
All interrupts and the reset vector each have a separate program vector address in the program memory space. The
lowest address in the program memory space is the reset vector. All interrupts are assigned individual control bits for
enabling and setting the interrupt level, and this is set in the control registers for each peripheral that can generate
interrupts. Details on each interrupt are described in the peripheral where the interrupt is available.
All interrupts have an interrupt flag associated with it. When the interrupt condition is present, the interrupt flag will be set,
even if the corresponding interrupt is not enabled. For most interrupts, the interrupt flag is automatically cleared when
executing the interrupt vector. Writing a logical one to the interrupt flag will also clear the flag. Some interrupt flags are
not cleared when executing the interrupt vector, and some are cleared automatically when an associated register is
accessed (read or written). This is described for each individual interrupt flag.
If an interrupt condition occurs while another, higher priority interrupt is executing or pending, the interrupt flag will be set
and remembered until the interrupt has priority. If an interrupt condition occurs while the corresponding interrupt is not
enabled, the interrupt flag will be set and remembered until the interrupt is enabled or the flag is cleared by software.
Similarly, if one or more interrupt conditions occur while global interrupts are disabled, the corresponding interrupt flag
will be set and remembered until global interrupts are enabled. All pending interrupts are then executed according to their
order of priority.
Interrupts can be blocked when executing code from a locked section; e.g., when the boot lock bits are programmed.
This feature improves software security. Refer to “Memory Programming” on page 323 for details on lock bit settings.
Interrupts are automatically disabled for up to four CPU clock cycles when the configuration change protection register is
written with the correct signature. Refer to “Configuration Change Protection” on page 13 for more details.

11.4.1 NMI – Non-Maskable Interrupts

Which interrupts represent NMI and which represent regular interrupts cannot be selected. Non-maskable interrupts
must be enabled before they can be used. Refer to the device datasheet for NMI present on each device.
An NMI will be executed regardless of the setting of the I bit, and it will never change the I bit. No other interrupts can
interrupt a NMI handler. If more than one NMI is requested at the same time, priority is static according to the interrupt
vector address, where the lowest address has highest priority.

11.4.2 Interrupt Response Time

The interrupt response time for all the enabled interrupts is three CPU clock cycles, minimum; one cycle to finish the
ongoing instruction and two cycles to store the program counter to the stack. After the program counter is pushed on the
stack, the program vector for the interrupt is executed. The jump to the interrupt handler takes three clock cycles.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 113

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
If an interrupt occurs during execution of a multicycle instruction, this instruction is completed before the interrupt is
served. See Figure 11-2 for more details.

Figure 11-2. Interrupt Execution of a Multicycle Instruction

If an interrupt occurs when the device is in sleep mode, the interrupt execution response time is increased by five clock
cycles. In addition, the response time is increased by the start-up time from the selected sleep mode.
A return from an interrupt handling routine takes four to five clock cycles, depending on the size of the program counter.
During these clock cycles, the program counter is popped from the stack and the stack pointer is incremented.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 114

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
11.5 Interrupt level
The interrupt level is independently selected for each interrupt source. For any interrupt request, the PMIC also receives
the interrupt level for the interrupt. The interrupt levels and their corresponding bit values for the interrupt level
configuration of all interrupts is shown in Table 11-1.

Table 11-1. Interrupt Levels

Interrupt level configuration Group configuration Description

00 OFF Interrupt disabled

01 LO Low-level interrupt

10 MED Medium-level interrupt

11 HI High-level interrupt

The interrupt level of an interrupt request is compared against the current level and status of the interrupt controller. An
interrupt request of a higher level will interrupt any ongoing interrupt handler from a lower level interrupt. When returning
from the higher level interrupt handler, the execution of the lower level interrupt handler will continue.

11.6 Interrupt Priority

Within each interrupt level, all interrupts have a priority. When several interrupt requests are pending, the order in which
interrupts are acknowledged is decided both by the level and the priority of the interrupt request. Interrupts can be
organized in a static or dynamic (round-robin) priority scheme. High- and medium-level interrupts and the NMI will always
have static priority. For low-level interrupts, static or dynamic priority scheduling can be selected.

11.6.1 Static Priority

Interrupt vectors (IVEC) are located at fixed addresses. For static priority, the interrupt vector address decides the priority
within one interrupt level, where the lowest interrupt vector address has the highest priority. Refer to the device datasheet
for the interrupt vector table with the base address for all modules and peripherals with interrupt capability. Refer to the
interrupt vector summary of each module and peripheral in this manual for a list of interrupts and their corresponding
offset address within the different modules and peripherals.

Figure 11-3. Static Priority

Lowes t Addres s IVEC 0 Highes t Priority

:
:
:

IVEC x
IVEC x+1

:
:
:

Highes t Addres s IVEC N Lowes t Priority

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 115

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
11.6.2 Round-robin Scheduling
To avoid the possible starvation problem for low-level interrupts with static priority, where some interrupts might never be
served, the PMIC offers round-robin scheduling for low-level interrupts. When round-robin scheduling is enabled, the
interrupt vector address for the last acknowledged low-level interrupt will have the lowest priority the next time one or
more interrupts from the low level is requested.

Figure 11-4. Round-robin Scheduling

IV EC x las t ack now le dge d IV EC x+1 las t ack now le dge d

inte rrupt inte rrupt

IV EC 0 IV EC 0

: :
: :
: :

IV EC x Low est Priority IV EC x

IV EC x+1 Highest Priority IV EC x+1 Low est Priority
IV EC x+2 Highest Priority
:
:
:
:
:
:

IV EC N IV EC N

11.7 Interrupt Vector Locations

Table 11-2 shows reset and Interrupt vectors placement for the various combinations of BOOTRST and IVSEL settings.
If the program never enables an interrupt source, the Interrupt Vectors are not used, and regular program code can be
placed at these locations. This is also the case if the Reset Vector is in the Application section while the Interrupt Vectors
are in the Boot section or vice versa.

Table 11-2. Reset and Interrupt Vectors Placement

BOOTRST IVSEL Reset address Interrupt vectors start address

1 0 0x0000 0x0002

1 1 0x0000 Boot Reset Address + 0x0002

0 0 Boot Reset Address 0x0002

0 1 Boot Reset Address Boot Reset Address + 0x0002

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 116

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
11.8 Register Description

11.8.1 STATUS – Status Register

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x00 NMIEX – – – – HILVLEX MEDLVLEX LOLVLEX
Read/Write R R R R R R R R
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

 Bit 7 – NMIEX: Non-Maskable Interrupt Executing

This flag is set if a non-maskable interrupt is executing. The flag will be cleared when returning (RETI) from the interrupt
handler.
 Bit 6:3 – Reserved
These bits are unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write these bits to zero
when this register is written.
 Bit 2 – HILVLEX: High-level Interrupt Executing
This flag is set when a high-level interrupt is executing or when the interrupt handler has been interrupted by an NMI. The
flag will be cleared when returning (RETI) from the interrupt handler.
 Bit 1 – MEDLVLEX: Medium-level Interrupt Executing
This flag is set when a medium-level interrupt is executing or when the interrupt handler has been interrupted by an
interrupt from higher level or an NMI. The flag will be cleared when returning (RETI) from the interrupt handler.
 Bit 0 – LOLVLEX: Low-level Interrupt Executing
This flag is set when a low-level interrupt is executing or when the interrupt handler has been interrupted by an interrupt
from higher level or an NMI. The flag will be cleared when returning (RETI) from the interrupt handler.

11.8.2 INTPRI – Interrupt Priority Register

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x01 INTPRI[7:0]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

 Bit 7:0 – INTPRI: Interrupt Priority

When round-robin scheduling is enabled, this register stores the interrupt vector of the last acknowledged low-level
interrupt. The stored interrupt vector will have the lowest priority the next time one or more low-level interrupts are
pending. The register is accessible from software to change the priority queue. This register is not reinitialized to its initial
value if round-robing scheduling is disabled, and so if default static priority is needed, the register must be written to zero.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 117

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
11.8.3 CTRL – Control Register

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x02 RREN IVSEL – – – HILVLEN MEDLVLEN LOLVLEN
Read/Write R/W R/W R R R R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

 Bit 7 – RREN: Round-robin Scheduling Enable

When the RREN bit is set, the round-robin scheduling scheme is enabled for low-level interrupts. When this bit is cleared,
the priority is static according to interrupt vector address, where the lowest address has the highest priority.
 Bit 6 – IVSEL: Interrupt Vector Select
When the IVSEL bit is cleared (zero), the interrupt vectors are placed at the start of the application section in flash. When
this bit is set (one), the interrupt vectors are placed in the beginning of the boot section of the flash. Refer to the device
datasheet for the absolute address.
This bit is protected by the configuration change protection mechanism. Refer to “Configuration Change Protection” on
page 13 for details.
 Bit 5:3 – Reserved
These bits are unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write these bits to zero
when this register is written.
 Bit 2 – HILVLEN: High-level Interrupt Enable (1)
When this bit is set, all high-level interrupts are enabled. If this bit is cleared, high-level interrupt requests will be ignored.
 Bit 1 – MEDLVLEN: Medium-level Interrupt Enable(1)
When this bit is set, all medium-level interrupts are enabled. If this bit is cleared, medium-level interrupt requests will be
ignored.
 Bit 0 – LOLVLEN: Low-level Interrupt Enable(1)
When this bit is set, all low-level interrupts are enabled. If this bit is cleared, low-level interrupt requests will be ignored.
Note: 1. Ignoring interrupts will be effective one cycle after the bit is cleared.

11.9 Register Summary

Address Name Bit 7 Bit 6 Bit 5 Bit 4 Bit 3 Bit 2 Bit 1 Bit 0 Page
+0x00 STATUS NMIEX – – – – HILVLEX MEDLVLEX LOLVLEX 117
+0x01 INTPRI INTPRI[7:0] 117
+0x02 CTRL RREN IVSEL – – – HILVLEN MEDLVLEN LOLVLEN 118

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 118

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
12. I/O Ports

12.1 Features
 General purpose input and output pins with individual configuration
 Output driver with configurable driver and pull settings:
 Totem-pole
 Wired-AND
 Wired-OR
 Bus-keeper
 Inverted I/O
 Input with synchronous and/or asynchronous sensing with interrupts and events
 Sense both edges
 Sense rising edges
 Sense falling edges
 Sense low level
 Optional pull-up and pull-down resistor on input and Wired-OR/AND configurations
 Asynchronous pin change sensing that can wake the device from all sleep modes
 Two port interrupts with pin masking per I/O port
 Efficient and safe access to port pins
 Hardware read-modify-write through dedicated toggle/clear/set registers
 Configuration of multiple pins in a single operation
 Mapping of port registers into bit-accessible I/O memory space
 Peripheral clocks output on port pin
 Real-time counter clock output to port pin
 Event channels can be output on port pin
 Remapping of digital peripheral pin functions
 Selectable USART, SPI, and timer/counter input/output pin locations

12.2 Overview
AVR XMEGA microcontrollers have flexible general purpose I/O ports. One port consists of up to eight port pins: pin 0 to
7. Each port pin can be configured as input or output with configurable driver and pull settings. They also implement
synchronous and asynchronous input sensing with interrupts and events for selectable pin change conditions.
Asynchronous pin-change sensing means that a pin change can wake the device from all sleep modes, included the
modes where no clocks are running.
All functions are individual and configurable per pin, but several pins can be configured in a single operation. The pins
have hardware read-modify-write (RMW) functionality for safe and correct change of drive value and/or pull resistor
configuration. The direction of one port pin can be changed without unintentionally changing the direction of any other
pin.
The port pin configuration also controls input and output selection of other device functions. It is possible to have both the
peripheral clock and the real-time clock output to a port pin, and available for external use. The same applies to events
from the event system that can be used to synchronize and control external functions. Other digital peripherals, such as
USART, SPI, and timer/counters, can be remapped to selectable pin locations in order to optimize pin-out versus
application needs.
Figure 12-1 on page 120 shows the I/O pin functionality and the registers that are available for controlling a pin.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 119

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
 Figure 12-1. General I/O Pin Functionality

Pull Enable

C
o Pull Keep
n
PINnCTRL
t Pull Direction
D Q r
o
l
R

L
o Input Disable
g
i Wired AND/OR
c

Inverted I/O

OUTn
Pxn
D Q

DIRn

D Q

Synchronizer
INn

Q D Q D

R R

Digital Input Pin

Analog Input/Output

12.3 I/O Pin Use and Configuration

Each port has one data direction (DIR) register and one data output value (OUT) register that are used for port pin
control. The data input value (IN) register is used for reading the port pins. In addition, each pin has a pin configuration
(PINnCTRL) register for additional pin configuration.
Direction of the pin is decided by the DIRn bit in the DIR register. If DIRn is written to one, pin n is configured as an output
pin. If DIRn is written to zero, pin n is configured as an input pin.
When direction is set as output, the OUTn bit in OUT is used to set the value of the pin. If OUTn is written to one, pin n is
driven high. If OUTn is written to zero, pin n is driven low.
The IN register is used for reading pin values. A pin value can always be read regardless of whether the pin is configured
as input or output, except if digital input is disabled.
The I/O pins are tri-stated when a reset condition becomes active, even if no clocks are running.
The pin n configuration (PINnCTRL) register is used for additional I/O pin configuration. A pin can be set in a totem-pole,
wired-AND, or wired-OR configuration. It is also possible to enable inverted input and output for a pin.
A totem-pole output has four possible pull configurations: totem-pole (push-pull), pull-down, pull-up, and bus-keeper. The
bus-keeper is active in both directions. This is to avoid oscillation when disabling the output. The totem-pole

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 120

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
 configurations with pull-up and pull-down have active resistors only when the pin is set as input. This feature eliminates
unnecessary power consumption. For wired-AND and wired-OR configuration, the optional pull-up and pull-down
resistors are active in both input and output directions.
Since pull configuration is configured through the pin configuration register, all intermediate port states during switching
of the pin direction and pin values are avoided.
The I/O pin configurations are summarized with simplified schematics in Figure 12-2 to Figure 12-7 on page 123.

12.3.1 Totem-pole
In the totem-pole (push-pull) configuration, the pin is driven low or high according to the corresponding bit setting in the
OUT register. In this configuration, there is no current limitation for sink or source other than what the pin is capable of. If
the pin is configured for input, the pin will float if no external pull resistor is connected.

Figure 12-2. I/O Pin Configuration - Totem-pole (Push-pull)

DIRxn

OUTxn Pxn

INxn

12.3.1.1 Totem-pole with Pull-down

In this mode, the configuration is the same as for totem-pole mode, expect the pin is configured with an internal pull-down
resistor when set as input.

Figure 12-3. I/O Pin Configuration - Totem-pole with Pull-down (on Input)
DIRxn

OUTxn Pxn

INxn

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 121

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
12.3.1.2 Totem-pole with Pull-up
In this mode, the configuration is as for totem-pole, expect the pin is configured with internal pull-up when set as input.

Figure 12-4. I/O Pin Configuration - Totem-pole with Pull-up (on Input)

DIRxn

OUTxn Pxn

INxn

12.3.2 Bus-keeper
In the bus-keeper configuration, it provides a weak bus-keeper that will keep the pin at its logic level when the pin is no
longer driven to high or low. If the last level on the pin/bus was 1, the bus-keeper configuration will use the internal pull
resistor to keep the bus high. If the last logic level on the pin/bus was 0, the bus-keeper will use the internal pull resistor
to keep the bus low.

Figure 12-5. I/O Pin Configuration - Totem-pole with Bus-keeper

DIRxn

OUTxn Pxn

INxn

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 122

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
12.3.3 Wired-OR
In the wired-OR configuration, the pin will be driven high when the corresponding bits in the OUT and DIR registers are
written to one. When the OUT register is set to zero, the pin is released, allowing the pin to be pulled low with the internal
or an external pull-resistor. If internal pull-down is used, this is also active if the pin is set as input.

Figure 12-6. Output Configuration - Wired-OR with Optional Pull-down

OUTxn

Pxn

INxn

12.3.4 Wired-AND
In the wired-AND configuration, the pin will be driven low when the corresponding bits in the OUT and DIR registers are
written to zero. When the OUT register is set to one, the pin is released allowing the pin to be pulled high with the internal
or an external pull-resistor. If internal pull-up is used, this is also active if the pin is set as input.

Figure 12-7. Output Configuration - Wired-AND with Optional Pull-up

INxn

Pxn

OUTxn

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 123

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
12.4 Reading the Pin Value
Independent of the pin data direction, the pin value can be read from the IN register, as shown in Figure 12-1 on page
120. If the digital input is disabled, the pin value cannot be read. The IN register bit and the preceding flip-flop constitute
a synchronizer. The synchronizer introduces a delay on the internal signal line. Figure 12-8 shows a timing diagram of
the synchronization when reading an externally applied pin value. The maximum and minimum propagation delays are
denoted as tpd,max and tpd,min, respectively.

Figure 12-8. Synchronization when Reading a Pin Value

PERIPHERAL CLK

INSTRUCTIONS xxx xxx lds r17, PORTx+IN

SYNCHRONIZER FLIPFLOP

IN

r17 0x00 0xFF

tpd, max

tpd, min

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 124

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
12.5 Input Sense Configuration
Input sensing is used to detect an edge or level on the I/O pin input. The different sense configurations that are available
for each pin are detection of a rising edge, falling edge, or any edge or detection of a low level. High level can be
detected by using the inverted input configuration. Input sensing can be used to trigger interrupt requests (IREQ) or
events when there is a change on the pin.
The I/O pins support synchronous and asynchronous input sensing. Synchronous sensing requires the presence of the
peripheral clock, while asynchronous sensing does not require any clock.

Figure 12-9. Input Sensing

Asynchronous sensing

EDGE
DETECT Interrupt
IRQ
Control

Synchronous sensing
Pxn
Synchronizer
INn
EDGE Synchronous
D Q D Q
DETECT Events

R R
INVERTED I/O

Asynchronous
Events

12.6 Port Interrupt

Each port has two interrupt vectors, and it is configurable which pins on the port will trigger each interrupt. Port interrupts
must be enabled before they can be used. Which sense configurations can be used to generate interrupts is dependent
on whether synchronous or asynchronous input sensing is available for the selected pin.
For synchronous sensing, all sense configurations can be used to generate interrupts. For edge detection, the changed
pin value must be sampled once by the peripheral clock for an interrupt request to be generated.
For asynchronous sensing, only port pin 2 on each port has full asynchronous sense support. This means that for edge
detection, pin 2 will detect and latch any edge and it will always trigger an interrupt request. The other port pins have
limited asynchronous sense support. This means that for edge detection, the changed value must be held until the device
wakes up and a clock is present. If the pin value returns to its initial value before the end of the device wake-up time, the
device will still wake up, but no interrupt request will be generated.
A low level can always be detected by all pins, regardless of a peripheral clock being present or not. If a pin is configured
for low-level sensing, the interrupt will trigger as long as the pin is held low. In active mode, the low level must be held
until the completion of the currently executing instruction for an interrupt to be generated. In all sleep modes, the low level
must be kept until the end of the device wake-up time for an interrupt to be generated. If the low level disappears before
the end of the wake-up time, the device will still wake up, but no interrupt will be generated.
Table 12-1, Table 12-2, and Table 12-3 on page 126 summarize when interrupts can be triggered for the various input
sense configurations.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 125

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
 Table 12-1. Synchronous Sense Support

Sense settings Supported Interrupt description

Rising edge Yes Always triggered

Falling edge Yes Always triggered

Any edge Yes Always triggered

Low level Yes Pin level must be kept unchanged during wake up

Table 12-2. Full Asynchronous Sense Support

Sense settings Supported Interrupt description

Rising edge Yes Always triggered

Falling edge Yes Always triggered

Both edges Yes Always triggered

Low level Yes Pin level must be kept unchanged during wake up

Table 12-3. Limited Asynchronous Sense Support

Sense settings Supported Interrupt description

Rising edge No -

Falling edge No -

Any edge Yes Pin value must be kept unchanged during wake up

Low level Yes Pin level must be kept unchanged during wake up

12.7 Port Event

Port pins can generate an event when there is a change on the pin. The sense configurations decide the conditions for
each pin to generate events. Event generation requires the presence of a peripheral clock, and asynchronous event
generation is not possible. For edge sensing, the changed pin value must be sampled once by the peripheral clock for an
event to be generated.
For level sensing, a low-level pin value will not generate events, and a high-level pin value will continuously generate
events. For events to be generated on a low level, the pin configuration must be set to inverted I/O.

Table 12-4. Event Sense Support

Sense settings Signal event Data event

Rising edge Rising edge Pin value

Falling edge Falling edge Pin value

Both edge Any edge Pin value

Low level Pin value Pin value

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 126

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
12.8 Alternate Port Functions
Most port pins have alternate pin functions in addition to being a general purpose I/O pin. When an alternate function is
enabled, it might override the normal port pin function or pin value. This happens when other peripherals that require pins
are enabled or configured to use pins. If and how a peripheral will override and use pins is described in the section for
that peripheral.
The port override signals and related logic (grey) are shown in Figure 12-10. These signals are not accessible from
software, but are internal signals between the overriding peripheral and the port pin.

Figure 12-10. Port Override Signals and Related Logic

Pull Enable

Pull Keep
C
o
Pull Direction
n
PINnCTRL t
r
D Q
o
l
R
L Digital Input Disable (DID)
o DID Override Value
g
i DID Override Enable
c
Wired AND/OR

Inverted I/O
OUTn
Pxn
D Q

OUT Override Value

R
OUT Override Enable

DIRn

D Q

DIR Override Value

R
DIR Override Enable

Synchronizer
INn

Q D Q D

R R

Digital Input Pin

Analog Input/Output

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 127

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
12.9 Clock and Event Output
It is possible to output the peripheral clock and event channel 0 events to a pin. This can be used to clock, control, and
synchronize external functions and hardware to internal device timing. The output port pin is selectable. If an event
occurs, it remains visible on the port pin as long as the event lasts; normally one peripheral clock cycle.

12.10 Multi-pin Configuration

The multi-pin configuration function is used to configure multiple port pins using a single write operation to only one of the
port pin configuration registers. A mask register decides which port pin is configured when one port pin register is written,
while avoiding several pins being written the same way during identical write operations.

12.11 Virtual Ports

Virtual port registers allow the port registers to be mapped virtually in the bit-accessible I/O memory space. When this is
done, writing to the virtual port register will be the same as writing to the real port register. This enables the use of I/O
memory-specific instructions, such as bit-manipulation instructions, on a port register that normally resides in the
extended I/O memory space. There are four virtual ports, and so four ports can be mapped at the same time.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 128

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
12.12 Register Descriptions – Ports

12.12.1 DIR – Data Direction Register

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x00 DIR[7:0]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

 Bit 7:0 – DIR[7:0]: Data Direction

This register sets the data direction for the individual pins of the port. If DIRn is written to one, pin n is configured as an
output pin. If DIRn is written to zero, pin n is configured as an input pin.

12.12.2 DIRSET – Data Direction Set Register

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x01 DIRSET[7:0]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

 Bit 7:0 – DIRSET[7:0]: Port Data Direction Set

This register can be used instead of a read-modify-write to set individual pins as output. Writing a one to a bit will set the
corresponding bit in the DIR register. Reading this register will return the value of the DIR register.

12.12.3 DIRCLR – Data Direction Clear Register

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x02 DIRCLR[7:0]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

 Bit 7:0 – DIRCLR[7:0]: Port Data Direction Clear

This register can be used instead of a read-modify-write to set individual pins as input. Writing a one to a bit will clear the
corresponding bit in the DIR register. Reading this register will return the value of the DIR register.

12.12.4 DIRTGL – Data Direction Toggle Register

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x03 DIRTGL[7:0]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

 Bit 7:0 – DIRTGL[7:0]: Port Data Direction Toggle

This register can be used instead of a read-modify-write to toggle the direction of individual pins. Writing a one to a bit will
toggle the corresponding bit in the DIR register. Reading this register will return the value of the DIR register.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 129

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
12.12.5 OUT – Data Output Value Register

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x04 OUT[7:0]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

 Bit 7:0 – OUT[7:0]: Port Data Output value

This register sets the data output value for the individual pins of the port. If OUTn is written to one, pin n is driven high. If
OUTn is written to zero, pin n is driven low. For this setting to have any effect, the pin direction must be set as output.

12.12.6 OUTSET – Data Output Value Set Register

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x05 OUTSET[7:0]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

 Bit 7:0 – OUTSET[7:0]: Data Output Value Set

This register can be used instead of a read-modify-write to set the output value of individual pins to one. Writing a one to
a bit will set the corresponding bit in the OUT register. Reading this register will return the value in the OUT register.

12.12.7 OUTCLR – Data Output Value Clear Register

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x06 OUTCLR[7:0]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

 Bit 7:0 – OUTCLR[7:0]: Data Output Value Clear

This register can be used instead of a read-modify-write to set the output value of individual pins to zero. Writing a one to
a bit will clear the corresponding bit in the OUT register. Reading this register will return the value in the OUT register.

12.12.8 OUTTGL – Data Output Value Toggle Register

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x07 OUTTGL[7:0]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

 Bit 7:0 – OUTTGL[7:0]: Port Data Output Value Toggle

This register can be used instead of a read-modify-write to toggle the output value of individual pins. Writing a one to a bit
will toggle the corresponding bit in the OUT register. Reading this register will return the value in the OUT register.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 130

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
12.12.9 IN – Data Input Value Register

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x08 IN[7:0]
Read/Write R R R R R R R R
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

 Bit 7:0 – IN[7:0]: Data Input Value

This register shows the value present on the pins if the digital input driver is enabled. INn shows the value of pin n of the
port. The input is not sampled and cannot be read if the digital input buffers are disabled.

12.12.10INTCTRL – Interrupt Control Register

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x09 – – – – INT1LVL[1:0] INT0LVL[1:0]
Read/Write R R R R R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

 Bit 7:4 – Reserved

These bits are unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write these bits to zero
when this register is written.
 Bit 3:2/1:0 – INTnLVL[1:0]: Interrupt n Level
These bits enable port interrupt n and select the interrupt level as described in “Interrupts and Programmable Multilevel
Interrupt Controller” on page 112.

12.12.11INT0MASK – Interrupt 0 Mask Register

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x0A INT0MSK[7:0]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

 Bit 7:0 – INT0MSK[7:0]: Interrupt 0 Mask bits

These bits are used to mask which pins can be used as sources for port interrupt 0. If INT0MASKn is written to one, pin
n is used as source for port interrupt 0.The input sense configuration for each pin is decided by the PINnCTRL registers.

12.12.12INT1MASK – Interrupt 1 Mask Register

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x0B INT1MSK[7:0]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

 Bit 7:0 – INT1MASK[7:0]: Interrupt 1 Mask bits

These bits are used to mask which pins can be used as sources for port interrupt 1. If INT1MASKn is written to one, pin
n is used as source for port interrupt 1.The input sense configuration for each pin is decided by the PINnCTRL registers.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 131

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
12.12.13INTFLAGS – Interrupt Flag Register

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x0C – – – – – – INT1IF INT0IF
Read/Write R R R R R R R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

 Bit 7:2 – Reserved

These bits are unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write these bits to zero
when this register is written.
 Bit 1:0 – INTnIF: Interrupt n Flag
The INTnIF flag is set when a pin change/state matches the pin's input sense configuration, and the pin is set as source
for port interrupt n. Writing a one to this flag's bit location will clear the flag. For enabling and executing the interrupt, refer
to the interrupt level description.

12.12.14REMAP – Pin Remap Register

The pin remap functionality is available for PORTC - PORTF only.
Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x0E – – SPI USART0 TC0D TC0C TC0B TC0A
Read/Write R R R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

 Bit 7:6 – Reserved

These bits are unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write these bits to zero
when this register is written.
 Bit 5 – SPI: SPI Remap
Setting this bit to one will swap the pin locations of the SCK and MOSI pins to have pin compatibility between SPI and
USART when the USART is operating as a SPI master.
 Bit 4 – USART0: USART0 Remap
Setting this bit to one will move the pin location of USART0 from Px[3:0] to Px[7:4].
 Bit 3 – TC0D: Timer/Counter 0 Output Compare D
Setting this bit will move the location of OC0D from Px3 to Px7.
 Bit 2 – TC0C: Timer/Counter 0 Output Compare C
Setting this bit will move the location of OC0C from Px2 to Px6.
 Bit 1 – TC0B: Timer/Counter 0 Output Compare B
Setting this bit will move the location of OC0B from Px1 to Px5. If this bit is set and PWM from both timer/counter 0 and
timer/counter 1 is enabled, the resulting PWM will be an OR-modulation between the two PWM outputs.
 Bit 0 – TC0A: Timer/Counter 0 Output Compare A
Setting this bit will move the location of OC0A from Px0 to Px4. If this bit is set and PWM from both timer/counter 0 and
timer/counter 1 is enabled, the resulting PWM will be an OR-modulation between the two PWM outputs. See Figure 12-
11 on page 133.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 132

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
 Figure 12-11.I/O Timer/counter

OC0A

OC1A

OCA

12.12.15PINnCTRL – Pin n Configuration Register

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
– INVEN OPC[2:0] ISC[2:0]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

 Bit 7 – Reserved
This bit is unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write this bit to zero when this
register is written.
 Bit 6 – INVEN: Inverted I/O Enable
Setting this bit will enable inverted output and input data on pin n.
 Bit 5:3 – OPC: Output and Pull Configuration
These bits set the output/pull configuration on pin n according to Table 12-5.

Table 12-5. Output/pull Configuration

Description

OPC[2:0] Group configuration Output configuration Pull configuration

000 TOTEM Totem-pole (N/A)

001 BUSKEEPER Totem-pole Bus-keeper

010 PULLDOWN Totem-pole Pull-down (on input)

011 PULLUP Totem-pole Pull-up (on input)

100 WIREDOR Wired-OR (N/A)

101 WIREDAND Wired-AND (N/A)

110 WIREDORPULL Wired-OR Pull-down

111 WIREDANDPULL Wired-AND Pull-up

 Bit 2:0 – ISC[2:0]: Input/Sense Configuration

These bits set the input and sense configuration on pin n according to Table 12-6 on page 134. The sense configuration
decides how the pin can trigger port interrupts and events. If the input buffer is not disabled, the input cannot be read in
the IN register.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 133

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
Table 12-6. Input/sense Configuration

ISC[2:0] Group configuration Description

000 BOTHEDGES Sense both edges

001 RISING Sense rising edge

010 FALLING Sense falling edge

011 LEVEL Sense low level(1)

100 – Reserved

101 – Reserved

110 – Reserved

111 INTPUT_DISABLE Digital input buffer disabled(2)

Note: 1. A low-level pin value will not generate events, and a high-level pin value will continuously generate events.
2. Only PORTA - PORTF support the input buffer disable option. If the pin is used for analog functionality, such as AC or ADC, it is recommended to
configure the pin to INPUT_DISABLE.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 134

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
12.13 Register Descriptions – Port Configuration

12.13.1 MPCMASK – Multi-pin Configuration Mask Register

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x00 MPCMASK[7:0]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

 Bit 7:0 – MPCMASK[7:0]: Multi-pin Configuration Mask

The MPCMASK register enables configuration of several pins of a port at the same time. Writing a one to bit n makes pin
n part of the multi-pin configuration. When one or more bits in the MPCMASK register is set, writing any of the PINnCTRL
registers will update only the PINnCTRL registers matching the mask in the MPCMASK register for that port. The
MPCMASK register is automatically cleared after any PINnCTRL register is written.

12.13.2 VPCTRLA – Virtual Port-map Control Register A

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x02 VP1MAP[3:0] VP0MAP[3:0]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

 Bit 7:4 – VP1MAP: Virtual Port 1 Mapping

These bits decide which ports should be mapped to Virtual Port 1. The registers DIR, OUT, IN, and INTFLAGS will be
mapped. Accessing the virtual port registers is equal to accessing the actual port registers. See Table 12-7 on page 136
for configuration.
 Bit 3:0 – VP0MAP: Virtual Port 0 Mapping
These bits decide which ports should be mapped to Virtual Port 0. The registers DIR, OUT, IN, and INTFLAGS will be
mapped. Accessing the virtual port registers is equal to accessing the actual port registers. See Table 12-7 on page 136
for configuration.

12.13.3 VPCTRLB – Virtual Port-map Control Register B

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x03 VP3MAP[3:0] VP2MAP[3:0]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

 Bit 7:4 – VP3MAP: Virtual Port 3 Mapping

These bits decide which ports should be mapped to Virtual Port 3. The registers DIR, OUT, IN, and INTFLAGS will be
mapped. Accessing the virtual port registers is equal to accessing the actual port registers. See Table 12-7 on page 136
for configuration.
 Bit 3:0 – VP2MAP: Virtual Port 2 Mapping
These bits decide which ports should be mapped to Virtual Port 2. The registers DIR, OUT, IN, and INTFLAGS will be
mapped. Accessing the virtual port registers is equal to accessing the actual port registers. See Table 12-7 on page 136
for configuration.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 135

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
 Table 12-7. Virtual Port Mapping

VPnMAP[3:0] Group configuration Description

0000 PORTA PORTA mapped to Virtual Port n

0001 PORTB PORTB mapped to Virtual Port n

0010 PORTC PORTC mapped to Virtual Port n

0011 PORTD PORTD mapped to Virtual Port n

0100 PORTE PORTE mapped to Virtual Port n

0101 PORTF PORTF mapped to Virtual Port n

0110 PORTG PORTG mapped to Virtual Port n

0111 PORTH PORTH mapped to Virtual Port n

1000 PORTJ PORTJ mapped to Virtual Port n

1001 PORTK PORTK mapped to Virtual Port n

1010 PORTL PORTL mapped to Virtual Port n

1011 PORTM PORTM mapped to Virtual Port n

1100 PORTN PORTN mapped to Virtual Port n

1101 PORTP PORTP mapped to Virtual Port n

1110 PORTQ PORTQ mapped to Virtual Port n

1111 PORTR PORTR mapped to Virtual Port n

12.13.4 CLKEVOUT – Clock and Event Out Register

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x04 CLKEVPIN RTCOUT EVOUT[1:0] CLKOUTSEL[1:0] CLKOUT[1:0]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

 Bit 7 – CLKEVPIN: Clock and Event Output Pin Select

Setting this pin enables output of clock and event pins on port pin 4 instead of port pin 7.
 Bit 6 – RTCOUT: RTC Clock Output Enable
Setting this bit enables output of the RTC clock source on PORTC pin 6.
 Bit 5:4 – EVOUT[1:0]: Event Output Port
These bits decide which port event channel 0 from the event system will be output to. Pin 7 on the selected port is the
default used, and the CLKOUT bits must be set differently from those of EVOUT. The port pin must be configured as
output for the event to be available on the pin.
Table 12-8 on page 137 shows the possible configurations.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 136

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
 Table 12-8. Event Output Pin Selection

EVOUT[1:0] Group configuration Description

00 OFF Event output disabled

01 PC Event channel 0 output on PORTC

10 PD Event channel 0 output on PORTD

11 PE Event channel 0 output on PORTE

 Bits 3:2 – CLKOUTSEL[1:0]: Clock Output Select

These bits are used to select which of the peripheral clocks will be output to the port pin if CLKOUT is configured.

Table 12-9. Clock Output Clock Selection

CLKOUTSEL[1:0] Group configuration Description

00 CLK1X CLKPER output to pin

01 CLK2X CLKPER2 output to pin

10 CLK4X CLKPER4 output to pin

11 – (Reserved)

 Bit 1:0 – CLKOUT[1:0]: Clock Output Port

These bits decide which port the peripheral clock will be output to. Pin 7 on the selected port is the default used. The
CLKOUT setting will override the EVOUT setting. Thus, if both are enabled on the same port pin, the peripheral clock will
be visible. The port pin must be configured as output for the clock to be available on the pin.
Table 12-10 shows the possible configurations.

Table 12-10. Clock Output Port Configurations

CLKOUT[1:0] Group configuration Description

00 OFF Clock output disabled

01 PC Clock output on PORTC

10 PD Clock output on PORTD

11 PE Clock output on PORTE

12.13.5 EVCTRL – Event Control Register

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x06 – – – – – EVOUTSEL[2:0]
Read/Write R R R R R R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

 Bit 7:3 – Reserved

These bits are unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write these bits to zero
when this register is written.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 137

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
  Bit 2:0 – EVOUTSEL[2:0]: Event Channel Output Selection
These bits define which channel from the event system is output to the port pin. Table 12-11 shows the available
selections.

Table 12-11. Event Channel Output Selection

EVOUTSEL[2:0] Group configuration Description

000 0 Event channel 0 output to pin

001 1 Event channel 1 output to pin

010 2 Event channel 2 output to pin

011 3 Event channel 3 output to pin

100 4 Event channel 4 output to pin

101 5 Event channel 5 output to pin

110 6 Event channel 6 output to pin

111 7 Event channel 7 output to pin

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 138

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
12.14 Register Descriptions – Virtual Port

12.14.1 DIR – Data Direction Register

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x00 DIR[7:0]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

 Bit 7:0 – DIR[7:0]: Data Direction

This register sets the data direction for the individual pins in the port mapped by VPCTRLA, virtual port-map control
register A or VPCTRLB, virtual port-map control register B. When a port is mapped as virtual, accessing this register is
identical to accessing the actual DIR register for the port.

12.14.2 OUT – Data Output Value Register

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x01 OUT[7:0]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

 Bit 7:0 – OUT[7:0]: Data Output value

This register sets the data output value for the individual pins in the port mapped by VPCTRLA, virtual port-map control
register A or VPCTRLB, virtual port-map control register B. When a port is mapped as virtual, accessing this register is
identical to accessing the actual OUT register for the port.

12.14.3 IN – Data Input Value Register

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x02 IN[7:0]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

 Bit 7:0 – IN[7:0]: Data Input value

This register shows the value present on the pins if the digital input buffer is enabled. The configuration of VPCTRLA,
virtual port-map control register A or VPCTRLB, virtual port-map control register A, decides the value in the register.
When a port is mapped as virtual, accessing this register is identical to accessing the actual IN register for the port.

12.14.4 INTFLAGS – Interrupt Flag Register

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x03 – – – – – – INT1IF INT0IF
Read/Write R R R R R R R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

 Bit 7:2 – Reserved

These bits are unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write these bits to zero
when this register is written.
 Bit 1:0 – INTnIF: Interrupt n Flag
The INTnIF flag is set when a pin change/state matches the pin's input sense configuration, and the pin is set as source
for port interrupt n. Writing a one to this flag's bit location will clear the flag. For enabling and executing the interrupt, refer

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 139

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
 to the interrupt level description. The configuration of VPCTRLA, virtual port-map control register A, or VPCTRLB, Virtual
Port-map Control Register B, decides which flags are mapped. When a port is mapped as virtual, accessing this register
is identical to accessing the actual INTFLAGS register for the port.

12.15 Register Summary – Ports

Address Name Bit 7 Bit 6 Bit 5 Bit 4 Bit 3 Bit 2 Bit 1 Bit 0 Page
+0x00 DIR DIR[7:0] 129
+0x01 DIRSET DIRSET[7:0] 129
+0x02 DIRCLR DIRCLR[7:0] 129
+0x03 DIRTGL DIRTGL[7:0] 129
+0x04 OUT OUT[7:0] 130
+0x05 OUTSET OUTSET[7:0] 130
+0x06 OUTCLR OUTCLR[7:0] 130
+0x07 OUTTGL OUTTGL[7:0] 130
+0x08 IN IN[7:0] 131
+0x09 INTCTRL – – – – INT1LVL[1:0] INT0LVL[1:0] 131
+0x0A INT0MASK INT0MSK[7:0] 131
+0x0B INT1MASK INT1MSK[7:0] 131
+0x0C INTFLAGS – – – – – – INT1IF INT0IF 132
+0x0D Reserved – – – – – – – –
+0x0E REMAP – – SPI USART0 TC0D TC0C TC0B TC0A 132
+0x0F Reserved – – – – – – – –
+0x10 PIN0CTRL – INVEN OPC[2:0] ISC[2:0] 133
+0x11 PIN1CTRL – INVEN OPC[2:0] ISC[2:0] 133
+0x12 PIN2CTRL – INVEN OPC[2:0] ISC[2:0] 133
+0x13 PIN3CTRL – INVEN OPC[2:0] ISC[2:0] 133
+0x14 PIN4CTRL – INVEN OPC[2:0] ISC[2:0] 133
+0x15 PIN5CTRL – INVEN OPC[2:0] ISC[2:0] 133
+0x16 PIN6CTRL – INVEN OPC[2:0] ISC[2:0] 133
+0x17 PIN7CTRL – INVEN OPC[2:0] ISC[2:0] 133
+0x18 Reserved – – – – – – – –
+0x19 Reserved – – – – – – – –
+0x1A Reserved – – – – – – – –
+0x1B Reserved – – – – – – – –
+0x1C Reserved – – – – – – – –
+0x1D Reserved – – – – – – – –
+0x1E Reserved – – – – – – – –
+0x1F Reserved – – – – – – – –

12.16 Register Summary – Port Configuration

Address Name Bit 7 Bit 6 Bit 5 Bit 4 Bit 3 Bit 2 Bit 1 Bit 0 Page
+0x00 MPCMASK MPCMASK[7:0] 135
+0x01 Reserved – – – – – – – –
+0x02 VPCTRLA VP1MAP[3:0] VP0MAP[3:0] 135
+0x03 VPCTRLB VP3MAP[3:0] VP2MAP[3:0] 135
+0x04 CLKEVOUT CLKEVPIN RTCOUT EVOUT[1:0] CLKOUTSEL CLKOUT[1:0] 136
+0x05 Reserved – – – – – – – –
+0x06 EVCTRL – – – – – EVCTRL[2:0] 137
+0x07 Reserved – – – – – – – –

12.17 Register Summary – Virtual Ports

Address Name Bit 7 Bit 6 Bit 5 Bit 4 Bit 3 Bit 2 Bit 1 Bit 0 Page
+0x00 DIR DIR[7:0] 139
+0x01 OUT OUT[7:0] 139
+0x02 IN IN[7:0] 139
+0x03 INTFLAGS – – – – – – INT1IF INT0IF 139

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 140

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
12.18 Interrupt Vector Summary – Ports
Offset Source Interrupt description

0x00 INT0_vect Port interrupt vector 0 offset

0x02 INT1_vect Port interrupt vector 1 offset

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 141

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
13. TC0/1 – 16-bit Timer/Counter Type 0 and 1

13.1 Features
 16-bit timer/counter
 32-bit timer/counter support by cascading two timer/counters
 Up to four compare or capture (CC) channels
 Four CC channels for timer/counters of type 0
 Two CC channels for timer/counters of type 1
 Double buffered timer period setting
 Double buffered capture or compare channels
 Waveform generation:
 Frequency generation
 Single-slope pulse width modulation
 Dual-slope pulse width modulation
 Input capture:
 Input capture with noise cancelling
 Frequency capture
 Pulse width capture
 32-bit input capture
 Timer overflow and error interrupts/events
 One compare match or input capture interrupt/event per CC channel
 Can be used with event system for:
 Quadrature decoding
 Count and direction control
 Capture
 Can be used with DMA and to trigger DMA transactions
 High-resolution extension
 Increases frequency and waveform resolution by 4x (2-bit) or 8x (3-bit)
 Advanced waveform extension:
 Low- and high-side output with programmable dead-time insertion (DTI)
 Event controlled fault protection for safe disabling of drivers

13.2 Overview
Atmel AVR XMEGA devices have a set of flexible, 16-bit timer/counters (TC). Their capabilities include accurate program
execution timing, frequency and waveform generation, and input capture with time and frequency measurement of digital
signals. Two timer/counters can be cascaded to create a 32-bit timer/counter with optional 32-bit capture.
A timer/counter consists of a base counter and a set of compare or capture (CC) channels. The base counter can be
used to count clock cycles or events. It has direction control and period setting that can be used for timing. The CC
channels can be used together with the base counter to do compare match control, frequency generation, and pulse
width waveform modulation, as well as various input capture operations. A timer/counter can be configured for either
capture or compare functions, but cannot perform both at the same time.
A timer/counter can be clocked and timed from the peripheral clock with optional prescaling or from the event system.
The event system can also be used for direction control and capture trigger or to synchronize operations.
There are two differences between timer/counter type 0 and type 1. Timer/counter 0 has four CC channels, and
timer/counter 1 has two CC channels. All information related to CC channels 3 and 4 is valid only for timer/counter 0.
Only Timer/Counter 0 has the split mode feature that split it into 2 8-bit Timer/Counters with four compare channels each.
Some timer/counters have extensions to enable more specialized waveform and frequency generation. The advanced
waveform extension (AWeX) is intended for motor control and other power control applications. It enables low- and high-

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 142

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
 side output with dead-time insertion, as well as fault protection for disabling and shutting down external drivers. It can
also generate a synchronized bit pattern across the port pins. The high-resolution (hi-res) extension can be used to
increase the waveform output resolution by four or eight times by using an internal clock source running up to four times
faster than the peripheral clock.
A block diagram of the 16-bit timer/counter with extensions and closely related peripheral modules (in grey) is shown in
Figure 13-1.

Figure 13-1. 16-bit Timer/counter and Closely Related Peripherals

Timer/Counter
Base Counter Prescaler clkPER
Timer Period
Control Logic
Counter Event
System

clkPER4
Compare/Capture Channel D
Compare/Capture Channel C
AWeX
Compare/Capture Channel B

PORTS
Hi-Res
Pattern
Compare/Capture Channel A Dead-Time Generation
Capture Insertion Fault
Comparator
Control Protection
Waveform
Buffer
Generation

13.2.1 Definitions
The following definitions are used throughout the documentation:

Table 13-1. Timer/counter Definitions

Name Description

BOTTOM The counter reaches BOTTOM when it becomes zero.

MAX The counter reaches MAXimum when it becomes all ones.

The counter reaches TOP when it becomes equal to the highest value in the count sequence. The TOP
TOP value can be equal to the period (PER) or the compare channel A (CCA) register setting. This is selected
by the waveform generator mode.

The timer/counter signals an update when it reaches BOTTOM or TOP, depending on the waveform
UPDATE
generator mode.

In general, the term “timer” is used when the timer/counter clock control is handled by an internal source, and the term
“counter” is used when the clock control is handled externally (e.g. counting external events). When used for compare
operations, the CC channels are referred to as “compare channels.” When used for capture operations, the CC channels
are referred to as “capture channels.”

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 143

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
13.3 Block Diagram
Figure 13-2 shows a detailed block diagram of the timer/counter without the extensions.

Figure 13-2. Timer/counter Block Diagram

Base Counter

Clock Select
BV PERBUF CTRLA

Event
Select
PER CTRLD

"count"
Counter
"clear"
OVF/UNF
(INT/DMA Req.)
"load"
CNT Control Logic
"direction"
ERRIF
(INT Req.)

TOP

UPDATE
=

"ev"
BOTTOM
=0

Compare/Capture
(Unit x = {A,B,C,D})

BV CCBUFx Control Logic

CCx
Waveform
Generation
OCx Out

"match" CCxIF
= (INT/DMA
Req.)

The counter register (CNT), period registers with buffer (PER and PERBUF), and compare and capture registers with
buffers (CCx and CCxBUF) are 16-bit registers. All buffer register have a buffer valid (BV) flag that indicates when the
buffer contains a new value.
During normal operation, the counter value is continuously compared to zero and the period (PER) value to determine
whether the counter has reached TOP or BOTTOM.
The counter value is also compared to the CCx registers. These comparisons can be used to generate interrupt
requests, request DMA transactions or generate events for the event system. The waveform generator modes use these
comparisons to set the waveform period or pulse width.
A prescaled peripheral clock and events from the event system can be used to control the counter. The event system is
also used as a source to the input capture. Combined with the quadrature decoding functionality in the event system
(QDEC), the timer/counter can be used for quadrature decoding.

13.4 Clock and Event Sources

The timer/counter can be clocked from the peripheral clock (clkPER) or the event system, and Figure 13-3 on page 145
shows the clock and event selection.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 144

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
 Figure 13-3. Clock and Event Selection

Common clkPER /
clkPER
2{0,...,15}
Event System events
Prescaler
clkPER /
{1,2,4,8,64,256,1024} event channels

CKSEL
Control Logic
EVSEL

CNT

EVACT (Encoding)

The peripheral clock is fed into a common prescaler (common for all timer/counters in a device). Prescaler outputs from 1
to 1/1024 are directly available for selection by the timer/counter. In addition, the whole range of prescaling from 1 to 215
times is available through the event system.
Clock selection (CLKSEL) selects one of the prescaler outputs directly or an event channel as the counter (CNT) input.
This is referred to as normal operation of the counter. For details, refer to “Normal Operation” on page 146. By using the
event system, any event source, such as an external clock signal on any I/O pin, may be used as the clock input.
In addition, the timer/counter can be controlled via the event system. The event selection (EVSEL) and event action
(EVACT) settings are used to trigger an event action from one or more events. This is referred to as event action
controlled operation of the counter. For details, refer to “Event Action Controlled Operation” on page 146. When event
action controlled operation is used, the clock selection must be set to use an event channel as the counter input.
By default, no clock input is selected and the timer/counter is not running.

13.5 Double Buffering

The period register and the CC registers are all double buffered. Each buffer register has a buffer valid (BV) flag, which
indicates that the buffer register contains a valid, i.e. new, value that can be copied into the corresponding period or CC
register. When the period register and CC channels are used for a compare operation, the buffer valid flag is set when
data is written to the buffer register and cleared on an UPDATE condition. This is shown for a compare register in Figure
13-4.

Figure 13-4. Period and Compare Double Buffering

"write enable" "data write"

BV EN CCxBUF

EN CCx
UPDATE
CNT

"match"
=

When the CC channels are used for a capture operation, a similar double buffering mechanism is used, but in this case
the buffer valid flag is set on the capture event, as shown in Figure 13-5 on page 146. For capture, the buffer register and

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 145

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
 the corresponding CCx register act like a FIFO. When the CC register is empty or read, any content in the buffer register
is passed to the CC register. The buffer valid flag is passed to set the CCx interrupt flag (IF) and generate the optional
interrupt.

Figure 13-5. Capture Double Buffering

"capture" CNT

BV EN CCxBUF

IF EN CCx

"INT/DMA
request" data read

Both the CCx and CCxBUF registers are available as an I/O register. This allows initialization and bypassing of the buffer
register and the double buffering function.

13.6 Counter Operation

Depending on the mode of operation, the counter is cleared, reloaded, incremented, or decremented at each
timer/counter clock input.

13.6.1 Normal Operation

In normal operation, the counter will count in the direction set by the direction (DIR) bit for each clock until it reaches TOP
or BOTTOM. When up-counting and TOP is reached, the counter will be set to zero when the next clock is given. When
down-counting, the counter is reloaded with the period register value when BOTTOM is reached.

Figure 13-6. Normal Operation

CNT written

MAX

"update"

TOP
CNT

BOTTOM

DIR

As shown in Figure 13-6, it is possible to change the counter value when the counter is running. The write access has
higher priority than count, clear, or reload, and will be immediate. The direction of the counter can also be changed
during normal operation.
Normal operation must be used when using the counter as timer base for the capture channels.

13.6.2 Event Action Controlled Operation

The event selection and event action settings can be used to control the counter from the event system. For the counter,
the following event actions can be selected:
 Event system controlled up/down counting

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 146

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
  Event n will be used as count enable
 Event n+1 will be used to select between up (1) and down (0). The pin configuration must be set to low level
sensing.
 Event system controlled quadrature decode counting

13.6.3 32-bit Operation

Two timer/counters can be used together to enable 32-bit counter operation. By using two timer/counters, the overflow
event from one timer/counter (least-significant timer) can be routed via the event system and used as the clock input for
another timer/counter (most-significant timer).

13.6.4 Changing the Period

The counter period is changed by writing a new TOP value to the period register. If double buffering is not used, any
period update is immediate, as shown in Figure 13-7.

Figure 13-7. Changing the Period without Buffering

Counter Wraparound

MAX

"update"

"write"
CNT

BOTTOM

New TOP written to New TOP written to

PER that is higher PER that is lower
than current CNT than current CNT

A counter wraparound can occur in any mode of operation when up-counting without buffering, as shown in Figure 13-8.
This due to the fact that CNT and PER are continuously compared, and if a new TOP value that is lower than current
CNT is written to PER, it will wrap before a compare match happen.

Figure 13-8. Unbuffered Dual-slope Operation

Counter Wraparound

MAX

"update"

"write"
CNT

BOTTOM

New TOP written to New TOP written to

PER that is higher PER that is lower
than current CNT than current CNT

When double buffering is used, the buffer can be written at any time and still maintain correct operation. The period
register is always updated on the UPDATE condition, as shown for dual-slope operation in Figure 13-9 on page 148. This
prevents wraparound and the generation of odd waveforms.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 147

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
 Figure 13-9. Changing the Period Using Buffering

MAX

"update"

"write"
CNT

BOTTOM

New Period written to New Period written to

New PER is updated
PERBUF that is higher PERBUF that is lower
with PERBUF value.
than current CNT than current CNT

13.7 Capture Channel

The CC channels can be used as capture channels to capture external events and give them a timestamp. To use
capture, the counter must be set for normal operation.
Events are used to trigger the capture; i.e., any events from the event system, including pin change from any pin, can
trigger a capture operation. The event source select setting selects which event channel will trigger CC channel A. The
subsequent event channels then trigger events on subsequent CC channels, if configured. For example, setting the
event source select to event channel 2 results in CC channel A being triggered by event channel 2, CC channel B
triggered by event channel 3, and so on.

Figure 13-10.Event Source Selection for Capture Operation

Event System
CCA capture
CH0MUX Event channel 0
CH1MUX Event channel 1 CCB capture

CCC capture
CHnMUX Event channel n
CCD capture
Rotate

Event Source Selection

The event action setting in the timer/counter will determine the type of capture that is done.
The CC channels must be enabled individually before capture can be done. When the capture condition occur, the
timer/counter will time-stamp the event by copying the current CNT value in the count register into the enabled CC
channel register.
When an I/O pin is used as an event source for the capture, the pin must be configured for edge sensing. For details on
sense configuration on I/O pins, refer to “Input Sense Configuration” on page 125. If the period register value is lower
than 0x8000, the polarity of the I/O pin edge will be stored in the most-significant bit (msb) of the capture register. If the
msb of the capture register is zero, a falling edge generated the capture. If the msb is one, a rising edge generated the
capture.

13.7.1 Input Capture

Selecting the input capture event action makes the enabled capture channel perform an input capture on an event. The
interrupt flags will be set and indicate that there is a valid capture result in the corresponding CC register. At the same
time, the buffer valid flags indicate valid data in the buffer registers.
The counter will continuously count from BOTTOM to TOP, and then restart at BOTTOM, as shown in Figure 13-11 on
page 149. The figure also shows four capture events for one capture channel.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 148

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
 Figure 13-11.Input Capture Timing

events

TOP

CNT

BOTTOM

Capture 0 Capture 1 Capture 2 Capture 3

13.7.2 Frequency Capture

Selecting the frequency capture event action makes the enabled capture channel perform an input capture and restart on
positive edge events. This enables the timer/counter to measure the period or frequency of a signal directly. The capture
result will be the time (T) from the previous timer/counter restart until the event occurred. This can be used to calculate
the frequency (f) of the signal:
1
f = ---
T

Figure 13-12 shows an example where the period of an external signal is measured twice.

Figure 13-12.Frequency Capture of an External Signal

Period (T)

external signal

events

MAX

"capture"

CNT

BOTTOM

Since all capture channels use the same counter (CNT), only one capture channel must be enabled at a time. If two
capture channels are used with different sources, the counter will be restarted on positive edge events from both input
sources, and the result will have no meaning.

13.7.3 Pulse Width Capture

Selecting the pulse width measure event action makes the enabled compare channel perform the input capture action on
falling edge events and the restart action on rising edge events. The counter will then restart on positive edge events,
and the input capture will be performed on the negative edge event. The event source must be an I/O pin, and the sense
configuration for the pin must be set to generate an event on both edges. Figure 13-13 on page 150 shows and example
where the pulse width is measured twice for an external signal.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 149

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
 Figure 13-13.Pulse Width Capture of an External Signal

Pulsewitdh (tp)

external signal

events

MAX

"capture"

CNT

BOTTOM

13.7.4 32-bit Input Capture

Two timer/counters can be used together to enable true 32-bit input capture. In a typical 32-bit input capture setup, the
overflow event of the least-significant timer is connected via the event system and used as the clock input for the most-
significant timer.
The most-significant timer will be updated one peripheral clock period after an overflow occurs for the least-significant
timer. To compensate for this, the capture event for the most-significant timer must be equally delayed by setting the
event delay bit for this timer.

13.7.5 Capture Overflow

The timer/counter can detect buffer overflow of the input capture channels. When both the buffer valid flag and the
capture interrupt flag are set and a new capture event is detected, there is nowhere to store the new timestamp. If a
buffer overflow is detected, the new value is rejected, the error interrupt flag is set, and the optional interrupt is
generated.

13.8 Compare Channel

Each compare channel continuously compares the counter value (CNT) with the CCx register. If CNT equals CCx, the
comparator signals a match. The match will set the CC channel's interrupt flag at the next timer clock cycle, and the
event and optional interrupt are generated.
The compare buffer register provides double buffer capability equivalent to that for the period buffer. The double
buffering synchronizes the update of the CCx register with the buffer value to either the TOP or BOTTOM of the counting
sequence according to the UPDATE condition. The synchronization prevents the occurrence of odd-length, non-
symmetrical pulses for glitch-free output.

13.8.1 Waveform Generation

The compare channels can be used for waveform generation on the corresponding port pins. To make the waveform
visible on the connected port pin, the following requirements must be fulfilled:
1. A waveform generation mode must be selected.
2. Event actions must be disabled.
3. The CC channels used must be enabled. This will override the corresponding port pin output register.
4. The direction for the associated port pin must be set to output.
Inverted waveform output is achieved by setting the invert output bit for the port pin.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 150

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
13.8.2 Frequency (FRQ) Waveform Generation
For frequency generation the period time (T) is controlled by the CCA register instead of PER. The waveform generation
(WG) output is toggled on each compare match between the CNT and CCA registers, as shown in Figure 13-14.

Figure 13-14.Frequency Waveform Generation

Period (T) Direction Change CNT written

MAX

"update"

TOP
CNT

BOTTOM

WG Output

The waveform frequency (fFRQ) is defined by the following equation:

fclk PER
f FRQ = ----------------------------------
2N  CCA + 1 

where N represents the prescaler divider used. The waveform generated will have a maximum frequency of half of the
peripheral clock frequency (fclkPER) when CCA is set to zero (0x0000) and no prescaling is used. This also applies when
using the hi-res extension, since this increases the resolution and not the frequency.

13.8.3 Single-slope PWM Generation

For single-slope PWM generation, the period (T) is controlled by PER, while CCx registers control the duty cycle of the
WG output. Figure 13-15 shows how the counter counts from BOTTOM to TOP and then restarts from BOTTOM. The
waveform generator (WG) output is set on the compare match between the CNT and CCx registers and cleared at TOP.

Figure 13-15.Single-slope Pulse Width Modulation

"update"
Period (T) CCx=BOTTOM CCx=TOP
"match"
MAX
TOP

CNT
CCx

BOTTOM

WG Output

The PER register defines the PWM resolution. The minimum resolution is 2 bits (PER=0x0003), and the maximum
resolution is 16 bits (PER=MAX).
The following equation calculate the exact resolution for single-slope PWM (RPWM_SS):

log  PER + 1 
R PWM_SS = ---------------------------------
log  2 

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 151

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
 The single-slope PWM frequency (fPWM_SS) depends on the period setting (PER) and the peripheral clock frequency
(fclkPER), and can be calculated by the following equation:

fclk PER
f PWM_SS = -----------------------------
N  PER + 1 

where N represents the prescaler divider used. The waveform generated will have a maximum frequency of half of the
peripheral clock frequency (fclkPER) when CCA is set to zero (0x0000) and no prescaling is used. This also applies when
using the hi-res extension, since this increases the resolution and not the frequency.

13.8.4 Dual-slope PWM

For dual-slope PWM generation, the period (T) is controlled by PER, while CCx registers control the duty cycle of the WG
output. Figure 13-16 shows how for dual-slope PWM the counter counts repeatedly from BOTTOM to TOP and then from
TOP to BOTTOM. The waveform generator output is set on BOTTOM, cleared on compare match when up-counting,
and set on compare match when down-counting.

Figure 13-16.Dual-slope Pulse Width Modulation

"update"
Period (T) CCx=BOTTOM CCx=TOP
"match"
MAX

CCx

TOP
CNT

BOTTOM

WG Output

Using dual-slope PWM results in a lower maximum operation frequency compared to the single-slope PWM operation.
The period register (PER) defines the PWM resolution. The minimum resolution is 2 bits (PER=0x0003), and the
maximum resolution is 16 bits (PER=MAX).
The following equation calculate the exact resolution for dual-slope PWM (RPWM_DS):

log  PER + 1 
R PWM_DS = ---------------------------------
log  2 

The PWM frequency depends on the period setting (PER) and the peripheral clock frequency (fclkPER), and can be
calculated by the following equation:

fclk PER
f PWM_DS = -------------------
2NPER

N represents the prescaler divider used. The waveform generated will have a maximum frequency of half of the
peripheral clock frequency (fclkPER) when CCA is set to zero (0x0000) and no prescaling is used. This also applies when
using the hi-res extension, since this increases the resolution and not the frequency.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 152

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
13.8.5 Port Override for Waveform Generation
To make the waveform generation available on the port pins, the corresponding port pin direction must be set as output.
The timer/counter will override the port pin values when the CC channel is enabled (CCENx) and a waveform generation
mode is selected.
Figure 13-17 shows the port override for a timer/counter. The timer/counter CC channel will override the port pin output
value (OUT) on the corresponding port pin. Enabling inverted I/O on the port pin (INVEN) inverts the corresponding WG
output.

Figure 13-17.Port Override for Timer/counter 0 and 1

OUT
OCx
Waveform
CCExEN INVEN

13.9 Interrupts and Events

The timer/counter can generate both interrupts and events. The counter can generate an interrupt on overflow/underflow,
and each CC channel has a separate interrupt that is used for compare or capture. In addition, an error interrupt can be
generated if any of the CC channels is used for capture and a buffer overflow condition occurs on a capture channel.
Events will be generated for all conditions that can generate interrupts. For details on event generation and available
events, refer to “Event System” on page 61.

13.10 DMA Support

The interrupt flags can be used to trigger DMA transactions. Table 13-2 lists the transfer triggers available from the
timer/counter and the DMA action that will clear the transfer trigger. For more details on using DMA, refer to “DMAC -
Direct Memory Access Controller” on page 46.

Table 13-2. DMA Request Sources

Request Acknowledge Comment

DMA controller writes to CNT

OVFIF/UNFIF DMA controller writes to PER
DMA controller writes to PERBUF

ERRIF N/A

DMA controller access of CCx Input capture operation

CCxIF
DMA controller access of CCxBUF Output compare operation

13.11 Timer/Counter Commands

A set of commands can be given to the timer/counter by software to immediately change the state of the module. These
commands give direct control of the UPDATE, RESTART, and RESET signals.
An update command has the same effect as when an update condition occurs. The update command is ignored if the
lock update bit is set.
The software can force a restart of the current waveform period by issuing a restart command. In this case the counter,
direction, and all compare outputs are set to zero.
A reset command will set all timer/counter registers to their initial values. A reset can be given only when the
timer/counter is not running (OFF).

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 153

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
13.12 Register Description

13.12.1 CTRLA – Control Register A

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x00 – – – – CLKSEL[3:0]
Read/Write R R R R R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

 Bit 7:4 – Reserved

These bits are unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write these bits to zero
when this register is written.
 Bit 3:0 – CLKSEL[3:0]: Clock Select
These bits select the clock source for the timer/counter according to Table 13-3.
CLKSEL=0001 must be set to ensure a correct output from the waveform generator when the hi-res extension is
enabled.

Table 13-3. Clock Select Options

CLKSEL[3:0] Group configuration Description

0000 OFF None (i.e, timer/counter in OFF state)

0001 DIV1 Prescaler: Clk

0010 DIV2 Prescaler: Clk/2

0011 DIV4 Prescaler: Clk/4

0100 DIV8 Prescaler: Clk/8

0101 DIV64 Prescaler: Clk/64

0110 DIV256 Prescaler: Clk/256

0111 DIV1024 Prescaler: Clk/1024

1nnn EVCHn Event channel n, n= [0,...,7]

13.12.2 CTRLB – Control Register B

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x01 CCDEN CCCEN CCBEN CCAEN – WGMODE[2:0]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

 Bit 7:4 – CCxEN: Compare or Capture Enable

Setting these bits in the FRQ or PWM waveform generation mode of operation will override the port output register for the
corresponding OCn output pin.
When input capture operation is selected, the CCxEN bits enable the capture operation for the corresponding CC
channel.
 Bit 3 – Reserved
This bit is unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write this bit to zero when this
register is written.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 154

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
  Bit 2:0 – WGMODE[2:0]: Waveform Generation Mode
These bits select the waveform generation mode, and control the counting sequence of the counter, TOP value,
UPDATE condition, interrupt/event condition, and type of waveform that is generated according to Table 13-4.
No waveform generation is performed in the normal mode of operation. For all other modes, the result from the waveform
generator will only be directed to the port pins if the corresponding CCxEN bit has been set to enable this. The port pin
direction must be set as output.

Table 13-4. Timer Waveform Generation Mode

Group Mode of
WGMODE[2:0] configuration operation Top Update OVFIF/Event

000 NORMAL Normal PER TOP TOP

001 FRQ Frequency CCA TOP TOP

010 Reserved - - -

Single-slope
011 SINGLESLOPE PER BOTTOM BOTTOM
PWM

100 Reserved - - -

101 DSTOP Dual-slope PWM PER BOTTOM TOP

110 DSBOTH Dual-slope PWM PER BOTTOM TOP and BOTTOM

111 DSBOTTOM Dual-slope PWM PER BOTTOM BOTTOM

13.12.3 CTRLC – Control Register C

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x02 – – – – CMPD CMPC CMPB CMPA
Read/Write R R R R R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

 Bit 7:4 – Reserved

These bits are unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write these bits to zero
when this register is written.
 Bit 3:0 – CMPx: Compare Output Value x
These bits allow direct access to the waveform generator's output compare value when the timer/counter is set in the
OFF state. This is used to set or clear the WG output value when the timer/counter is not running.

13.12.4 CTRLD – Control Register D

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x03 EVACT[2:0] EVDLY EVSEL[3:0]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

 Bit 7:5 – EVACT[2:0]: Event Action

These bits define the event action the timer will perform on an event according to Table 13-5 on page 156.
The EVSEL setting will decide which event source or sources have control in this case.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 155

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
Table 13-5. Timer Event Action Selection

EVACT[2:0] Group configuration Event action

000 OFF None

001 CAPT Input capture

010 UPDOWN Externally controlled up/ down count

011 QDEC Quadrature decode

100 RESTART Restart waveform period

101 FRQ Frequency capture

110 PW Pulse width capture

111 Reserved

Selecting any of the capture event actions changes the behavior of the CCx registers and related status and control bits
to be used for capture. The error status flag (ERRIF) will indicate a buffer overflow in this configuration. See “Event
Action Controlled Operation” on page 146 for further details.
 Bit 4 – EVDLY: Timer Delay Event
When this bit is set, the selected event source is delayed by one peripheral clock cycle. This is intended for 32-bit input
capture operation. Adding the event delay is necessary to compensate for the carry propagation delay when cascading
two counters via the event system.
 Bit 3:0 – EVSEL[3:0]:Timer Event Source Select
These bits select the event channel source for the timer/counter. For the selected event channel to have any effect, the
event action bits (EVACT) must be set according to Table 13-6. When the event action is set to a capture operation, the
selected event channel n will be the event channel source for CC channel A, and event channel (n+1)%8, (n+2)%8, and
(n+3)%8 will be the event channel source for CC channel B, C, and D.

Table 13-6. Timer Event Source Selection

EVSEL[3:0] Group configuration Event source

0000 OFF None

0001 – Reserved

0010 – Reserved

0011 – Reserved

0100 – Reserved

0101 – Reserved

0110 – Reserved

0111 – Reserved

1nnn CHn Event channel n, n={0,...,7}

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 156

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
13.12.5 CTRLE – Control Register E

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x04 – – – – – – BYTEM[1:0]
Read/Write R R R R R R R R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

 Bit 7:2 – Reserved

These bits are unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write these bits to zero
when this register is written.
 Bit 1:0 – BYTEM[1:0]: Byte Mode
These bits select the timer/counter operation mode according to Table 13-7.

Table 13-7. Clock Select

BYTEM[1:0] Group configuration Description

00 NORMAL Timer/counter is set to normal mode (timer/counter type 0)

Upper byte of the counter (CNTH) will be set to zero after each counter
01 BYTEMODE
clock cycle

10 SPLITMODE Timer/counter 0 is split into two 8-bit timer/counters (timer/counter type 2)

11 – Reserved

13.12.6 INTCTRLA – Interrupt Enable Register A

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x06 – – – – ERRINTLVL[1:0] OVFINTLVL[1:0]
Read/Write R R R R R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

 Bit 7:4 – Reserved

These bits are unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write these bits to zero
when this register is written.
 Bit 3:2 – ERRINTLVL[1:0]:Timer Error Interrupt Level
These bits enable the timer error interrupt and select the interrupt level as described in “Interrupts and Programmable
Multilevel Interrupt Controller” on page 112.
 Bit 1:0 – OVFINTLVL[1:0]:Timer Overflow/Underflow Interrupt Level
These bits enable the timer overflow/underflow interrupt and select the interrupt level as described in “Interrupts and
Programmable Multilevel Interrupt Controller” on page 112.

13.12.7 INTCTRLB – Interrupt Enable Register B

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x07 CCDINTLVL[1:0] CCCINTLVL[1:0] CCBINTLVL[1:0] CCAINTLVL[1:0]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

 Bit 7:0 – CCxINTLVL[7:0] - Compare or Capture x Interrupt Level

These bits enable the timer compare or capture interrupt for channel x and select the interrupt level as described in
“Interrupts and Programmable Multilevel Interrupt Controller” on page 112.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 157

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
13.12.8 CTRLFCLR/CTRLFSET – Control register F Clear/Set
This register is mapped into two I/O memory locations, one for clearing (CTRLxCLR) and one for setting the register bits
(CTRLxSET) when written. Both memory locations will give the same result when read.
The individual status bit can be set by writing a one to its bit location in CTRLxSET, and cleared by writing a one to its bit
location in CTRLxCLR. This allows each bit to be set or cleared without use of a read-modify-write operation on a single
register.

13.12.8.1 CTRLFCLR

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x08 – – – – CMD[1:0] LUPD DIR
Read/Write R R R R R R R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

13.12.8.2 CTRLFSET

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x09 – – – – CMD[1:0] LUPD DIR
Read/Write R R R R R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

 Bit 7:4 – Reserved

These bits are unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write these bits to zero
when this register is written.
 Bit 3:2 – CMD[1:0]: Command
These bits can be used for software control of update, restart, and reset of the timer/counter. The command bits are
always read as zero.

Table 13-8. Command Selections

CMD Group configuration Command action

00 NONE None

01 UPDATE Force update

10 RESTART Force restart

11 RESET Force hard reset (ignored if T/C is not in OFFstate)

 Bit 1 – LUPD: Lock Update

When this bit is set, no update of the buffered registers is performed, even though an UPDATE condition has occurred.
Locking the update ensures that all buffers, including DTI buffers, are valid before an update is performed.
This bit has no effect when input capture operation is enabled.
 Bit 0 – DIR: Counter Direction
When zero, this bit indicates that the counter is counting up (incrementing). A one indicates that the counter is in the
down-counting (decrementing) state.
Normally this bit is controlled in hardware by the waveform generation mode or by event actions, but this bit can also be
changed from software.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 158

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
13.12.9 CTRLGCLR/CTRLGSET – Control Register G Clear/Set

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x0A/ +0x0B – – – CCDBV CCCBV CCBBV CCABV PERBV
Read/Write R R R R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Refer to “CTRLFCLR/CTRLFSET – Control register F Clear/Set” on page 158 for information on how to access this type
of status register.
 Bit 7:5 – Reserved
These bits are unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write these bits to zero
when this register is written.
 Bit 4:1 – CCxBV: Compare or Capture x Buffer Valid
These bits are set when a new value is written to the corresponding CCxBUF register. These bits are automatically
cleared on an UPDATE condition.
Note that when input capture operation is used, this bit is set on a capture event and cleared if the corresponding CCxIF
is cleared.
 Bit 0 – PERBV: Period Buffer Valid
This bit is set when a new value is written to the PERBUF register. This bit is automatically cleared on an UPDATE
condition.

13.12.10INTFLAGS – Interrupt Flag Register

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x0C CCDIF CCCIF CCBIF CCAIF – – ERRIF OVFIF
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R R R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

 Bit 7:4 – CCxIF: Compare or Capture Channel x Interrupt Flag

The compare or capture interrupt flag (CCxIF) is set on a compare match or on an input capture event on the
corresponding CC channel.
For all modes of operation except for capture, the CCxIF will be set when a compare match occurs between the count
register (CNT) and the corresponding compare register (CCx). The CCxIF is automatically cleared when the
corresponding interrupt vector is executed.
For input capture operation, the CCxIF will be set if the corresponding compare buffer contains valid data (i.e., when
CCxBV is set). The flag will be cleared when the CCx register is read. Executing the interrupt vector in this mode of
operation will not clear the flag.
The flag can also be cleared by writing a one to its bit location.
The CCxIF can be used for requesting a DMA transfer. A DMA read or write access of the corresponding CCx or
CCxBUF will then clear the CCxIF and release the request.
 Bit 3:2 – Reserved
These bits are unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write these bits to zero
when this register is written.
 Bit 1 – ERRIF: Error Interrupt Flag
This flag is set on multiple occasions, depending on the mode of operation.
In the FRQ or PWM waveform generation mode of operation, ERRIF is set on a fault detect condition from the fault
protection feature in the AWeX extention. For timer/counters which do not have the AWeX extention available, this flag is
never set in FRQ or PWM waveform generation mode.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 159

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
 For capture operation, ERRIF is set if a buffer overflow occurs on any of the CC channels.
For event controlled QDEC operation, ERRIF is set when an incorrect index signal is given.
This flag is automatically cleared when the corresponding interrupt vector is executed. The flag can also be cleared by
writing a one to this location.
 Bit 0 – OVFIF: Overflow/Underflow Interrupt Flag
This flag is set either on a TOP (overflow) or BOTTOM (underflow) condition, depending on the WGMODE setting.
OVFIF is automatically cleared when the corresponding interrupt vector is executed. The flag can also be cleared by
writing a one to its bit location.
OVFIF can also be used for requesting a DMA transfer. A DMA write access of CNT, PER, or PERBUF will then clear the
OVFIF bit.

13.12.11TEMP – Temporary Bits for 16-bit Access

The TEMP register is used for single-cycle, 16-bit access to the 16-bit timer/counter registers by the CPU. The DMA
controller has a separate temporary storage register. There is one common TEMP register for all the 16-bit Timer/counter
registers.
For more details, refer to “Accessing 16-bit Registers” on page 13.
Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x0F TEMP[7:0]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

13.12.12CNTL – Counter Register Low

The CNTH and CNTL register pair represents the 16-bit value, CNT. CNT contains the 16-bit counter value in the
timer/counter. CPU and DMA write access has priority over count, clear, or reload of the counter.
For more details on reading and writing 16-bit registers, refer to “Accessing 16-bit Registers” on page 13.
Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x20 CNT[7:0]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

 Bit 7:0 – CNT[7:0]: Counter low byte

These bits hold the LSB of the 16-bit counter register.

13.12.13CNTH – Counter Register High

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x21 CNT[15:8]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

 Bit 7:0 – CNT[15:8]: Counter high byte

These bits hold the MSB of the 16-bit counter register.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 160

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
13.12.14PERL – Period Register Low
The PERH and PERL register pair represents the 16-bit value, PER. PER contains the 16-bit TOP value in the
timer/counter.
Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x26 PER[7:0]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

 Bit 7:0 – PER[7:0]: Period low byte

These bits hold the LSB of the 16-bit period register.

13.12.15PERH – Period Register High

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x27 PER[15:8]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

 Bit 7:0 – PER[15:8]: Period high byte

These bits hold the MSB of the 16-bit period register.

13.12.16CCxL – Compare or Capture x Register Low

The CCxH and CCxL register pair represents the 16-bit value, CCx. These 16-bit register pairs have two functions,
depending of the mode of operation.
For capture operation, these registers constitute the second buffer level and access point for the CPU and DMA.
For compare operation, these registers are continuously compared to the counter value. Normally, the outputs form the
comparators are then used for generating waveforms.
CCx registers are updated with the buffer value from their corresponding CCxBUF register when an UPDATE condition
occurs.
Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
CCx[7:0]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

 Bit 7:0 – CCx[7:0]: Compare or Capture x low byte

These bits hold the LSB of the 16-bit compare or capture register.

13.12.17CCxH – Compare or Capture x Register High

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
CCx[15:8]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

 Bit 7:0 – CCx[15:8]: Compare or Capture x high byte

These bits hold the MSB of the 16-bit compare or capture register.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 161

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
13.12.18PERBUFL – Timer/Counter Period Buffer Low
The PERBUFH and PERBUFL register pair represents the 16-bit value, PERBUF. This 16-bit register serves as the
buffer for the period register (PER). Accessing this register using the CPU or DMA will affect the PERBUFV flag.
Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x36 PERBUF[7:0]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

 Bit 7:0 – PERBUF[7:0]: Period Buffer low byte

These bits hold the LSB of the 16-bit period buffer register.

13.12.19PERBUFH – Timer/Counter Period Buffer High

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x37 PERBUF[15:8]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

 Bit 7:0 – PERBUF[15:8]: Period Buffer high byte

These bits hold the MSB of the 16-bit period buffer register.

13.12.20CCxBUFL – Compare or Capture x Buffer Register Low

The CCxBUFH and CCxBUFL register pair represents the 16-bit value, CCxBUF. These 16-bit registers serve as the
buffer for the associated compare or capture registers (CCx). Accessing any of these registers using the CPU or DMA
will affect the corresponding CCxBV status bit.
Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
CCxBUFx[7:0]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

 Bit 7:0 – CCxBUF[7:0]: Compare or Capture Buffer low byte

These bits hold the LSB of the 16-bit compare or capture buffer register.

13.12.21CCxBUFH – Compare or Capture x Buffer Register High

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
CCxBUF[15:8]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

 Bit 7:0 – CCxBUF[15:8]: Compare or Capture Buffer high byte

These bits hold the MSB of the 16-bit compare or capture buffer register.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 162

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
13.13 Register Summary
Address Name Bit 7 Bit 6 Bit 5 Bit 4 Bit 3 Bit 2 Bit 1 Bit 0 Page
+0x00 CTRLA – – – – CLKSEL[3:0] 154
+0x01 CTRLB CCDEN CCCEN CCBEN CCAEN – WGMODE[2:0] 154
+0x02 CTRLC – – – – CMPD CMPC CMPB CMPA 155
+0x03 CTRLD EVACT[2:0] EVDLY EVSEL[3:0] 155
+0x04 CTRLE – – – – – – BYTEM 157
+0x05 Reserved – – – – – – – –
+0x06 INTCTRLA – – – – ERRINTLVL[1:0] OVINTLVL[1:0] 157
+0x07 INTCTRLB CCCINTLVL[1:0] CCCINTLVL[1:0] CCBINTLVL[1:0] CCAINTLVL[1:0] 157
+0x08 CTRLFCLR – – – – CMD[1:0] LUPD DIR 158
+0x09 CTRLFSET – – – – CMD[1:0] LUPD DIR 158
+0x0A CTRLGCLR – – – CCDBV CCCBV CCBBV CCABV PERBV 159
+0x0B CTRLGSET – – – CCDBV CCCBV CCBBV CCABV PERBV 159
+0x0C INTFLAGS CCDIF CCCIF CCBIF CCAIF – – ERRIF OVFIF 159
+0x0D Reserved – – – – – – – –
+0x0E Reserved – – – – – – – –
+0x0F TEMP TEMP[7:0] 160
+0x10 to Reserved – – – – – – – –
+0x20 CNTL CNT[7:0] 160
+0x21 CNTH CNT[15:8] 160
+0x22 to Reserved – – – – – – – –
+0x26 PERL PER[7:0] 161
+0x27 PERH PER[8:15] 161
+0x28 CCAL CCA[7:0] 161
+0x29 CCAH CCA[15:8] 161
+0x2A CCBL CCB[7:0] 161
+0x2B CCBH CCB[15:8] 161
+0x2C CCCL CCC[7:0] 161
+0x02D CCCH CCC[15:8] 161
+0x2E CCDL CCD[7:0] 161
+0x2F CCDH CCD[15:8] 161
+0x30 to Reserved – – – – – – – –
+0x36 PERBUFL PERBUF[7:0] 162
+0x37 PERBUFH PERBUF[15:8] 162
+0x38 CCABUFL CCABUF[7:0] 162
+0x39 CCABUFH CCABUF[15:8] 162
+0x3A CCBBUFL CCBBUF[7:0] 162
+0x3B CCBBUFH CCBBUF[15:8] 162
+0x3C CCCBUFL CCCBUF[7:0] 162
+0x3D CCCBUFH CCCBUF[15:8] 162
+0x3E CCDBUFL CCDBUF[7:0] 162
+0x3F CCDBUFH CCDBUF[15:8] 162

13.14 Interrupt Vector Summary

Offset Source Interrupt description

0x00 OVF_vect Timer/counter overflow/underflow interrupt vector offset

0x02 ERR_vect Timer/counter error interrupt vector offset

0x04 CCA_vect Timer/counter compare or capture channel A interrupt vector offset

0x06 CCB_vect Timer/counter compare or capture channel B interrupt vector offset

0x08 CCC_vect(1) Timer/counter compare or capture channel C interrupt vector offset

(1)
0x0A CCD_vect Timer/counter compare or capture channel D interrupt vector offset
Note: 1. Available only on timer/counters with four compare or capture channels.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 163

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
14. TC2 – 16-bit Timer/Counter Type 2

14.1 Features
 A system of two eight-bit timer/counters
 Low-byte timer/counter
 High-byte timer/counter
 Eight compare channels
 Four compare channels for the low-byte timer/counter
 Four compare channels for the high-byte timer/counter
 Waveform generation
 Single slope pulse width modulation
 Timer underflow interrupts/events
 One compare match interrupt/event per compare channel for the low-byte timer/counter
 Can be used with the event system for count control
 Can be used to trigger DMA transactions

14.2 Overview
A timer/counter 2 is realized when a timer/counter 0 is set in split mode. It is a system of two eight-bit
timer/counters, each with four compare channels. This results in eight configurable pulse width modulation (PWM)
channels with individually controlled duty cycles, and is intended for applications that require a high number of PWM
channels.
The two eight-bit timer/counters in this system are referred to as the low-byte timer/counter and high-byte timer/counter,
respectively. The difference between them is that only the low-byte timer/counter can be used to generate compare
match interrupts, events and DMA triggers.
The two eight-bit timer/counters have a shared clock source and separate period and compare settings. They can be
clocked and timed from the peripheral clock, with optional prescaling, or from the event system. The counters are always
counting down.
The timer/counter 2 is set back to timer/counter 0 by setting it in normal mode; hence, one timer/counter can exist only as
either type 0 or type 2.
A detailed block diagram of the timer/counter 2 showing the low-byte (L) and high-byte (H) timer/counter register split and
compare modules is shown in Figure 14-1 on page 165.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 164

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
14.3 Block Diagram

Figure 14-1. Block Diagram of the 16-bit Timer/counter 0 with Split Mode

Base Counter

Clock Select
HPER LPER CTRLA

"count high"
Counter
"load high" HUNF
"count low" (INT/DMA Req.)
HCNT LCNT Control Logic
"load low"
LUNF
(INT/DMA Req.)

BOTTOML
=0
BOTTOMH
=0

Compare
(Unit x = {A,B,C,D})

LCMPx
Waveform
Generation
OCLx Out

"match" LCMPx
= (INT/DMA
Req.)

Compare
(Unit x = {A,B,C,D})
HCMPx
Waveform
Generation
OCHx Out

"match"
=

14.4 Clock Sources

The timer/counter can be clocked from the peripheral clock (clkPER) and from the event system. Figure 14-2 shows the
clock and event selection.

Figure 14-2. Clock Selection

Common clkPER / Event
clkPER events
Prescaler 2{0,...,15} System
clkPER /
event channels
{1,2,4,8,64,256,1024}

CLKSEL

CNT

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 165

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
 The peripheral clock (clkPER) is fed into the common prescaler (common for all timer/counters in a device). A selection of
prescaler outputs from 1 to 1/1024 is directly available. In addition, the whole range of time prescalings from 1 to 215 is
available through the event system.
The clock selection (CLKSEL) selects one of the clock prescaler outputs or an event channel for the high-byte counter
(HCNT) and low-byte counter (LCNT). By using the event system, any event source, such as an external clock signal, on
any I/O pin can be used as the clock input.
By default, no clock input is selected, and the counters are not running.

14.5 Counter Operation

The counters will always count in single-slope mode. Each counter counts down for each clock cycle until it reaches
BOTTOM, and then reloads the counter with the period register value at the following clock cycle.

Figure 14-3. Counter Operation

CNT written

MAX

"reload"
TOP

CNT

BOTTOM

As shown in Figure 14-3, the counter can change the counter value while running. The write access has higher priority
than the count clear, and reloads and will be immediate.

14.5.1 Changing the Period

The counter period is changed by writing a new TOP value to the period register. Since the counter is counting down, the
period register can be written at any time without affecting the current period, as shown in Figure 14-4. This prevents
wraparound and generation of odd waveforms.

Figure 14-4. Changing the Period

MAX

"reload"

"write"
CNT

BOTTOM

New TOP written to New TOP written to

PER that is higher PER that is lower
than current CNT than current CNT

14.6 Compare Channel

Each compare channel continuously compares the counter value with the CMPx register. If CNT equals CMPx, the
comparator signals a match. For the low-byte timer/counter, the match will set the compare channel's interrupt flag at the
next timer clock cycle, and the event and optional interrupt is generated. The high-byte timer/counter does not have
compare interrupt/event.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 166

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
14.6.1 Waveform Generation
The compare channels can be used for waveform generation on the corresponding port pins. To make the waveform
visible on the connected port pin, the following requirements must be fulfilled:
1. The compare channels to be used must be enabled. This will override the corresponding port pin output register.
2. The direction for the associated port pin must be set to output.
Inverted waveform output can be achieved by setting invert I/O on the port pin. Refer to “I/O Ports” on page 119 for more
details.

14.6.2 Single-slope PWM Generation

For PWM generation, the period (T) is controlled by the PER register, while the CMPx registers control the duty cycle of
the waveform generator (WG) output. Figure 14-5 shows how the counter counts from TOP to BOTTOM, and then
restarts from TOP. The WG output is set on the compare match between the CNT and CMPx registers, and cleared at
BOTTOM.

Figure 14-5. Single-slope Pulse Width Modulation

Period (T) CMPx=TOP CMPx=BOT

"match"
MAX
TOP

CNT
CMPx

BOTTOM

WG Output

The PER register defines the PWM resolution. The minimum resolution is two bits (PER=0x0003), and the maximum
resolution is eight bits (PER=MAX).
The following equation is used to calculate the exact resolution for a single-slope PWM (RPWM_SS) waveform:

log  PER + 1 
R PWM_SS = ---------------------------------
log  2 
The single, slow PWM frequency (fPWM_SS) depends on the period setting (PER) and the peripheral clock frequency
(fPER), and it is calculated by using the following equation:

f PER
f PWM_SS = -----------------------------
N  PER + 1 
where N represents the prescaler divider used (1, 2, 4, 8, 64, 256, 1024, or event channel n).

14.6.3 Port Override for Waveform Generation

To make the waveform generation available on the port pins, the corresponding port pin direction must be set as output.
The timer/counter will override the port pin values when the CMP channel is enabled (LCMPENx/HCMPENx).
Figure 14-6 on page 168 shows the port override for the low- and high-byte timer/counters. For the low-byte
timer/counter, CMP channels A to D will override the output value (OUTxn) of port pins 0 to 3 on the corresponding port
pins (Pxn). For the high-byte timer/counter, CMP channels E to H will override port pins 4 to 7. Enabling inverted I/O on
the port pin (INVENxn) inverts the corresponding WG output.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 167

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
 Figure 14-6. Port Override for Low- and High-byte Timer/counters

OUT
OCx
Waveform
LCMPENx / INVEN
HCMPENx

14.7 Interrupts and Events

The timer/counters can generate interrupts and events. The counter can generate an interrupt on underflow, and each
CMP channel for the low-byte counter has a separate compare interrupt.
Events will be generated for all conditions that can generate interrupts. For details on event generation and available
events, refer to “Event System” on page 61.

14.8 DMA Support

Timer/counter underflow and compare interrupt flags can trigger a DMA transaction. The acknowledge condition that
clears the flag/request is listed in Table 14-1.

Table 14-1. DMA Request Sources

Request Acknowledge Comment

DMAC writes to LCNT

LUNFIF
DMAC writes to LPER

DMAC writes to HCNT

HUNFIF
DMAC writes to HPER

DMAC access of
CCIF{D,C,B,A} Output compare operation
LCMP{D,C,B,A}

14.9 Timer/Counter Commands

A set of commands can be given to the timer/counter by software to immediately change the state of the module. These
commands give direct control of the update, restart, and reset signals.
The software can force a restart of the current waveform period by issuing a restart command. In this case the counter,
direction, and all compare outputs are set to zero.
A reset command will set all timer/counter registers to their initial values. A reset can only be given when the
timer/counter is not running (OFF).

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 168

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
14.10 Register Description

14.10.1 CTRLA – Control Register A

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x00 – – – – CLKSEL[3:0]
Read/Write R R R R R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

 Bit 7:4 – Reserved

These bits are unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write these bits to zero
when this register is written.
 Bit 3:0 – CLKSEL[3:0]: Clock Select
These bits select clock source for the timer/counter according to Table 14-2. The clock select is identical for both high-
and low-byte timer/counters.

Table 14-2. Clock Select

CLKSEL[3:0] Group configuration Description

0000 OFF None (i.e., timer/counter in OFF state)

0001 DIV1 Prescaler: ClkPER

0010 DIV2 Prescaler: ClkPER/2

0011 DIV4 Prescaler: ClkPER/4

0100 DIV8 Prescaler: ClkPER/8

0101 DIV64 Prescaler: ClkPER/64

0110 DIV256 Prescaler: ClkPER/256

0111 DIV1024 Prescaler: ClkPER/1024

1nnn EVCHn Event channel n, n= [0,...,7]

14.10.2 CTRLB – Control Register B

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x01 HCMPEND HCMPENC HCMPENB HCMPENA LCMPEND LCMPENC LCMPENB LCMPENA
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

 Bit 7:0 – HCMPENx/LCMPENx: High/Low Byte Compare Enable x

Setting these bits will enable the compare output and override the port output register for the corresponding OCn output
pin.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 169

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
14.10.3 CTRLC – Control Register C

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x02 HCMPD HCMPC HCMPB HCMPA LCMPD LCMPC LCMPB LCMPA
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

 Bit 7:0 – HCMPx/LCMPx: High/Low Compare x Output Value

These bits allow direct access to the waveform generator's output compare value when the timer/counter is OFF. This is
used to set or clear the WG output value when the timer/counter is not running.

14.10.4 CTRLE – Control Register E

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x04 – – – – – – BYTEM[1:0]
Read/Write R R R R R R R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

 Bit 7:2 – Reserved

These bits are unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write these bits to zero
when this register is written.
 Bit 0:1 – BYTEM[1:0]: Byte Mode
These bits select the timer/counter operation mode according to Table 14-3.

Table 14-3. Byte Mode

BYTEM[1:0] Group configuration Description

00 NORMAL Timer/counter is set to normal mode (timer/counter type 0)

Upper byte of the counter (HCNT) will be set to zero after each counter
01 BYTEMODE
clock.

10 SPLITMODE Timer/counter is split into two eight-bit timer/counters (timer/counter type 2)

11 — Reserved

14.10.5 INTCTRLA – Interrupt Enable Register A

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x06 – – – – HUNFINTLVL[1:0] LUNFINTLVL[1:0]
Read/Write R R R R R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

 Bit 7:4 – Reserved

These bits are unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write these bits to zero
when this register is written.
 Bit 3:2 – HUNFINTLVL[1:0]: High-byte Timer Underflow Interrupt Level
These bits enable the high-byte timer underflow interrupt and select the interrupt level, as described in “Interrupts and
Programmable Multilevel Interrupt Controller” on page 112. The enabled interrupt will be triggered when HUNFIF in the
INTFLAGS register is set.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 170

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
  Bit 1:0 – LUNFINTLVL[1:0]: Low-byte Timer Underflow Interrupt Level
These bits enable the low-byte timer underflow interrupt and select the interrupt level, as described in “Interrupts and
Programmable Multilevel Interrupt Controller” on page 112. The enabled interrupt will be triggered when LUNFIF in the
INTFLAGS register is set.

14.10.6 INTCTRLB – Interrupt Enable Register B

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x07 LCMPDINTLVL[1:0] LCMPCINTLVL[1:0] LCMPBINTLVL[1:0] LCMPAINTLVL[1:0]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

 Bit 7:0 – LCMPxINTLVL[1:0]: Low-byte Compare x Interrupt Level

These bits enable the low-byte timer compare interrupt and select the interrupt level, as described in “Interrupts and
Programmable Multilevel Interrupt Controller” on page 112. The enabled interrupt will be triggered when LCMPxIF in the
INTFLAGS register is set.

14.10.7 CTRLF – Control Register F

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x08 – – – – CMD[1:0] CMDEN[1:0]
Read/Write R R R R R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

 Bit 7:4 – Reserved

These bits are unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write these bits to zero
when this register is written.
 Bit 3:2 – CMD[1:0]: Timer/Counter Command
These command bits are used for software control of timer/counter update, restart, and reset. The command bits are
always read as zero. The CMD bits must be used together with CMDEN.

Table 14-4. Command Selections

CMD Group configuration Description

00 NONE None

01 — Reserved

10 RESTART Force restart

11 RESET Force hard reset (ignored if T/C is not in OFF state)

 Bit 1:0 – CMDEN[1:0]: Command Enable

These bits are used to indicate for which timer/counter the command (CMD) is valid.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 171

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
 Table 14-5. Command Enable Selections

CMDEN Group Configuration Description

00 – Reserved

01 LOW Command valid for low-byte T/C

10 HIGH Command valid for high-byte T/C

11 BOTH Command valid for both low-byte and high-byte T/C

14.10.8 INTFLAGS – Interrupt Flag Register

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x0C LCMPDIF LCMPCIF LCMPBIF LCMPAIF – – HUNFIF LUNFIF
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R R R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

 Bit 7:4 – LCMPxIF: Compare Channel x Interrupt Flag

The compare interrupt flag (LCMPxIF) is set on a compare match on the corresponding CMP channel.
For all modes of operation, LCMPxIF will be set when a compare match occurs between the count register (LCNT) and
the corresponding compare register (LCMPx). The LCMPxIF is automatically cleared when the corresponding interrupt
vector is executed. The flag can also be cleared by writing a one to its bit location.
 Bit 3:2 – Reserved
These bits are unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write these bits to zero
when this register is written.
 Bit 1 – HUNFIF: High-byte Timer Underflow Interrupt Flag
HUNFIF is set on a BOTTOM (underflow) condition. This flag is automatically cleared when the corresponding interrupt
vector is executed. The flag can also be cleared by writing a one to its bit location.
 Bit 0 – LUNFIF: Low-byte Timer Underflow Interrupt Flag
LUNFIF is set on a BOTTOM (underflow) condition. This flag is automatically cleared when the corresponding interrupt
vector is executed. The flag can also be cleared by writing a one to its bit location.

14.10.9 LCNT – Low-byte Count Register

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x20 LCNT[7:0]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

 Bit 7:0 – LCNT[7:0]

LCNT contains the eight-bit counter value for the low-byte timer/counter. The CPU and DMA write accesses have priority
over count, clear, or reload of the counter.

14.10.10HCNT – High-byte Count Register

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x21 HCNT[7:0]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 172

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
  Bit 7:0 – HCNT[7:0]
HCNT contains the eight-bit counter value for the high-byte timer/counter. The CPU and DMA write accesses have
priority over count, clear, or reload of the counter.

14.10.11LPER – Low-byte Period Register

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x27 LPER[7:0]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

 Bit 7:0 – LPER[7:0]

LPER contains the eight-bit period value for the low-byte timer/counter.

14.10.12HPER – High-byte Period Register

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x26 HPER[7:0]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

 Bit 7:0 – HPER[7:0]

HPER contains the eight-bit period for the high-byte timer/counter.

14.10.13LCMPx – Low-byte Compare Register x

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
LCMPx[7:0]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

 Bit 7:0 – LCMPx[7:0], x=[A, B, C, D]

LCMPx contains the eight-bit compare value for the low-byte timer/counter.
These registers are all continuously compared to the counter value. Normally, the outputs from the comparators are then
used for generating waveforms.

14.10.14HCMPx – High-byte Compare Register x

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
HCMPx[7:0]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

 Bit 7:0 – HCMPx[7:0], x=[A, B, C, D]

HCMPx contains the eight-bit compare value for the high-byte timer/counter.
These registers are all continuously compared to the counter value. Normally the outputs from the comparators are then
used for generating waveforms.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 173

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
14.11 Register Summary
Address Name Bit 7 Bit 6 Bit 5 Bit 4 Bit 3 Bit 2 Bit 1 Bit 0 Page
+0x00 CTRLA – – – – CLKSEL[3:0] 169
+0x01 CTRLB HCMPDEN HCMPCEN HCMPBEN HCMPAEN LCMPDEN LCMPCEN LCMPBEN LCMPAEN 169
+0x02 CTRLC HCMPD HCMPC HCMPB HCMPA LCMPD LCMPC LCMPB LCMPA 170
+0x03 Reserved – – – – – – – –
+0x04 CTRLE – – – – – – BYTEM[1:0] 170
+0x05 Reserved – – – – – – – –
+0x06 INTCTRLA – – – – HUNFINTLVL[1:0] LUNFINTLVL[1:0] 170
+0x07 INTCTRLB LCMPDINTLVL[1:0] LCMPCINTLVL[1:0] LCMPBINTLVL[1:0] LCMPAINTLVL[1:0] 171
+0x08 Reserved – – – – – – – –
+0x09 CTRLF – – – – CMD[1:0] CMDEN[1:0] 171
+0x0A Reserved – – – – – – – –
+0x0B Reserved – – – – – – – –
+0x0C INTFLAGS LCMPDIF LCMPCIF LCMPBIF LCMPAIF – – HUNFIF LUNFIF 172
+0x0D Reserved – – – – – – – –
+0x0E Reserved – – – – – – – –
+0x0F Reserved – – – – – – – –
+0x10 to Reserved – – – – – – – –
+0x20 LCNT Low-byte Timer/Counter Count Register 172
+0x21 HCNT High-byte Timer/Counter Count Register 172
+0x22 to Reserved – – – – – – – –
+0x26 LPER Low-byte Timer/Counter Period Register 173
+0x27 HPER High-byte Timer/Counter Period Register 173
+0x28 LCMPA Low-byte Compare Register A 173
+0x29 HCMPA High-byte Compare Register A 173
+0x2A LCMPB Low-byte Compare Register B 173
+0x2B HCMPB High-byte Compare Register B 173
+0x2C LCMPC Low-byte Compare Register C 173
+0x02D HCMPC High-byte Compare Register C 173
+0x2E LCMPD Low-byte Compare Register D 173
+0x2F HCMPD High-byte Compare Register D 173
+0x30 to Reserved – – – – – – – –

14.12 Interrupt Vector Summary

Offset Source Interrupt description

0x00 LUNF_vect Low-byte Timer/counter underflow interrupt vector offset

0x02 HUNF_vect High-byte Timer/counter underflow interrupt vector offset

0x4 LCMPA_vect Low-byte Timer/counter compare channel A interrupt vector offset

0x6 LCMPB_vect Low-byte Timer/counter compare channel B interrupt vector offset

0x8 LCMPC_vect Low-byte Timer/counter compare channel C interrupt vector offset

0x0A LCMPD_vect Low-byte Timer/counter compare channel D interrupt vector offset

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 174

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
15. AWeX – Advanced Waveform Extension

15.1 Features
 Waveform output with complementary output from each compare channel
 Four dead-time insertion (DTI) units
 8-bit resolution
 Separate high and low side dead-time setting
 Double buffered dead time
 Optionally halts timer during dead-time insertion
 Pattern generation unit creating synchronised bit pattern across the port pins
 Double buffered pattern generation
 Optional distribution of one compare channel output across the port pins
 Event controlled fault protection for instant and predictable fault triggering

15.2 Overview
The advanced waveform extension (AWeX) provides extra functions to the timer/counter in waveform generation (WG)
modes. It is primarily intended for use with different types of motor control and other power control applications. It
enables low- and high side output with dead-time insertion and fault protection for disabling and shutting down external
drivers. It can also generate a synchronized bit pattern across the port pins.

Figure 15-1. Advanced Waveform Extention and Closely Related Peripherals (grey)

AWeX

Pattern
Generation
Timer/Counter 0

Px0
WG DTI
Channel A Channel A
Px1

Px2
WG DTI
Channel B Channel B
Px3
Port
Override
Px4
WG DTI
Channel C Channel C
Px5

Px6
WG DTI
Channel D Channel D
Px7

Event Fault
System Protection

As shown in Figure 15-1, each of the waveform generator outputs from timer/counter 0 are split into a complimentary pair
of outputs when any AWeX features are enabled. These output pairs go through a dead-time insertion (DTI) unit that
generates the non-inverted low side (LS) and inverted high side (HS) of the WG output with dead-time insertion between
LS and HS switching. The DTI output will override the normal port value according to the port override setting. Refer to
“I/O Ports” on page 119 for more details.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 175

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
 The pattern generation unit can be used to generate a synchronized bit pattern on the port it is connected to. In addition,
the WG output from compare channel A can be distributed to and override all the port pins. When the pattern generator
unit is enabled, the DTI unit is bypassed.
The fault protection unit is connected to the event system, enabling any event to trigger a fault condition that will disable
the AWeX output. The event system ensures predictable and instant fault reaction, and gives flexibility in the selection of
fault triggers.

15.3 Port Override

The port override logic is common for all the timer/counter extensions. Figure 15-2 on page 177 shows a schematic
diagram of the port override logic. When the dead-time enable (DTIENx) bit is set, the timer/counter extension takes
control over the pin pair for the corresponding channel. Given this condition, the output override enable (OOE) bits take
control over the CCxEN bits.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 176

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
 Figure 15-2. Timer/counter Extensions and Port Override Logic
CWCM
WG 0A
OUT0
Px0
OC0A
OCALS
DTI CCAEN INVEN0
LS
OUTOVEN0

DTICCAEN
Channel
WG 0A
A
OUTOVEN1

CCBEN INVEN1
HS
Px1
OC0B
OCAHS
WG 0B OUT1

WG 0C OUT2
Px2
OC0C
OCBLS
DTI CCCEN INVEN2
LS
OUTOVEN2

DTICCBEN
Channel
WG 0B
B
OUTOVEN3

CCDEN INVEN3
HS
Px3
OC0D
OCBHS
WG 0D OUT3

WG 1A OUT4
Px4
OC1A
OCCLS
DTI CCAEN INVEN4
LS
OUTOVEN4

DTICCCEN
Channel
WG 0C
C
OUTOVEN5

CCBEN INVEN5
HS
Px5
OC1B
OCCHS
WG 1B OUT5

OUT6
Px6

OCDLS
DTI "0" INVEN6
LS
OUTOVEN6

DTICCDEN
Channel
WG 0D
D
OUTOVEN7

"0" INVEN7
HS
Px7

OCDHS
OUT7

15.4 Dead-time Insertion

The dead-time insertion (DTI) unit generates OFF time where the non-inverted low side (LS) and inverted high side (HS)
of the WG output are both low. This OFF time is called dead time, and dead-time insertion ensures that the LS and HS
never switch simultaneously.
The DTI unit consists of four equal dead-time generators, one for each compare channel in timer/counter 0. Figure 15-3
on page 178 shows the block diagram of one DTI generator. The four channels have a common register that controls the

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 177

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
 dead time. The high side and low side have independent dead-time setting, and the dead-time registers are double
buffered.

Figure 15-3. Dead-time Generator Block Diagram

BV DTLSBUF BV DTHSBUF

DTLS DTHS

Dead Time Generator

LOAD
Counter
EN

=0

"DTLS"
WG output D Q (To PORT)

"DTHS"
Edge Detect (To PORT)

As shown in Figure 15-4, the 8-bit dead-time counter is decremented by one for each peripheral clock cycle, until it
reaches zero. A nonzero counter value will force both the low side and high side outputs into their OFF state. When a
change is detected on the WG output, the dead-time counter is reloaded according to the edge of the input. A positive
edge initiates a counter reload of the DTLS register, and a negative edge a reload of DTHS register.

Figure 15-4. Dead-time Generator Timing Diagram

"dti_cnt"

T
tP
tDTILS tDTIHS
"WG output"

"DTLS"

"DTHS"

15.5 Pattern Generation

The pattern generator unit reuses the DTI registers to produce a synchronized bit pattern across the port it is connected
to. In addition, the waveform generator output from compare channel A (CCA) can be distributed to and override all the
port pins. These features are primarily intended for handling the commutation sequence in brushless DC motor (BLDC)
and stepper motor applications. A block diagram of the pattern generator is shown in “Pattern Generator Block Diagram”
on page 179. For each port pin where the corresponding OOE bit is set, the multiplexer will output the waveform from
CCA.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 178

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
 Figure 15-5. Pattern Generator Block Diagram

Timer/Counter 0 (TCx0)
UPDATE CCA WG output

1 to 8
BV DTLSBUF BV DTHSBUF Expand

EN OUTOVEN EN OUTx

Px[7:0]

As with the other timer/counter double buffered registers, the register update is synchronized to the UPDATE condition
set by the waveform generation mode. If the synchronization provided is not required by the application, the application
code can simply access the DTIOE and PORTx registers directly.
The pin directions must be set for any output from the pattern generator to be visible on the port.

15.6 Fault Protection

The fault protection feature enables fast and deterministic action when a fault is detected. The fault protection is event
controlled. Thus, any event from the event system can be used to trigger a fault action, such as over-current indication
from analog comparator or ADC measurements.
When fault protection is enabled, an incoming event from any of the selected event channels can trigger the event action.
Each event channel can be separately enabled as a fault protection input, and the specified event channels will be ORed
together, allowing multiple event sources to be used for fault protection at the same time.

15.6.1 Fault Actions

When a fault is detected, the direction clear action will clear the direction (DIR) register in the associated port, setting all
port pins as tri-stated inputs.
The fault detection flag is set, the timer/counter’s error interrupt flag is set, and the optional interrupt is generated.
There is maximum of two peripheral clock cycles from when an event occurs in a peripheral until the fault protection
triggers the event action. Fault protection is fully independent of the CPU and DMA, but requires the peripheral clock to
run.

15.6.2 Fault Restore Modes

How the AWeX and timer/counter return from the fault state to normal operation after a fault, when the fault condition is
no longer active, can be selected from one of two different modes:
 In latched mode, the waveform output will remain in the fault state until the fault condition is no longer active and
the fault detect flag has been cleared by software. When both of these conditions are met, the waveform output will
return to normal operation at the next UPDATE condition.
 In cycle-by-cycle mode the waveform output will remain in the fault state until the fault condition is no longer active.
When this condition is met, the waveform output will return to normal operation at the next UPDATE condition.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 179

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
 When returning from a fault state the DIR[7:0] bits corresponding to the enabled DTI channels are restored. OUTOVEN is
unaffected by the fault except that writing to the register from software is blocked.
The UPDATE condition used to restore normal operation is the same as the one in the timer/counter.

15.6.3 Change Protection

To avoid unintentional changes in the fault protection setup, all the control registers in the AWeX extension can be
protected by writing the corresponding lock bit in the advanced waveform extension lock register. For more details, refer
to “I/O Memory Protection” on page 25 and “AWEXLOCK – Advanced Waveform Extension Lock Register” on page 43.
When the lock bit is set, control register A, the output override enable register, and the fault detection event mask register
cannot be changed.
To avoid unintentional changes in the fault event setup, it is possible to lock the event system channel configuration by
writing the corresponding event system lock register. For more details, refer to “I/O Memory Protection” on page 25 and
“EVSYSLOCK – Event System Lock Register” on page 43.

15.6.4 On-Chip Debug

When fault detection is enabled, an on-chip debug (OCD) system receives a break request from the debugger, which will
by default function as a fault source. When an OCD break request is received, the AWeX and corresponding
timer/counter will enter a fault state, and the specified fault action will be performed.
After the OCD exits from the break condition, normal operation will be started again. In cycle-by-cycle mode, the
waveform output will start on the first UPDATE condition after exit from break, while in latched mode, the fault condition
flag must be cleared in software before the output will be restored. This feature guarantees that the output waveform
enters a safe state during a break.
It is possible to disable this feature.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 180

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
15.7 Register Description

15.7.1 CTRL – Control Register

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x00 – – PGM CWCM DTICCDEN DTICCCEN DTICCBEN DTICCAEN
Read/Write R R R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

 Bit 7:6 – Reserved

These bits are unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write these bits to zero
when this register is written.
 Bit 5 – PGM: Pattern Generation Mode
Setting this bit enables the pattern generation mode. This will override the DTI, and the pattern generation reuses the
dead-time registers for storing the pattern.
 Bit 4 – CWCM: Common Waveform Channel Mode
If this bit is set, the CC channel A waveform output will be used as input for all the dead-time generators. CC channel B,
C, and D waveforms will be ignored.
 Bit 3:0 – DTICCxEN: Dead-Time Insertion CCx Enable
Setting these bits enables the dead-time generator for the corresponding CC channel. This will override the timer/counter
waveform outputs.

15.7.2 FDEMASK – Fault Detect Event Mask Register

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x02 FDEVMASK[7:0]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

 Bit 7:0 – FDEVMASK[7:0]: Fault Detect Event Mask

These bits enable the corresponding event channel as a fault condition input source. Events from all event channels will
be ORed together, allowing multiple sources to be used for fault detection at the same time. When a fault is detected, the
fault detect flag (FDF) is set and the fault detect action (FDACT) will be performed.

15.7.3 FDCTRL - Fault Detection Control Register

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x03 – – – FDDBD – FDMODE FDACT[1:0]
Read/Write R R R R/W R R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

 Bit 7:5 – Reserved

These bits are unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write these bits to zero
when this register is written.
 Bit 4 – FDDBD: Fault Detection on Debug Break Detection
By default, when this bit is cleared and fault protection is enabled, and OCD break request is treated as a fault. When this
bit is set, an OCD break request will not trigger a fault condition.
 Bit 3 – Reserved
This bit is unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write this bit to zero when this
register is written.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 181

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
  Bit 2 – FDMODE: Fault Detection Restart Mode
This bit sets the fault protection restart mode. When this bit is cleared, latched mode is used, and when it is set, cycle-by-
cycle mode is used.
In latched mode, the waveform output will remain in the fault state until the fault condition is no longer active and the FDF
has been cleared by software. When both conditions are met, the waveform output will return to normal operation at the
next UPDATE condition.
In cycle-by-cycle mode, the waveform output will remain in the fault state until the fault condition is no longer active.
When this condition is met, the waveform output will return to normal operation at the next UPDATE condition.
 Bit 1:0 – FDACT[1:0]: Fault Detection Action
These bits define the action performed, according to Table 15-1, when a fault condition is detected.

Table 15-1. Fault Action

FDACT[1:0] Group configuration Description

00 NONE None (fault protection disabled)

01 – Reserved

10 – Reserved

Clear all direction (DIR) bits which correspond to the enabled DTI
11 CLEARDIR
channel(s); i.e., tri-state the outputs

15.7.4 STATUS – Status Register

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x04 – – – – – FDF DTHSBUFV DTLSBUFV
Read/Write R R R R R R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

 Bit 7:3 – Reserved

These bits are unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write these bits to zero
when this register is written.
 Bit 2 – FDF: Fault Detect Flag
This flag is set when a fault detect condition is detected; i.e., when an event is detected on one of the event channels
enabled by FDEVMASK. This flag is cleared by writing a one to its bit location.
 Bit 1 – DTHSBUFV: Dead-time High Side Buffer Valid
If this bit is set, the corresponding DT buffer is written and contains valid data that will be copied into the DTLS register on
the next UPDATE condition. If this bit is zero, no action will be taken. The connected timer/counter unit’s lock update
(LUPD) flag also affects the update for dead-time buffers.
 Bit 0 – DTLSBUFV: Dead-time Low Side Buffer Valid
If this bit is set, the corresponding DT buffer is written and contains valid data that will be copied into the DTHS register
on the next UPDATE condition. If this bit is zero, no action will be taken. The connected timer/counter unit's lock update
(LUPD) flag also affects the update for dead-time buffers.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 182

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
15.7.5 DTBOTH – Dead-time Concurrent Write to Both Sides

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x06 DTBOTH[7:0]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

 Bit 7:0 – DTBOTH: Dead-time Both Sides

Writing to this register will update the DTHS and DTLS registers at the same time (i.e., at the same I/O write access).

15.7.6 DTBOTHBUF – Dead-time Concurrent Write to Both Sides Buffer Register

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x07 DTBOTHBUF[7:0]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

 Bit 7:0 – DTBOTHBUF: Dead-time Both Sides Buffer

Writing to this memory location will update the DTHSBUF and DTLSBUF registers at the same time (i.e., at the same I/O
write access).

15.7.7 DTLS – Dead-time Low Side Register

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x08 DTLS[7:0]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

 Bit 7:0 – DTLS: Dead-time Low Side

This register holds the number of peripheral clock cycles for the dead-time low side.

15.7.8 DTHS – Dead-time High Side Register

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x09 DTHS[7:0]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

 Bit 7:0 – DTHS: Dead-time High Side

This register holds the number of peripheral clock cycles for the dead-time high side.

15.7.9 DTLSBUF – Dead-time Low Side Buffer Register

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x0A DTLSBUF[7:0]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

 Bit 7:0 – DTLSBUF: Dead-time Low Side Buffer

This register is the buffer for the DTLS register. If double buffering is used, valid content in this register is copied to the
DTLS register on an UPDATE condition.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 183

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
15.7.10 DTHSBUF – Dead-time High Side Buffer Register

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x0B DTHSBUF[7:0]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

 Bit 7:0 – DTHSBUF: Dead-time High Side Buffer

This register is the buffer for the DTHS register. If double buffering is used, valid content in this register is copied to the
DTHS register on an UPDATE condition.

15.7.11 OUTOVEN – Output Override Enable Register

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x0C OUTOVEN[7:0]
Read/Write R/W(1) R/W(1) R/W(1) R/W(1) R/W(1) R/W(1) R/W(1) R/W(1)
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Note: 1. Can be written only if the fault detect flag (FDF) is zero.
 Bit 7:0 – OUTOVEN[7:0]: Output Override Enable
These bits enable override of the corresponding port output register (i.e., one-to-one bit relation to pin position). The port
direction is not overridden.

15.8 Register Summary

Address Name Bit 7 Bit 6 Bit 5 Bit 4 Bit 3 Bit 2 Bit 1 Bit 0 Pag
+0x00 CTRL – – PGM CWCM DTICDAE DTICCCE DTICCBEN DTICCAEN 181
+0x01 Reserved – – – – – – – –
+0x02 FDEMASK FDEVMASK[7:0] 181
+0x03 FDCTRL – – – FDDBD – FDMODE FDACT[1:0] 181
+0x04 STATUS – – – – – FDF DTBHSV DTBLSV 182
+0x05 Reserved – – – – – – – –
+0x06 DTBOTH DTBOTH[7:0] 183
+0x07 DTBOTHBUF DTBOTHBUF[7:0] 183
+0x08 DTLS DTLS[7:0] 183
+0x09 DTHS DTHS[7:0] 183
+0x0A DTLSBUF DTLSBUF[7:0] 183
+0x0B DTHSBUF DTHSBUF[7:0] 184
+0x0C OUTOVEN OUTOVEN[7:0] 184

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 184

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
16. Hi-Res – High-Resolution Extension

16.1 Features
 Increases waveform generator resolution up to 8x (3 bits)
 Supports frequency, single-slope PWM, and dual-slope PWM generation
 Supports the AWeX when this is used for the same timer/counter

16.2 Overview
The high-resolution (hi-res) extension can be used to increase the resolution of the waveform generation output from a
timer/counter by four or eight. It can be used for a timer/counter doing frequency, single-slope PWM, or dual-slope PWM
generation. It can also be used with the AWeX if this is used for the same timer/counter.
The hi-res extension uses the peripheral 4x clock (ClkPER4). The system clock prescalers must be configured so the
peripheral 4x clock frequency is four times higher than the peripheral and CPU clock frequency when the hi-res extension
is enabled. Refer to “System Clock Selection and Prescalers” on page 77 for more details.

Figure 16-1. Timer/counter Operation with Hi-res Extension Enabled

PER[15:2] 0
clkPER clkPER4

CNT[15:2] 0

=0 =
BOTTOM TOP

AWeX HiRes Pxn

" match"
= Pattern
Waveform
Generation Dead - Time Generation
2 2 Insertion 2
Fault
Protection
CCx[15:2] [1:0]

CCxBUF[15:0]
Time /Counter

When the hi-res extension is enabled, the timer/counter must run from a non-prescaled peripheral clock. The
timer/counter will ignore its two least-significant bits (lsb) in the counter, and counts by four for each peripheral clock
cycle. Overflow/underflow and compare match of the 14 most-significant bits (msb) is done in the timer/counter. Count
and compare of the two lsb is handled and compared in the hi-res extension running from the peripheral 4x clock.
The two lsb of the timer/counter period register must be set to zero to ensure correct operation. If the count register is
read from the application code, the two lsb will always be read as zero, since the timer/counter run from the peripheral
clock. The two lsb are also ignored when generating events.
When the hi-res plus feature is enabled, the function is the same as with the hi-res extension, but the resolution will
increase by eight instead of four. This also means that the 3 lsb are handled by the hi-res extension instead of 2lsb, as
when only hi-res is enabled. The extra resolution is achieved by counting on both edges of the peripheral 4x clock.
The hi-res extension will not output any pulse shorter than one peripheral clock cycle; i.e., a compare value lower than
four will have no visible output.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 185

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
16.3 Register Description

16.3.1 CTRLA – Control Register A

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x00 – – – – – HRPLUS HREN[1:0]
Read/Write R R R R R R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

 Bit 7:3 – Reserved

These bits are unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write these bits to zero
when this register is written.
 Bit 2 – HRPLUS: High Resolution Plus
Setting this bit enables high resolution plus. Hi-res plus is the same as hi-res, but will increase the resolution by eight (3
bits) instead of four.
The extra resolution is achieved by operating at both edges of the peripheral 4x clock.
 Bit 1:0 – HREN[1:0]: High Resolution Enable
These bits enables the high-resolution mode for a timer/counter according to Table 16-1.
Setting one or both HREN bits will enable high-resolution waveform generation output for the entire general purpose I/O
port. This means that both timer/counters connected to the same port must enable hi-res if both are used for generating
PWM or FRQ output on pins.

Table 16-1. High Resolution Enable

HREN[1:0] High resolution enabled

00 None

01 Timer/counter 0

10 Timer/counter 1

11 Both timer/counters

16.4 Register Summary

Address Name Bit 7 Bit 6 Bit 5 Bit 4 Bit 3 Bit 2 Bit 1 Bit 0 Page
+0x00 CTRLA – – – – – HRPLUS HREN[1:0] 186

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 186

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
17. RTC – Real-Time Counter

17.1 Features
 16-bit resolution
 Selectable clock source
 32.768kHz external crystal
 External clock
 32.768kHz internal oscillator
 32kHz internal ULP oscillator
 Programmable 10-bit clock prescaling
 One compare register
 One period register
 Clear counter on period overflow
 Optional interrupt/event on overflow and compare match

17.2 Overview
The 16-bit real-time counter (RTC) is a counter that typically runs continuously, including in low-power sleep modes, to
keep track of time. It can wake up the device from sleep modes and/or interrupt the device at regular intervals.
The reference clock is typically the 1.024kHz output from a high-accuracy crystal of 32.768kHz, and this is the
configuration most optimized for low power consumption. The faster 32.768kHz output can be selected if the RTC needs
a resolution higher than 1ms. The RTC can also be clocked from an external clock signal, the 32.768kHz internal
oscillator or the 32kHz internal ULP oscillator.
The RTC includes a 10-bit programmable prescaler that can scale down the reference clock before it reaches the
counter. A wide range of resolutions and time-out periods can be configured. With a 32.768kHz clock source, the
maximum resolution is 30.5µs, and time-out periods can range up to 2000 seconds. With a resolution of 1s, the
maximum timeout period is more than18 hours (65536 seconds). The RTC can give a compare interrupt and/or event
when the counter equals the compare register value, and an overflow interrupt and/or event when it equals the period
register value.

Figure 17-1. Real-time Counter Overview

External Clock
TOSC1
32.768kHz Crystal Osc
TOSC2

32.768kHz Int. Osc

DIV32

DIV32

32kHz int ULP (DIV32)

RTCSRC PER

TOP/
clkRTC =
Overflow
10-bit
CNT
prescaler
”match”/
=
Compare

COMP

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 187

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
17.2.1 Clock Domains
The RTC is asynchronous, operating from a different clock source independently of the main system clock and its
derivative clocks, such as the peripheral clock. For control and count register updates, it will take a number of RTC clock
and/or peripheral clock cycles before an updated register value is available in a register or until a configuration change
has effect on the RTC. This synchronization time is described for each register. Refer to “RTCCTRL – RTC Control
Register” on page 83 for selecting the asynchronous clock source for the RTC.

17.2.2 Interrupts and Events

The RTC can generate both interrupts and events. The RTC will give a compare interrupt and/or event at the first count
after the counter value equals the Compare register value. The RTC will give an overflow interrupt request and/or event
at the first count after the counter value equals the Period register value. The overflow will also reset the counter value to
zero.
Due to the asynchronous clock domain, events will be generated only for every third overflow or compare match if the
period register is zero. If the period register is one, events will be generated only for every second overflow or compare
match. When the period register is equal to or above two, events will trigger at every overflow or compare match, just as
the interrupt request.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 188

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
17.3 Register Descriptions

17.3.1 CTRL – Control Register

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x00 – – – – – PRESCALER[2:0]
Read/Write R R R R R R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

 Bit 7:3 – Reserved

These bits are unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write these bits to zero
when this register is written.
 Bit 2:0 – PRESCALER[2:0]: Clock Prescaling factor
These bits define the prescaling factor for the RTC clock according to Table 17-1.

Table 17-1. Real-time Counter Clock Prescaling Factor

PRESCALER[2:0] Group configuration RTC clock prescaling

000 OFF No clock source, RTC stopped

001 DIV1 RTC clock / 1 (no prescaling)

010 DIV2 RTC clock / 2

011 DIV8 RTC clock / 8

100 DIV16 RTC clock / 16

101 DIV64 RTC clock / 64

110 DIV256 RTC clock / 256

111 DIV1024 RTC clock / 1024

17.3.2 STATUS – Status Register

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x01 – – – – – – – SYNCBUSY
Read/Write R R R R R R R R
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

 Bit 7:1 – Reserved

These bits are unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write these bits to zero
when this register is written.
 Bit 0 – SYNCBUSY: Synchronization Busy Flag
This flag is set when the CNT, CTRL, PER, or COMP register is busy synchronizing between the RTC clock and system
clock domains. THis flag is automatically cleared when the synchronisation is complete

17.3.3 INTCTRL – Interrupt Control Register

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x02 – – – – COMPINTLVL[1:0] OVFINTLVL[1:0]
Read/Write R R R R R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 189

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
  Bit 7:4 – Reserved
These bits are unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write these bits to zero
when this register is written.
 Bit 3:2 – COMPINTLVL[1:0]: Compare Match Interrupt Enable
These bits enable the RTC compare match interrupt and select the interrupt level, as described in “Interrupts and
Programmable Multilevel Interrupt Controller” on page 112. The enabled interrupt will trigger when COMPIF in the
INTFLAGS register is set.
 Bit 1:0 – OVFINTLVL[1:0]: Overflow Interrupt Enable
These bits enable the RTC overflow interrupt and select the interrupt level, as described in “Interrupts and Programmable
Multilevel Interrupt Controller” on page 112. The enabled interrupt will trigger when OVFIF in the INTFLAGS register is
set.

17.3.4 INTFLAGS – Interrupt Flag Register

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x03 – – – – – – COMPIF OVFIF
Read/Write R R R R R R R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

 Bit 7:2 – Reserved

These bits are unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write these bits to zero
when this register is written.
 Bit 1 – COMPIF: Compare Match Interrupt Flag
This flag is set on the next count after a compare match condition occurs. It is cleared automatically when the RTC
compare match interrupt vector is executed. The flag can also be cleared by writing a one to its bit location.
 Bit 0 – OVFIF: Overflow Interrupt Flag
This flag is set on the next count after an overflow condition occurs. It is cleared automatically when the RTC overflow
interrupt vector is executed. The flag can also be cleared by writing a one to its bit location.

17.3.5 TEMP – Temporary Register

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x04 TEMP[7:0]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

 Bit 7:0 – TEMP[7:0]: Temporary bits

This register is used for 16-bit access to the counter value, compare value, and TOP value registers. The low byte of the
16-bit register is stored here when it is written by the CPU. The high byte of the 16-bit register is stored when the low byte
is read by the CPU. For more details, refer to “Accessing 16-bit Registers” on page 13.

17.3.6 CNTL – Counter Register Low

The CNTH and CNTL register pair represents the 16-bit value, CNT. CNT counts positive clock edges on the prescaled
RTC clock. Reading and writing 16-bit values requires special attention. Refer to “Accessing 16-bit Registers” on page 13
for details.
Due to synchronization between the RTC clock and system clock domains, there is a latency of two RTC clock cycles
from updating the register until this has an effect. Application software needs to check that the SYNCBUSY flag in the
“STATUS – Status Register” on page 189 is cleared before writing to this register.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 190

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
 Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x08 CNT[7:0]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

 Bit 7:0 – CNT[7:0]: Counter Value low byte

These bits hold the LSB of the 16-bit real-time counter value.

17.3.7 CNTH – Counter Register High

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x09 CNT[15:8]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

 Bit 7:0 – CNT[15:8]: Counter Value high byte

These bits hold the MSB of the 16-bit real-time counter value.

17.3.8 PERL – Period Register Low

The PERH and PERL register pair represents the 16-bit value, PER. PER is constantly compared with the counter value
(CNT). A match will set OVFIF in the INTFLAGS register and clear CNT. Reading and writing 16-bit values requires
special attention. Refer to “Accessing 16-bit Registers” on page 13 for details.
Due to synchronization between the RTC clock and system clock domains, there is a latency of two RTC clock cycles
from updating the register until this has an effect. Application software needs to check that the SYNCBUSY flag in the
“STATUS – Status Register” on page 189 is cleared before writing to this register.
Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x0A PER[7:0]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

 Bit 7:0 – PER[7:0]: Period low byte

These bits hold the LSB of the 16-bit RTC TOP value.

17.3.9 PERH – Period Register High

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x0B PER[15:8]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

 Bits 7:0 – PER[15:8]: Period high byte

These bits hold the MSB of the 16-bit RTC TOP value.

17.3.10 COMPL – Compare Register Low

The COMPH and COMPL register pair represent the 16-bit value, COMP. COMP is constantly compared with the
counter value (CNT). A compare match will set COMPIF in the INTFLAGS register. Reading and writing 16-bit values
requires special attention. Refer “Accessing 16-bit Registers” on page 13 for details.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 191

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
 Due to synchronization between the RTC clock and system clock domains, there is a latency of two RTC clock cycles
from updating the register until this has an effect. Application software needs to check that the SYNCBUSY flag in the
“STATUS – Status Register” on page 189 is cleared before writing to this register.
If the COMP value is higher than the PER value, no RTC compare match interrupt requests or events will ever be
generated.
Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x0C COMP[7:0]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

 Bit 7:0 – COMP[7:0]: Compare value low byte

These bits hold the LSB of the 16-bit RTC compare value.

17.3.11 COMPH – Compare Register High

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x0D COMP[15:8]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

 Bit 7:0 – COMP[15:8]: Compare value high byte

These bits hold the MSB of the 16-bit RTC compare value.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 192

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
17.4 Register Summary
Address Name Bit 7 Bit 6 Bit 5 Bit 4 Bit 3 Bit 2 Bit 1 Bit 0 Page
+0x00 CTRL – – – – – PRESCALER[2:0] 189
+0x01 STATUS – – – – – – – SYNCBUSY 189
+0x02 INTCTRL – – – – COMPINTLVL[1:0] OVFINTLVL[1:0] 189
+0x03 INTFLAGS – – – – – – COMPIF OVFIF 190
+0x04 TEMP TEMP[7:0] 190
+0x08 CNTL CNT[7:0] 190
+0x09 CNTH CNT[15:8] 191
+0x0A PERL PER[7:0] 191
+0x0B PERH PER[15:8] 191
+0x0C COMPL COMP[7:0] 191
+0x0D COMPH COMP[15:8] 192

17.5 Interrupt Vector Summary

Offset Source Interrupt description

0x00 OVF_vect Real-time counter overflow interrupt vector

0x02 COMP_vect Real-time counter compare match interrupt vector

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 193

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
18. USB – Universal Serial Bus Interface

18.1 Features
 USB 2.0 full speed (12Mbps) and low speed (1.5Mbps) device compliant interface
 Integrated on-chip USB transceiver, no external components needed
 16 endpoint addresses with full endpoint flexibility for up to 31 endpoints
 One input endpoint per endpoint address
 One output endpoint per endpoint address
 Endpoint address transfer type selectable to
 Control transfers
 Interrupt transfers
 Bulk transfers
 Isochronous transfers
 Configurable data payload size per endpoint, up to 1023 bytes
 Endpoint configuration and data buffers located in internal SRAM
 Configurable location for endpoint configuration data
 Configurable location for each endpoint's data buffer
 Built-in direct memory access (DMA) to internal SRAM for:
 Endpoint configurations
 Reading and writing endpoint data
 Ping-pong operation for higher throughput and double buffered operation
 Input and output endpoint data buffers used in a single direction
 CPU/DMA controller can update data buffer during transfer
 Multipacket transfer for reduced interrupt load and software intervention
 Data payload exceeding maximum packet size is transferred in one continuous transfer
 No interrupts or software interaction on packet transaction level
 Transaction complete FIFO for workflow management when using multiple endpoints
 Tracks all completed transactions in a first-come, first-served work queue
 Clock selection independent of system clock source and selection
 Minimum 1.5MHz CPU clock required for low speed USB operation
 Minimum 12MHz CPU clock required for full speed operation
 Connection to event system
 On chip debug possibilities during USB transactions

18.2 Overview
The USB module is a USB 2.0 full speed (12Mbps) and low speed (1.5Mbps) device compliant interface.
The USB supports 16 endpoint addresses. All endpoint addresses have one input and one output endpoint, for a total of
31 configurable endpoints and one control endpoint. Each endpoint address is fully configurable and can be configured
for any of the four transfer types: control, interrupt, bulk, or isochronous. The data payload size is also selectable, and it
supports data payloads up to 1023 bytes.
No dedicated memory is allocated for or included in the USB module. Internal SRAM is used to keep the configuration for
each endpoint address and the data buffer for each endpoint. The memory locations used for endpoint configurations
and data buffers are fully configurable. The amount of memory allocated is fully dynamic, according to the number of
endpoints in use and the configuration of these. The USB module has built-in direct memory access (DMA), and will
read/write data from/to the SRAM when a USB transaction takes place.
To maximize throughput, an endpoint address can be configured for ping-pong operation. When done, the input and
output endpoints are both used in the same direction. The CPU or DMA controller can then read/write one data buffer
while the USB module writes/reads the others, and vice versa. This gives double buffered communication.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 194

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
 Multipacket transfer enables a data payload exceeding the maximum packet size of an endpoint to be transferred as
multiple packets without software intervention. This reduces the CPU intervention and the interrupts needed for USB
transfers.
For low-power operation, the USB module can put the microcontroller into any sleep mode when the USB bus is idle and
a suspend condition is given. Upon bus resumes, the USB module can wake up the microcontroller from any sleep
mode.

Figure 18-1. USB OUT Transfer: Data Packet from Host to USB Device

HOST

Internal SRAM

BULK OUT BULK OUT BULK OUT

EPT 2 EPT 3 EPT 1 USB USBEPPTR
USB Endpoints
D D D D D D D D D D D Configuration Table
A A A A A A A A A A A
T T T T T T T T T T T
A A A A A A A A A A A
ENDPOINT 1 DATA
0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0
DP USB ENDPOINT 3 DATA
DM Buffers

ENDPOINT 2 DATA
time

Figure 18-2. USB IN Transfer: Data Packet from USB Device to Host after Request from Host

Internal SRAM
CPU

HOST

EPT 2 EPT 3 EPT 1

D D D D D D D D D D D USB USBEPPTR
USB Endpoints
A A A A A A A A A A A Configuration Table
T T T T T T T T T T T
A A A A A A A A A A A
0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0
ENDPOINT 1 DATA
DP USB
DM Buffers ENDPOINT 3 DATA
I I I
N N N
ENDPOINT 2 DATA
EPT 2 T EPT 3 T EPT 1 T
O O O
K K K
E E E
N N N
time

18.3 Operation
This section gives an overview of the USB module operation during normal transactions. For general details on USB and
the USB protocol, refer to http://www.usb.org and the USB specification documents.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 195

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
18.3.1 Start of Frame
When a start of frame (SOF) token is detected and storing of the frame numbers is enabled, the frame number from the
token is stored in the frame number register (FRAMENUM) and the start of frame interrupt flag (SOFIF) in the interrupt
flag B clear/set register (INTFLAGSBCLR/SET) is set. If there was a CRC or bit-stuff error, the frame error (FRAMEERR)
flag in FRAMENUM is set.

18.3.2 SETUP
When a SETUP token is detected, the USB module fetches the endpoint control register (CTRL) from the addressed
output endpoint in the endpoint configuration table. If the endpoint type is not set to control, the USB module returns to
idle and waits for the next token packet.

Figure 18-3. SETUP Transaction

SETUP ADDRESS Yes LEGAL Yes READ EP TYPE Yes Yes

IDLE ADDRESS ENDPOINT PID PID OK?
TOKEN MATCH? ENDPOINT? CONFIG CTRL SET?

No No No No

BIT STUFF Yes Yes

DATA BIT STUFF CRC CRC OK? ACK
OK?

No No

STORE UPDATE
DATA STATUS

The USB module then fetches the endpoint data pointer register (DATAPTR) and waits for a DATA0 packet. If a PID
error or any other PID than DATA0 is detected, the USB module returns to idle and waits for the next token packet.
The incoming data are written to the data buffer pointed to by DATAPTR. If a bit-stuff error is detected in the incoming
data, the USB module returns to idle and waits for the next token packet. If the number of received data bytes exceeds
the endpoint's maximum data payload size, as specified by the data size (SIZE) in the endpoint CTRL register, the
remaining received data bytes are discarded. The packet will still be checked for bit-stuff and CRC errors. Software must
never report a maximum data payload size to the host that is greater than specified in SIZE. If there was a bit-stuff or
CRC error in the packet, the USB module returns to idle and waits for the next token packet.
If data was successfully received, an ACK handshake is returned to the host, and the number of received data bytes,
excluding the CRC, is written to the endpoint byte counter (CNT). If the number of received data bytes is the maximum
data payload specified by SIZE, no CRC data are written in the data buffer. If the number of received data bytes is the
maximum data payload specified by SIZE minus one, only the first CRC data byte is written in the data buffer. If the
number of received data bytes is equal or less than the data byte payload specified by SIZE minus two, the two CRC
data bytes are written in the data buffer.
Finally, the setup transaction complete flag (SETUP), data buffer 0 not acknowledge flag (NACK0), and data toggle flag
(TOGGLE) are set, while the remaining flags in the endpoint status register (STATUS) are cleared for the addressed
input and output endpoints. The setup transaction complete interrupt flag (SETUPIF) in INTFLAGSBCLR/SET is set. The
STALL flag in the endpoint CTRL register is cleared for the addressed input and output endpoints.
When a SETUP token is detected and the device address of the token packet does not match that of the endpoint, the
packet is discarded, and the USB module returns to idle and waits for the next token packet.

18.3.3 OUT
When an OUT token is detected, the USB module fetches the endpoint CTRL and STATUS register data from the
addressed output endpoint in its endpoint configuration table. If the endpoint is disabled, the USB module returns to idle
and waits for the next token packet.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 196

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
Figure 18-4. OUT Transaction

OUT ADDRESS Yes LEGAL Yes READ EP STATUS Yes Yes

IDLE ADDRESS ENDPOINT PID PID OK?
TOKEN MATCH? ENDPOINT? CONFIG ENABLED?

No No No No

READ PIDO/1 No UPDATE

NAK
CONFIG OK? STATUS

Yes
No No

STALL & Yes BIT STUFF Yes Yes

STALL? DATA BIT STUFF CRC CRC OK? STALL
ISO? No OK?

Yes No

Yes BUSNACK0 No STORE

ISO? DATA
SET? DATA

No Yes

BUSNACK0 Yes
NAK
SET?

No
No No

BIT STUFF Yes Yes UPDATE

DATA BIT STUFF CRC CRC OK? ACK
OK? STATUS

STORE
DATA

The USB module then fetches the endpoint DATAPTR register and waits for a DATA0 or DATA1 packet. If a PID error or
any other PID than DATA0 or DATA1 is detected, the USB module returns to idle and waits for the next token packet.
If the STALL flag in the endpoint CTRL register is set, the incoming data are discarded. If the endpoint is not
isochronous, and the bit stuffing and CRC of the received data are OK, a STALL handshake is returned to the host, and
the STALL interrupt flag is set.
For isochronous endpoints, data from both a DATA0 and DATA1 packet will be accepted. For other endpoint types, the
PID is checked against TOGGLE. If they don't match, the incoming data are discarded and a NAK handshake is returned
to the host. If BUSNACK0 is set, the incoming data are discarded. The overflow flag (OVF) in the endpoint STATUS
register and the overflow interrupt flag (OVFIF) in the INTFLAGSASET/CLR register are set. If the endpoint is not
isochronous, a NAK handshake is returned to the host.
The incoming data are written to the data buffer pointed to by DATAPTR. If a bit-stuff error is detected in the incoming
data, the USB module returns to idle and waits for the next token packet. If the number of received data bytes exceeds
the maximum data payload specified by SIZE, the remaining received data bytes are discarded. The packet will still be
checked for bit-stuff and CRC errors. If there was a bit-stuff or CRC error in the packet, the USB module returns to idle
and waits for the next token packet.
If the endpoint is isochronous and there was a bit-stuff or CRC error in the incoming data, the number of received data
bytes, excluding CRC, is written to the endpoint CNT register. Finally, CRC and BUSNACK0 in the endpoint and
STATUS and CRCIF in INTFLAGSASET/CLR are set.
If data was successfully received, an ACK handshake is returned to the host if the endpoint is not isochronous, and the
number of received data bytes, excluding CRC, is written to CNT. If the number of received data bytes is the maximum
data payload specified by SIZE no CRC data are written in the data buffer. If the number of received data bytes is the
maximum data payload specified by SIZE minus one, only the first CRC data byte is written in the data buffer If the
number of received data bytes is equal or less than the data payload specified by SIZE minus two, the two CRC data
bytes are written in the data buffer.
Finally, the transaction complete flag (TRNCOMPL0) and BUSNACK0 are set and TOGGLE is toggled if the endpoint is
not isochronous. The transaction complete interrupt flag (TRNIF) in INTFLAGSBCLR/SET is set. The endpoint's
configuration table address is written to the FIFO if the transaction complete FIFO mode is enabled.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 197

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
 When an OUT token is detected and the device address of the token packet does not match that of the endpoint, the
packet is discarded and the USB module returns to idle and waits for the next token packet.

18.3.4 IN
If an IN token is detected the, the USB module fetches the endpoint CTRL and STATUS register data from the addressed
input endpoint in the endpoint configuration table. If the endpoint is disabled, the USB module returns to idle and waits for
the next token packet.
If the STALL flag in endpoint CTRL register is set, and the endpoint is not isochronous, a STALL handshake is returned
to the host, the STALL flag in the endpoint STATUS register and the STALL interrupt flag (STALLIF) in
INTFLAGSACLR/SET are set.
If BUSNACK0 is set, OVF in the endpoint STATUS register and OVFIF in the INTFLAGSACLR/SET register are set. If
the endpoint is not isochronous, a NAK handshake is returned to the host.
The data in the data buffer pointed to by the endpoint DATAPTR register are sent to the host in a DATA0 packet if the
endpoint is isochronous; otherwise, a DATA0 or DATA1 packet according to TOGGLE is sent. When the number of data
bytes specified in endpoint CNT is sent, the CRC is appended and sent to the host. If not, a ZLP handshake is returned
to the host.
For isochronous endpoints, BUSNACK0 and TRNCOMPL0 in the endpoint STATUS register are set. TRNIF is set, and
the endpoint's configuration table address is written to the FIFO if the transaction complete FIFO mode is enabled.
For all non-isochronous endpoints, the USB module waits for an ACK handshake from the host. If an ACK handshake is
not received within 16 USB clock cycles, the USB module returns to idle and waits for the next token packet. If an ACK
handshake was successfully received, BUSNACK0 and TRNCOMPL0 are set and TOGGLE is toggled. TRNIF is set and
the endpoint's configuration table address is written to the FIFO if the transaction complete FIFO mode is enabled.
When an IN token is detected and the device address of the token packet does not match that of the endpoint, the packet
is discarded and the USB module returns to idle and waits for the next token packet.

Figure 18-5. IN Transaction

IN ADDRESS Yes LEGAL Yes READ EP STATUS Yes

IDLE ADDRESS ENDPOINT
TOKEN MATCH? ENDPOINT? CONFIG ENABLED?

No No No

READ STALL & Yes

STALL
CONFIG NO ISO?

No

BUSNACK0 Yes No
ISO? NAK
SET?

No Yes

ZLP

No

READ PAYLOAD Yes No ACK No UPDATE

DATA CRC ISO? ACK
DATA OK? SET? STATUS

Yes Yes

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 198

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
18.4 SRAM Memory Mapping
The USB module uses internal SRAM to store the:
 Endpoint configuration table
 USB frame number
 Transaction complete FIFO
The endpoint pointer register (EPPTR) is used to set the SRAM address for the endpoint configuration table. The USB
frame number (FRAMENUM) and transaction complete FIFO (FIFO) locations are derived from this. The locations of
these areas are selectable inside the internal SRAM. Figure 18-6 gives the relative memory location of each area.

Figure 18-6. SRAM Memory Mapping

EP_ADDRH_MAX
FIFO
(MAXEP+1) x 4 Bytes
Active when FIFOEN==1
EP_ADDRH_0
EP_ADDRL_0
EPPTR
0x00 STATUS
ENDPOINT 0x01 CTRL
DESCRIPTORS 0x02 CNTL
TABLE ENDPOINT
0x03 CNTH
0 OUT
0x04 DATAPTRL
0x05 DATAPTRH
0x06 AUXDATAL
0x07 AUXDATAH
STATUS
CTRL
CNTL
ENDPOINT
CNTH
0 IN (MAXEP+1) x 16 Bytes
DATAPTRL
DATAPTRH
AUXDATAL
AUXDATAH

STATUS
CTRL
CNTL
ENDPOINT
CNTH
MAXEP IN
DATAPTRL
DATAPTRH
AUXDATAL
EPPTR + AUXDATAH
2 Bytes
(MAXEP+1)*16 FRAME (MAXEP+1)<<4 FRAMENUML
Active when
NUMBER FRAMENUMH
STFRNUM==1
SRAM
ADDRESS

18.5 Clock Generation

The USB module requires a minimum 6MHz clock for USB low speed operation, and a minimum 48MHz clock for USB
full speed operation. It can be clocked from internal or external clock sources by using the internal PLL, or directly from
the 32MHz internal oscillator when it is tuned and calibrated to 48MHz. The CPU and peripherals clocks must run at a
minimum of 1.5MHz for low speed operation, and a minimum of 12MHz for full speed operation.
The USB module clock selection is independent of and separate from the main system clock selection. Selection and
setup are done using the main clock control settings. For details, refer to “System Clock and Clock Options” on page 73.
The Figure 18-7 on page 200 shows an overview of the USB module clock selection.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 199

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
 Figure 18-7. Clock Generation Configuration

USBSRC

48MHz full speed USB clock PLL

USB module
6MHz for low speed prescaler
48MHz Internal Oscillator

USBPSDIV

18.6 Ping-pong Operation

When an endpoint is configured for ping-pong operation, it uses the input and output data buffers to create a single,
double-buffered endpoint that can be set to input or output direction. This provides double-buffered communication, as
the CPU or DMA controller can access one of the buffers, while the other buffer is processing an ongoing transfer. Ping-
pong operation is identical to the IN and OUT transactions described above, unless otherwise noted in this section. Ping-
pong operation is not possible for control endpoints.
When ping-pong operation is enabled for an endpoint, the endpoint in the opposite direction must be disabled. The data
buffer, data pointer, byte counter, and auxiliary data from the enabled endpoint are used as bank 0, and,
correspondingly, bank 1 for the opposite endpoint direction.
The bank select (BANK) flag in the endpoint STATUS register indicates which data bank will be used in the next
transaction. It is updated after each transaction. The TRNCOMPL0/TRNCOMPL1, underflow/overflow (UDF/OVF), and
CRC flags in the STATUS register are set for either the enabled or the opposite endpoint direction according to the BANK
flag. The data toggle (TOGGLE), data buffer 0/1 not acknowledge (BUSNACK0 and BUSNACK1), and BANK flags are
updated for the enabled endpoint direction only.

Figure 18-8. Ping-pong Operation Overview

Endpoint
single bank

Without Ping-Pong t

Endpoint
Double bank
With Ping-Pong
t Bank0

Bank1
USB data packet

Available time for data processing by CPU to avoid NACK

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 200

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
18.7 Multipacket Transfers
Multipacket transfer enables a data payload exceeding the maximum data payload size of an endpoint to be transferred
as multiple packets without any software intervention. This reduces interrupts and software intervention to the higher
level USB transfer, and frees up significant CPU time. Multipacket transfer is identical to the IN and OUT transactions
described above, unless otherwise noted in this section.
The application software provides the size and address of the SRAM buffer to be processed by the USB module for a
specific endpoint, and the USB module will then split the buffer in the required USB data transfer.

Figure 18-9. Multipacket Overview

Without multipacket

With multipacket

Transfer Complete Interrupt and data processing

18.7.1 For Input Endpoints

The total number of data bytes to be sent is written to CNT, as for normal operation. The auxiliary data register
(AUXDATA) is used to store the number of bytes that will be sent, and must be written to zero for a new transfer.
When an IN token is received, the endpoint’s CNT and AUXDATA are fetched. If CNT minus AUXDATA is less than the
endpoint SIZE, endpoint CNT minus endpoint AUXDATA number bytes are transmitted; otherwise, SIZE number of bytes
are transmitted. If endpoint CNT is a multiple of SIZE and auto zero length packet (AZLP) is enabled, the last packet sent
will be zero length.
If a maximum payload size packet was sent (i.e., not the last transaction), AUXDATA is incremented by SIZE. TOGGLE
will be toggled after the transaction has completed if the endpoint is not isochronous. If a short packet was sent (i.e., the
last transaction), AUXDATA is incremented by the data payload. TOGGLE will be toggled if the endpoint is not
isochronous, and BUSNACK, TRNIF, and TRNCOMPL0 will be set.

18.7.2 For Output Endpoints

The number of data bytes received is stored in the endpoint’s CNT register, as for normal operation. Since the endpoint’s
CNT is updated after each transaction, it must be set to zero when setting up a new transfer. The total number of bytes to
be received must be written to AUXDATA. This value must be a multiple of SIZE, except for ISO 1023 bytes endpoints;
otherwise, excess data may be written to SRAM locations used by other parts of the application.
TOGGLE management is as for non-isochronous packets, and BUSNACK0/BUSNACK1 management is as for normal
operation.
If a maximum payload size packet is received, CNT is incremented by SIZE after the transaction has completed, and
TOGGLE toggles if the endpoint is not isochronous. If the updated endpoint CNT is equal to AUXDATA, then
BUSNACK0/BUSNACK1, TRNIF, and TRNCOMPL0/TRNCOMPL1 will be set.
If a short or oversized packet is received, the endpoint’s CNT register will be incremented by the data payload after the
transaction has completed. TOGGLE will be toggled if the endpoint is not isochronous, and BUSNACK0/BUSNACK1,
TRNIF, and TRNCOMPL0/TRNCOMPL1 will be set.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 201

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
18.8 Auto Zero Length Packet
Some IN transfer requires a zero length packet to be generated in order to signal end of transfer to the host. The auto
zero length packet (AZLP) function can be enabled to perform this generation automatically, thus removing the need for
application software or CPU intervention to perform this task.

18.9 Transaction Complete FIFO

The transaction complete FIFO provides a convenient way to keep track of the endpoints that have completed IN or OUT
transactions and need firmware intervention. It creates a first-come, first-served work queue for the application software.
The FIFO size is (MAXEP[3:0] + 1) × 4 bytes, and grows downward, starting from EPPTR - 1. This SRAM memory is
allocated only when the FIFO is enabled.

Figure 18-10.Transfer Complete FIFO

INTERNAL SRAM
EPPTR–
4x( MAXEP+1) TC_ EP_ ADDRH_ MAX
USB_ TC_ FIFO

TC_ EP_ ADDRH_2

TC_ EP_ ADDRH_2
FIFOWP TC_EP_ ADDRL_1
TC_ EP_ ADDRH_1
TC_EP_ ADDRL_0 FIFORP
TC_EP_ ADDRH_0
EPPTR
ENDPOINT DESCRIPTOR TABLE

SRAM
ADDRESS

To manage the FIFO, a five-bit write pointer (FIFOWP) and five-bit read pointer (FIFORP) are used by the USB module
and application software, respectively. FIFORP and FIFOWP are one's complemented, and thus hold negative values.
The SRAM location of the data is the sum of EPPTR and the read or write pointer. The number of items in the FIFO is the
difference between FIFOWP and FIFORP. For the programmer, the FIFORP and FIFOWP values have to be cast to a
signed 8-bit integer, and then the offset into the FIFO from this signed integer must be deducted.
The transaction complete interrupt flag (TRNIF) in the INFLAGSB[CLR,SET] register is set to indicate a non-empty FIFO
when FIFORP != FIFOWP, cleared when they are equal, and also set when the FIFO is full.
Each time an endpoint IN or OUT transaction completes successfully, its endpoint configuration table address is stored in
the FIFO at the current write pointer position (i.e., EPPTR + 2 × FIFOWP) and FIFOWP is decremented. When the
pointer reaches the FIFO size, it wraps to zero. When application software reads FIFORP, this is decremented in the
same way. Reading the write pointer has no effect. The endpoint configuration table address can then be read directly
from (EPPTR + 2 × FIFORP).

Figure 18-11.USB Transaction Complete FIFO Example

Ep X EpY Ep Z t

FIFO FIFO FIFO FIFO

FIFOWP FIFORP X FIFORP X FIFORP X FIFORP

FIFOWP Y Y
FIFOWP Z
FIFOWP

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 202

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
18.10 Interrupts and Events
The USB module can generate interrupts and events. The module has 10 interrupt sources. These are split between two
interrupt vectors, the transaction complete (TRNCOMPL) interrupt and the bus event (BUSEVENT) interrupt. An interrupt
group is enabled by setting its interrupt level (INTLVL), while different interrupt sources are enabled individually or in
groups.
Figure 18-12 summarizes the interrupts and event sources for the USB module, and shows how they are enabled.

Figure 18-12.Interrupts and Events Scheme Summary

SOFIF

SUSPENDIF SOFIE

RESUMEIF

RSTIF
BSEVIE Busevent
Interrupt request
CRCIF

UNFIF

OVFIF
BUSSERRIE

STALLIF

STALLIE

SETUPIF

SETUPIE
Transaction Complete
Interrupt request

TRNIF

TRNIE

18.10.1 Transaction Complete Interrupt

The transaction complete interrupt is generated per endpoint. When an interrupt occurs, the associated endpoint number
is registered and optionally added to the FIFO. The following two interrupt sources use the interrupt vector:

Table 18-1. Transaction Complete Interrupt Sources

Interrupt source Description

Transfer complete (TRNIF) An IN or OUT transaction is completed

Setup complete (SETUPIF) A SETUP transaction is completed

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 203

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
18.10.2 Bus Event Interrupt
The bus event (BUSEVENT) interrupt is used for all interrupts that signal various types of USB line events or error
conditions. These interrupts are related to the USB lines, and are generated for the USB module and per endpoint. The
following eight interrupts use the interrupt vector:

Table 18-2. Bus Event Interrupt Source

Interrupt source Description

Start of frame (SOFIF) A SOF token has been received

Suspend (SUSPENDIF) The bus has been idle for 3ms

A non-idle state is detected when the bus is suspended.

Resume (RESUMEIF)
The interrupt is asynchronous and can wake the device from all sleep modes

Reset (RSTIF) A reset condition has been detected on the bus

A CRC or bit-stuff error has been detected in an incoming packet to an

Isochronous CRC error (CRCIF)
isochronous endpoint

Underflow (UNFIF) An endpoint is unable to return data to the host

Overflow (OVFIF) An endpoint is unable to accept data from the host

STALL (STALLIF) A STALL handshake has been returned to the host

18.10.3 Events
The USB module can generate several events, and these are available to the event system, allowing latency-free
signaling to other peripherals or performance analysis of USB operation.

Table 18-3. Event Sources

Event source Description

SETUP SETUPIF

Start of Frame SOFIF

CRC error CRCIF

Underflow/overflow UNFIF and OVFIF

18.11 VBUS Detection

Atmel AVR XMEGA devices can use any general purpose I/O pin to implement a VBUS detection function, and do not
use a dedicated VBUS detect pin.

18.12 On-chip Debug

When a break point is reached during on-chip debug (OCD) sessions, the CPU clock can be below 12MHz. If this
happens, the USB module will behave as follows:
USB OCD break mode disabled: The USB module immediately acknowledges any OCD break request. The USB module
will not be able to follow up on transactions received from the USB host, and its behaviour from the host point of view is
not predictable.
USB OCD break mode enabled: The USB module will immediately acknowledge any OCD break request only if there are
no ongoing USB transactions. If there is an ongoing USB transaction, the USB module will acknowledge any OCD break
request only when the ongoing USB transaction has been completed. The USB module will NACK any further
transactions received from the USB host, whether they are SETUP, IN (ISO, BULK), or OUT (ISO, BULK).

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 204

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
18.13 Register Description – USB

18.13.1 CTRLA – Control Register A

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x00 ENABLE SPEED FIFOEN STFRNUM MAXEP[3:0]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

 Bit 7 – ENABLE: USB Enable

Setting this bit enables the USB interface. Clearing this bit disables the USB interface and immediately aborts any
ongoing transactions.
 Bit 6 – SPEED: Speed Select
This bit selects between low and full speed operation. By default, this bit is zero, and low speed operation is selected.
Setting this bit enables full speed operation.
 Bit 5 – FIFOEN: USB FIFO Enable
Setting this bit enables the USB transaction complete FIFO, and the FIFO stores the endpoint configuration table
address of each endpoint that generates a transaction complete interrupt. Clearing this bit disables the FIFO and frees
the allocated SRAM memory.
 Bit 4 – STFRNUM: Store Frame Number Enable
Setting this bit enables storing of the last SOF token frame number in the frame number (FRAMENUM) register. Clearing
this bit disables the function.
 Bit 3:0 – MAXEP[3:0]: Maximum Endpoint Address
These bits select the number of endpoint addresses used by the USB module. Incoming packets with a higher endpoint
number than this address will be discarded. Packets with endpoint addresses lower than or equal to this address will
cause the USB module to look up the addressed endpoint in the endpoint configuration table.

18.13.2 CTRLB – Control Register B

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x01 – – – PULLRST – RWAKEUP GNACK ATTACH
Read/Write R R R R/W R R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

 Bit 7:5 – Reserved

These bits are unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write these bits to zero
when this register is written.
 Bit 4 – PULLRST: Pull during Reset
Setting this bit enables the pull-up on the USB lines to also be held when the device enters reset. The bit will be cleared
on a power-on reset.
 Bit 3 – Reserved
This bit is unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write this bit to zero when this
register is written.
 Bit 2 – RWAKEUP: Remote Wake-up
Setting this bit sends an upstream resume on the USB lines if the bus is in the suspend state for at least 5 ms.
 Bit 1 – GNACK: Global NACK
When this bit is set, the USB module will NACK all incoming transactions. Expect for a SETUP packet, this prevents the
USB module from performing any on-chip SRAM access, giving all SRAM bandwidth to the CPU and/or DMA controller.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 205

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
  Bit 0 – ATTACH: Attach
Setting this bit enables the internal D+ or D- pull-up (depending on the USB speed selection), and attaches the device to
the USB lines. Clearing this bit disconnects the device from the USB lines.

18.13.3 STATUS – Status Register

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x02 – – – – URESUME RESUME SUSPEND BUSRST
Read/Write R R R R R R R R
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

 Bit 7:4 – Reserved

These bits are unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write these bits to zero
when this register is written.
 Bit 3 – URESUME: Upstream Resume
This flag is set when an upstream resume is sent.
 Bit 2 – RESUME: Resume
This flag is set when a downstream resume is received.
 Bit 1 – SUSPEND: Bus Suspended
This flag is set when the USB lines are in the suspended state (the bus has been idle for at least 3ms).
 Bit 0 – BUSRST: Bus Reset
This flag is set when a reset condition has been detected (the bus has been driven to SE0 for at least 2.5µs).

18.13.4 ADDR – Address Register

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x03 – ADDR[6:0]
Read/Write R R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

 Bit 7 – Reserved
This bit is unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write this bit to zero when this
register is written.
 Bit 6:0 – ADDR[6:0]: Device Address
These bits contain the USB address the device will respond to.

18.13.5 FIFOWP – FIFO Write Pointer Register

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x04 – – – FIFOWP[4:0]
Read/Write R R R R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

 Bit 7:5 – Reserved

These bits are unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write these bits to zero
when this register is written.
 Bit 4:0 – FIFOWP[4:0]: FIFO Write Pointer
These bits contain the transaction complete FIFO write pointer. This register must be read only by the CPU or DMA
controller. Writing this register will flush the FIFO write and read pointers.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 206

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
18.13.6 FIFORP – FIFO Read Pointer Register

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x05 – – – FIFORP[4:0]
Read/Write R R R R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

 Bit 7:5 – Reserved

These bits are unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write these bits to zero
when this register is written.
 Bit 4:0 – FIFORP[4:0]: FIFO Read Pointer
These bits contain the transaction complete FIFO read pointer. This register must only be read by the CPU or DMA
controller. Writing this register will flush the FIFO write and read pointer.

18.13.7 EPPTRL – Endpoint Configuration Table Pointer Low

The EPPTRL and EPPTRH registers represent the 16-bit value, EPPTR, that contains the address to the endpoint
configuration table. The pointer to the endpoint configuration table must be aligned to a 16-bit word; i.e., EPPTR[0] must
be zero. Only the number of bits required to address the available internal SRAM memory is implemented for each
device. Unused bits will always be read as zero.
Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x06 EPPTR[7:0]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

 Bit 7:0 – EPPTR[7:0]: Endpoint Configuration Table Pointer low byte

This register contains the eight lsbs of the endpoint configuration table pointer (EPPTR).

18.13.8 EPPTRH – Endpoint Configuration Table Pointer High

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x07 EPPTR[15:8]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

 Bit 7:0 – EPPTR[15:8]: Endpoint Configuration Table Pointer high byte

This register contains the eight msbs of the endpoint configuration table pointer (EPPTR).

18.13.9 INTCTRLA – Interrupt Control Register A

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x06 SOFIE BUSEVIE BUSERRIE STALLIE – – INTLVL[1:0]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R R R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

 Bit 7 – SOFIE: Start Of Frame Interrupt Enable

Setting this bit enables the start of frame (SOF) interrupt for the conditions that set the start of frame interrupt flag
(SOFIF) in the INTFLAGSACLR/ INTFLAGSASET register. The INTLVL bits must be nonzero for the interrupts to be
generated.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 207

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
  Bit 6 – BUSEVIE: Bus Event Interrupt Enable
Setting this bit will enable the interrupt for the following three bus events:
1. Suspend: An interrupt will be generated for the conditions that set the suspend interrupt flag (SUSPENDIF) in the
INTFLAGSACLR/SET register.
2. Resume: An interrupt will be generated for the conditions that set the resume interrupt flag (RESUMEIF) in the
INTFLAGSACLR/SET register.
3. Reset: An interrupt will be generated for the conditions that set the reset interrupt flag (RESETIF) in the INTFLAG-
SACLR/SET register.
The INTLVL bits must be nonzero for the interrupts to be generated.
 Bit 5 – BUSERRIE: Bus Error Interrupt Enable
Setting this bit will enable the interrupt for the following three bus error events:
1. Isochronous CRC Error: An interrupt will be generated for the conditions that set the CRC interrupt flag (CRCIF) in
the INTFLAGSACLR/SET register during isochronous transfers.
2. Underflow: An interrupt will be generated for the conditions that set the undeflow interrupt flag (UNFIF) in the
INTFLAGSACLR/SET register.
3. Overflow: An interrupt will be generated for the conditions that set the overflow interrupt flag (OVFIF) in the
INTFLAGSACLR/SET register.
The INTLVL bits must be nonzero for the interrupts to be generated.
 Bit 4 – STALLIE: STALL Interrupt Enable
Setting this bit enables the STALL interrupt for the conditions that set the stall interrupt flag (STALLIF) in the
INTFLAGSACLR/SET register. The INTLVL bits must be nonzero for the interrupts to be generated.
 Bit 3:2 – Reserved
These bits are unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write these bits to zero
when this register is written.
 Bit 1:0 – INTLVL[1:0]: Interrupt Level
These bits enable the USB interrupts and select the interrupt level, as described in “Interrupts and Programmable
Multilevel Interrupt Controller” on page 112. In addition, each USB interrupt source must be separately enabled.

18.13.10INTCTRLB – Interrupt Control Register B

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x07 – – – – – – TRNIE SETUPIE
Read/Write R R R R R R R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

 Bit 7:2 – Reserved

These bits are unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write these bits to zero
when this register is written.
 Bit 1 – TRNIE: Transaction Complete Interrupt Enable
Setting this bit enables the transaction complete interrupt for IN and OUT transactions. The INTLVL bits must be nonzero
for interrupts to be generated.
 Bit 0 – SETUPIE: SETUP Transaction Complete Interrupt Enable
Setting this bit enables the SETUP Transaction Complete Interrupt for SETUP transactions. The INTLVL bits must be
non-zero for the interrupts to be generated.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 208

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
18.13.11INTFLAGSACLR/ INTFLAGSASET – Clear/ Set Interrupt Flag Register A
This register is mapped into two I/O memory locations, one for clearing (INTFLAGSACLR) and one for setting
(INTFLAGSASET) the flags. The individual flags can be set by writing a one to their bit locations in INFLAGSASET, and
cleared by writing a one to their bit locations in INT-FLAGSACLR. Both memory locations will provide the same result
when read, and writing zero to any bit location has no effect.
Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x0A/ +0x0B SOFIF SUSPENDIF RESUMEIF RESETIF CRCIF UNFIF OVFIF STALLIF
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

 Bit 7 – SOFIF: Start Of Frame Interrupt Flag

This flag is set when a start of frame packet has been received.
 Bit 6 – SUSPENDIF: Suspend Interrupt Flag
This flag is set when the bus has been idle for 3ms.
 Bit 5 – RESUMEIF: Resume Interrupt Flag
This flag is set when a non-idle state has been detected on the bus while the USB module is in the suspend state. This
interrupt is asynchronous, and is able to wake the CPU from sleep modes where the system clock is stopped, such as
power-down and power-save sleep modes.
 Bit 4 – RSTIF: Reset Interrupt Flag
This flag is set when a reset condition has been detected on the bus.
 Bit 3 – CRCIF: Isochronous CRC Error Interrupt Flag
This flag is set when a CRC error has been detected in an incoming data packet to an isochronous endpoint.
 Bit 2 – UNFIF: Underflow Interrupt Flag
This flag is set when the addressed endpoint in an IN transaction does not have data to send to the host.
 Bit 1 – OVFIF: Overflow Interrupt Flag
This flag is set when the addressed endpoint in an OUT transaction is not ready to accept data from the host.
 Bit 0 – STALLIF: STALL Interrupt Flag
This flag is set when the USB module has responded with a STALL handshake to either an IN or an OUT transaction.

18.13.12INTFLAGSBCLR/INTFLAGSBSET – Clear/Set Interrupt Flag Register B

This register is mapped into two I/O memory locations, one for clearing (INTFLAGSBCLR) and one for setting
(INTFLAGSBSET) the flags. The individual flags can be set by writing a one to their bit locations in INFLAGSBSET, and
cleared by writing a one to their bit locations in INTFLAGSBCLR. Both memory locations will provide the same result
when read, and writing zero to any bit location has no effect.
Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x0C/ +0x0D – – – – – –- TRNIF SETUPIF
Read/Write R R R R R R R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

 Bit 7:2 – Reserved

These bits are unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write these bits to zero
when this register is written.
 Bit 1 – TRNIF: Transaction Complete Interrupt Flag
This flag is when there is a pending packet interrupt in the FIFO.
 Bit 0 – SETUPIF: SETUP Transaction Complete Interrupt Flag
This flag is set when a SETUP transaction has completed successfully.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 209

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
18.13.13CALL – Calibration Register Low
CALL hold the 16-bit value, CAL. The USB PADs (D- and D+) are calibrated during production to enable operation
without requiring external components on the USB lines. The calibration value is stored in the signature row of the
device, and must be read from there and written to the CAL registers from software.
Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
++0x3A CAL[7:0]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

 Bit 7:0 – CAL[7:0]: PAD Calibration low byte

This byte holds the eight lsbs of CAL.

18.14 Register Description – USB Endpoint

Each of the 16 endpoint addresses have one input and one output endpoint. Each endpoint has eight bytes of
configuration/status data located in internal SRAM.
The address to the first configuration byte is (EPPTR[15:0] + 16 × endpoint address) for output endpoints and
(EPPTR[15:0] + 16 × endpoint address + 8) for input endpoints.
Some bit locations have different functions, depending on endpoint configuration type or direction, and this is reflected by
using two different names for the bit locations.

18.14.1 STATUS – Status Register

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
STALL SETUP
+0x00 (1)
UNF/ OVF TRNCOMPL0 BANK BUSNACK1 BUSNACK0 TOGGLE
CRC TRNCOMPL1
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Note: 1. For isochronous endpoints.

 Bit 7 – STALL: STALL Flag

This flag is set when an IN or OUT transaction has been responded to with a STALL handshake. This flag is cleared by
writing a one to its bit location.
 Bit 7 – CRC: CRC Error Flag
This flag is set for isochronous output endpoints when a CRC error has been detected in an incoming data packet. This
flag is cleared by writing a one to its bit location.
 Bit 6 – UNF/OVF: Underflow/Overflow Flag
UNF: For input endpoints, the UNF flag is set when an input endpoint is not ready to send data to the host in response of
an IN token.
OVF: For output endpoints, the OVF flag is set when an output endpoint is not ready to accept data from the host
following an OUT token.
 Bit 5 – TRNCOMPL0: Transaction Complete Flag
This flag is set when an IN or OUT transaction has completed successfully. This flag is cleared by writing a one to its bit
location.
 Bit 4 – SETUP: SETUP Transaction Complete Flag
This flag is set when a SETUP, IN, or OUT transaction has completed successfully. This flag is cleared by writing a one
to its bit location.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 210

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
  Bit 4 – TRNCOMPL1: Transaction Complete Flag
This flag is set when a SETUP, IN, or OUT transaction has completed successfully. This flag is cleared by writing a one
to its bit location.
 Bit 3 – BANK: Bank Select Flag
When ping-pong mode is enabled, this bit indicates which bank will be used for the next transaction. BANK is toggled
each time a transaction has completed successfully. This bit is not sed when ping-pong is disabled. This flag is cleared
by writing a one to its bit location.
 Bit 2 – BUSNACK1: Data Buffer 1 Not Acknowledge Flag
When this flag is set, the USB module will discard incoming data to data buffer 1 in an OUT transaction, and will not
return any data from data buffer 1 in an IN transaction. For control, bulk, and interrupt endpoints, a NAK handshake is
returned. This flag is cleared by writing a one to its bit location.
 Bit 1 – BUSNACK0: Data Buffer 0 Not Acknowledge Flag
When this flag is set, the USB module will discard incoming data to data buffer 0 in an OUT transaction, and will not
return any data from data buffer 0 in an IN transaction. For control, bulk, and interrupt endpoints, a NAK handshake is
returned. This flag is cleared by writing a one to its bit location.
 Bit 0 – TOGGLE: Data Toggle Flag
This indicates if a DATA0 or DATA1 PID is expected in the next data packet for an output endpoint, and if a DATA0 or
DATA1 PID will be sent in the next transaction for an input endpoint. This bit has no effect for isochronous endpoints,
where both DATA0 and DATA1 PIDs are accepted for output endpoint, and only DATA0 PIDs are sent for input
endpoints.

18.14.2 CTRL – Control

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
STALL SIZE[1:0]
+0x01 TYPE[1:0] MULTIPKT PINGPONG INTDSBL
SIZE[2:0](1)
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Note: 1. For isochronous endpoints.

 Bit 7:6 – TYPE[1:0]: Endpoint Type

These bits are used to enable and select the endpoint type. If the endpoint is disabled, the remaining seven endpoint
configuration bytes are never read or written by the USB module, and their SRAM locations are free to use for other
application data.

Table 18-4. Endpoint Type

TYPE[1:0] Group configuration Description

00 DISABLE Endpoint enabled

01 CONTROL Control

10 BULK Bulk/interrupt

11 ISOCHRONOUS Isochronous

 Bit 5 – MULTIPKT: Multipacket Transfer Enable

Setting this bit enables multipacket transfers. Multipacket transfer enables a data payload exceeding the maximum
packet size of an endpoint to be transferred as multiple packets without interrupts or software intervention. See
“Multipacket Transfers” on page 201 for details on multipacket transfers.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 211

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
  Bit 4 – PINGPONG: Ping-pong Enable
Setting this bit enables ping-pong operation. Ping-pong operation enables both endpoints (IN and OUT) with same
address to be used in the same direction to allow double buffering and maximize throughput. The endpoint in the
opposite direction must be disabled when ping-pong operation is enabled. Ping-pong operation is not possible for control
endpoints. See “Ping-pong Operation” on page 200 for details.
 Bit 3 – INTDSBL: Interrupt Disable
Setting this bit disables all enabled interrupts from the endpoint. Hence, only the interrupt flags in the STATUS register
are updated when interrupt conditions occur. The FIFO does not store this endpoint configuration table address upon
transaction complete for the endpoint when interrupts are disabled for an endpoint. Clearing this bit enables all previously
enables interrupts again.
 Bit 2 – STALL: Endpoint STALL
This bit controls the STALL behavior if the endpoint.
 Bit 1:0 – BUFSIZE[1:0]: Data Size
These bits configure the maximum data payload size for the endpoint. Incoming data bytes exceeding the maximum data
payload size are discarded.
 Bit 2:0 – BUFSIZE[2:0]: Data Size
These bits configure the maximum data payload size for the endpoint when configured for isochronous operation.

Table 18-5. BUFSIZE Configuration

BUFSIZE[2:0] Group configuration Description

000 8 8-byte buffer size

001 16 16-byte buffer size

010 32 32-byte buffer size

011 64 64-byte buffer size

100(1) 128 128-byte buffer size

101(1) 256 256-byte buffer size

110(1) 512 512-byte buffer size

111(1) 1023 1023-bytesbuffer size

Note: 1. Setting only available for isochronous endpoints.

18.14.3 CNTL – Counter Low Register

The CNTL and CNTH registers represent the 10-bit value, CNT, that contains the number of bytes received in the last
OUT or SETUP transaction for an OUT endpoint, or the number of bytes to be sent in the next IN transaction for an IN
endpoint.
Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x02 CNT[7:0]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value X X X X X X X X

 Bit 7:0 – CNT[7:0]: Endpoint Byte Counter

This byte contains the eight lsbs of the USB endpoint counter (CNT).

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 212

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
18.14.4 CNTH – Counter High Register

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x03 AZLP – – – – – CNT[9:8]
Read/Write R/W R R R R R R/W R/W
Initial Value X X X X X X X X

 Bit 6 – AZLP: Automatic Zero Length Packet

When this bit is set, the USB module will manage the ZLP handshake by hardware. This applies to IN endpoints only.
When this bit is zero, the ZLP handshake must be managed by firmware.
 Bit 6:2 – Reserved
These bits are unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write these bits to zero
when this register is written.
 Bit 1:0 – CNT[9:8]: Endpoint Byte Counter
These bits contain the two msbs of the USB endpoint counter (CNT).

18.14.5 DATAPTRL – Data Pointer Low Register

The DATAPTRL and DATAPTRH registers represent the 16-bit value, DATAPTR, that contains the SRAM address to the
endpoint data buffer.
Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x04 DATAPTR[7:0]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value X X X X X X X X

 Bit 7:0 – DATAPTR[7:0]: Endpoint Data Pointer Low

This byte contains the eight lsbs of the endpoint data pointer (DATAPTR).

18.14.6 DATAPTRH – Data Pointer High Register

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x05 DATAPTR[15:8]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value X X X X X X X X

 Bit 15:0 - DPTR[15:8]: Endpoint Data Pointer High

This byte contains the eight msbs of the endpoint data pointer (DATAPTR).

18.14.7 AUXDATAL – Auxiliary Data Low Register

The AUXDATAL and AUXDATAH registers represent the 16-bit value, AUXDATA, that is used for multipacket transfers.
For IN endpoints, AUXDATA holds the total number of bytes sent. AUXDATA should be written to zero when setting up a
new transfer. For OUT endpoints, AUXDATA holds the total data size for the complete transfer. This value must be a
multiple of the maximum packet size, except for ISO 1023-byte endpoints.
See “Multipacket Transfers” on page 201 for more details on setting up and using multipacket transfers.
Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x06 AUXDATA[7:0]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value X X X X X X X X

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 213

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
  Bit 7:0 – AUXDATA[7:0]: Auxiliary Data Low
This byte contains the eight lsbs of the auxiliary data (AUXDATA). When multipacket transfer is not used, this SRAM
location is free to use for other application data.

18.14.8 AUXDATAH – Auxiliary Data High Register

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x07 AUXDATA[15:8]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value X X X X X X X X

 Bit 7:0 – AUXDATA[15:8]: Auxiliary Data High

This byte contains the eight msbs of the auxiliary data (AUXDATA). When multipacket transfer is not used, this SRAM
location is free to use for other application data.

18.15 Register Description - Frame

18.15.1 FRAMENUML – Frame Number Low Register

The FRAMENUML and FRAMENUMH registers represent the 11-bit value, FRAMENUM, that holds the frame number
from the most recently received start of frame packet.
Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x00 FRAMENUM[7:0]
Read/Write R R R R R R R R
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

 Bit 7:0 – FRAMENUM[7:0]: Frame Number

This byte contains the eight lsbs of the frame number (FRAMENUM).

18.15.2 FRAMENUMH – Frame Number High Register

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x01 FRAMEERR – – – – FRAMENUM[10:8]
Read/Write R R R R R R R R
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

 Bit 7 – FRAMEERR: Frame Error

This flag is set if a CRC or bit-stuffing error was detected in the most recently received start of frame packet.
 Bit 6:3 – Reserved
These bits are unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write these bits to zero
when this register is written.
 Bit 2:0 – FRAMENUM[10:8]: Frame Number
This byte contains the three msbs of the frame number (FRAMENUM).

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 214

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
18.16 Register Summary – USB Module
Address Name Bit 7 Bit 6 Bit 5 Bit 4 Bit 3 Bit 2 Bit 1 Bit 0 Page
+0x00 CTRLA ENABLE SPEED FIFOEN STFRNUM MAXEP[3:0] 205
+0x01 CTRLB – – – PULLRST – RWAKEUP GNACK ATTACH 205
+0x02 STATUS – – – – UPRESUM RESUME SUSPEND BUSRST 206
+0x03 ADDR – ADDR[6:0] 206
+0x04 FIFOWP – – – FIFOWP[4:0] 206
+0x05 FIFORP – – – FIFORP[4:0] 207
+0x06 EPPTRL EPPTR[7:0] 207
+0x07 EPPTRH EPPTR[15:8] 207
+0x08 INTCTRLA SOFIE BUSEVIE BUSERRIE STALLIE – – INTLVL[1:0] 207
+0x09 INTCTRLB – – – – – – TRNIE SETUPIE 208
+0x0A INFLAGSACLR SOFIF SUSPEND RESUMEI RSTIF CRCIF UNFIF OVFIF STALLIF 209
+0x0B INFLAGSASET SOFIF SUSPEND RESUMEI RSTIF CRCIF UNFIF OVFIF STALLIF 209
+0x0C INFLAGSBCLR – – – – – – TRNIF SETUPIF 209
+0x0D INFLAGSBSET – – – – – – TRNIF SETUPIF 209
+0x0E Reserved – – – – – – – –
+0x0F Reserved – – – – – – – –
+0x10-0X39 Reserved – – – – – – – –
+0x3B Reserved – – – – – – – –
+0x3A CALL CAL[7:0] 210

18.17 Register Summary – USB Endpoint

The address to the first configuration byte is (EPPTR[15:0] + 16 × endpoint address) for OUT endpoints and
(EPPTR[15:0] + 16 × endpoint address + 8) for IN endpoints.
Address Name Bit 7 Bit 6 Bit 5 Bit 4 Bit 3 Bit 2 Bit 1 Bit 0 Page
+0x00 STATUS STALL OVF/UNF TRNCOM SETUP BANK BUSNACK1 BUSNACK0 TOGGLE 210
CRC PL0 TRNCOMPL1 Isochronous
+0x01 CTRL TYPE[1:0] MULTIPKT PINGPONG INTDSBL STALL BUFSIZE[1:0] 211
BUFSIZE[2:0] Isochronous
+0x02 CNTL CNT[7:0] 212
+0x03 CNTH AZLP – – – – – CNT[9:8] 213
+0x04 DATAPTRL DATAPTR[7:0] 213
+0x05 DATAPTRH DATAPTR[15:8] 213
+0x06 AUXDATAL AUXDATA[7:0] 213
+0x07 AUXDATAH AUXDATA[15:8] 214

18.18 Register Summary – Frame

The address to the frame configuration byte is (MAXEP + 1) << 4. For instance with MAXEP = 3, the first address would
be located at offset address 0x40.
Address Name Bit 7 Bit 6 Bit 5 Bit 4 Bit 3 Bit 2 Bit 1 Bit 0 Page
+0x00 FRAMENUML FRAMENUM[7:0] 214
+0x01 FRAMENUMH FRAMEE – – – – FRAMENUM[10:8] 214

18.19 USB Interrupt Vector Summary

Offset Source Interrupt description

0x00 BUSEVENT_vect SOF, suspend, resume, bus reset, CRC, underflow, overflow, and stall error interrupts

0x02 TRNCOMPL_vect Transaction complete interrupt

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 215

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
19. TWI – Two-Wire Interface

19.1 Features
 Bidirectional, two-wire communication interface
 Phillips I2C compatible
 System Management Bus (SMBus) compatible
 Bus master and slave operation supported
 Slave operation
 Single bus master operation
 Bus master in multi-master bus environment
 Multi-master arbitration
 Flexible slave address match functions
 7-bit and general call address recognition in hardware
 10-bit addressing supported
 Address mask register for dual address match or address range masking
 Optional software address recognition for unlimited number of addresses
 Slave can operate in all sleep modes, including power-down
 Slave address match can wake device from all sleep modes
 100kHz and 400kHz bus frequency support
 Slew-rate limited output drivers
 Input filter for bus noise and spike suppression
 Support arbitration between start/repeated start and data bit (SMBus)
 Slave arbitration allows support for address resolve protocol (ARP) (SMBus)

19.2 Overview
The two-wire interface (TWI) is a bidirectional, two-wire communication interface. It is I2C and System Management Bus
(SMBus) compatible. The only external hardware needed to implement the bus is one pull-up resistor on each bus line.
A device connected to the bus must act as a master or a slave. The master initiates a data transaction by addressing a
slave on the bus and telling whether it wants to transmit or receive data. One bus can have many slaves and one or
several masters that can take control of the bus. An arbitration process handles priority if more than one master tries to
transmit data at the same time. Mechanisms for resolving bus contention are inherent in the protocol.
The TWI module supports master and slave functionality. The master and slave functionality are separated from each
other, and can be enabled and configured separately. The master module supports multi-master bus operation and
arbitration. It contains the baud rate generator. Both 100kHz and 400kHz bus frequency is supported. Quick command
and smart mode can be enabled to auto-trigger operations and reduce software complexity.
The slave module implements 7-bit address match and general address call recognition in hardware. 10-bit addressing is
also supported. A dedicated address mask register can act as a second address match register or as a register for
address range masking. The slave continues to operate in all sleep modes, including power-down mode. This enables
the slave to wake up the device from all sleep modes on TWI address match. It is possible to disable the address
matching to let this be handled in software instead.
The TWI module will detect START and STOP conditions, bus collisions, and bus errors. Arbitration lost, errors, collision,
and clock hold on the bus are also detected and indicated in separate status flags available in both master and slave
modes.
It is possible to disable the TWI drivers in the device, and enable a four-wire digital interface for connecting to an external
TWI bus driver. This can be used for applications where the device operates from a different VCC voltage than used by
the TWI bus.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 216

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
19.3 General TWI Bus Concepts
The TWI provides a simple, bidirectional, two-wire communication bus consisting of a serial clock line (SCL) and a serial
data line (SDA). The two lines are open-collector lines (wired-AND), and pull-up resistors (Rp) are the only external
components needed to drive the bus. The pull-up resistors provide a high level on the lines when none of the connected
devices are driving the bus
The TWI bus is a simple and efficient method of interconnecting multiple devices on a serial bus. A device connected to
the bus can be a master or slave, where the master controls the bus and all communication.
Figure 19-1 illustrates the TWI bus topology.

Figure 19-1. TWI Bus Topology

VCC

RP RP TWI TWI TWI

DEVICE #1 DEVICE #2 DEVICE #N

RS RS RS RS RS RS

SDA

SCL
Note: RS is optional

A unique address is assigned to all slave devices connected to the bus, and the master will use this to address a slave
and initiate a data transaction.
Several masters can be connected to the same bus, called a multi-master environment. An arbitration mechanism is
provided for resolving bus ownership among masters, since only one master device may own the bus at any given time.
A device can contain both master and slave logic, and can emulate multiple slave devices by responding to more than
one address.
A master indicates the start of a transaction by issuing a START condition (S) on the bus. An address packet with a slave
address (ADDRESS) and an indication whether the master wishes to read or write data (R/W) are then sent. After all
data packets (DATA) are transferred, the master issues a STOP condition (P) on the bus to end the transaction. The
receiver must acknowledge (A) or not-acknowledge (A) each byte received.
Figure 19-2 on page 218 shows a TWI transaction.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 217

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
 Figure 19-2. Basic TWI Transaction Diagram Topology for a 7-bit Address Bus

SDA

SCL 6 ... 0 7 ... 0 7 ... 0

S ADDRESS R/W ACK DATA ACK DATA ACK/NACK P

S ADDRESS R/W A DATA A DATA A/A P

Direction

Address Packet Data Packet #0 Data Packet #1

Transaction

The master provides data on the bus

The master or slave can provide data on the bus
The slave provides data on the bus

The master provides the clock signal for the transaction, but a device connected to the bus is allowed to stretch the low-
level period of the clock to decrease the clock speed.

19.3.1 Electrical Characteristics

The TWI module in XMEGA devices follows the electrical specifications and timing of I2C bus and SMBus. These
specifications are not 100% compliant, and so to ensure correct behavior, the inactive bus timeout period should be set
in TWI master mode. Refer to “TWI Master Operation” on page 223 for more details.

19.3.2 START and STOP Conditions

Two unique bus conditions are used for marking the beginning (START) and end (STOP) of a transaction. The master
issues a START condition (S) by indicating a high-to-low transition on the SDA line while the SCL line is kept high. The
master completes the transaction by issuing a STOP condition (P), indicated by a low-to-high transition on the SDA line
while SCL line is kept high.

Figure 19-3. START and STOP Conditions

SDA

SCL
S P
START STOP
Condition Condition

Multiple START conditions can be issued during a single transaction. A START condition that is not directly following a
STOP condition is called a repeated START condition (Sr).

19.3.3 Bit Transfer

As illustrated by Figure 19-4 on page 219, a bit transferred on the SDA line must be stable for the entire high period of the
SCL line. Consequently the SDA value can only be changed during the low period of the clock. This is ensured in
hardware by the TWI module.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 218

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
 Figure 19-4. Data Validity

SDA

SCL

DATA Change
Valid Allowed

Combining bit transfers results in the formation of address and data packets. These packets consist of eight data bits
(one byte) with the most-significant bit transferred first, plus a single-bit not-acknowledge (NACK) or acknowledge (ACK)
response. The addressed device signals ACK by pulling the SCL line low during the ninth clock cycle, and signals NACK
by leaving the line SCL high.

19.3.4 Address Packet

After the START condition, a 7-bit address followed by a read/write (R/W) bit is sent. This is always transmitted by the
master. A slave recognizing its address will ACK the address by pulling the data line low for the next SCL cycle, while all
other slaves should keep the TWI lines released and wait for the next START and address. The address, R/W bit, and
acknowledge bit combined is the address packet. Only one address packet for each START condition is allowed, also
when 10-bit addressing is used.
The R/W bit specifies the direction of the transaction. If the R/W bit is low, it indicates a master write transaction, and the
master will transmit its data after the slave has acknowledged its address. If the R/W bit is high, it indicates a master read
transaction, and the slave will transmit its data after acknowledging its address.

19.3.5 Data Packet

An address packet is followed by one or more data packets. All data packets are nine bits long, consisting of one data
byte and an acknowledge bit. The direction bit in the previous address packet determines the direction in which the data
are transferred.

19.3.6 Transaction
A transaction is the complete transfer from a START to a STOP condition, including any repeated START conditions in
between. The TWI standard defines three fundamental transaction modes: Master write, master read, and a combined
transaction.
Figure 19-5 illustrates the master write transaction. The master initiates the transaction by issuing a START condition (S)
followed by an address packet with the direction bit set to zero (ADDRESS+W).

Figure 19-5. Master Write Transaction

Transaction
Address Packet Data Packet

S ADDRESS W A DATA A DATA A/A P

N data packets

Assuming the slave acknowledges the address, the master can start transmitting data (DATA) and the slave will ACK or
NACK (A/A) each byte. If no data packets are to be transmitted, the master terminates the transaction by issuing a STOP
condition (P) directly after the address packet. There are no limitations to the number of data packets that can be

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 219

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
 transferred. If the slave signals a NACK to the data, the master must assume that the slave cannot receive any more
data and terminate the transaction.
Figure 19-6 illustrates the master read transaction. The master initiates the transaction by issuing a START condition
followed by an address packet with the direction bit set to one (ADDRESS+R). The addressed slave must acknowledge
the address for the master to be allowed to continue the transaction.

Figure 19-6. Master Read Transaction

Transaction
Address Packet Data Packet

S ADDRESS R A DATA A DATA A P

N data packets

Assuming the slave acknowledges the address, the master can start receiving data from the slave. There are no
limitations to the number of data packets that can be transferred. The slave transmits the data while the master signals
ACK or NACK after each data byte. The master terminates the transfer with a NACK before issuing a STOP condition.
Figure 19-7 illustrates a combined transaction. A combined transaction consists of several read and write transactions
separated by repeated START conditions (Sr).

Figure 19-7. Combined Transaction

Transaction
Address Packet #1 N Data Packets Address Packet #2 M Data Packets

S ADDRESS R/W A DATA A/A Sr ADDRESS R/W A DATA A/A P

Direction Direction

19.3.7 Clock and Clock Stretching

All devices connected to the bus are allowed to stretch the low period of the clock to slow down the overall clock
frequency or to insert wait states while processing data. A device that needs to stretch the clock can do this by
holding/forcing the SCL line low after it detects a low level on the line.
Three types of clock stretching can be defined, as shown in Figure 19-8.

Figure 19-8. Clock Stretching(1)

SDA bit 7 bit 6 bit 0 ACK/NACK

SCL
S

Wakeup clock Periodic clock Random clock

stretching stretching stretching

Note: 1. Clock stretching is not supported by all I2C slaves and masters.
If a slave device is in sleep mode and a START condition is detected, the clock stretching normally works during the
wake-up period. For AVR XMEGA devices, the clock stretching will be either directly before or after the ACK/NACK bit,
as AVR XMEGA devices do not need to wake up for transactions that are not addressed to it.
A slave device can slow down the bus frequency by stretching the clock periodically on a bit level. This allows the slave
to run at a lower system clock frequency. However, the overall performance of the bus will be reduced accordingly. Both

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 220

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
 the master and slave device can randomly stretch the clock on a byte level basis before and after the ACK/NACK bit.
This provides time to process incoming or prepare outgoing data, or perform other time-critical tasks.
In the case where the slave is stretching the clock, the master will be forced into a wait state until the slave is ready, and
vice versa.

19.3.8 Arbitration
A master can start a bus transaction only if it has detected that the bus is idle. As the TWI bus is a multi-master bus, it is
possible that two devices may initiate a transaction at the same time. This results in multiple masters owning the bus
simultaneously. This is solved using an arbitration scheme where the master loses control of the bus if it is not able to
transmit a high level on the SDA line. The masters who lose arbitration must then wait until the bus becomes idle (i.e.,
wait for a STOP condition) before attempting to reacquire bus ownership. Slave devices are not involved in the arbitration
procedure.

Figure 19-9. TWI Arbitration

DEVICE1 Loses arbitration

DEVICE1_SDA

DEVICE2_SDA

SDA
bit 7 bit 6 bit 5 bit 4
(wired-AND)

SCL
S

Figure 19-9 shows an example where two TWI masters are contending for bus ownership. Both devices are able to issue
a START condition, but DEVICE1 loses arbitration when attempting to transmit a high level (bit 5) while DEVICE2 is
transmitting a low level.
Arbitration between a repeated START condition and a data bit, a STOP condition and a data bit, or a repeated START
condition and a STOP condition are not allowed and will require special handling by software.

19.3.9 Synchronization
A clock synchronization algorithm is necessary for solving situations where more than one master is trying to control the
SCL line at the same time. The algorithm is based on the same principles used for the clock stretching previously
described. Figure 19-10 on page 222 shows an example where two masters are competing for control over the bus clock.
The SCL line is the wired-AND result of the two masters clock outputs.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 221

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
 Figure 19-10.Clock Synchronization
Low Period Wait High Period
Count State Count

DEVICE1_SCL

DEVICE2_SCL

SCL
(wired-AND)

A high-to-low transition on the SCL line will force the line low for all masters on the bus, and they will start timing their low
clock period. The timing length of the low clock period can vary among the masters. When a master (DEVICE1 in this
case) has completed its low period, it releases the SCL line. However, the SCL line will not go high until all masters have
released it. Consequently, the SCL line will be held low by the device with the longest low period (DEVICE2). Devices
with shorter low periods must insert a wait state until the clock is released. All masters start their high period when the
SCL line is released by all devices and has gone high. The device which first completes its high period (DEVICE1) forces
the clock line low, and the procedure is then repeated. The result is that the device with the shortest clock period
determines the high period, while the low period of the clock is determined by the device with the longest clock period.

19.4 TWI Bus State Logic

The bus state logic continuously monitors the activity on the TWI bus lines when the master is enabled. It continues to
operate in all sleep modes, including power-down.
The bus state logic includes START and STOP condition detectors, collision detection, inactive bus timeout detection,
and a bit counter. These are used to determine the bus state. Software can get the current bus state by reading the bus
state bits in the master status register. The bus state can be unknown, idle, busy, or owner, and is determined according
to the state diagram shown in Figure 19-11 on page 223. The values of the bus state bits according to state are shown in
binary in the figure.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 222

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
 Figure 19-11.Bus State, State Diagram

RESET
UNKNOWN
(0b00)

P + Timeout

S
Sr
IDLE BUSY
(0b01) P + Timeout (0b11)

Command P
Arbitration
Write ADDRESS Lost
(S) OWNER
(0b10)
Write
ADDRESS(Sr)

After a system reset and/or TWI master enable, the bus state is unknown. The bus state machine can be forced to enter
idle by writing to the bus state bits accordingly. If no state is set by application software, the bus state will become idle
when the first STOP condition is detected. If the master inactive bus timeout is enabled, the bus state will change to idle
on the occurrence of a timeout. After a known bus state is established, only a system reset or disabling of the TWI master
will set the state to unknown.
When the bus is idle, it is ready for a new transaction. If a START condition generated externally is detected, the bus
becomes busy until a STOP condition is detected. The STOP condition will change the bus state to idle. If the master
inactive bus timeout is enabled, the bus state will change from busy to idle on the occurrence of a timeout.
If a START condition is generated internally while in idle state, the owner state is entered. If the complete transaction was
performed without interference, i.e., no collisions are detected, the master will issue a STOP condition and the bus state
will change back to idle. If a collision is detected, the arbitration is assumed lost and the bus state becomes busy until a
STOP condition is detected. A repeated START condition will only change the bus state if arbitration is lost during the
issuing of the repeated START. Arbitration during repeated START can be lost only if the arbitration has been ongoing
since the first START condition. This happens if two masters send the exact same ADDRESS+DATA before one of the
masters issues a repeated START (Sr).

19.5 TWI Master Operation

The TWI master is byte-oriented, with an optional interrupt after each byte. There are separate interrupts for master write
and master read. Interrupt flags can also be used for polled operation. There are dedicated status flags for indicating
ACK/NACK received, bus error, arbitration lost, clock hold, and bus state.
When an interrupt flag is set, the SCL line is forced low. This will give the master time to respond or handle any data, and
will in most cases require software interaction. Figure 19-12 on page 224 shows the TWI master operation. The diamond
shaped symbols (SW) indicate where software interaction is required. Clearing the interrupt flags releases the SCL line.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 223

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
Figure 19-12.TWI Master Operation
APPLICATION MASTER WRITE INTERRUPT + HOLD

M1 M2 M3 M4

BUSY P IDLE S ADDRESS R/W BUSY SW BUSY M1

Wait for
SW
IDLE
R/W A SW P IDLE M2

W A SW Sr M3 BUSY M4

SW DATA A/A

SW Driver software
MASTER READ INTERRUPT + HOLD
The master provides data
on the bus

Slave provides data on

SW A BUSY M4
the bus
A/A P IDLE M2
Bus state

A/A Sr M3
Mn Diagram connections

A/A

R A DATA

The number of interrupts generated is kept to a minimum by automatic handling of most conditions. Quick command and
smart mode can be enabled to auto-trigger operations and reduce software complexity.

19.5.1 Transmitting Address Packets

After issuing a START condition, the master starts performing a bus transaction when the master address register is
written with the 7-bit slave address and direction bit. If the bus is busy, the TWI master will wait until the bus becomes idle
before issuing the START condition.
Depending on arbitration and the R/W direction bit, one of four distinct cases (M1 to M4) arises following the address
packet. The different cases must be handled in software.

19.5.1.1 Case M1: Arbitration lost or bus error during address packet
If arbitration is lost during the sending of the address packet, the master write interrupt flag and arbitration lost flag are
both set. Serial data output to the SDA line is disabled, and the SCL line is released. The master is no longer allowed to
perform any operation on the bus until the bus state has changed back to idle.
A bus error will behave in the same way as an arbitration lost condition, but the error flag is set in addition to the write
interrupt and arbitration lost flags.

19.5.1.2 Case M2: Address packet transmit complete - Address not acknowledged by slave
If no slave device responds to the address, the master write interrupt flag and the master received acknowledge flag are
set. The clock hold is active at this point, preventing further activity on the bus.

19.5.1.3 Case M3: Address packet transmit complete - Direction bit cleared
If the master receives an ACK from the slave, the master write interrupt flag is set and the master received acknowledge
flag is cleared. The clock hold is active at this point, preventing further activity on the bus.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 224

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
19.5.1.4 Case M4: Address packet transmit complete - Direction bit set
If the master receives an ACK from the slave, the master proceeds to receive the next byte of data from the slave. When
the first data byte is received, the master read interrupt flag is set and the master received acknowledge flag is cleared.
The clock hold is active at this point, preventing further activity on the bus.

19.5.2 Transmitting Data Packets

Assuming case M3 above, the master can start transmitting data by writing to the master data register. If the transfer was
successful, the slave will signal with ACK. The master write interrupt flag is set, the master received acknowledge flag is
cleared, and the master can prepare new data to send. During data transfer, the master is continuously monitoring the
bus for collisions.
The received acknowledge flag must be checked by software for each data packet transmitted before the next data
packet can be transferred. The master is not allowed to continue transmitting data if the slave signals a NACK.
If a collision is detected and the master loses arbitration during transfer, the arbitration lost flag is set.

19.5.3 Receiving Data Packets

Assuming case M4 above, the master has already received one byte from the slave. The master read interrupt flag is set,
and the master must prepare to receive new data. The master must respond to each byte with ACK or NACK. Indicating
a NACK might not be successfully executed, as arbitration can be lost during the transmission. If a collision is detected,
the master loses arbitration and the arbitration lost flag is set.

19.6 TWI Slave Operation

The TWI slave is byte-oriented with optional interrupts after each byte. There are separate slave data and address/stop
interrupts. Interrupt flags can also be used for polled operation. There are dedicated status flags for indicating
ACK/NACK received, clock hold, collision, bus error, and read/write direction.
When an interrupt flag is set, the SCL line is forced low. This will give the slave time to respond or handle data, and will in
most cases require software interaction. Figure 19-13. shows the TWI slave operation. The diamond shapes symbols
(SW) indicate where software interaction is required.

Figure 19-13.TWI Slave Operation

SLAVE ADDRESS INTERRUPT SLAVE DATA INTERRUPT

P S2

S1 S3 A S1 Sr S3

S2 S ADDRESS R SW A SW DATA A/A

P S2

A S1 Sr S3
SW Driver software
W SW A/A DATA SW A/A
The master provides data
on the bus
Interrupt on STOP
SW
Condition Enabled
Slave provides data on
the bus Collision Release
(SMBus)
SW
Hold S1
Sn Diagram connections

The number of interrupts generated is kept to a minimum by automatic handling of most conditions. Quick command can
be enabled to auto-trigger operations and reduce software complexity.
Promiscuous mode can be enabled to allow the slave to respond to all received addresses.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 225

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
19.6.1 Receiving Address Packets
When the TWI slave is properly configured, it will wait for a START condition to be detected. When this happens, the
successive address byte will be received and checked by the address match logic, and the slave will ACK a correct
address and store the address in the DATA register. If the received address is not a match, the slave will not
acknowledge and store address, and will wait for a new START condition.
The slave address/stop interrupt flag is set when a START condition succeeded by a valid address byte is detected. A
general call address will also set the interrupt flag.
A START condition immediately followed by a STOP condition is an illegal operation, and the bus error flag is set.
The R/W direction flag reflects the direction bit received with the address. This can be read by software to determine the
type of operation currently in progress.
Depending on the R/W direction bit and bus condition, one of four distinct cases (S1 to S4) arises following the address
packet. The different cases must be handled in software.

19.6.1.1 Case S1: Address packet accepted - Direction bit set

If the R/W direction flag is set, this indicates a master read operation. The SCL line is forced low by the slave, stretching
the bus clock. If ACK is sent by the slave, the slave hardware will set the data interrupt flag indicating data is needed for
transmit. Data, repeated START, or STOP can be received after this. If NACK is sent by the slave, the slave will wait for
a new START condition and address match.

19.6.1.2 Case S2: Address packet accepted - Direction bit cleared

If the R/W direction flag is cleared, this indicates a master write operation. The SCL line is forced low, stretching the bus
clock. If ACK is sent by the slave, the slave will wait for data to be received. Data, repeated START, or STOP can be
received after this. If NACK is sent, the slave will wait for a new START condition and address match.

19.6.1.3 Case S3: Collision

If the slave is not able to send a high level or NACK, the collision flag is set, and it will disable the data and acknowledge
output from the slave logic. The clock hold is released. A START or repeated START condition will be accepted.

19.6.1.4 Case S4: STOP condition received

When the STOP condition is received, the slave address/stop flag will be set, indicating that a STOP condition, and not
an address match, occurred.

19.6.2 Receiving Data Packets

The slave will know when an address packet with R/W direction bit cleared has been successfully received. After
acknowledging this, the slave must be ready to receive data. When a data packet is received, the data interrupt flag is set
and the slave must indicate ACK or NACK. After indicating a NACK, the slave must expect a STOP or repeated START
condition.

19.6.3 Transmitting Data Packets

The slave will know when an address packet with R/W direction bit set has been successfully received. It can then start
sending data by writing to the slave data register. When a data packet transmission is completed, the data interrupt flag
is set. If the master indicates NACK, the slave must stop transmitting data and expect a STOP or repeated START
condition.

19.7 Enabling External Driver Interface

An external driver interface can be enabled. When this is done, the internal TWI drivers with input filtering and slew rate
control are bypassed. The normal I/O pin function is used, and the direction must be configured by the user software.
When this mode is enabled, an external TWI compliant tri-state driver is needed for connecting to a TWI bus.
By default, port pins 0 (Pn0) and 1 (Pn1) are used for SDA and SCL. The external driver interface uses port pins 0 to 3 for
the SDA_IN, SCL_IN, SDA_OUT, and SCL_OUT signals.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 226

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
19.8 Register Description – TWI

19.8.1 CTRL – Common Control Register

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x00 – – – – – SDAHOLD[1:0] EDIEN
Read/Write R R R R R R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

 Bit 7:3 – Reserved

These bits are unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write these bits to zero
when this register is written.
 Bit 2:1 – SDAHOLD[1:0]: SDA Hold Time Enable
Setting these bits to one enables an internal hold time on SDA with respect to the negative edge of SCL.

Table 19-1. SDA Hold Time

SDAHOLD[1:0] Group configuration Description

00 OFF SDA hold time off

01 50NS Typical 50ns hold time

10 300NS Typical 100ns hold time

11 400NS Typical 400ns hold time

 Bit 0 – EDIEN: External Driver Interface Enable

Setting this bit enables the use of the external driver interface, and clearing this bit enables normal two-wire mode. See
Table 19-2 for details.

Table 19-2. External Driver Interface Enable

EDIEN Mode Comment

0 Normal TWI Two-pin interface, slew rate control, and input filter.

Four-pin interface, standard I/O, no slew rate control, and no input

1 External driver interface
filter.

19.9 Register Description – TWI Master

19.9.1 CTRLA – Control Register A

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x00 INTLVL[1:0] RIEN WIEN ENABLE – – –
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R R R
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

 Bit 7:6 – INTLVL[1:0]: Interrupt Level

These bits select the interrupt level for the TWI master interrupt, as described in “Interrupts and Programmable Multilevel
Interrupt Controller” on page 112.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 227

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
  Bit 5 – RIEN: Read Interrupt Enable
Setting the read interrupt enable (RIEN) bit enables the read interrupt when the read interrupt flag (RIF) in the STATUS
register is set. In addition the INTLVL bits must be nonzero for TWI master interrupts to be generated.
 Bit 4 – WIEN: Write Interrupt Enable
Setting the write interrupt enable (WIEN) bit enables the write interrupt when the write interrupt flag (WIF) in the STATUS
register is set. In addition the INTLVL bits must be nonzero for TWI master interrupts to be generated.
 Bit 3 – ENABLE: Enable TWI Master
Setting the enable TWI master (ENABLE) bit enables the TWI master.
 Bit 2:0 – Reserved
These bits are unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write these bits to zero
when this register is written.

19.9.2 CTRLB – Control Register B

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x01 – – – – TIMEOUT[1:0] QCEN SMEN
Read/Write R R R R R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

 Bit 7:4 – Reserved

These bits are unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write these bits to zero
when this register is written.
 Bit 3:2 – TIMEOUT[1:0]: Inactive Bus Timeout
Setting the inactive bus timeout (TIMEOUT) bits to a nonzero value will enable the inactive bus timeout supervisor. If the
bus is inactive for longer than the TIMEOUT setting, the bus state logic will enter the idle state.
Table 19-3 lists the timeout settings.

Table 19-3. TWI Master Inactive Bus Timeout Settings

TIMEOUT[1:0] Group configuration Description

00 DISABLED Disabled, normally used for I2C

01 50US 50µs, normally used for SMBus at 100kHz

10 100US 100µs

11 200US 200µs

 Bit 1 – QCEN: Quick Command Enable

When quick command is enabled, the corresponding interrupt flag is set immediately after the slave acknowledges the
address (read or write interrupt). At this point, software can issue either a STOP or a repeated START condition.
 Bit 0 – SMEN: Smart Mode Enable
Setting this bit enables smart mode. When smart mode is enabled, the acknowledge action, as set by the ACKACT bit in
the CTRLC register, is sent immediately after reading the DATA register.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 228

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
19.9.3 CTRLC – Control Register C

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x02 – – – – – ACKACT CMD[1:0]
Read/Write R R R R R R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

 Bits 7:3 – Reserved

These bits are unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write these bits to zero
when this register is written.
 Bit 2 – ACKACT: Acknowledge Action
This bit defines the master's acknowledge behavior in master read mode. The acknowledge action is executed when a
command is written to the CMD bits. If SMEN in the CTRLB register is set, the acknowledge action is performed when
the DATA register is read.
Table 19-4 lists the acknowledge actions.

Table 19-4. ACKACT Bit Description

ACKACT Action

0 Send ACK

1 Send NACK

 Bit 1:0 – CMD[1:0]: Command

Writing the command (CMD) bits triggers a master operation as defined by Table 19-5. The CMD bits are strobe bits, and
always read as zero. The acknowledge action is only valid in master read mode (R). In master write mode (W), a
command will only result in a repeated START or STOP condition. The ACKACT bit and the CMD bits can be written at
the same time, and then the acknowledge action will be updated before the command is triggered.

Table 19-5. CMD Bit Description

CMD[1:0] Group configuration MODE Operation

00 NOACT X Reserved

Execute acknowledge action succeeded by

01 START X
repeated START condition

W No operation
10 BYTEREC Execute acknowledge action succeeded by a byte
R
receive

Execute acknowledge action succeeded by issuing

11 STOP X
a STOP condition

Writing a command to the CMD bits will clear the master interrupt flags and the CLKHOLD flag.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 229

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
19.9.4 STATUS – Status Register

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x03 RIF WIF CLKHOLD RXACK ARBLOST BUSERR BUSSTATE[1:0]
Read/Write R/W R/W R R R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

 Bit 7 – RIF: Read Interrupt Flag

This flag is set when a byte is successfully received in master read mode; i.e., no arbitration was lost or bus error
occurred during the operation. Writing a one to this bit location will clear RIF. When this flag is set, the master forces the
SCL line low, stretching the TWI clock period. Clearing the interrupt flags will release the SCL line.
This flag is also cleared automatically when:
 Writing to the ADDR register
 Writing to the DATA register
 Reading the DATA register
 Writing a valid command to the CMD bits in the CTRLC register
 Bit 6 – WIF: Write Interrupt Flag
This flagis set when a byte is transmitted in master write mode. The flag is set regardless of the occurrence of a bus error
or an arbitration lost condition. WIF is also set if arbitration is lost during sending of a NACK in master read mode, and if
issuing a START condition when the bus state is unknown. Writing a one to this bit location will clear WIF. When this flag
is set, the master forces the SCL line low, stretching the TWI clock period. Clearing the interrupt flags will release the
SCL line.
The flag is also cleared automatically for the same conditions as RIF.
 Bit 5 – CLKHOLD: Clock Hold
This flag is set when the master is holding the SCL line low. This is a status flag and a read-only flag that is set when RIF
or WIF is set. Clearing the interrupt flags and releasing the SCL line will indirectly clear this flag.
The flag is also cleared automatically for the same conditions as RIF.
 Bit 4 – RXACK: Received Acknowledge
This flag contains the most recently received acknowledge bit from the slave. This is a read-only flag. When read as zero,
the most recent acknowledge bit from the slave was ACK, and when read as one the most recent acknowledge bit was
NACK.
 Bit 3 – ARBLOST: Arbitration Lost
This flag is set if arbitration is lost while transmitting a high data bit or a NACK bit, or while issuing a START or repeated
START condition on the bus. Writing a one to this bit location will clear ARBLOST.
Writing the ADDR register will automatically clear ARBLOST.
 Bit 2 – BUSERR: Bus Error
This flag is set if an illegal bus condition has occurred. An illegal bus condition occurs if a repeated START or a STOP
condition is detected, and the number of received or transmitted bits from the previous START condition is not a multiple
of nine. Writing a one to this bit location will clear BUSERR.
Writing the ADDR register will automatically clear BUSERR.
 Bit 1:0 – BUSSTATE[1:0]: Bus State
These bits indicate the current TWI bus state as defined in Table 19-6 on page 231. The change of bus state is
dependent on bus activity. Refer to the “TWI Bus State Logic” on page 222.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 230

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
 Table 19-6. TWI Master Bus State

BUSSTATE[1:0] Group configuration Description

00 UNKNOWN Unknown bus state

01 IDLE Idle bus state

10 OWNER Owner bus state

11 BUSY Busy bus state

Writing 01 to the BUSSTATE bits forces the bus state logic into the idle state. The bus state logic cannot be forced into
any other state. When the master is disabled, and after reset, the bus state logic is disabled and the bus state is
unknown.

19.9.5 BAUD – Baud Rate Register

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x04 BAUD[7:0]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

The baud rate (BAUD) register defines the relation between the system clock and the TWI bus clock (SCL) frequency.
The frequency relation can be expressed by using the following equation:

f sys
f TWI = --------------------------------------- [Hz] [1]
2(5 +  BAUD )

The BAUD register must be set to a value that results in a TWI bus clock frequency (fTWI) equal or less than 100kHz or
400kHz, depending on which standard the application should comply with. The following equation [2] expresses equation
[1] solved for the BAUD value:

f sys
BAUD = -------------- – 5 [2]
2f TWI

The BAUD register should be written only while the master is disabled.

19.9.6 ADDR – Address Register

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x05 ADDR[7:0]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

When the address (ADDR) register is written with a slave address and the R/W bit while the bus is idle, a START
condition is issued and the 7-bit slave address and the R/W bit are transmitted on the bus. If the bus is already owned
when ADDR is written, a repeated START is issued. If the previous transaction was a master read and no acknowledge
is sent yet, the acknowledge action is sent before the repeated START condition.
After completing the operation and the acknowledge bit from the slave is received, the SCL line is forced low if arbitration
was not lost. WIF is set.
If the bus state is unknown when ADDR is written, WIF is set and BUSERR is set.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 231

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
 All TWI master flags are automatically cleared when ADDR is written. This includes BUSERR, ARBLOST, RIF, and WIF.
The master ADDR can be read at any time without interfering with ongoing bus activity.

19.9.7 DATA – Data Register

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x06 DATA[7:0]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

The data (DATA) register is used when transmitting and receiving data. During data transfer, data are shifted from/to the
DATA register and to/from the bus. This implies that the DATA register cannot be accessed during byte transfers, and
this is prevented by hardware. The DATA register can only be accessed when the SCL line is held low by the master; i.e.,
when CLKHOLD is set.
In master write mode, writing the DATA register will trigger a data byte transfer followed by the master receiving the
acknowledge bit from the slave. WIF and CLKHOLD are set.
In master read mode, RIF and CLKHOLD are set when one byte is received in the DATA register. If smart mode is
enabled, reading the DATA register will trigger the bus operation as set by the ACKACT bit. If a bus error occurs during
reception, WIF and BUSERR are set instead of RIF.
Accessing the DATA register will clear the master interrupt flags and CLKHOLD.

19.10 Register Description – TWI Slave

19.10.1 CTRLA – Control Register A

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x00 INTLVL[1:0] DIEN APIEN ENABLE PIEN PMEN SMEN
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

 Bit 7:6 – INTLVL[1:0]: Interrupt Level

These bits select the interrupt level for the TWI master interrupt, as described in “Interrupts and Programmable Multilevel
Interrupt Controller” on page 112.
 Bit 5 – DIEN: Data Interrupt Enable
Setting the data interrupt enable (DIEN) bit enables the data interrupt when the data interrupt flag (DIF) in the STATUS
register is set. The INTLVL bits must be nonzero for the interrupt to be generated.
 Bit 4 – APIEN: Address/Stop Interrupt Enable
Setting the address/stop interrupt enable (APIEN) bit enables the address/stop interrupt when the address/stop interrupt
flag (APIF) in the STATUS register is set. The INTLVL bits must be nonzero for interrupt to be generated.
 Bit 3 – ENABLE: Enable TWI Slave
Setting this bit enables the TWI slave.
 Bit 2 – PIEN: Stop Interrupt Enable
Setting the this bit will cause APIF in the STATUS register to be set when a STOP condition is detected.
 Bit 1 – PMEN: Promiscuous Mode Enable
By setting the this bit, the slave address match logic responds to all received addresses. If this bit is cleared, the address
match logic uses the ADDR register to determine which address to recognize as its own address.
 Bit 0 – SMEN: Smart Mode Enable
This bit enables smart mode. When Smart mode is enabled, the acknowledge action, as set by the ACKACT bit in the
CTRLB register, is sent immediately after reading the DATA register.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 232

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
19.10.2 CTRLB – Control Register B

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x01 – – – – – ACKACT CMD[1:0]
Read/Write R R R R R R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

 Bit 7:3 – Reserved

These bits are unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write these bits to zero
when this register is written.
 Bit 2 – ACKACT: Acknowledge Action
This bit defines the slave's acknowledge behavior after an address or data byte is received from the master. The
acknowledge action is executed when a command is written to the CMD bits. If the SMEN bit in the CTRLA register is
set, the acknowledge action is performed when the DATA register is read.
Table 19-7 lists the acknowledge actions.

Table 19-7. TWI Slave Acknowledge Actions

ACKACT Action

0 Send ACK

1 Send NACK

 Bit 1:0 – CMD[1:0]: Command

Writing these bits trigger the slave operation as defined by Table 19-8. The CMD bits are strobe bits and always read as
zero. The operation is dependent on the slave interrupt flags, DIF and APIF. The acknowledge action is only executed
when the slave receives data bytes or address byte from the master.

Table 19-8. TWI Slave Command

CMD[1:0] Group configuration DIR Operation

00 NOACT X No action

01 X Reserved

Used to complete transaction

Execute acknowledge action succeeded by waiting for

10 COMPLETE 0
any START (S/Sr) condition

1 Wait for any START (S/Sr) condition

Used in response to an address byte (APIF is set)

Execute acknowledge action succeeded by reception

0
of next byte

Execute acknowledge action succeeded by DIF being

1
11 RESPONSE set

Used in response to a data byte (DIF is set)

Execute acknowledge action succeeded by waiting for

0
the next byte

1 No operation

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 233

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
 Writing the CMD bits will automatically clear the slave interrupt flags and CLKHOLD, and release the SCL line. The
ACKACT bit and CMD bits can be written at the same time, and then the acknowledge action will be updated before the
command is triggered.

19.10.3 STATUS – Status Register

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x02 DIF APIF CLKHOLD RXACK COLL BUSERR DIR AP
Read/Write R/W R/W R R R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

 Bit 7 – DIF: Data Interrupt Flag

This flag is set when a data byte is successfully received; i.e., no bus error or collision occurred during the operation.
Writing a one to this bit location will clear DIF. When this flag is set, the slave forces the SCL line low, stretching the TWI
clock period. Clearing the interrupt flags will release the SCL line.
This flag is also cleared automatically when writing a valid command to the CMD bits in the CTRLB register
 Bit 6 – APIF: Address/Stop Interrupt Flag
This flag is set when the slave detects that a valid address has been received, or when a transmit collision is detected. If
the PIEN bit in the CTRLA register is set, a STOP condition on the bus will also set APIF. Writing a one to this bit location
will clear APIF. When set for an address interrupt, the slave forces the SCL line low, stretching the TWI clock period.
Clearing the interrupt flags will release the SCL line.
The flag is also cleared automatically for the same condition as DIF.
 Bit 5 – CLKHOLD: Clock Hold
This flag is set when the slave is holding the SCL line low.This is a status flag and a read-only bit that is set when DIF or
APIF is set. Clearing the interrupt flags and releasing the SCL line will indirectly clear this flag.
 Bit 4 – RXACK: Received Acknowledge
This flag contains the most recently received acknowledge bit from the master. This is a read-only flag. When read as
zero, the most recent acknowledge bit from the maser was ACK, and when read as one, the most recent acknowledge bit
was NACK.
 Bit 3 – COLL: Collision
This flag is set when a slave has not been able to transfer a high data bit or a NACK bit. If a collision is detected, the
slave will commence its normal operation, disable data, and acknowledge output, and no low values will be shifted out
onto the SDA line. Writing a one to this bit location will clear COLL.
The flag is also cleared automatically when a START or repeated START condition is detected.
 Bit 2 – BUSERR: TWI Slave Bus Error
This flag is set when an illegal bus condition occurs during a transfer. An illegal bus condition occurs if a repeated START
or a STOP condition is detected, and the number of bits from the previous START condition is not a multiple of nine.
Writing a one to this bit location will clear BUSERR.
For bus errors to be detected, the bus state logic must be enabled. This is done by enabling the TWI master.
 Bit 1 – DIR: Read/Write Direction
The R/W direction (DIR) flag reflects the direction bit from the last address packet received from a master. When this bit
is read as one, a master read operation is in progress. When read as zero, a master write operation is in progress.
 Bit 0 – AP: Slave Address or Stop
This flag indicates whether a valid address or a STOP condition caused the last setting of APIF in the STATUS register.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 234

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
 Table 19-9. TWI Slave Address or Stop

AP Description

0 A STOP condition generated the interrupt on APIF

1 Address detection generated the interrupt on APIF

19.10.4 ADDR – Address Register

The TWI slave address register should be loaded with the 7-bit slave address (in the seven most significant bits of
ADDR) to which the TWI will respond. The lsb of ADDR is used to enable recognition of the general call address (0x00).
Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x03 ADDR[7:1] ADDR[0]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

 Bit 7:1 – ADDR[7:1]: TWI Slave Address

This register contains the TWI slave address used by the slave address match logic to determine if a master has
addressed the slave. The seven most-significant bits (ADDR[7:1]) represent the slave address.
When using 10-bit addressing, the address match logic only supports hardware address recognition of the first byte of a
10-bit address. By setting ADDR[7:1] = 0b11110nn, ”nn” represents bits 9 and 8 of the slave address. The next byte
received is bits 7 to 0 in the 10-bit address, and this must be handled by software.
When the address match logic detects that a valid address byte is received, APIF is set and the DIR flag is updated.
If the PMEN bit in CTRLA is set, the address match logic responds to all addresses transmitted on the TWI bus. The
ADDR register is not used in this mode.
 Bit 0 – ADDR: General Call Recognition Enable
When ADDR[0] is set, this enables general call address recognition logic so the device can respond to a general address
call that addresses all devices on the bus.

19.10.5 DATA – Data Register

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x04 DATA[7:0]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

The data (DATA) register is used when transmitting and received data. During data transfer, data are shifted from/to the
DATA register and to/from the bus. This implies that the DATA register cannot be accessed during byte transfers, and
this is prevented by hardware. The DATA register can be accessed only when the SCL line is held low by the slave; i.e.,
when CLKHOLD is set.
When a master is reading data from the slave, data to send must be written to the DATA register. The byte transfer is
started when the master starts to clock the data byte from the slave, followed by the slave receiving the acknowledge bit
from the master. DIF and CLKHOLD are set.
When a master writes data to the slave, DIF and CLKHOLD are set when one byte has been received in the DATA
register. If smart mode is enabled, reading the DATA register will trigger the bus operation as set by the ACKACT bit.
Accessing the DATA register will clear the slave interrupt flags and CLKHOLD. When an address match occurs, the
received address will be stored in the DATA register.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 235

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
19.10.6 ADDRMASK – Address Mask Register

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x05 ADDRMASK[7:1] ADDREN
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

 Bit 7:1 – ADDRMASK[7:1]: Address Mask

These bits can act as a second address match register or as an address mask register, depending on the ADDREN
setting.
If ADDREN is set to zero, ADDRMASK can be loaded with a 7-bit slave address mask. Each bit in ADDRMASK can
mask (disable) the corresponding address bit in the ADDR register. If the mask bit is one, the address match between the
incoming address bit and the corresponding bit in ADDR is ignored; i.e., masked bits will always match.
If ADDREN is set to one, ADDRMASK can be loaded with a second slave address in addition to the ADDR register. In
this mode, the slave will match on two unique addresses, one in ADDR and the other in ADDRMASK.
 Bit 0 – ADDREN: Address Enable
By default, this bit is zero, and the ADDRMASK bits acts as an address mask to the ADDR register. If this bit is set to
one, the slave address match logic responds to the two unique addresses in ADDR and ADDRMASK.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 236

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
19.11 Register Summary - TWI
Address Name Bit 7 Bit 6 Bit 5 Bit 4 Bit 3 Bit 2 Bit 1 Bit 0 Page
+0x00 CTRL – – – – – SDAHOLD[1:0] EDIEN 227
+0x01 MASTER Offset address for TWI Master
+0x08 SLAVE Offset address for TWI Slave

19.12 Register Summary - TWI Master

Address Name Bit 7 Bit 6 Bit 5 Bit 4 Bit 3 Bit 2 Bit 1 Bit 0 Page
+0x00 CTRLA INTLVL[1:0] RIEN WIEN ENABLE – – – 227
+0x01 CTRLB – – – – TIMEOUT[1:0] QCEN SMEN 228
+0x02 CTRLC – – – – – ACKACT CMD[1:0] 229
+0x03 STATUS RIF WIF CLKHOLD RXACK ARBLOST BUSERR BUSSTATE[1:0] 230
+0x04 BAUD BAUD[7:0] 231
+0x05 ADDR ADDR[7:0] 231
+0x06 DATA DATA[7:0] 232

19.13 Register Summary - TWI Slave

Address Name Bit 7 Bit 6 Bit 5 Bit 4 Bit 3 Bit 2 Bit 1 Bit 0 Page
+0x00 CTRLA INTLVL[1:0] DIEN APIEN ENABLE PIEN TPMEN SMEN 232
+0x01 CTRLB – – – – – ACKACT CMD[1:0] 233
+0x02 STATUS DIF APIF CLKHOLD RXACK COLL BUSERR DIR AP 234
+0x03 ADDR ADDR[7:0] 235
+0x04 DATA DATA[7:0] 235
+0x05 ADDRMASK ADDRMASK[7:1] ADDREN 236

19.14 Interrupt Vector Summary

Offset Source Interrupt description

0x00 SLAVE_vect TWI slave interrupt vector

0x02 MASTER_vect TWI master interrupt vector

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 237

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
20. SPI – Serial Peripheral Interface

20.1 Features
 Full-duplex, three-wire synchronous data transfer
 Master or slave operation
 Lsb first or msb first data transfer
 Eight programmable bit rates
 Interrupt flag at the end of transmission
 Write collision flag to indicate data collision
 Wake up from idle sleep mode
 Double speed master mode

20.2 Overview
The Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) is a high-speed synchronous data transfer interface using three or four pins. It
allows fast communication between an XMEGA device and peripheral devices or between several microcontrollers. The
SPI supports full-duplex communication.
A device connected to the bus must act as a master or slave.The master initiates and controls all data transactions. The
interconnection between master and slave devices with SPI is shown in Figure 20-1. The system consists of two shift
registers and a master clock generator. The SPI master initiates the communication cycle by pulling the slave select (SS)
signal low for the desired slave. Master and slave prepare the data to be sent in their respective shift registers, and the
master generates the required clock pulses on the SCK line to interchange data. Data are always shifted from master to
slave on the master output, slave input (MOSI) line, and from slave to master on the master input, slave output (MISO)
line. After each data packet, the master can synchronize the slave by pulling the SS line high.

Figure 20-1. SPI Master-slave Interconnection

SHIFT
ENABLE

The SPI module is unbuffered in the transmit direction and single buffered in the receive direction. This means that bytes
to be transmitted cannot be written to the SPI DATA register before the entire shift cycle is completed. When receiving
data, a received character must be read from the DATA register before the next character has been completely shifted in.
Otherwise, the first byte will be lost.
In SPI slave mode, the control logic will sample the incoming signal on the SCK pin. To ensure correct sampling of this
clock signal, the minimum low and high periods must each be longer than two CPU clock cycles.
When the SPI module is enabled, the data direction of the MOSI, MISO, SCK, and SS pins is overridden according to
Table 20-1 on page 239. The pins with user-defined direction must be configured from software to have the correct
direction according to the application.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 238

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
 Table 20-1. SPI Pin Override and Directions

Pin Master mode Slave mode

MOSI User defined Input

MISO Input User defined

SCK User defined Input

SS User defined Input

20.3 Master Mode

In master mode, the SPI interface has no automatic control of the SS line. If the SS pin is used, it must be configured as
output and controlled by user software. If the bus consists of several SPI slaves and/or masters, a SPI master can use
general purpose I/O pins to control the SS line to each of the slaves on the bus.
Writing a byte to the DATA register starts the SPI clock generator and the hardware shifts the eight bits into the selected
slave. After shifting one byte, the SPI clock generator stops and the SPI interrupt flag is set. The master may continue to
shift the next byte by writing new data to the DATA register, or can signal the end of the transfer by pulling the SS line
high. The last incoming byte will be kept in the buffer register.
If the SS pin is not used and is configured as input, it must be held high to ensure master operation. If the SS pin is set as
input and is being driven low, the SPI module will interpret this as another master trying to take control of the bus. To
avoid bus contention, the master will take the following action:
1. The master enters slave mode.
2. The SPI interrupt flag is set.

20.4 Slave Mode

In slave mode, the SPI module will remain sleeping with the MISO line tri-stated as long as the SS pin is driven high. In
this state, software may update the contents of the DATA register, but the data will not be shifted out by incoming clock
pulses on the SCK pin until the SS pin is driven low. If SS is driven low, the slave will start to shift out data on the first
SCK clock pulse. When one byte has been completely shifted, the SPI interrupt flag is set. The slave may continue
placing new data to be sent into the DATA register before reading the incoming data. The last incoming byte will be kept
in the buffer register.
When SS is driven high, the SPI logic is reset, and the SPI slave will not receive any new data. Any partially received
packet in the shift register will be dropped.
As the SS pin is used to signal the start and end of a transfer, it is also useful for doing packet/byte synchronization,
keeping the slave bit counter synchronous with the master clock generator.

20.5 Data Modes

There are four combinations of SCK phase and polarity with respect to serial data. The SPI data transfer formats are
shown in Figure 20-2 on page 240. Data bits are shifted out and latched in on opposite edges of the SCK signal, ensuring
sufficient time for data signals to stabilize.
The leading edge is the first clock edge of a clock cycle. The trailing edge is the last clock edge of a clock cycle.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 239

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
 Figure 20-2. SPI Transfer Modes

Mode 0

Mode 2

SAMPLE I
MOSI/MISO

CHANGE 0
MOSI PIN
CHANGE 0
MISO PIN

SS

MSB first (DORD = 0) MSB Bit 6 Bit 5 Bit 4 Bit 3 Bit 2 Bit 1 LSB
LSB first (DORD = 1) LSB Bit 1 Bit 2 Bit 3 Bit 4 Bit 5 Bit 6 MSB

Mode 1

Mode 3

SAMPLE I
MOSI/MISO

CHANGE 0
MOSI PIN
CHANGE 0
MISO PIN

SS

MSB first (DORD = 0) MSB Bit 6 Bit 5 Bit 4 Bit 3 Bit 2 Bit 1 LSB
LSB first (DORD = 1) LSB Bit 1 Bit 2 Bit 3 Bit 4 Bit 5 Bit 6 MSB

20.6 DMA Support

DMA support on the SPI module is available only in slave mode. The SPI slave can trigger a DMA transfer as one byte
has been shifted into the DATA register. It is possible, however, to use the XMEGA USART in SPI mode and then have
DMA support in master mode. For details, refer to “USART in Master SPI Mode” on page 256.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 240

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
20.7 Register Description

20.7.1 CTRL – Control Register

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x00 CLK2X ENABLE DORD MASTER MODE[1:0] PRESCALER[1:0]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

 Bit 7 – CLK2X: Clock Double

When this bit is set, the SPI speed (SCK frequency) will be doubled in master mode (see Table 20-3).
 Bit 6 – ENABLE: Enable
Setting this bit enables the SPI module. This bit must be set to enable any SPI operations.
 Bit 5 – DORD: Data Order
DORD decides the data order when a byte is shifted out from the DATA register. When DORD is written to one, the least-
significant bit (lsb) of the data byte is transmitted first, and when DORD is written to zero, the most-significant bit (msb) of
the data byte is transmitted first.
 Bit 4 – MASTER: Master Select
This bit selects master mode when written to one, and slave mode when written to zero. If SS is configured as an input
and driven low while master mode is set, master mode will be cleared.
 Bit 3:2 – MODE[1:0]: Transfer Mode
These bits select the transfer mode. The four combinations of SCK phase and polarity with respect to the serial data are
shown in Table 20-2. These bits decide whether the first edge of a clock cycle (leading edge) is rising or falling, and
whether data setup and sample occur on the leading or trailing edge.
When the leading edge is rising, the SCK signal is low when idle, and when the leading edge is falling, the SCK signal is
high when idle.

Table 20-2. SPI Transfer Mode

MODE[1:0] Group configuration Leading edge Trailing edge

00 0 Rising, sample Falling, setup

01 1 Rising, setup Falling, sample

10 2 Falling, sample Rising, setup

11 3 Falling, setup Rising, sample

 Bits 1:0 – PRESCALER[1:0]: Clock Prescaler

These two bits control the SPI clock rate configured in master mode. These bits have no effect in slave mode. The
relationship between SCK and the peripheral clock frequency ( clkPER) is shown in Table 20-3.

Table 20-3. Relationship between SCK and the Peripheral Clock (ClkPER) Frequency

CLK2X PRESCALER[1:0] SCK frequency

0 00 ClkPER/4

0 01 ClkPER/16

0 10 ClkPER/64

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 241

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
 CLK2X PRESCALER[1:0] SCK frequency

0 11 ClkPER/128

1 00 ClkPER/2

1 01 ClkPER/8

1 10 ClkPER/32

1 11 ClkPER/64

20.7.2 INTCTRL – Interrupt Control Register

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x01 – – – – – – INTLVL[1:0]
Read/Write R R R R R R R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

 Bit 7:2 – Reserved

These bits are unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write these bits to zero
when this register is written.
 Bit 1:0 – INTLVL[1:0]: Interrupt Level
These bits enable the SPI interrupt and select the interrupt level, as described in “Interrupts and Programmable Multilevel
Interrupt Controller” on page 112. The enabled interrupt will be triggered when IF in the STATUS register is set.

20.7.3 STATUS – Status Register

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x02 IF WRCOL – – – – – –
Read/Write R R R R R R R R
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

 Bit 7 – IF: Interrupt Flag

This flag is set when a serial transfer is complete and one byte is completely shifted in/out of the DATA register. If SS is
configured as input and is driven low when the SPI is in master mode, this will also set this flag. IF is cleared by hardware
when executing the corresponding interrupt vector. Alternatively, the IF flag can be cleared by first reading the STATUS
register when IF is set, and then accessing the DATA register.
 Bit 6 – WRCOL: Write Collision Flag
The WRCOL flag is set if the DATA register is written during a data transfer. This flag is cleared by first reading the
STATUS register when WRCOL is set, and then accessing the DATA register.
 Bit 5:0 – Reserved
These bits are unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write these bits to zero
when this register is written.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 242

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
20.7.4 DATA – Data Register

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x03 DATA[7:0]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

The DATA register is used for sending and receiving data. Writing to the register initiates the data transmission, and the
byte written to the register will be shifted out on the SPI output line. Reading the register causes the shift register receive
buffer to be read, returning the last byte successfully received.

20.8 Register Summary

Address Name Bit 7 Bit 6 Bit 5 Bit 4 Bit 3 Bit 2 Bit 1 Bit 0 Page
+0x00 CTRL CLK2X ENABLE DORD MASTER MODE[1:0] PRESCALER[1:0] 241
+0x01 INTCTRL – – – – – – INTLVL[1:0] 242
+0x02 STATUS IF WRCOL – – – – – – 242
+0x03 DATA DATA[7:0] 243

20.9 Interrupt Vector Summary

Offset Source Interrupt Description

0x00 SPI_vect SPI interrupt vector

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 243

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
21. USART

21.1 Features
 Full-duplex operation
 Asynchronous or synchronous operation
 Synchronous clock rates up to 1/2 of the device clock frequency
 Asynchronous clock rates up to 1/8 of the device clock frequency
 Supports serial frames with 5, 6, 7, 8, or 9 data bits and 1 or 2 stop bits
 Fractional baud rate generator
 Can generate desired baud rate from any system clock frequency
 No need for external oscillator with certain frequencies
 Built-in error detection and correction schemes
 Odd or even parity generation and parity check
 Data overrun and framing error detection
 Noise filtering includes false start bit detection and digital low-pass filter
 Separate interrupts for
 Transmit complete
 Transmit data register empty
 Receive complete
 Multiprocessor communication mode
 Addressing scheme to address a specific devices on a multi-device bus
 Enable unaddressed devices to automatically ignore all frames
 Master SPI mode
 Double buffered operation
 Configurable data order
 Operation up to 1/2 of the peripheral clock frequency
 IRCOM module for IrDA compliant pulse modulation/demodulation

21.2 Overview
The universal synchronous and asynchronous serial receiver and transmitter (USART) is a fast and flexible serial
communication module. The USART supports full-duplex communication and asynchronous and synchronous operation.
The USART can be configured to operate in SPI master mode and used for SPI communication.
Communication is frame based, and the frame format can be customized to support a wide range of standards. The
USART is buffered in both directions, enabling continued data transmission without any delay between frames. Separate
interrupts for receive and transmit complete enable fully interrupt driven communication. Frame error and buffer overflow
are detected in hardware and indicated with separate status flags. Even or odd parity generation and parity check can
also be enabled.
A block diagram of the USART is shown in Figure 21-1 on page 245. The main functional blocks are the clock generator,
the transmitter, and the receiver, which are indicated in dashed boxes.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 244

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
 Figure 21-1. USART, Block Diagram

BSEL [H:L] OSC Clock Generator

BAUD RATE GENERATOR

FRACTIONAL DIVIDE

SYNC LOGIC PIN

XCK
CONTROL

Transmitter
TX
DATA (Transmit)
CONTROL
PARITY
GENERATOR
DATA BUS

PIN
TRANSMIT SHIFT REGISTER TxD
CONTROL

Receiver
CLOCK RX
RECOVERY CONTROL

DATA PIN
RECEIVE SHIFT REGISTER RxD
RECOVERY CONTROL

PARITY
DATA (Receive)
CHECKER

CTRLA CTRLB CTRLC

The clock generator includes a fractional baud rate generator that is able to generate a wide range of USART baud rates
from any system clock frequencies. This removes the need to use an external crystal oscillator with a specific frequency
to achieve a required baud rate. It also supports external clock input in synchronous slave operation.
The transmitter consists of a single write buffer (DATA), a shift register, and a parity generator. The write buffer allows
continuous data transmission without any delay between frames.
The receiver consists of a two-level receive buffer (DATA) and a shift register. Data and clock recovery units ensure
robust synchronization and noise filtering during asynchronous data reception. It includes frame error, buffer overflow,
and parity error detection.
When the USART is set in master SPI mode, all USART-specific logic is disabled, leaving the transmit and receive
buffers, shift registers, and baud rate generator enabled. Pin control and interrupt generation are identical in both modes.
The registers are used in both modes, but their functionality differs for some control settings.
An IRCOM module can be enabled for one USART to support IrDA 1.4 physical compliant pulse modulation and
demodulation for baud rates up to 115.2kbps. For details, refer to “IRCOM - IR Communication Module” on page 264.

21.3 Clock Generation

The clock used for baud rate generation and for shifting and sampling data bits is generated internally by the fractional
baud rate generator or externally from the transfer clock (XCK) pin. Five modes of clock generation are supported:
normal and double-speed asynchronous mode, master and slave synchronous mode, and master SPI mode.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 245

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
 Figure 21-2. Clock Generation Logic, Block Diagram

BSEL
CLK2X

fBAUD
Baud Rate
/2 /4 /2
Generator 0
1
0
fOSC txclk
1
DDR_XCK
PORT_INV

Sync Edge
xcki Register Detector 0
XCK UMSEL [1]
xcko 1
Pin

DDR_XCK 1
rxclk
0

21.3.1 Internal Clock Generation - The Fractional Baud Rate Generator

The fractional baud rate generator is used for internal clock generation for asynchronous modes, synchronous master
mode, and master SPI mode operation. The output frequency generated (fBAUD) is determined by the period setting
(BSEL), an optional scale setting (BSCALE), and the peripheral clock frequency (fPER). Table 21-1 contains equations for
calculating the baud rate (in bits per second) and for calculating the BSEL value for each mode of operation. It also
shows the maximum baud rate versus peripheral clock frequency. BSEL can be set to any value between 0 and 4095.
BSCALE can be set to any value between -7 and +7, and increases or decreases the baud rate slightly to provide the
fractional baud rate scaling of the baud rate generator.
When BSEL is 0, BSCALE must also be 0. Also, the value 2ABS(BSCALE) must at most be one half of the minimum number
of clock cycles a frame requires. For more details, see “Fractional Baud Rate Generation” on page 254.

Table 21-1. Equations for Calculating Baud Rate Register Settings

Operating Mode Conditions Baud rate(1) calculation BSEL value calculation

BSCALE ≥ 0
f PER f PER
f PER f BAUD = ------------------------------------------------------------ BSEL = ----------------------------------------------- –1
f BAUD  ----------- BSCALE
 16( BSEL + 1)
BSCALE
 16 f BAUD
Asynchronous normal 16 2 2
speed mode (CLK2X = 0)
BSCALE < 0
f PER f PER
1 -  ---------------------
f PER f BAUD = ----------------------------------------------------------------- BSEL = --------------------
BSCALE  16f
– 1
f BAUD  ----------- 16((2
BSCALE
 BSEL  + 1) 2 BAUD
16

BSCALE ≥ 0
f PER f PER
f PER f BAUD = -------------------------------------------------------------
- BSEL = -------------------------------------------- –1
f BAUD  ----------- 2
BSCALE
 8   BSEL + 1  2
BSCALE
 8 f BAUD
Asynchronous double 8
speed mode (CLK2X = 1)
BSCALE < 0
f PER f PER
-  ------------------ – 1
1
f PER f BAUD = --------------------------------------------------------------
- BSEL = --------------------
BSCALE  8f
f BAUD  ----------- BSCALE 
8 8((2  BSEL  + 1) 2 BAUD

Synchronous and master

f PER f PER f PER
SPI mode BSEL = ------------------ – 1
f BAUD  ----------- f BAUD = ------------------------------------
2   BSEL + 1  2f BAUD
2

Note: 1. The baud rate is defined to be the transfer rate in bits per second (bps).

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 246

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
 For BSEL=0, all baud rates must be achieved by changing BSEL instead of setting BSCALE:
BSEL = (2 BSCALE-1)

BSCALE BSEL BSCALE BSEL

1 0  0 1

2 0  0 3

3 0  0 7

4 0  0 15

5 0  0 31

6 0  0 63

7 0  0 127

21.3.2 External Clock

External clock (XCK) is used in synchronous slave mode operation. The XCK clock input is sampled on the peripheral
clock frequency (fPER), and the maximum XCK clock frequency (fXCK)is limited by the following:

f PER
f XCK  -----------
4

For each high and low period, XCK clock cycles must be sampled twice by the peripheral clock. If the XCK clock has
jitter, or if the high/low period duty cycle is not 50/50, the maximum XCK clock speed must be reduced or the peripheral
clock must be increased accordingly.

21.3.3 Double Speed Operation

Double speed operation allows for higher baud rates under asynchronous operation with lower peripheral clock
frequencies. When this is enabled, the baud rate for a given asynchronous baud rate setting shown in Table 21-1 on
page 246 will be doubled. In this mode, the receiver will use half the number of samples (reduced from 16 to 8) for data
sampling and clock recovery. Due to the reduced sampling, a more accurate baud rate setting and peripheral clock are
required. See “Asynchronous Data Reception” on page 251 for more details.

21.3.4 Synchronous Clock Operation

When synchronous mode is used, the XCK pin controls whether the transmission clock is input (slave mode) or output
(master mode). The corresponding port pin must be set to output for master mode or to input for slave mode. The normal
port operation of the XCK pin will be overridden. The dependency between the clock edges and data sampling or data
change is the same. Data input (on RxD) is sampled at the XCK clock edge which is opposite the edge where data output
(TxD) is changed.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 247

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
 Figure 21-3. Synchronous Mode XCK Timing

UCPOL = 1 XCK

RxD / TxD

Sample

UCPOL = 0 XCK

RxD / TxD

Sample

Using the inverted I/O (INVEN) setting for the corresponding XCK port pin, the XCK clock edges used for data sampling
and data change can be selected. If inverted I/O is disabled (INVEN=0), data will be changed at the rising XCK clock
edge and sampled at the falling XCK clock edge. If inverted I/O is enabled (INVEN=1), data will be changed at the falling
XCK clock edge and sampled at the rising XCK clock edge. For more details, see “I/O Ports” on page 119.

21.3.5 Master SPI Mode Clock Generation

For master SPI mode operation, only internal clock generation is supported. This is identical to the USART synchronous
master mode, and the baud rate or BSEL setting is calculated using the same equations (see Table 21-1 on page 246).
There are four combinations of the SPI clock (SCK) phase and polarity with respect to the serial data, and these are
determined by the clock phase (UCPHA) control bit and the inverted I/O pin (INVEN) settings. The data transfer timing
diagrams are shown in Figure 21-4 on page 249. Data bits are shifted out and latched in on opposite edges of the XCK
signal, ensuring sufficient time for data signals to stabilize. The UCPHA and INVEN settings are summarized in Table 21-
2. Changing the setting of any of these bits during transmission will corrupt both the receiver and transmitter

Table 21-2. INVEN and UCPHA Functionality

SPI Mode INVEN UCPHA Leading edge Trailing edge

0 0 0 Rising, sample Falling, setup

1 0 1 Rising, setup Falling, sample

2 1 0 Falling, sample Rising, setup

3 1 1 Falling, setup Rising, sample

The leading edge is the first clock edge of a clock cycle. The trailing edge is the last clock edge of a clock cycle.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 248

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
 Figure 21-4. UCPHA and INVEN Data Transfer Timing Diagrams
UCPOL=0 UCPOL=1

UCPHA=1
XCK XCK

Data setup (TXD) Data setup (TXD)

Data sample (RXD) Data sample (RXD)

UCPHA=0

XCK XCK

Data setup (TXD) Data setup (TXD)

Data sample (RXD) Data sample (RXD)

21.4 Frame Formats

Data transfer is frame based, where a serial frame consists of one character of data bits with synchronization bits (start
and stop bits) and an optional parity bit for error checking. Note that this does not apply to master SPI operation (See
“SPI Frame Formats” on page 250). The USART accepts all combinations of the following as valid frame formats:
 1 start bit
 5, 6, 7, 8, or 9 data bits
 no, even, or odd parity bit
 1 or 2 stop bits
A frame starts with the start bit, followed by all the data bits (least-significant bit first and most-significant bit last). If
enabled, the parity bit is inserted after the data bits, before the first stop bit. One frame can be directly followed by a start
bit and a new frame, or the communication line can return to the idle (high) state. Figure 21-5 illustrates the possible
combinations of frame formats. Bits inside brackets are optional.

Figure 21-5. Frame Formats

FRAME

(IDLE) St 0 1 2 3 4 [5] [6] [7] [8] [P] Sp1 [Sp2] (St / IDLE)

St Start bit, always low.

(n) Data bits (0 to 8).
P Parity bit, may be odd or even.
Sp Stop bit, always high.
IDLE No transfers on the communication line (RxD or TxD). The IDLE state is always high.

21.4.1 Parity Bit Calculation

Even or odd parity can be selected for error checking. If even parity is selected, the parity bit is set to one if the number of
logical one data bits is odd (making the total number of ones even). If odd parity is selected, the parity bit is set to one if
the number of logical one data bits is even (making the total number of ones odd).

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 249

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
21.4.2 SPI Frame Formats
The serial frame in SPI mode is defined to be one character of eight data bits. The USART in master SPI mode has two
selectable frame formats:
 8-bit data, msb first
 8-bit data, lsb first
After a complete, 8-bit frame is transmitted, a new frame can directly follow it, or the communication line can return to the
idle (high) state.

21.5 USART Initialization

USART initialization should use the following sequence:
1. Set the TxD pin value high, and optionally set the XCK pin low.
2. Set the TxD and optionally the XCK pin as output.
3. Set the baud rate and frame format.
4. Set the mode of operation (enables XCK pin output in synchronous mode).
5. Enable the transmitter or the receiver, depending on the usage.
For interrupt-driven USART operation, global interrupts should be disabled during the initialization.
Before doing a re-initialization with a changed baud rate or frame format, be sure that there are no ongoing transmissions
while the registers are changed.

21.6 Data Transmission - The USART Transmitter

When the transmitter has been enabled, the normal port operation of the TxD pin is overridden by the USART and given
the function as the transmitter's serial output. The direction of the pin must be set as output using the direction register for
the corresponding port. For details on port pin control and output configuration, refer to “I/O Ports” on page 119.

21.6.1 Sending Frames

A data transmission is initiated by loading the transmit buffer (DATA) with the data to be sent. The data in the transmit
buffer are moved to the shift register when the shift register is empty and ready to send a new frame. The shift register is
loaded if it is in idle state (no ongoing transmission) or immediately after the last stop bit of the previous frame is
transmitted. When the shift register is loaded with data, it will transfer one complete frame.
The transmit complete interrupt flag (TXCIF) is set and the optional interrupt is generated when the entire frame in the
shift register has been shifted out and there are no new data present in the transmit buffer.
The transmit data register (DATA) can only be written when the data register empty flag (DREIF) is set, indicating that the
register is empty and ready for new data.
When using frames with fewer than eight bits, the most-significant bits written to DATA are ignored. If 9-bit characters are
used, the ninth bit must be written to the TXB8 bit before the low byte of the character is written to DATA.

21.6.2 Disabling the Transmitter

A disabling of the transmitter will not become effective until ongoing and pending transmissions are completed; i.e., when
the transmit shift register and transmit buffer register do not contain data to be transmitted. When the transmitter is
disabled, it will no longer override the TxDn pin, and the pin direction is set as input automatically by hardware, even if it
was configured as output by the user.

21.7 Data Reception - the USART Receiver

When the receiver is enabled, the RxD pin functions as the receiver's serial input. The direction of the pin must be set as
input, which is the default pin setting.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 250

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
21.7.1 Receiving Frames
The receiver starts data reception when it detects a valid start bit. Each bit that follows the start bit will be sampled at the
baud rate or XCK clock and shifted into the receive shift register until the first stop bit of a frame is received. A second
stop bit will be ignored by the receiver. When the first stop bit is received and a complete serial frame is present in the
receive shift register, the contents of the shift register will be moved into the receive buffer. The receive complete
interrupt flag (RXCIF) is set, and the optional interrupt is generated.
The receiver buffer can be read by reading the data register (DATA) location. DATA should not be read unless the
receive complete interrupt flag is set. When using frames with fewer than eight bits, the unused most-significant bits are
read as zero. If 9-bit characters are used, the ninth bit must be read from the RXB8 bit before the low byte of the
character is read from DATA.

21.7.2 Receiver Error Flags

The USART receiver has three error flags. The frame error (FERR), buffer overflow (BUFOVF) and parity error (PERR)
flags are accessible from the status register. The error flags are located in the receive FIFO buffer together with their
corresponding frame. Due to the buffering of the error flags, the status register must be read before the receive buffer
(DATA), since reading the DATA location changes the FIFO buffer.

21.7.3 Parity Checker

When enabled, the parity checker calculates the parity of the data bits in incoming frames and compares the result with
the parity bit of the corresponding frame. If a parity error is detected, the parity error flag is set.

21.7.4 Disabling the Receiver

A disabling of the receiver will be immediate. The receiver buffer will be flushed, and data from ongoing receptions will be
lost.

21.7.5 Flushing the Receive Buffer

If the receive buffer has to be flushed during normal operation, read the DATA location until the receive complete
interrupt flag is cleared.

21.8 Asynchronous Data Reception

The USART includes a clock recovery and a data recovery unit for handling asynchronous data reception. The clock
recovery unit is used for synchronizing the incoming asynchronous serial frames at the RxD pin to the internally
generated baud rate clock. It samples and low-pass filters each incoming bit, thereby improving the noise immunity of the
receiver. The asynchronous reception operational range depends on the accuracy of the internal baud rate clock, the
rate of the incoming frames, and the frame size in number of bits.

21.8.1 Asynchronous Clock Recovery

The clock recovery unit synchronizes the internal clock to the incoming serial frames. Figure 21-6 on page 252 illustrates
the sampling process for the start bit of an incoming frame. The sample rate is 16 times the baud rate for normal mode,
and eight times the baud rate for double speed mode. The horizontal arrows illustrate the synchronization variation due
to the sampling process. Note the larger time variation when using the double speed mode of operation. Samples
denoted as zero are samples done when the RxD line is idle; i.e., when there is no communication activity.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 251

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
 Figure 21-6. Start Bit Sampling

RxD IDLE START BIT 0

Sample
(U2X = 0) 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 1 2 3

Sample
(U2X = 1) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2

When the clock recovery logic detects a high (idle) to low (start) transition on the RxD line, the start bit detection
sequence is initiated. Sample 1 denotes the first zero-sample, as shown in the figure. The clock recovery logic then uses
samples 8, 9, and 10 for normal mode and samples 4, 5, and 6 for double speed mode to decide if a valid start bit is
received. If two or three samples have a low level, the start bit is accepted. The clock recovery unit is synchronized, and
the data recovery can begin. If two or three samples have a high level, the start bit is rejected as a noise spike, and the
receiver looks for the next high-to-low transition. The process is repeated for each start bit.

21.8.2 Asynchronous Data Recovery

The data recovery unit uses sixteen samples in normal mode and eight samples in double speed mode for each bit.
Figure 21-7 shows the sampling process of data and parity bits.

Figure 21-7. Sampling of Data and Parity Bits

RxD BIT n

Sample
(CLK2X = 0) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 1

Sample
(CLK2X = 1) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1

As for start bit detection, an identical majority voting technique is used on the three center samples for deciding of the
logic level of the received bit. The process is repeated for each bit until a complete frame is received. It includes the first
stop bit, but excludes additional ones. If the sampled stop bit is a 0 value, the frame error (FERR) flag will be set.
Figure 21-8 shows the sampling of the stop bit in relation to the earliest possible beginning of the next frame's start bit.

Figure 21-8. Stop Bit and Next Start Bit Sampling

RxD STOP 1 (A) (B) (C)

Sample
(CLK2X = 0) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 0/1 0/1 0/1

Sample
(CLK2X = 1) 1 2 3 4 5 6 0/1

A new high-to-low transition indicating the start bit of a new frame can come right after the last of the bits used for
majority voting. For normal speed mode, the first low level sample can be at the point marked (A) in Stop Bit Sampling
and Next Start Bit Sampling. For double speed mode, the first low level must be delayed to point (B). Point (C) marks a
stop bit of full length at nominal baud rate. The early start bit detection influences the operational range of the receiver.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 252

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
21.8.3 Asynchronous Operational Range
The operational range of the receiver is dependent on the mismatch between the received bit rate and the internally
generated baud rate. If an external transmitter is sending using bit rates that are too fast or too slow, or if the internally
generated baud rate of the receiver does not match the external source’s base frequency, the receiver will not be able to
synchronize the frames to the start bit.
The following equations can be used to calculate the ratio of the incoming data rate and internal receiver baud rate.

 D + 1 S  D + 2 S
R slow = ------------------------------------------ R fast = -----------------------------------
S – 1 + D  S + SF  D + 1 S + S M

D Sum of character size and parity size (D = 5 to 10 bits).

S Samples per bit. S = 16 for normal speed mode and S = 8 for double speed mode.
SF First sample number used for majority voting. SF = 8 for normal speed mode and SF = 4 for double speed
mode.
SM Middle sample number used for majority voting. SM = 9 for normal speed mode and SM = 5 for double speed
mode.
Rslow The ratio of the slowest incoming data rate that can be accepted in relation to the receiver baud rate.
Rfast The ratio of the fastest incoming data rate that can be accepted in relation to the receiver baud rate.

Table 21-3 and Table 21-4 list the maximum receiver baud rate error that can be tolerated. Normal speed mode has
higher tolerance of baud rate variations.

Table 21-3. Recommended Maximum Receiver Baud Rate Error for Normal Speed Mode

D Recommended max.
#(Data + Parity Bit) Rslow [%] Rfast [%] Max. total error [%] receiver error [%]

5 93.20 106.67 +6.67/-6.80 ± 3.0

6 94.12 105.79 +5.79/-5.88 ± 2.5

7 94.81 105.11 +5.11/-5.19 ± 2.0

8 95.36 104.58 +4.58/-4.54 ± 2.0

9 95.81 104.14 +4.14/-4.19 ± 1.5

10 96.17 103.78 +3.78/-3.83 ± 1.5

Table 21-4. Recommended Maximum Receiver Baud Rate Error for Double Speed Mode

D Recommended max.
#(Data + Parity Bit) Rslow [%] Rfast [%] Max. total error [%] receiver error [%]

5 94.12 105.66 +5.66/-5.88 ± 2.5

6 94.92 104.92 +4.92/-5.08 ± 2.0

7 95.52 104.35 +4.35/-4.48 ± 1.5

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 253

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
 D Recommended max.
#(Data + Parity Bit) Rslow [%] Rfast [%] Max. total error [%] receiver error [%]

8 96.00 103.90 +3.90/-4.00 ± 1.5

9 96.39 103.53 +3.53/-3.61 ± 1.5

10 96.70 103.23 +3.23/-3.30 ± 1.0

The recommendations for the maximum receiver baud rate error assume that the receiver and transmitter equally divide
the maximum total error.

21.9 Fractional Baud Rate Generation

Fractional baud rate generation is possible for asynchronous operation due to the relatively high number of clock cycles
for each frame. Each bit is sampled sixteen times, but only the three middle samples are of importance. The total number
of samples for one frame is also relatively high. Given a 1-start, 8-data, no-parity, and 1-stop-bit frame format, and
assuming that normal speed mode is used, the total number of samples for a frame is (1+8+1)×16 or 160. As stated
earlier, the UART can tolerate some variation in clock cycles for each sample. The critical factor is the time from the
falling edge of the start bit (i.e., the clock synchronization) until the last bit's (i.e., the first stop bit’s) value is recovered.
Standard baud rate generators have the unwanted property of having large frequency steps between high baud rate
settings. The worst case is found between the BSEL values 0x000 and 0x001. Going from a BSEL value of 0x000, which
has a 10-bit frame of 160 clock cycles, to a BSEL value of 0x001, with 320 clock cycles, gives a 50% change in
frequency. Ideally, the step size should be small even between the fastest baud rates. This is where the advantage of the
fractional baud rate generator emerges.
In principle, the fractional baud rate generator works by doing uneven counting and then distributing the error evenly over
the entire frame. A typical count sequence for an ordinary baud rate generator is:
2, 1, 0, 2, 1, 0, 2, 1, 0, 2, …
which has an even period time. A baud rate clock ticks each time the counter reaches zero, and a sample of the signal
received on RxD is taken for every 16th baud rate clock tick.
For the fractional baud rate generator, the count sequence can have an uneven period:
2, 1, 0, 2, 1-1, 0, 2, 1, 0, 2, 1-1, 0,...
In this example, an extra cycle is added to every second baud clock. This gives a baud rate clock tick jitter, but the
average period has been increased by a fraction of 0.5 clock cycles.
Figure 21-9 on page 255 shows an example of how BSEL and BSCALE can be used to achieve baud rates in between
what is possible by just changing BSEL.
The impact of fractional baud rate generation is that the step size between baud rate settings has been reduced. Given a
scale factor of -1, the worst-case step then becomes from 160 to 240 clock cycles per 10-bit frame, compared to the
previous step of from 160 to 320. A higher negative scale factor gives even finer granularity. There is a limit,however, to
how high the scale factor can be. The value 2|BSCALE| must be at most half the minimum number of clock cycles of a
frame. For instance, for 10-bit frames, the minimum number of clock cycles is 160. This means that the highest
applicable scale factor is -6 (2I-6I = 64 < (160/2) = 80).
For higher BSEL settings, the scale factor can be increased.
Table 21-5 on page 255 shows BSEL and BSCALE settings when using the internal oscillators to generate the most
commonly used baud rates for asynchronous operation and how reducing the BSCALE can be used to reduce the baud
rate error even further.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 254

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
Figure 21-9. Fractional Baud Rate Example

BSEL=0
BSCALE=0
fBAUD=fPER/8

clkBAUD8

BSEL=3
BSCALE=-6
fBAUD=fPER/8.375

clkBAUD8

Extra clock cycle added

BSEL=3
BSCALE=-4
fBAUD=fPER/9.5

clkBAUD8

Table 21-5. USART Baud Rate

Baud fOSC = 32.0000MHz

rate CLK2X = 0 CLK2X = 1

[bps] BSEL BSCALE Error [%] BSEL BSCALE Error [%]

2400 12 6 0.2 12 7 0.2

4800 12 5 0.2 12 6 0.2

9600 12 4 0.2 12 5 0.2

34 2 0.8 34 3 0.8
14.4k
138 0 -0.1 138 1 -0.1

19.2k 12 3 0.2 12 4 0.2

34 1 -0.8 34 2 -0.8
28.8k
137 -1 -0.1 138 0 -0.1

38.4k 12 2 0.2 12 3 0.2

34 0 -0.8 34 1 -0.8
57.6k
135 -2 -0.1 137 -1 -0.1

76.8k 12 1 0.2 12 2 0.2

33 -1 -0.8 34 0 -0.8
115.2k
131 -3 -0.1 135 -2 -0.1

31 -2 -0.8 33 -1 -0.8
230.4k
123 -4 -0.1 131 -3 -0.1

27 -3 -0.8 31 -2 -0.8
460.8k
107 -5 -0.1 123 -4 -0.1

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 255

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
 Baud fOSC = 32.0000MHz

19 -4 -0.8 27 -3 -0.8
921.6k
75 -6 -0.1 107 -5 -0.1

7 -4 0.6 15 -3 0.6
1.382M
57 -7 0.1 121 -6 0.1

3 -5 -0.8 19 -4 -0.8
1.843M
11 -7 -0.1 75 -6 -0.1

2.00M 0 0 0.0 1 0 0.0

3 -2 -0.8
2.304M – – –
47 -6 -0.1

19 -4 0.4
2.5M – – –
77 -7 -0.1

11 -5 -0.8
3.0M – – –
43 -7 -0.2

4.0M – – – 0 0 0.0

Max 2.0Mbps 4.0Mbps

21.10 USART in Master SPI Mode

Using the USART in master SPI mode requires the transmitter to be enabled. The receiver can optionally be enabled to
serve as the serial input. The XCK pin will be used as the transfer clock.
As for the USART, a data transfer is initiated by writing to the DATA register. This is the case for both sending and
receiving data, since the transmitter controls the transfer clock. The data written to DATA are moved from the transmit
buffer to the shift register when the shift register is ready to send a new frame.
The transmitter and receiver interrupt flags and corresponding USART interrupts used in master SPI mode are identical
in function to their use in normal USART operation. The receiver error status flags are not in use and are always read as
zero.
Disabling of the USART transmitter or receiver in master SPI mode is identical to their disabling in normal USART
operation.
21.11 USART SPI vs. SPI
The USART in master SPI mode is fully compatible with the standalone SPI module in that:
 Timing diagrams are the same
 UCPHA bit functionality is identical to that of the SPI CPHA bit
 UDORD bit functionality is identical to that of the SPI DORD bit
When the USART is set in master SPI mode, configuration and use are in some cases different from those of the
standalone SPI module. In addition, the following differences exist:
 The USART transmitter in master SPI mode includes buffering, but the SPI module has no transmit buffer
 The USART receiver in master SPI mode includes an additional buffer level
 The USART in master SPI mode does not include the SPI write collision feature
 The USART in master SPI mode does not include the SPI double speed mode feature, but this can be achieved by
configuring the baud rate generator accordingly
 Interrupt timing is not compatible

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 256

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
  Pin control differs due to the master-only operation of the USART in SPI master mode
A comparison of the USART in master SPI mode and the SPI pins is shown Table 21-6.

Table 21-6. Comparison of USART in Master SPI Mode and SPI Pins

USART SPI Comment

TxD MOSI Master out only

RxD MISO Master in only

XCK SCK Functionally identical

N/A SS Not supported by USART in master SPI mode

21.12 Multiprocessor Communication Mode

The multiprocessor communication mode effectively reduces the number of incoming frames that have to be handled by
the receiver in a system with multiple microcontrollers communicating via the same serial bus. In this mode, a dedicated
bit in the frames is used to indicate whether the frame is an address or data frame type.
If the receiver is set up to receive frames that contain five to eight data bits, the first stop bit is used to indicate the frame
type. If the receiver is set up for frames with nine data bits, the ninth bit is used. When the frame type bit is one, the frame
contains an address. When the frame type bit is zero, the frame is a data frame. If 5-bit to 8-bit character frames are
used, the transmitter must be set to use two stop bits, since the first stop bit is used for indicating the frame type.
If a particular slave MCU has been addressed, it will receive the following data frames as usual, while the other slave
MCUs will ignore the frames until another address frame is received.

21.12.1 Using Multiprocessor Communication Mode

The following procedure should be used to exchange data in multiprocessor communication mode (MPCM):
1. All slave MCUs are in multiprocessor communication mode.
2. The master MCU sends an address frame, and all slaves receive and read this frame.
3. Each slave MCU determines if it has been selected.
4. The addressed MCU will disable MPCM and receive all data frames. The other slave MCUs will ignore the data
frames.
5. When the addressed MCU has received the last data frame, it must enable MPCM again and wait for a new
address frame from the master.
The process then repeats from step 2.
Using any of the 5-bit to 8-bit character frame formats is impractical, as the receiver must change between using n and
n+1 character frame formats. This makes full-duplex operation difficult, since the transmitter and receiver must use the
same character size setting.

21.13 IRCOM Mode of Operation

IRCOM mode can be enabled to use the IRCOM module with the USART. This enables IrDA 1.4 compliant modulation
and demodulation for baud rates up to 115.2kbps. When IRCOM mode is enabled, double speed mode cannot be used
for the USART.
For devices with more than one USART, IRCOM mode can be enabled for only one USART at a time. For details, refer to
“IRCOM - IR Communication Module” on page 264.

21.14 DMA Support

DMA support is available on UART, USRT, and master SPI mode peripherals. For details on different USART DMA
transfer triggers, refer to “Transfer Triggers” on page 48.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 257

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
21.15 Register Description

21.15.1 DATA – Data Register

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
RXB[[7:0]
+0x00
TXB[[7:0]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

The USART transmit data buffer register (TXB) and USART receive data buffer register (RXB) share the same I/O
address and is referred to as USART data register (DATA). The TXB register is the destination for data written to the
DATA register location. Reading the DATA register location returns the contents of the RXB register.
For 5-bit, 6-bit, or 7-bit characters, the upper unused bits will be ignored by the transmitter and set to zero by the receiver.
The transmit buffer can be written only when DREIF in the STATUS register is set. Data written to the DATA register
when DREIF is not set will be ignored by the USART transmitter. When data are written to the transmit buffer and the
transmitter is enabled, the transmitter will load the data into the transmit shift register when the shift register is empty.
The data are then transmitted on the TxD pin.
The receive buffer consists of a two-level FIFO. Always read STATUS before DATA in order to get the correct status of
the receive buffer.

21.15.2 STATUS – Status Register

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x01 RXCIF TXCIF DREIF FERR BUFOVF PERR – RXB8
Read/Write R R/W R R R R R R/W
Initial Value 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0

 Bit 7 – RXCIF: Receive Complete Interrupt Flag

This flag is set when there are unread data in the receive buffer and cleared when the receive buffer is empty (i.e., does
not contain any unread data). When the receiver is disabled, the receive buffer will be flushed, and consequently RXCIF
will become zero.
When interrupt-driven data reception is used, the receive complete interrupt routine must read the received data from
DATA in order to clear RXCIF. If not, a new interrupt will occur directly after the return from the current interrupt. This flag
can also be cleared by writing a one to its bit location.
 Bit 6 – TXCIF: Transmit Complete Interrupt Flag
This flag is set when the entire frame in the transmit shift register has been shifted out and there are no new data in the
transmit buffer (DATA). TXCIF is automatically cleared when the transmit complete interrupt vector is executed. The flag
can also be cleared by writing a one to its bit location.
 Bit 5 – DREIF: Data Register Empty Flag
This flag indicates whether the transmit buffer (DATA) is ready to receive new data. The flag is one when the transmit
buffer is empty and zero when the transmit buffer contains data to be transmitted that has not yet been moved into the
shift register. DREIF is set after a reset to indicate that the transmitter is ready. Always write this bit to zero when writing
the STATUS register.
DREIF is cleared by writing DATA. When interrupt-driven data transmission is used, the data register empty interrupt
routine must either write new data to DATA in order to clear DREIF or disable the data register empty interrupt. If not, a
new interrupt will occur directly after the return from the current interrupt.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 258

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
  Bit 4 – FERR: Frame Error
The FERR flag indicates the state of the first stop bit of the next readable frame stored in the receive buffer. The bit is set
if the received character had a frame error, i.e., the first stop bit was zero, and cleared when the stop bit of the received
data is one. This bit is valid until the receive buffer (DATA) is read. FERR is not affected by setting the number of stop
bits used, as it always uses only the first stop bit. Always write this bit location to zero when writing the STATUS register.
This flag is not used in master SPI mode operation.
 Bit 3 – BUFOVF: Buffer Overflow
This flag indicates data loss due to a receiver buffer full condition. This flag is set if a buffer overflow condition is
detected. A buffer overflow occurs when the receive buffer is full (two characters) with a new character waiting in the
receive shift register and a new start bit is detected. This flag is valid until the receive buffer (DATA) is read. Always write
this bit location to zero when writing the STATUS register.
This flag is not used in master SPI mode operation.
 Bit 2 – PERR: Parity Error
If parity checking is enabled and the next character in the receive buffer has a parity error, this flag is set. If parity check
is not enabled, this flag will always be read as zero. This bit is valid until the receive buffer (DATA) is read. Always write
this bit location to zero when writing the STATUS register. For details on parity calculation, refer to “Parity Bit Calculation”
on page 249.
This flag is not used in master SPI mode operation.
 Bit 1 – Reserved
This bit is unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write this bit to zero when this
register is written.
 Bit 0 – RXB8: Receive Bit 8
RXB8 is the ninth data bit of the received character when operating with serial frames with nine data bits. When used,
this bit must be read before reading the low bits from DATA.
This bit is unused in master SPI mode operation.

21.15.3 CTRLA – Control Register A

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x03 – – RXCINTLVL[1:0] TXCINTLVL[1:0] DREINTLVL[1:0]
Read/Write R R R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

 Bit 7:6 – Reserved

These bits are unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write these bits to zero
when this register is written.
 Bit 5:4 – RXCINTLVL[1:0]: Receive Complete Interrupt Level
These bits enable the receive complete interrupt and select the interrupt level, as described in “Interrupts and
Programmable Multilevel Interrupt Controller” on page 112. The enabled interrupt will be triggered when the RXCIF flag
in the STATUS register is set.
 Bit 3:2 – TXCINTLVL[1:0]: Transmit Complete Interrupt Level
These bits enable the transmit complete interrupt and select the interrupt level, as described in “Interrupts and
Programmable Multilevel Interrupt Controller” on page 112. The enabled interrupt will be triggered when the TXCIF flag
in the STATUS register is set.
 Bit 1:0 – DREINTLVL[1:0]: Data Register Empty Interrupt Level
These bits enable the data register empty interrupt and select the interrupt level, as described in “Interrupts and
Programmable Multilevel Interrupt Controller” on page 112. The enabled interrupt will be triggered when the DREIF flag
in the STATUS register is set.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 259

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
21.15.4 CTRLB – Control Register B

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x04 – – – RXEN TXEN CLK2X MPCM TXB8
Read/Write R R R R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

 Bit 7:5 – Reserved

These bits are unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write these bits to zero
when this register is written.
 Bit 4 – RXEN: Receiver Enable
Setting this bit enables the USART receiver. The receiver will override normal port operation for the RxD pin, when
enabled. Disabling the receiver will flush the receive buffer, invalidating the FERR, BUFOVF, and PERR flags.
 Bit 3 – TXEN: Transmitter Enable
Setting this bit enables the USART transmitter. The transmitter will override normal port operation for the TxD pin, when
enabled. Disabling the transmitter (writing TXEN to zero) will not become effective until ongoing and pending
transmissions are completed; i.e., when the transmit shift register and transmit buffer register do not contain data to be
transmitted. When disabled, the transmitter will no longer override the TxD port.
 Bit 2 – CLK2X: Double Transmission Speed
Setting this bit will reduce the divisor of the baud rate divider from16 to 8, effectively doubling the transfer rate for
asynchronous communication modes. For synchronous operation, this bit has no effect and should always be written to
zero. This bit must be zero when the USART communication mode is configured to IRCOM.
This bit is unused in master SPI mode operation.
 Bit 1 – MPCM: Multiprocessor Communication Mode
This bit enables the multiprocessor communication mode. When the MPCM bit is written to one, the USART receiver
ignores all the incoming frames that do not contain address information. The transmitter is unaffected by the MPCM
setting. For more detailed information, see “Multiprocessor Communication Mode” on page 257.
This bit is unused in master SPI mode operation.
 Bit 0 – TXB8: Transmit Bit 8
TXB8 is the ninth data bit in the character to be transmitted when operating with serial frames with nine data bits. When
used, this bit must be written before writing the low bits to DATA.
This bit is unused in master SPI mode operation.

21.15.5 CTRLC – Control Register C

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x05 CMODE[1:0] PMODE[1:0] SBMODE CHSIZE[2:0]
(1)
+0x05 CMODE[1:0] – – – UDORD UCPHA –
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0

Note: 1. Master SPI mode

 Bits 7:6 – CMODE[1:0]: Communication Mode

These bits select the mode of operation of the USART as shown in Table 21-7 on page 261.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 260

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
Table 21-7. CMODE Bit Settings

CMODE[1:0] Group configuration Mode

00 ASYNCHRONOUS Asynchronous USART

01 SYNCHRONOUS Synchronous USART

10 IRCOM IRCOM(1)

11 MSPI Master SPI(2)

Notes: 1. See “IRCOM - IR Communication Module” on page 264 for full description on using IRCOM mode.
2. See “USART in Master SPI Mode” on page 256 for full description of the master SPI operation.

 Bits 5:4 – PMODE[1:0]: Parity Mode

These bits enable and set the type of parity generation according to Table 21-8. When enabled, the transmitter will
automatically generate and send the parity of the transmitted data bits within each frame. The receiver will generate a
parity value for the incoming data and compare it to the PMODE setting, and if a mismatch is detected, the PERR flag in
STATUS will be set.
These bits are unused in master SPI mode operation.

Table 21-8. PMODE Bit Settings

PMODE[1:0] Group configuration Parity mode

00 DISABLED Disabled

01 Reserved

10 EVEN Enabled, even parity

11 ODD Enabled, odd parity

 Bit 3 – SBMODE: Stop Bit Mode

This bit selects the number of stop bits to be inserted by the transmitter according to Table 21-9. The receiver ignores
this setting.
This bit is unused in master SPI mode operation.

Table 21-9. SBODE Bit Settings

SBMODE Stop bit(s)

0 1

1 2

 Bit 2:0 – CHSIZE[2:0]: Character Size

The CHSIZE[2:0] bits set the number of data bits in a frame according to Table 21-10 on page 262. The receiver and
transmitter use the same setting.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 261

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
 Table 21-10. CHSIZE Bit Settings

CHSIZE[2:0] Group configuration Character size

000 5BIT 5-bit

001 6BIT 6-bit

010 7BIT 7-bit

011 8BIT 8-bit

100 Reserved

101 Reserved

110 Reserved

111 9BIT 9-bit

 Bit 2 – UDORD: Data Order

This bit is only for master SPI mode, and this bit sets the frame format. When written to one, the lsb of the data word is
transmitted first. When written to zero, the msb of the data word is transmitted first. The receiver and transmitter use the
same setting. Changing the setting of UDORD will corrupt all ongoing communication for both receiver and transmitter.
 Bit 1 – UCPHA: Clock Phase
This bit is only for master SPI mode, and the bit determine whether data are sampled on the leading (first) edge or tailing
(last) edge of XCKn. Refer to the “Master SPI Mode Clock Generation” on page 248 for details.

21.15.6 BAUDCTRLA – Baud Rate Register A

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x06 BSEL[7:0]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

 Bit 7:0 – BSEL[7:0]: Baud Rate bits

These are the lower eight bits of the 12-bit BSEL value used for USART baud rate setting. BAUDCTRLB contains the
four most-significant bits. Ongoing transmissions by the transmitter and receiver will be corrupted if the baud rate is
changed. Writing BSEL will trigger an immediate update of the baud rate prescaler. See the equations in Table 21-1 on
page 246.

21.15.7 BAUDCTRLB – Baud Rate Register B

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x07 BSCALE[3:0] BSEL[11:8]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

 Bit 7:4 – BSCALE[3:0]: Baud Rate Scale factor

These bits select the baud rate generator scale factor. The scale factor is given in two's complement form from -7
(0b1001) to +7 (0b0111). The -8 (0b1000) setting is reserved. See the equations in Table 21-1 on page 246.
 Bit 3:0 – BSEL[11:8]: Baud Rate bits
These are the upper four bits of the 12-bit value used for USART baud rate setting. BAUDCTRLA contains the eight
least-significant bits. Ongoing transmissions by the transmitter and receiver will be corrupted if the baud rate is changed.
Writing BAUDCTRLA will trigger an immediate update of the baud rate prescaler.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 262

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
21.16 Register Summary

21.16.1 Register Description - USART

Address Name Bit 7 Bit 6 Bit 5 Bit 4 Bit 3 Bit 2 Bit 1 Bit 0 Page
+0x00 DATA DATA[7:0] 258
+0x01 STATUS RXCIF TXCIF DREIF FERR BUFOVF PERR – RXB8 258
+0x02 Reserved – – – – – – – –
+0x03 CTRLA – – RXCINTLVL[1:0] TXCINTLVL[1:0] DREINTLVL[1:0] 259
+0x04 CTRLB – – – RXEN TXEN CLK2X MPCM TXB8 260
+0x05 CTRLC CMODE[1:0] PMODE[1:0] SBMODE CHSIZE[2:0] 260
+0x06 BAUDCTRLA BSEL[7:0] 262
+0x07 BAUDCTRLB BSCALE[3:0] BSEL[11:8] 262

21.16.2 Register Description - USART in SPI Master Mode

Address Name Bit 7 Bit 6 Bit 5 Bit 4 Bit 3 Bit 2 Bit 1 Bit 0 Page
+0x00 DATA DATA[7:0] 258
+0x01 STATUS RXCIF TXCIF DREIF – – – – – 258
+0x02 Reserved – – – – – – – –
+0x03 CTRLA – – RXCINTLVL[1:0] TXCINTLVL[1:0] DREINTLVL[1:0] 259
+0x04 CTRLB – – – RXEN TXEN – – – 260
+0x05 CTRLC CMODE[1:0] – – – UDORD UCPHA – 260
+0x06 BAUDCTRLA BSEL[7:0] 262
+0x07 BAUDCTRLB BSCALE[3:0] BSEL[11:8] 262

21.17 Interrupt Vector Summary

Offset Source Interrupt description

0x00 RXC_vect USART receive complete interrupt vector

0x02 DRE_vect USART data register empty interrupt vector

0x04 TXC_vect USART transmit complete interrupt vector

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 263

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
22. IRCOM - IR Communication Module

22.1 Features
 Pulse modulation/demodulation for infrared communication
 IrDA compatible for baud rates up to 115.2kbps
 Selectable pulse modulation scheme
 3/16 of the baud rate period
 Fixed pulse period, 8-bit programmable
 Pulse modulation disabled
 Built-in filtering
 Can be connected to and used by any USART

22.2 Overview
XMEGA devices contain an infrared communication module (IRCOM) that is IrDA compatible for baud rates up to
115.2kbps. It can be connected to any USART to enable infrared pulse encoding/decoding for that USART.

Figure 22-1. IRCOM Connection to USARTs and Associated Port Pins

Event System events
DIF

RXDxn
USARTxn
TXDxn
IRCOM
.... RXD...
TXD...
encoded RXD USARTD0 RXDD0
Pulse
TXDD0
Decoding
USARTC0 RXDC0
decoded RXD TXDC0

decoded TXD

Pulse
Encoding encoded TXD

The IRCOM is automatically enabled when a USART is set in IRCOM mode. The signals between the USART and the
RX/TX pins are then routed through the module as shown in Figure 22-1. The data on the TX/RX pins are the inverted
value of the transmitted/received infrared pulse. It is also possible to select an event channel from the event system as
input for the IRCOM receiver. This will disable the RX input from the USART pin.
For transmission, three pulse modulation schemes are available:
 3/16 of the baud rate period
 Fixed programmable pulse time based on the peripheral clock frequency
 Pulse modulation disabled
For reception, a fixed programmable minimum high-level pulse width for the pulse to be decoded as a logical 0 is used.
Shorter pulses will then be discarded, and the bit will be decoded to logical 1 as if no pulse was received.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 264

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
 The module can only be used in combination with one USART at a time. Thus, IRCOM mode must not be set for more
than one USART at a time. This must be ensured in the user software.

22.2.1 Event System Filtering

The event system can be used as the receiver input. This enables IRCOM or USART input from I/O pins or sources other
than the corresponding RX pin. If event system input is enabled, input from the USART's RX pin is automatically
disabled. The event system has a digital input filter (DIF) on the event channels that can be used for filtering. Refer to
“Event System” on page 61” for details on using the event system.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 265

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
22.3 Registers Description

22.3.1 TXPLCTRL – Transmitter Pulse Length Control Register

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x01 TXPLCTRL[7:0]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

 Bit 7:0 – TXPLCTRL[7:0]: Transmitter Pulse Length Control

This 8-bit value sets the pulse modulation scheme for the transmitter. Setting this register will have no effect if IRCOM
mode is not selected by a USART.
By leaving this register value to zero, 3/16 of the baud rate period pulse modulation is used.
Setting this value from 1 to 254 will give a fixed pulse length coding. The 8-bit value sets the number of system clock
periods for the pulse. The start of the pulse will be synchronized with the rising edge of the baud rate clock.
Setting the value to 255 (0xFF) will disable pulse coding, letting the RX and TX signals pass through the IRCOM module
unaltered. This enables other features through the IRCOM module, such as half-duplex USART, loop-back testing, and
USART RX input from an event channel.
TXPCTRL must be configured before the USART transmitter is enabled (TXEN).

22.3.2 RXPLCTRL – Receiver Pulse Length Control Register

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x02 RXPLCTRL[7:0]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

 Bit 7:0 – RXPLCTRL[7:0]: Receiver Pulse Length Control

This 8-bit value sets the filter coefficient for the IRCOM transceiver. Setting this register will have no effect if IRCOM
mode is not selected by a USART.
By leaving this register value at zero, filtering is disabled. Setting this value between 1 and 255 will enable filtering, where
x+1 equal samples are required for the pulse to be accepted.
RXPCTRL must be configured before the USART receiver is enabled (RXEN).

22.3.3 CTRL – Control Register

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x00 – – – – EVSEL[3:0]
Read/Write R R R R R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

 Bit 7:4 – Reserved

These bits are unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write these bits to zero
when this register is written.
 Bit 3:0 – EVSEL [3:0]: Event Channel Selection
These bits select the event channel source for the IRCOM receiver according to Table 22-1 on page 267. If event input is
selected for the IRCOM receiver, the input from the USART’s RX pin is automatically disabled.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 266

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
 Table 22-1. Event Channel Selection

EVSEL[3:0] Group configuration Event source

0000 – None

0001 – (Reserved)

0010 – (Reserved)

0011 – (Reserved)

0100 – (Reserved)

0101 – (Reserved)

0110 – (Reserved)

0111 – (Reserved)

1nnn CHn Event system channel n; n = {0, …,7}

22.4 Register Summary

Address Name Bit 7 Bit 6 Bit 5 Bit 4 Bit 3 Bit 2 Bit 1 Bit 0 Page

+0x00 CTRL – – – – EVSEL[3:0] 266

+0x01 TXPLCTRL TXPLCTRL[7:0] 266
+0x02 RXPLCTRL RXPLCTRL[7:0] 266

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 267

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
23. AES Crypto Engines

23.1 Features
 Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) crypto module
 AES crypto module
 Encryption and decryption
 Supports 128-bit keys
 Supports XOR data load mode to the state memory
 Encryption/decryption in 375 clock cycles per 16-byte block

23.2 Overview
The Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) is a commonly used standard for cryptography. This is supported through an
AES peripheral module, and the communication interfaces and the CPU can use this for fast, encrypted communication
and secure data storage.
The AES crypto module encrypts and decrypts 128-bit data blocks with the use of a 128-bit key. The key and data must
be loaded into the key and state memory in the module before encryption/decryption is started. It takes 375 peripheral
clock cycles before the encryption/decryption is done. The encrypted/encrypted data can then be read out, and an
optional interrupt can be generated. The AES crypto module also has DMA support with transfer triggers when
encryption/decryption is done and optional auto-start of encryption/decryption when the state memory is fully loaded.

23.3 AES Crypto Module

The AES crypto module performs encryption and decryption according to the Advanced Encryption Standard (FIPS-197).
The 128-bit key block and 128-bit data block (plaintext or ciphertext) must be loaded into the key and state memories in
the AES crypto module. This is done by writing the AES KEY register and STATE register sequentially with 16 bytes.
It is software selectable whether the module should perform encryption or decryption. It is also possible to enable XOR
mode, where all new data loaded to the state key is XORed with the current data in the state memory.
The AES module uses 375 clock cycles before the encrypted/decrypted plaintext/ciphertext is available for readout in the
state memory.
The following setup and use procedure is recommended:
1. Enable the AES interrupt (optional).
2. Select the AES direction to encryption or decryption.
3. Load the key data block into the AES key memory.
4. Load the data block into the AES state memory.
5. Start the encryption/decryption operation.
If more than one block is to be encrypted or decrypted, repeat the procedure from step 3.
When the encryption/decryption procedure is complete, the AES interrupt flag is set and an optional interrupt is
generated.

23.3.1 Key and State Memory

The AES key and state memory are both 16 x 8-bit memories that are accessible through the KEY and STATE registers,
respectively.
Each memory has two 4-bit address pointers used to address the memory for read and write, respectively. The initial
value of the pointers is zero. After a read or write operation to the STATE or KEY register, the appropriate pointer is
automatically incremented. Accessing (read or write) the control register (CTRL) will reset all pointers to zero. A pointer
overflow (a sequential read or write done more than 16 times) will also set the affected pointer to zero. The pointers are
not accessible from software. Read and write memory pointers are both incremented during write operations in XOR
mode.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 268

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
Access to the KEY and STATE registers is possible only when encryption/decryption is not in progress.

Figure 23-1. The State Memory with Pointers and Register

0 4-bit state read

1 address pointer

Reset pointer
-

4-bit state write 14 reset or access

address pointer 15 to AES Control

Reset pointer

reset or access
to AES Control STATE

XOR
STATE[read pointer]

I/O Data Bus xor

The state memory contains the AES state throughout the encryption/decryption process. The initial value of the state is
the initial data (i.e., plaintext in the encryption mode, and ciphertext in the decryption mode). The last value of the state is
the encrypted/decrypted data.

Figure 23-2. The Key Memory with Pointers and Register

0 4-bit key read

1 address pointer

Reset pointer
-

4-bit key write 14 reset or

address pointer 15 access to CTRL

Reset pointer

reset or
access to CTRL KEY

In the AES crypto module, the following definition of the key is used:
 In encryption mode, the key is the one defined in the AES standard
 In decryption mode, the key is the last subkey of the expanded key defined in the AES standard
In decryption mode, the key expansion procedure must be executed by software before operation with the AES crypto
module so that the last subkey is ready to be loaded through the KEY register. Alternatively, this procedure can be run in
hardware by using the AES crypto module to process a dummy data block in encryption mode using the same key. After
the end of the encryption, reading from the key memory allows the last subkey to be obtained; i.e., get the result of the
key expansion procedure. Table 23-1 on page 270 shows the results of reading the key, depending on the mode
(encryption or decryption) and status of the AES crypto module.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 269

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
 Table 23-1. The Result of Reading the Key Memory at Different Stages

Encryption Decryption

Before data processing After data processing Before data processing After data processing

The last subkey generated The initial key generated

Same key as loaded Same key as loaded
from the loaded key from the last loaded subkey

23.3.2 DMA Support

The AES module can trigger a DMA transfer when the encryption/decryption procedure is complete. For more details on
DMA transfer triggers, refer to “Transfer Triggers” on page 48.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 270

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
23.4 Register Description – AES

23.4.1 CTRL – Control Register

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x00 START AUTO RESET DECRYPT – XOR – –
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R R/W R R
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

 Bit 7 – START: Start/Run

Setting this bit starts the encryption/decryption procedure, and this bit remains set while the encryption/decryption is
ongoing. Writing this bit to zero will stop/abort any ongoing encryption/decryption process. This bit is automatically
cleared if the SRIF or the ERROR flags in STATUS are set.
 Bit 6 – AUTO: Auto Start Trigger
Setting this bit enables the auto-start mode. In auto-start mode, the START bit will trigger automatically and start the
encryption/decryption when all of the following conditions are met:
 The AUTO bit is set before the state memory is loaded
 All memory pointers (state read/write and key read/write) are zero
 State memory is fully loaded
If all of these conditions are not met, the encryption/decryption will be started with an incorrect key.
 Bit 5 – RESET: Software Reset
Setting this bit will reset the AES crypto module to its initial status on the next positive edge of the peripheral clock. All
registers, pointers, and memories in the module are set to their initial value. When written to one, the bit stays high for
one clock cycle before it is reset to zero by hardware.
 Bit 4 – DECRYPT: Decryption / Direction
This bit sets the direction for the AES crypto module. Writing this bit to zero will set the module in encryption mode.
Writing one to this bit sets the module in decryption mode.
 Bit 3 – Reserved
This bit is unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write this bit to zero when this
register is written.
 Bit 2 – XOR: State XOR Load Enable
Setting this bit enables a XOR data load to the state memory. When this bit is set, the data loaded to the state memory
are bitwise XORed with the data currently in the state memory. Writing this bit to zero disables XOR load mode, and new
data written to the state memory will overwrite the current data.
 Bit 1:0 – Reserved
These bits are unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write these bits to zero
when this register is written.

23.4.2 STATUS – AES Status Register

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x01 ERROR – – – – – – SRIF
Read/Write R/W R R R R R R R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

 Bit 7 – ERROR: Error

The ERROR flag indicates an illegal handling of the AES crypto module. The flag is set in the following cases:

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 271

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
  Setting START in the control register while the state memory and/or key memory are not fully loaded or read. This
error occurs when the total number of read/write operations from/to the STATE and KEY registers is not a multiple
of 16 before an AES start.
 Accessing (read or write) the control register while the START bit is one.
This flag can be cleared by software by writing one to its bit location.
 Bit 6:1 – Reserved
These bits are unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write these bits to zero
when this register is written.
 Bit 0 – SRIF: State Ready Interrupt flag
This flag is the interrupt/DMA request flag, and is set when the encryption/decryption procedure is completed and the
state memory contains valid data. As long as the flag is zero, this indicates that there is no valid encrypted/decrypted
data in the state memory.
The flag is cleared by hardware when a read access is made to the state memory (the first byte is read). Alternatively, the
bit can be cleared by writing a one to its bit location.

23.4.3 STATE – AES State Register

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x02 STATE[7:0]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

The STATE register is used to access the state memory. Before encryption/decryption can take place, the state memory
must be written sequentially, byte-by-byte, through the STATE register. After encryption/decryption is done, the
ciphertext/plaintext can be read sequentially, byte-by-byte, through the STATE register.
Loading the initial data to the STATE register should be done after setting the appropriate AES mode and direction. This
register can not be accessed during encryption/decryption.

23.4.4 KEY – Key Register

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x03 KEY[7:0]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

The KEY register is used to access the key memory. Before encryption/decryption can take place, the key memory must
be written sequentially, byte-by-byte, through the KEY register. After encryption/decryption is done, the last subkey can
be read sequentially, byte-by-byte, through the KEY register.
Loading the initial data to the KEY register should be done after setting the appropriate AES mode and direction.

23.4.5 INTCTRL – Interrupt Control Register

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x04 – – – – – – INTLVL[1:0]
Read/Write R R R R R R R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

 Bit 7:2 – Reserved

These bits are unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write these bits to zero
when this register is written.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 272

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
  Bit 1:0 – INTLVL[1:0]: Interrupt priority and enable
These bits enable the AES interrupt and select the interrupt level, as described in “Interrupts and Programmable
Multilevel Interrupt Controller” on page 112. The enabled interrupt will be triggered when the SRIF in the STATUS
register is set.

23.5 Register Summary - AES

Address Name Bit 7 Bit 6 Bit 5 Bit 4 Bit 3 Bit 2 Bit 1 Bit 0 Page

+0x00 CTRL START AUTO RESET DECRYPT – XOR – – 271

+0x01 STATUS ERROR – – – – – – SRIF 271
+0x02 STATE STATE[7:0] 272
+0x03 KEY KEY[7:0] 272
+0x04 INTCTRL – – – – – – INTLVL[1:0] 272
+0x05 Reserved – – – – – – – –
+0x06 Reserved – – – – – – – –
+0x07 Reserved – – – – – – – –

23.6 Interrupt vector Summary – AES

Offset Source Interrupt description

0x00 AES_vect AES interrupt vector

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 273

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
24. CRC – Cyclic Redundancy Check Generator

24.1 Features
 Cyclic redundancy check (CRC) generation and checking for
 Communication data
 Program or data in flash memory
 Data in SRAM and I/O memory space
 Integrated with flash memory, DMA controller and CPU
 Continuous CRC on data going through a DMA channel
 Automatic CRC of the complete or a selectable range of the flash memory
 CPU can load data to the CRC generator through the I/O interface
 CRC polynomial software selectable to
 CRC-16 (CRC-CCITT)
 CRC-32 (IEEE 802.3)
 Zero remainder detection

24.2 Overview
A cyclic redundancy check (CRC) is an error detection technique test algorithm used to find accidental errors in data, and
it is commonly used to determine the correctness of a data transmission, and data present in the data and program
memories. A CRC takes a data stream or a block of data as input and generates a 16- or 32-bit output that can be
appended to the data and used as a checksum. When the same data are later received or read, the device or application
repeats the calculation. If the new CRC result does not match the one calculated earlier, the block contains a data error.
The application will then detect this and may take a corrective action, such as requesting the data to be sent again or
simply not using the incorrect data.
Typically, an n-bit CRC applied to a data block of arbitrary length will detect any single error burst not longer than n bits
(any single alteration that spans no more than n bits of the data), and will detect the fraction 1-2-n of all longer error
bursts. The CRC module in XMEGA devices supports two commonly used CRC polynomials; CRC-16 (CRC-CCITT) and
CRC-32 (IEEE 802.3).

 CRC-16:
Polynomial: x16+x12+x5+1

Hex value: 0x1021

 CRC-32:
Polynomial: x32+x26+x23+x22+x16+x12+x11+x10+x8+x7+x5+x4+x2+x+1

Hex value: 0x04C11DB7

24.3 Operation
The data source for the CRC module must be selected in software as either flash memory, the DMA channels, or the I/O
interface. The CRC module then takes data input from the selected source and generates a checksum based on these
data. The checksum is available in the CHECKSUM registers in the CRC module. When CRC-32 polynomial is used, the
final checksum read is bit reversed and complemented (see Figure 24-1 on page 275).
For the I/O interface or DMA controller, which CRC polynomial is used is software selectable, but the default setting is
CRC-16. CRC-32 is automatically used if Flash Memory is selected as the source. The CRC module operates on bytes
only.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 274

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
 Figure 24-1. CRC Generator Block Diagram

DMA Flash
Controller Memory

DATAIN

CTRL

8 16 8 32

CRC-16 CRC-32

crc32

CHECKSUM

bit-reverse +
complement

Checksum read

24.4 CRC on Flash Memory

A CRC-32 calculation can be performed on the entire flash memory, on only the application section, on only the boot
section, or on a software selectable range of the flash memory. Other than selecting the flash as the source, all further
control and setup are done from the NVM controller. This means that the NVM controller configures the memory range to
perform the CRC on, and the CRC is started using NVM commands. Once completed, the result is available in the
checksum registers in the CRC module. For further details on setting up and performing CRC on flash memory, refer to
“Memory Programming” on page 323.

24.5 CRC on DMA Data

CRC-16 or CRC-32 calculations can be performed on data passing through any DMA channel. Once a DMA channel is
selected as the source, the CRC module will continuously generate the CRC on the data passing through the DMA
channel. The checksum is available for readout once the DMA transaction is completed or aborted. A CRC can be
performed not only on communication data, but also on data in SRAM or I/O memory by passing these data through a
DMA channel. If the latter is done, the destination register for the DMA data can be the data input (DATAIN) register in
the CRC module.

24.6 CRC Using the I/O Interface

CRC can be performed on any data by loading them into the CRC module using the CPU and writing the data to the
DATAIN register. Using this method, an arbitrary number of bytes can be written to the register by the CPU, and CRC is
done continuously for each byte. New data can be written for each cycle. The CRC complete is signaled by writing the
BUSY bit in the STATUS register.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 275

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
24.7 Register Description

24.7.1 CTRL – Control Register

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x00 RESET[1:0] CRC32 – SOURCE[3:0]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

 Bit 7:6 – RESET[1:0]: Reset

These bits are used to reset the CRC module, and they will always be read as zero. The CRC registers will be reset one
peripheral clock cycle after the RESET[1] bit is set

Table 24-1. CRC Reset

RESET[1:0] Group configuration Description

00 NO No reset

01 – Reserved

10 RESET0 Reset CRC with CHECKSUM to all zeros

11 RESET1 Reset CRC with CHECKSUM to all ones

 Bit 5 – CRC32: CRC-32 Enable

Setting this bit will enable CRC-32 instead of the default CRC-16. It cannot be changed while the BUSY flag is set.
 Bit 4 – Reserved
This bit is unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write this bit to zero when this
register is written.
 Bit 3:0 – SOURCE[3:0]: Input Source
These bits select the input source for generating the CRC. The selected source is locked until either the CRC generation
is completed or the CRC module is reset. CRC generation complete is generated and signaled from the selected source
when used with the DMA controller or flash memory.

Table 24-2. CRC Source Select

SOURCE[3:0] Group configuration Description

0000 DISABLE CRC disabled

0001 IO I/O interface

0010 FLASH Flash

0011 – Reserved for future use

0100 DMACH0 DMA controller channel 0

0101 DMACH1 DMA controller channel 1

0110 DMACH2 DMA controller channel 2

0111 DMACH3 DMA controller channel 3

1xxx – Reserved for future use

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 276

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
24.7.2 STATUS – Status Register

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x02 – – – – – – ZERO BUSY
Read/Write R R R R R R R R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

 Bit 7:2 – Reserved

These bits are unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write these bits to zero
when this register is written.
 Bit 1 – ZERO: Checksum Zero
This flag is set if the CHECKSUM is zero when the CRC generation is complete. It is automatically cleared when a new
CRC source is selected.
When running CRC-32 and appending the checksum at the end of the packet (as little endian), the final checksum shold
be 0x2144df1c, and not zero. However, if the checksum is complemented before it is appended (as little endian) to the
data, the final result in the checksum register will be zero.
See the description of CHECKSUM to read out different versions of the CHECKSUM.
 Bit 0 – BUSY: Busy
This flag is read as one when a source configuration is selected and as long as the source is using the CRC module. If
the I/O interface is selected as the source, the flag can be cleared by writing a one this location. If a DMA channel if
selected as the source, the flag is cleared when the DMA channel transaction is completed or aborted. If flash memory is
selected as the source, the flag is cleared when the CRC generation is completed.

24.7.3 DATAIN – Data Input Register

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x03 DATAIN[7:0]
Read/Write W W W W W W W W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

 Bit 7:0 – DATAIN[7:0]: Data Input

This register is used to store the data for which the CRC checksum is computed. A new CHECKSUM is ready one clock
cycle after the DATAIN register is written.

24.7.4 CHECKSUM0 – Checksum Register 0

CHECKSUM0, CHECKSUM1, CHECKSUM2, and CHECKSUM3 represent the 16- or 32-bit CHECKSUM value and the
generated CRC. The registers are reset to zero by default, but it is possible to write RESET to reset all bits to one. It is
possible to write these registers only when the CRC module is disabled. If NVM is selected as the source, reading
CHECKSUM will return a zero value until the BUSY flag is cleared. If CRC-32 is selected and the BUSY flag is cleared
(i.e., CRC generation is completed or aborted), the bit reversed (bit 31 is swapped with bit 0, bit 30 with bit 1, etc.) and
complemented result will be read from CHECKSUM. If CRC-16 is selected or the BUSY flag is set (i.e., CRC generation
is ongoing), CHECKSUM will contain the actual content.
Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x04 CHECKSUM[7:0]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

 Bit 7:0 – CHECKSUM[7:0]: Checksum byte 0

These bits hold byte 0 of the generated CRC.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 277

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
24.7.5 CHECKSUM1 – Checksum Register 1

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x05 CHECKSUM[15:8]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

 Bit 7:0 – CHECKSUM[15:8]: Checksum byte 1

These bits hold byte 1 of the generated CRC.

24.7.6 CHECKSUM2 – Checksum Register 2

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x06 CHECKSUM[23:16]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

 Bit 7:0 – CHECKSUM[23:16]: Checksum byte 2

These bits hold byte 2 of the generated CRC when CRC-32 is used.

24.7.7 CHECKSUM3 – CRC Checksum Register 3

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x07 CHECKSUM[31:24]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

 Bit 7:0 – CHECKSUM[31:24]: Checksum byte 3

These bits hold byte 3 of the generated CRC when CRC-32 is used.

24.8 Register Summary

Address Name Bit 7 Bit 6 Bit 5 Bit 4 Bit 3 Bit 2 Bit 1 Bit 0 Page

+0x00 CTRL RESET[1:0] CRC32 – SOURCE[3:0] 276

+0x01 STATUS – – – – – – ZERO BUSY 277
+0x02 Reserved – – – – – – – –
+0x03 DATAIN DATAIN[7:0] 277
+0x04 CHECKSUM0 CHECKSUM[7:0] 277
+0x05 CHECKSUM1 CHECKSUM[15:8] 278
+0x06 CHECKSUM2 CHECKSUM[23:16] 278
+0x07 CHECKSUM3 CHECKSUM[31:24] 278

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 278

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
25. ADC – Analog-to-Digital Converter

25.1 Features
 12-bit resolution
 Up to 300 thousand samples per second
 Down to 2.3µs conversion time with 8-bit resolution
 Down to 3.35µs conversion time with 12-bit resolution
 Differential and single-ended input
 Up to 16 single-ended inputs
 Up to 16x4 differential inputs without gain
 8x4 differential input with gain
 Built-in differential gain stage
 1/2x, 1x, 2x, 4x, 8x, 16x, 32x, and 64x gain options
 Single, continuous and scan conversion options
 Three internal inputs
 Internal temperature sensor
 AVCC voltage divided by 10
 1.1V bandgap voltage
 Internal and external reference options
 Compare function for accurate monitoring of user defined thresholds
 Optional DMA transfer of conversion results
 Optional event triggered conversion for accurate timing
 Optional interrupt/event on compare result

25.2 Overview
The ADC converts analog signals to digital values. The ADC has 12-bit resolution and is capable of converting up to 300
thousand samples per second (ksps). The input selection is flexible, and both single-ended and differential
measurements can be done. For differential measurements, an optional gain stage is available to increase the dynamic
range. In addition, several internal signal inputs are available. The ADC can provide both signed and unsigned results.
The ADC measurements can either be started by application software or an incoming event from another peripheral in
the device. The ADC measurements can be started with predictable timing, and without software intervention. It is
possible to use DMA to move ADC results directly to memory or peripherals when conversions are done.
Both internal and external reference voltages can be used. An integrated temperature sensor is available for use with the
ADC. The AVCC/10 and the bandgap voltage can also be measured by the ADC.
The ADC has a compare function for accurate monitoring of user defined thresholds with minimum software intervention
required.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 279

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
Figure 25-1. ADC Overview
VIN VOUT
S&H Σ 2x

ADC DAC

2 bits
Compare
ADC0
• Register
•
• VINP Stage Stage <
ADC15
1 2 > Threshold
2 2
(Int Req)
Internal
clkADC CH0 Result
signals

ADC0 Digital Correction Logic

• VINN
•
•
ADC7

Internal 1.00V
Internal AVCC/1.6V Enable Action
Start Select
Internal AVCC/2
Reference
AREFA Mode
Voltage
AREFB Resolution

CH0.CTRL REFCTRL CTRLA EVCTRL

CH0.MUXCTRL CTRLB

25.3 Input Sources

Input sources are the voltage inputs that the ADC can measure and convert. Four types of measurements can be
selected:
 Differential input
 Differential input with gain
 Single-ended input
 Internal input
The input pins are used for single-ended and differential input, while the internal inputs are directly available inside the
device. In devices with two ADCs, PORTA pins can be input to ADCA and PORTB pins can be input to ADCB. For the
devices with only one ADC, input pins may be available for ADCA on both PORTA and PORTB.
The ADC is differential, and so for single-ended measurements the negative input is connected to a fixed internal value.
The four types of measurements and their corresponding input options are shown in Figure 25-2 on page 281 to Figure
25-6 on page 283.

25.3.1 Differential Input

When differential input is enabled, all input pins can be selected as positive input, and input pins 0 to 3 can be selected
as negative input. The ADC must be in signed mode when differential input is used.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 280

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
 Figure 25-2. Differential Measurement without Gain

ADC0
•
•
•
ADC15
+

ADC0
• -
•
•
ADC3
GND
INTGND

25.3.2 Differential Input with Gain

When differential input with gain is enabled, all input pins can be selected as positive input, and input pins 4 to 7 can be
selected as negative input. When gain is enabled, the differential input is first sampled and amplified by the gain stage
before the result is converted. The ADC must be in signed mode when differential input with gain is used.
The gain is selectable to 1/2x, 1x, 2x, 4x, 8x, 16x, 32x, and 64x gain.

Figure 25-3. Differential Measurement with Gain

ADC0
•
•
•
ADC15
+

ADC4
• -
•
•
ADC7
GND
INTGND

25.3.3 Single-ended Input

For single-ended measurements, all input pins can be used as inputs. Single-ended measurements can be done in both
signed and unsigned mode.
The negative input is connected to internal ground in signed mode.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 281

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
 Figure 25-4. Single-ended Measurement in Signed Mode

ADC0
•
•• +
ADC15
ADC
-

In unsigned mode, the negative input is connected to half of the voltage reference (VREF) voltage minus a fixed offset.
The nominal value for the offset is:
V = VREF  0.05
Since the ADC is differential, the input range is VREF to zero for the positive single-ended input. The offset enables the
ADC to measure zero crossing in unsigned mode, and allows for calibration of any positive offset when the internal
ground in the device is higher than the external ground. See Figure 25-11 on page 285 for details.

Figure 25-5. Single-ended Measurement in Unsigned Mode

ADC0
••
• +
ADC15
ADC
VREF
____ −ΔV -
2

25.3.4 Internal Inputs

These internal signals can be measured or used by the ADC.
 Temperature sensor
 Bandgap voltage
 AVCC scaled
 Pad and Internal Ground
The temperature sensor gives an output voltage that increases linearly with the internal temperature of the device. One
or more calibration points are needed to compute the temperature from a measurement of the temperature sensor. The
temperature sensor is calibrated at one point in production test, and the result is stored to TEMPESENSE0 and
TEMPSENSE1 in the production signature row. For more calibration condition details, refer to the device datasheet.
The bandgap voltage is an accurate internal voltage reference.
VCC can be measured directly by scaling it down by a factor of 10 before the ADC input. Thus, a VCC of 1.8V will be
measured as 0.18V, and VCC of 3.6V will be measured as 0.36V. This enables easy measurement of the VCC voltage.
The internal signals need to be enabled before they can be measured. Refer to their manual sections for Bandgap for
details of how to enable these. The sample rate for the internal signals is lower than that of the ADC. Refer to the ADC
characteristics in the device datasheets for details.
For differential measurement Pad Ground (Gnd) and Internal Gnd can be selected as negative input. Pad Gnd is the gnd
level on the pin and identical or very close to the external gnd. Internal Gnd is the internal device gnd level.
Internal Gnd is used as the negative input when other internal signals are measured in single-ended signed mode.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 282

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
 Figure 25-6. Internal Measurements in Single-ended Signed Mode

TEMP REF
BANDGAP REF +
AVCC SCALED ADC
-

To measure the internal signals in unsigned mode, the negative input is connected to a fixed value given by the formula
below, which is half of the voltage reference (VREF) minus a fixed offset, as it is for single-ended unsigned input. Refer to
Figure 25-11 on page 285 for details.
VINN = VREF/2 - V

Figure 25-7. Internal Measurements in Unsigned Mode

TEMP REF
BANDGAP REF +
AVCC SCALED ADC
VREF
____ −ΔV -
2

25.4 Sampling Time Control

To support applications with high source output resistance, the sampling time can be increased by steps of one half ADC
clock cycle up to 64 ADC clock cycles.

25.5 Voltage Reference Selection

The following voltages can be used as the reference voltage (VREF) for the ADC:
 Accurate internal 1.00V voltage generated from the bandgap
 Internal AVCC/1.6V voltage
 Internal AVCC/2V voltage
 External voltage applied to AREF pin on PORTA
 External voltage applied to AREF pin on PORTB

Figure 25-8. ADC Voltage Reference Selection

Internal 1.00V
Internal AVCC/1.6V
Internal AVCC/2.0V VREF
AREFA
AREFB

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 283

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
25.6 Conversion Result
The result of the analog-to-digital conversion is written to the channel result register. The ADC is either in signed or
unsigned mode. This setting is global for the ADC and for the ADC channel.
In signed mode, negative and positive results are generated. Signed mode must be used when the ADC channel is set
up for differential measurements. In unsigned mode, only single-ended or internal signals can be measured. With 12-bit
resolution, the TOP value of a signed result is 2047, and the results will be in the range -2048 to +2047 (0xF800 -
0x07FF).
The ADC transfer function can be written as:

VINP - VINN
RES = ----------------------------------  GAIN   TOP +1 
VREF

VINP and VINN are the positive and negative inputs to the ADC.
For differential measurements, GAIN is 1/2 to 64. For single-ended and internal measurements, GAIN is always 1 and
VINP is the internal ground.
In unsigned mode, only positive results are generated. The TOP value of an unsigned result is 4095, and the results will
be in the range 0 to +4095 (0x0 - 0x0FFF).
The ADC transfer functions can be written as:
VINP - (-V 
RES = ---------------------------------   TOP +1 
VREF

VINP is the single-ended or internal input.

The ADC can be configured to generate either an 8-bit or a 12-bit result. A result with lower resolution will be available
faster. See the “ADC Clock and Conversion Timing” on page 285 for a description on the propagation delay.
The result register is 16 bits wide, and data are stored as right adjusted 16-bit values. Right adjusted means that the
eight least-significant bits (lsb) are found in the low byte. A 12-bit result can be represented either left or right adjusted.
Left adjusted means that the eight most-significant bits (msb) are found in the high byte.
When the ADC is in signed mode, the msb represents the sign bit. In 12-bit right adjusted mode, the sign bit (bit 11) is
padded to bits 12-15 to create a signed 16-bit number directly. In 8-bit mode, the sign bit (bit 7) is padded to the entire
high byte.
Figure 25-9 to Figure 25-11 on page 285 show the different input options, the signal input range, and the result
representation with 12-bit right adjusted mode.

Figure 25-9. Signed Differential Input (with Gain), Input Range, and Result Representation
VREF Dec Hex Binary 16-bit result register
GAIN 2047 7FF 0111 1111 1111 0000 0111 1111 1111
VINN 2046 7FE 0111 1111 1110 0000 0111 1111 1110
2045 7FD 0111 1111 1101 0000 0111 1111 1101
... ... ... ...
3 3 0000 0000 0011 0000 0000 0000 0011
VINP 2 2 0000 0000 0010 0000 0000 0000 0010
1 1 0000 0000 0001 0000 0000 0000 0001
0V 0 0 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000
-1 FFF 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111
-2 FFE 1111 1111 1110 1111 1111 1111 1110
... ... ... ...
RES -2045 803 1000 0000 0011 1111 1000 0000 0011
-2046 802 1000 0000 0010 1111 1000 0000 0010
-2047 801 1000 0000 0001 1111 1000 0000 0001
-VREF -2048 800 1000 0000 0000 1111 1000 0000 0000
GAIN

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 284

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
 Figure 25-10.Signed Single-ended and Internal Input, Input Range, and Result Representation
Dec Hex Binary 16-bit result register
VREF
2047 7FF 0111 1111 1111 0000 0111 1111 1111
2046 7FE 0111 1111 1110 0000 0111 1111 1110
VINP 2045 7FD 0111 1111 1101 0000 0111 1111 1101
... ... ... ...
3 3 0000 0000 0011 0000 0000 0000 0011
2 2 0000 0000 0010 0000 0000 0000 0010
VINN = GND 1 1 0000 0000 0001 0000 0000 0000 0001
0V 0 0 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000
-1 FFF 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111
-2 FFE 1111 1111 1110 1111 1111 1111 1110
... ... ... ...
-2045 803 1000 0000 0011 1111 1000 0000 0011
-2046 802 1000 0000 0010 1111 1000 0000 0010
-2047 801 1000 0000 0001 1111 1000 0000 0001
-VREF -2048 800 1000 0000 0000 1111 1000 0000 0000

Figure 25-11.Unsigned Single-ended and Internal Input, Input Range, and Result Representation
Dec Hex Binary 16-bit result register
VREF − ΔV
4095 FFF 1111 1111 1111 0000 1111 1111 1111
VINP 4094 FFE 1111 1111 1110 0000 1111 1111 1110
4093 FFD 1111 1111 1101 0000 1111 1111 1101
... ... ... ...
203 0CB 0000 1100 1011 0000 0000 1100 1011
202 0CA 0000 1100 1010 0000 0000 1100 1010
VREF 201 0C9 0000 1100 1001 0000 0000 1100 1001
VINN = − ΔV
2 200 0C8 0000 1100 1000 0000 0000 1100 1000
GND
...
0 0 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000

25.7 Compare Function

The ADC has a built-in 12-bit compare function. The ADC compare register can hold a 12-bit value that represents a
threshold voltage. The ADC channel can be configured to automatically compare its result with this compare value to
give an interrupt or event only when the result is above or below the threshold.

25.8 Starting a Conversion

Before a conversion is started, the input source must be selected. An ADC conversion can be started either by the
application software writing to the start conversion bit or from any events in the event system.

25.8.1 Input Source Scan

It is possible to select a range of consecutive input sources that is automatically scanned and measured when a
conversion is started. This is done by setting the first (lowest) positive ADC channel input using the MUX control register,
and a number of consecutive positive input sources. When a conversion is started, the first selected input source is
measured and converted, then the positive input source selection is incremented after each conversion until it reaches
the specified number of sources to scan.

25.9 ADC Clock and Conversion Timing

The ADC is clocked from the peripheral clock. The ADC can prescale the peripheral clock to provide an ADC Clock
(clkADC) that matches the application requirements and is within the operating range of the ADC.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 285

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
 Figure 25-12.ADC Prescaler

ClkPER 9-bit ADC Prescaler

CLK/128
CLK/256
CLK/512
CLK/16
CLK/32
CLK/64
CLK/4
CLK/8
PRESCALER[2:0]

ClkADC

The propagation delay of an ADC measurement is given by:

RESOLUTION + 1
1 + ------------------------------------------------ + GAIN
2
Propagation Delay = -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
f ADC

RESOLUTION is the resolution, 8 or 12 bits. The propagation delay will increase by extra ADC clock cycles if the gain
stage (GAIN) is used. A new ADC conversion can start as soon as the previous is completed.
The most-significant bit (msb) of the result is converted first, and the rest of the bits are converted during the next three
(for 8-bit results) or five (for 12-bit results) ADC clock cycles. Converting one bit takes a half ADC clock period. During the
last cycle, the result is prepared before the interrupt flag is set and the result is available in the result register for readout.

25.9.1 Single Conversion without Gain

Figure 25-13 shows the ADC timing for a single conversion without gain. The writing of the start conversion bit, or the
event triggering the conversion (START), must occur at least one peripheral clock cycle before the ADC clock cycle on
which the conversion starts (indicated with the grey slope of the START trigger).
The input source is sampled in the first half of the first cycle.

Figure 25-13.ADC Timing for One Single Conversion without Gain

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

clkADC

START

ADC SAMPLE

IF

CONVERTING BIT msb 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 lsb

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 286

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
Figure 25-14.ADC Timing for One Single Conversion with Increased Sampling Time (SAMPVAL = 6)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

clkADC

START

ADC SAMPLE

IF

CONVERTING BIT msb 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 lsb

25.9.2 Single Conversion with Gain

Figure 25-15 to Figure 25-17 on page 288 show the ADC timing for one single conversion with various gain settings. As
seen in the “Overview” on page 279, the gain stage is built into the ADC. Gain is achieved by running the signal through
a pipeline stage without converting. Compared to a conversion without gain, each gain multiplication of 2 adds one half
ADC clock cycle propagation delay.

Figure 25-15.ADC Timing for One Single Conversion with 2x Gain

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

clkADC

START

ADC SAMPLE

AMPLIFY

IF

CONVERTING BIT msb 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 lsb

Figure 25-16.ADC Timing for One Single Conversion with 8x Gain

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

clkADC

START

ADC SAMPLE

AMPLIFY

IF

CONVERTING BIT msb 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 lsb

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 287

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
Figure 25-17.ADC Timing for One Single Conversion with 64x Gain

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

clkADC

START

ADC SAMPLE

AMPLIFY

IF

CONVERTING BIT msb 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 lsb

25.10 ADC Input Model

The voltage input must charge the sample and hold (S/H) capacitor in the ADC in order to achieve maximum accuracy.
Seen externally, the ADC input consists of an input resistance (Rin = Rchannel + Rswitch) and the S/H capacitor (Csample).
Figure 25-18 and Figure 25-19 show the ADC input channel.

Figure 25-18.ADC Input for Single-ended Measurements

Positive
input
Rchannel Rswitch
CSample

VCC/2

Figure 25-19.ADC Input for Differential Measurements and Differential Measurements with Gain
Positive
input
Rchannel Rswitch
CSample

VCC/2

CSample
Negative
input
Rchannel Rswitch

In order to achieve n bits of accuracy, the source output resistance, Rsource, must be less than the ADC input resistance
on a pin:

Ts
R source  ----------------------------------------------
n+1
- – R channel – R switch
C sample  ln  2 

where the ADC sample time, TS is one-half the ADC clock cycle given by:

1
T s  -------------------
2  f ADC

For details on Rchannel, Rswitch, and Csample, refer to the ADC electrical characteristic in the device datasheet.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 288

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
25.11 DMA Transfer
The DMA controller can be used to transfer ADC conversion results to memory or other peripherals. A new conversion
result can trigger a DMA transaction. Refer to “DMAC - Direct Memory Access Controller” on page 46 for more details on
DMA transfers.

25.12 Interrupts and Events

The ADC can generate interrupt requests and events. The ADC channel has individual interrupt settings and interrupt
vectors. Interrupt requests and events can be generated when an ADC conversion is complete or when an ADC
measurement is above or below the ADC compare register value.

25.13 Calibration
The ADC has built-in linearity calibration. The value from the production test calibration must be loaded from the
signature row and into the ADC calibration register from software to achieve specified accuracy. User calibration of the
linearity is not needed, hence not possible. Offset and gain calibration must be done in software.

25.14 Synchronous Sampling

Starting an ADC conversion can cause an unknown delay between the start trigger or event and the actual conversion
since the peripheral clock is faster than the ADC clock. To start an ADC conversion immediately on an incoming event, it
is possible to flush the ADC of all measurements, reset the ADC clock, and start the conversion at the next peripheral
clock cycle (which then will also be the next ADC clock cycle). If this is done, the ongoing conversions in the ADC will be
lost.
The ADC can be flushed from software, or an incoming event can do this automatically. When this function is used, the
time between each conversion start trigger must be longer than the ADC propagation delay to ensure that one
conversion is finished before the ADC is flushed and the next conversion is started.
It is also important to clear pending events or start ADC conversion commands before doing a flush. If not, pending
conversions will start immediately after the flush.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 289

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
25.15 Register Description – ADC

25.15.1 CTRLA – Control Register A

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x00 – – – – – CH0START FLUSH ENABLE
Read/Write R R R R R R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

 Bit 7:3 – Reserved

These bits are unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write these bits to zero
when this register is written.
 Bit 2 – CH0START: Channel Start Single Conversion
Setting this bit will start an ADC conversion. Bit is cleared by hardware when the conversion has started. Writing this bit
is equivalent to writing the START bits inside the ADC channel register.
 Bit 1 – FLUSH: Pipeline Flush
Setting this bit will flush the ADC. When this is done, the ADC clock is restarted on the next peripheral clock edge, and
the conversion in progress is aborted and lost.
After the flush and the ADC clock restart, the ADC will resume where it left off; i.e., if any conversions were pending,
these will enter the ADC and complete.
 Bit 0 – ENABLE: Enable
Setting this bit enables the ADC.

25.15.2 CTRLB – ADC Control Register B

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x01 – CURRLIMIT[1:0] CONVMODE FREERUN RESOLUTION[1:0] –
Read/Write R R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

 Bit 7 – Reserved
This bit is unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write this bit to zero when this
register is written.
 Bit 6:5 – CURRLIMIT[1:0]: Current Limitation
These bits can be used to limit the current consumption of the ADC by reducing the maximum ADC sample rate. The
available settings are shown in Table 25-1. The indicated current limitations are nominal values. Refer to the device
datasheet for actual current limitation for each setting.

Table 25-1. ADC Current Limitations

CURRLIMIT[1:0] Group configuration Description

00 NO No limit

01 LOW Low current limit, max. sampling rate 225kSPS

10 MED Medium current limit, max. sampling rate 150kSPS

11 HIGH High current limit, max. sampling rate 75kSPS

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 290

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
  Bit 4 – CONVMODE: Conversion Mode
This bit controls whether the ADC will work in signed or unsigned mode. By default, this bit is cleared and the ADC is
configured for unsigned mode. When this bit is set, the ADC is configured for signed mode.
 Bit 3 – FREERUN: Free Running Mode
This bit controls the free running mode for the ADC. Once a conversion is finished, the next input will be sampled and
converted.
 Bit 2:1 – RESOLUTION[1:0]: Conversion Result Resolution
These bits define whether the ADC completes the conversion at 12- or 8-bit result resolution. They also define whether
the 12-bit result is left or right adjusted within the 16-bit result registers. See Table 25-2 for possible settings.

Table 25-2. ADC Conversion Result Resolution

RESOLUTION[1:0] Group configuration Description

00 12BIT 12-bit result, right adjusted

01 – Reserved

10 8BIT 8-bit result, right adjusted

11 LEFT12BIT 12-bit result, left adjusted

 Bit 0 – Reserved
This bit is unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write this bit to zero when this
register is written.

25.15.3 REFCTRL – Reference Control Register

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x02 – REFSEL[2:0] – – BANDGAP TEMPREF
Read/Write R R/W R/W R/W R R R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

 Bit 7 – Reserved
This bit is unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write this bit to zero when this
register is written.
 Bits 6:4 – REFSEL[2:0]: Reference Selection
These bits selects the reference for the ADC according to Table 25-3.

Table 25-3. ADC Reference Selection

REFSEL[2:0] Group configuration Description

000 INT1V 10/11 of bandgap (1.0V)

001 INTVCC VCC/1.6

010 AREFA External reference from AREF pin on PORT A

011 AREFB External reference from AREF pin on PORT B

100 INTVCC2 VCC/2

101 - 111 – Reserved

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 291

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
  Bit 3:2 – Reserved
These bits are unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write these bits to zero
when this register is written.
 Bit 1 – BANDGAP: Bandgap Enable
Setting this bit enables the bandgap for ADC measurement. Note that if any other functions are already using the
bandgap, this bit does not need to be set when the internal 1.00V reference is used for another ADC or if the brownout
detector is enabled.
 Bit 0 – TEMPREF: Temperature Reference Enable
Setting this bit enables the temperature sensor for ADC measurement.

25.15.4 EVCTRL – Event Control Register

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x03 – – – EVSEL[1:0] EVACT[2:0]
Read/Write R R R R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

 Bit 7:5 – Reserved

These bits are unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write these bits to zero
when this register is written.
 Bit 4:3 – EVSEL[1:0]: Event Channel Input Select
These bits select which event channel will trigger the ADC channel. Each setting defines a group of event channels,
where the event channel with the lowest number will trigger ADC channel 0, the next event channel will trigger ADC
channel 1, and so on. See Table 25-4.

Table 25-4. ADC Event Channel Select

EVSEL[1:0] Group configuration Selected event lines

00 0 Event channel 0 selected inputs

01 1 Event channel 1 selected inputs

10 2 Event channel 2 selected inputs

11 3 Event channel 3 selected inputs

 Bit 2:0 – EVACT[2:0]: Event Mode

These bits select and limit how many of the selected event input channel are used, and also further limit the ADC
channels triggers. They also define more special event triggers as defined in Table 25-5.

Table 25-5. ADC Event Mode Select

EVACT[2:0] Group configuration Event input operation mode

000 NONE No event inputs

Event channel with the lowest number defined by EVSEL

001 CH0
triggers conversion on ADC channel

010 – Reserved

011 – Reserved

100 – Reserved

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 292

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
 EVACT[2:0] Group configuration Event input operation mode

101 – Reserved

110 SYNCSWEEP The ADC is flushed and restarted for accurate timing

111 – Reserved

25.15.5 PRESCALER – Clock Prescaler Register

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x04 – – – – – PRESCALER[2:0]
Read/Write R R R R R R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

 Bit 7:3 – Reserved

These bits are unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write these bits to zero
when this register is written.
 Bit 2:0 – PRESCALER[2:0]: Prescaler Configuration
These bits define the ADC clock relative to the peripheral clock according to Table 25-6.

Table 25-6. ADC Prescaler Settings

PRESCALER[2:0] Group configuration Peripheral clock division factor

000 DIV4 4

001 DIV8 8

010 DIV16 16

011 DIV32 32

100 DIV64 64

101 DIV128 128

110 DIV256 256

111 DIV512 512

25.15.6 INTFLAGS – Interrupt Flag Register

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x06 – – – – – – – CH0IF
Read/Write R R R R R R R R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

 Bit 7:1 – Reserved

These bits are unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write these bits to zero
when this register is written.
 Bit 0 – CH0IF: Interrupt Flags
This flag is set when the ADC conversion is complete. If the ADC is configured for compare mode, the interrupt flag will
be set if the compare condition is met. CH0IF is automatically cleared when the ADC interrupt vector is executed. The
flag can also be cleared by writing a one to its bit location.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 293

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
25.15.7 TEMP – Temporary Register

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x07 TEMP[7:0]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

 Bit 7:0 – TEMP[7:0]: Temporary bits

This register is used when reading 16-bit registers in the ADC controller. The high byte of the 16-bit register is stored
here when the low byte is read by the CPU. This register can also be read and written from the user software.
For more details on 16-bit register access, refer to “Accessing 16-bit Registers” on page 13.

25.15.8 SAMPCTRL – Sampling Time Control Register

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x08 – – SAMPVAL[5:0]
Read/Write R R R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

 Bit 7:6 – Reserved

These bits are unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write these bits to zero
when this register is written.
 Bit 5:0 – SAMPVAL[5:0]: sampling time control register
These bits control the ADC sampling time in number of half ADC prescaled clock cycles (depends of ADC_PRESCALER
value), thus controlling the ADC input impedance. Sampling time is set according to the formula:
Sampling time = (SAMPVAL + 1)*(ClkADC /2)

25.15.9 CALL – Calibration Value Register Low

The CALL register pair hold the 12-bit calibration value. The ADC is calibrated during production programming, and the
calibration value must be read from the signature row and written to the CAL register from software.
Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x0C CAL[7:0]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

 Bit 7:0 – CAL[7:0]: ADC Calibration value

These are the eight lsbs of the 12-bit CAL value.

25.15.10CH0RESH – Channel 0 Result Register High

The CH0RESL and CH0RESH register pair represents the 16-bit value, CH0RES. For details on reading 16-bit registers,
refer to “Accessing 16-bit Registers” on page 13.
Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
12-bit, left CHRES[11:4]
12-bit, right – – – – CHRES[11:8]
8-bit – – – – – – – –
Read/Write R R R R R R R R
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 294

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
25.15.10.1 12-bit Mode, Left Adjusted
 Bit 7:0 – CHRES[11:4]: Channel Result High byte
These are the eight msbs of the 12-bit ADC result.

25.15.10.2 12-bit Mode, Right Adjusted

 Bit 7:4 – Reserved
These bits will in practice be the extension of the sign bit, CHRES11, when the ADC works in differential mode, and set
to zero when the ADC works in signed mode.
 Bit 3:0 – CHRES[11:8]: Channel Result High byte
These are the four msbs of the 12-bit ADC result.

25.15.10.3 8-bit Mode

 Bit 7:0 – Reserved
These bits will in practice be the extension of the sign bit, CHRES7, when the ADC works in signed mode, and set to zero
when the ADC works in single-ended mode.

25.15.11 CH0RESL – Channel 0 Result Register Low

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
12-/8-bit,
CHRES[7:0]
right
12-bit, left CHRES[3:0] – – – –
Read/Write R R R R R R R R
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

25.15.11.1 12-/8-bit Mode

 Bit 7:0 – CHRES[7:0]: Channel Result Low byte
These are the eight lsbs of the ADC result.

25.15.11.2 12-bit Mode, Left Adjusted

 Bit 7:4 – CHRES[3:0]: Channel Result Low byte
These are the four lsbs of the 12-bit ADC result.
 Bit 3:0 – Reserved
These bits are unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write these bits to zero
when this register is written.

25.15.12 CMPH – Compare Register High

The CMPH and CMPL register pair represents the 16-bit value, CMP. For details on reading and writing 16-bit registers,
refer to “Accessing 16-bit Registers” on page 13.
Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x19 CMP[15:0]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

 Bit 7:0 – CMP[15:0]: Compare Value High byte

These are the eight msbs of the 16-bit ADC compare value. In signed mode, the number representation is 2's
complement, and the msb is the sign bit.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 295

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
25.15.13 CMPL – Compare Register Low

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x18 CMP[7:0]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

 Bit 7:0 – CMP[7:0]: Compare Value Low byte

These are the eight lsbs of the 16-bit ADC compare value. In signed mode, the number representation is 2's
complement.

25.16 Register Description - ADC Channel

25.16.1 CTRL – Control Register

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x00 START – – GAIN[2:0] INPUTMODE[1:0]
Read/Write R/W R R R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

 Bit 7 – START: START Conversion on Channel

Setting this bit will start a conversion on the channel. The bit is cleared by hardware when the conversion has started.
Setting this bit when it already is set will have no effect. Writing or reading this bit is equivalent to writing the
CH[3:0]START bits in “CTRLA – Control Register A” on page 290.
 Bit 6:5 – Reserved
These bits are unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write these bits to zero
when this register is written.
 Bit 4:2 – GAIN[2:0]: Gain Factor
These bits define the gain factor for the ADC gain stage.
See Table 25-7. Gain is valid only with certain MUX settings. See “MUXCTRL – MUX Control Registers” on page 297.

Table 25-7. ADC Gain Factor

GAIN[2:0] Group configuration Gain factor

000 1X 1x

001 2X 2x

010 4X 4x

011 8X 8x

100 16X 16x

101 32X 32x

110 64X 64x

111 DIV2 ½x

 Bit 1:0 – INPUTMODE[1:0]: Channel Input Mode

These bits define the channel mode.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 296

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
 Table 25-8. Channel Input Modes, CONVMODE=0 (Unsigned Mode)

INPUTMODE[1:0] Group configuration Description

00 INTERNAL Internal positive input signal

01 SINGLEENDED Single-ended positive input signal

10 – Reserved

11 – Reserved

Table 25-9. Channel Input Modes, CONVMODE=1 (Singed Mode)

INPUTMODE[1:0] Group configuration Description

00 INTERNAL Internal positive input signal

01 SINGLEENDED Single-ended positive input signal

10 DIFF Differential input signal

11 DIFFWGAIN Differential input signal with gain

25.16.2 MUXCTRL – MUX Control Registers

The MUXCTRL register defines the input source for the channel.
Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x01 – MUXPOS[3:0] MUXNEG[2:0]
Read/Write R R/W R/W R/W R/W R R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

 Bit 7 – Reserved
This bit is unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write this bit to zero when this
register is written.

 Bit 6:3 – MUXPOS[3:0]: MUX Selection on Positive ADC Input

These bits define the MUX selection for the positive ADC input. Table 25-10 and Table 25-11 on page 298 show the
possible input selection for the different input modes.

Table 25-10. ADC MUXPOS Configuration when INPUTMODE[1:0] = 00 (Internal) is Used

MUXPOS[3:0] Group configuration Description

0000 TEMP Temperature reference

0001 BANDGAP Bandgap voltage

0010 SCALEDVCC 1/10 scaled VCC

0011 – Reserved

0100-1111 – Reserved

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 297

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
Table 25-11. ADC MUXPOS Configuration when INPUTMODE[1:0] = 01 (Single-ended), INPUTMODE[1:0] = 10 (Differen-
tial) or INPUTMODE[1:0] = 11 (Differential with Gain) is used

MUXPOS[3:0] Group configuration Description

0000 PIN0 ADC0 pin

0001 PIN1 ADC1 pin

0010 PIN2 ADC2 pin

0011 PIN3 ADC3 pin

0100 PIN4 ADC4 pin

0101 PIN5 ADC5 pin

0110 PIN6 ADC6 pin

0111 PIN7 ADC7 pin

1000 PIN8 ADC8 pin

1001 PIN9 ADC9 pin

1010 PIN10 ADC10 pin

1011 PIN11 ADC11 pin

1100 PIN12 ADC12 pin

1101 PIN13 ADC13 pin

1110 PIN14 ADC14 pin

1111 PIN15 ADC15 pin

Depending on the device pin count and feature configuration, the actual number of analog input pins may be less than
16. Refer to the device datasheet and pin-out description for details.

 Bit 2:0 – MUXNEG[2:0]: MUX Selection on Negative ADC Input

These bits define the MUX selection for the negative ADC input when differential measurements are done. For internal or
single-ended measurements, these bits are not used.
Table 25-12 and Table 25-13 on page 299 show the possible input sections.

Table 25-12. ADC MUXNEG Configuration, INPUTMODE[1:0] = 10, Differential without Gain

MUXNEG[2:0] Group configuration Analog input

000 PIN0 ADC0 pin

001 PIN1 ADC1 pin

010 PIN2 ADC2 pin

011 PIN3 ADC3 pin

100 – Reserved

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 298

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
 MUXNEG[2:0] Group configuration Analog input

101 GND PAD ground

110 – Reserved

111 INTGND Internal ground

Table 25-13. ADC MUXNEG Configuration, INPUTMODE[1:0] = 11, Differential with Gain

MUXNEG[2:0] Group configuration Analog input

000 PIN4 ADC4 pin

001 PIN5 ADC5 pin

010 PIN6 ADC6 pin

011 PIN7 ADC7 pin

100 INTGND Internal ground

101 – Reserved

110 – Reserved

111 GND PAD ground

25.16.3 INTCTRL – Interrupt Control Registers

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x02 – – – – INTMODE[1:0} INTLVL[1:0]
Read/Write R R R R R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

 Bits 7:4 – Reserved

These bits are unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write these bits to zero
when this register is written.
 Bit 3:2 – INTMODE: Interrupt Mode
These bits select the interrupt mode for the channel according to Table 25-5 on page 292.

Table 25-14. ADC Interrupt Mode

INTMODE[1:0] Group configuration Interrupt mode

00 COMPLETE Conversion complete

01 BELOW Compare result below threshold

10 – Reserved

11 ABOVE Compare result above threshold

 Bits 1:0 – INTLVL[1:0]: Interrupt Priority Level and Enable

These bits enable the ADC channel interrupt and select the interrupt level, as described in “Interrupts and Programmable
Multilevel Interrupt Controller” on page 112. The enabled interrupt will be triggered for conditions when the IF bit in the
INTFLAGS register is set.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 299

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
25.16.4 INTFLAGS – Interrupt Flag Registers

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x03 – – – – – – – IF
Read/Write R R R R R R R R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

 Bit 7:1 – Reserved

These bits are unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write these bits to zero
when this register is written.
 Bit 0 – IF: Interrupt Flag
The interrupt flag is set when the ADC conversion is complete. If the channel is configured for compare mode, the flag
will be set if the compare condition is met. IF is automatically cleared when the ADC channel interrupt vector is executed.
The bit can also be cleared by writing a one to the bit location.

25.16.5 RESH – Result Register High

For all result registers and with any ADC result resolution, a signed number is represented in 2’s complement form, and
the msb represents the sign bit.
The RESL and RESH register pair represents the 16-bit value, ADCRESULT. Reading and writing 16-bit values require
special attention. Refer to “Accessing 16-bit Registers” on page 13 for details.

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
12-bit, left. RES[11:4]
12-bit, right +0x05 – – – – RES[11:8]
8-bit – – – – – – – –
Read/Write R R R R R R R R
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

25.16.5.1 12-bit Mode, Left Adjusted

 Bit 7:0 – RES[11:4]: Channel Result High byte
These are the eight msbs of the 12-bit ADC result.

25.16.5.2 12-bit Mode, Right Adjusted

 Bit 7:4 – Reserved
These bits will in practice be the extension of the sign bit, CHRES11, when the ADC works in differential mode, and set
to zero when the ADC works in signed mode.
 Bits 3:0 – RES[11:8]: Channel Result High bits
These are the four msbs of the 12-bit ADC result.

25.16.5.3 8-bit Mode

 Bit 7:0 – Reserved
These bits will in practice be the extension of the sign bit, CHRES7, when the ADC works in signed mode, and set to zero
when the ADC works in single-ended mode.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 300

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
25.16.6 RESL – Result Register Low

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
12-/8-bit,
RES[7:0]
right +0x04
12-bit, left. RES[3:0] – – – –
Read/Write R R R R R R R R
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

25.16.6.1 12-/8-bit Mode

 Bit 7:0 – RES[7:0]: Result Low byte
These are the eight lsbs of the ADC result.

25.16.6.2 12-bit Mode, Left Adjusted

 Bit 7:4 – RES[3:0]: Result Low bits
These are the four lsbs of the 12-bit ADC result.
 Bit 3:0 – Reserved
These bits are unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write these bits to zero
when this register is written.

25.16.7 SCAN – Input Channel Scan Register

Scan is enabled when COUNT is set differently than 0.
Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x06 OFFSET[3:0] COUNT[3:0]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

 Bit 7:4 – OFFSET[3:0]: Positive MUX Setting Offset

The channel scan is enabled when COUNT != 0 and this register contains the offset for the next input source to be
converted on ADC channel. The actual MUX setting for positive input equals MUXPOS + OFFSET. The value is
incremented after each conversion until it reaches the maximum value given by COUNT. When OFFSET is equal to
COUNT, OFFSET will be cleared on the next conversion.
 Bit 3:0 – COUNT[3:0]: Number of Input Channels Included in Scan
This register gives the number of input sources included in the channel scan. The number of input sources included is
COUNT + 1. The input channels included are the range from MUXPOS + OFFSET to MUXPOS + OFFSET + COUNT.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 301

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
25.17 Register Summary – ADC
This is the register summary when the ADC is configured to give standard 12-bit results. The register summaries for 8-bit and 12-
bit left adjusted will be similar, but with some changes in the result registers, CH0RESH and CH0RESL.

Address Name Bit 7 Bit 6 Bit 5 Bit 4 Bit 3 Bit 2 Bit 1 Bit 0 Page
+0x00 CTRLA – – – – – CH0STAR FLUSH ENABLE 290
+0x01 CTRLB – CURRLIMIT[1:0] CONVMODE FREERUN RESOLUTION[1:0] – 290
+0x02 REFCTRL – REFSEL[2:0] – – BANDGAP TEMPREF 291
+0x03 EVCTRL – – – EVSEL[1:0] EVACT[2:0] 292
+0x04 PRESCALER – – – – – PRESCALER[2:0] 293
+0x05 Reserved – – – – – – – –
+0x06 INTFLAGS – – – – – – – CH0IF 293
+0x07 TEMP TEMP[7:0] 294
+0x08 SAMPCTRL – – SAMPVAL[5:0] 294
+0x09 Reserved – – – – – – – –
+0x0A Reserved – – – – – – – –
+0x0B Reserved – – – – – – – –
+0x0C CALL CAL[7:0] 294
+0x0D Reserved – – – – – – – –
+0x0E Reserved – – – – – – – –
+0x0F Reserved – – – – – – – –
+0x10 CH0RESL CH0RES[7:0] 295
+0x11 CH0RESH CH0RES[15:8] 294
+0x12 Reserved – – – – – – – –
+0x13 Reserved – – – – – – – –
+0x14 Reserved – – – – – – – –
+0x15 Reserved – – – – – – – –
+0x16 Reserved – – – – – – – –
+0x17 Reserved – – – – – – – –
+0x18 CMPL CMP[7:0] 296
+0x19 CMPH CMP[15:8] 295
+0x1A Reserved – – – – – – – –
+0x1B Reserved – – – – – – – –
+0x1C Reserved – – – – – – – –
+0x1D Reserved – – – – – – – –
+0x1E Reserved – – – – – – – –
+0x1F Reserved – – – – – – – –
+0x20 CH0 Offset Offset address for ADC channel
+0x28 Reserved – – – – – – – –
+0x30 Reserved – – – – – – – –
+0x38 Reserved – – – – – – – –

25.18 Register Summary – ADC Channel

Address Name Bit 7 Bit 6 Bit 5 Bit 4 Bit 3 Bit 2 Bit 1 Bit 0 Page
+0x00 CTRL START – – GAIN[2:0] INPUTMODE[1:0] 296
+0x01 MUXCTRL – MUXPOS[3:0] MUXNEG[2:0] 297
+0x02 INTCTRL – – – – INTMODE[1:0] INTLVL[1:0] 299
+0x03 INTFLAGS – – – – – – – IF 300
+0x04 RESL RES[7:0] 301
+0x05 RESH RES[15:8] 300
+0x06 SCAN OFFSET COUNT 301
+0x07 Reserved – – – – – – – –

25.19 Interrupt Vector Summary

Offset Source Interrupt description

0x00 CH0 Analog-to-digital converter channel 0 interrupt vector

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 302

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
26. AC – Analog Comparator

26.1 Features
 Selectable hysteresis
 None
 Small
 Large
 Analog comparator output available on pin
 Flexible input selection
 All pins on the port
 Bandgap reference voltage
 A 64-level programmable voltage scaler of the internal AVCC voltage
 Interrupt and event generation on:
 Rising edge
 Falling edge
 Toggle
 Window function interrupt and event generation on:
 Signal above window
 Signal inside window
 Signal below window
 Constant current source with configurable output pin selection

26.2 Overview
The analog comparator (AC) compares the voltage levels on two inputs and gives a digital output based on this
comparison. The analog comparator may be configured to generate interrupt requests and/or events upon several
different combinations of input change.
The analog comparator hysteresis can be adjusted in order to achieve the optimal operation for each application.
The input selection includes analog port pins, several internal signals, and a 64-level programmable voltage scaler. The
analog comparator output state can also be output on a pin for use by external devices.
A constant current source can be enabled and output on a selectable pin. This can be used to replace, for example,
external resistors used to charge capacitors in capacitive touch sensing applications.
The analog comparators are always grouped in pairs on each port. These are called analog comparator 0 (AC0) and
analog comparator 1 (AC1). They have identical behavior, but separate control registers. Used as pair, they can be set in
window mode to compare a signal to a voltage range instead of a voltage level.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 303

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
Figure 26-1. Analog Comparator Overview

Pin Input

AC0OUT
AC0
Pin Input
-
Hysteresis
Voltage Enable
Interrupt Interrupts
Scaler Interrupt Sensititivity
Mode Control
ACnMUXCTRL ACnCTRL WINCTRL &
Window Events
Bandgap Function
Enable

Hysteresis
+
Pin Input
AC1OUT
AC1
-

Pin Input

26.3 Input Sources

Each analog comparator has one positive and one negative input. Each input may be chosen from a selection of analog
input pins and internal inputs such as a AVCC voltage scaler. The digital output from the analog comparator is one when
the difference between the positive and the negative input voltage is positive, and zero otherwise.

26.3.1 Pin Inputs

Any of analog input pins on the port can be selected as input to the analog comparator.

26.3.2 Internal Inputs

Two internal inputs are available for the analog comparator:
 Bandgap reference voltage
 Voltage scaler, which provides a 64-level scaling of the internal AVCC voltage

26.4 Signal Compare

In order to start a signal comparison, the analog comparator must be configured with the preferred properties and inputs
before the module is enabled. The result of the comparison is continuously updated and available for application
software and the event system.

26.5 Interrupts and Events

The analog comparator can be configured to generate interrupts when the output toggles, when the output changes from
zero to one (rising edge), or when the output changes from one to zero (falling edge). Events are generated at all times
for the same condition as the interrupt, regardless of whether the interrupt is enabled or not.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 304

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
26.6 Window Mode
Two analog comparators on the same port can be configured to work together in window mode. In this mode, a voltage
range is defined, and the analog comparators give information about whether an input signal is within this range or not.

Figure 26-2. The Analog Comparators in Window Mode

+
AC0
Upper limit of window -
Interrupts
Interrupt
Input signal sensitivity
Events
control

+
AC1
Lower limit of window
-

26.7 Input Hysteresis

Application software can select between no-, low-, and high hysteresis for the comparison. Applying a hysteresis will help
prevent constant toggling of the output that can be caused by noise when the input signals are close to each other.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 305

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
26.8 Register Description

26.8.1 ACnCTRL – Analog Comparator n Control Register

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x00 / +0x01 INTMODE[1:0] INTLVL[1:0] – HYSMODE[2:0] ENABLE
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

 Bit 7:6 – INTMODE[1:0]: Interrupt Modes

These bits configure the interrupt mode for analog comparator n according to Table 26-1.

Table 26-1. Interrupt Settings

INTMODE[1:0] Group configuration Description

00 BOTHEDGES Comparator interrupt or event on output toggle

01 – Reserved

10 FALLING Comparator interrupt or event on falling output edge

11 RISING Comparator interrupt or event on rising output edge

 Bit 5:4 – INTLVL[1:0]: Interrupt Level

These bits enable the analog comparator n interrupt and select the interrupt level, as described in “Interrupts and
Programmable Multilevel Interrupt Controller” on page 112. The enabled interrupt will trigger according to the INTMODE
setting.
 Bit 3 – Reserved
This bit is unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write this bit to zero when this
register is written.
 Bit 2:1 – HYSMODE[1:0]: Hysteresis Mode Select
These bits select the hysteresis mode according to Table 26-2. For details on actual hysteresis levels, refer to the device
datasheet.

Table 26-2. Hysteresis Settings

HYSMODE[1:0] Group configuration Description

00 NO No hysteresis

01 SMALL Small hysteresis

10 LARGE Large hysteresis

11 – Reserved

 Bit 0 – ENABLE: Enable

Setting this bit enables analog comparator n.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 306

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
26.8.2 ACnMUXCTRL – Analog Comparator n MUX Control Register

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x02 / +0x03 – – MUXPOS[2:0] MUXNEG[2:0]
Read/Write R R R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

 Bit 7:6 – Reserved

These bits are unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write these bits to zero
when this register is written.
 Bit 5:3 – MUXPOS[2:0]: Positive Input MUX Selection
These bits select which input will be connected to the positive input of analog comparator n according to Table 26-3.

Table 26-3. Positive Input MUX Selection

MUXPOS[2:0] Group configuration Description

000 PIN0 Pin 0

001 PIN1 Pin 1

010 PIN2 Pin 2

011 PIN3 Pin 3

100 PIN4 Pin 4

101 PIN5 Pin 5

110 PIN6 Pin 6

111 – Reserved

 Bit 2:0 – MUXNEG[2:0]: Negative Input MUX Selection

These bits select which input will be connected to the negative input of analog comparator n according to Table 26-4.

Table 26-4. Negative Input MUX Selection

MUXNEG[2:0] Group configuration Negative input MUX selection

000 PIN0 Pin 0

001 PIN1 Pin 1

010 PIN3 Pin 3

011 PIN5 Pin 5

100 PIN7 Pin 7

101 – Reserved

110 BANDGAP Internal bandgap voltage

111 SCALER AVCC voltage scaler

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 307

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
26.8.3 CTRLA – Control Register A

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x04 – – – – – – AC1OUT AC0OUT
Read/Write R R R R R R R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

 Bit 7:2 – Reserved

These bits are unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write these bits to zero
when this register is written.
 Bit 1 – AC1OUT: Analog Comparator 1 Output
Setting this bit makes the output of AC1 available on pin 6 of the port.
 Bit 0 – AC0OUT: Analog Comparator 0 Output
Setting this bit makes the output of AC0 available on pin 7 of the port.

26.8.4 CTRLB – Control Register B

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x05 – – SCALEFAC[5:0]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

 Bit 7:6 – Reserved

These bits are unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write these bits to zero
when this register is written.
 Bit 5:0 – SCALEFAC[5:0]: Voltage Scaling Factor
These bits define the scaling factor for the AVCC voltage scaler. The input to the analog comparator, VSCALE, is:

V CC   SCALEFAC + 1 
V SCALE = ------------------------------------------------------------
64

26.8.5 WINCTRL – Window Function Control Register

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x06 – – – WEN WINTMODE[1:0] WINTLVL[1:0]
Read/Write R R R R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

 Bit 7:5 – Reserved

These bits are unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write these bits to zero
when this register is written.
 Bit 4 – WEN: Window Mode Enable
Setting this bit enables the analog comparator window mode.
 Bits 3:2 – WINTMODE[1:0]: Window Interrupt Mode Settings
These bits configure the interrupt mode for the analog comparator window mode according to Table 26-5 on page 309.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 308

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
 Table 26-5. Window Mode Interrupt Settings

WINTMODE[1:0] Group Configuration Description

00 ABOVE Interrupt on signal above window

01 INSIDE Interrupt on signal inside window

10 BELOW Interrupt on signal below window

11 OUTSIDE Interrupt on signal outside window

 Bits 1:0 – WINTLVL[1:0]: Window Interrupt Enable

These bits enable the analog comparator window mode interrupt and select the interrupt level, as described in “Interrupts
and Programmable Multilevel Interrupt Controller” on page 112. The enabled interrupt will trigger according to the
WINTMODE setting.

26.8.6 STATUS – Status Register

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x07 WSTATE[1:0] AC1STATE AC0STATE – WIF AC1IF AC0IF
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

 Bits 7:6 – WSTATE[1:0]: Window Mode Current State

These bits show the current state of the signal if window mode is enabled according to Table 26-6.

Table 26-6. Window Mode Current State

WSTATE[1:0] Group configuration Description

00 ABOVE Signal is above window

01 INSIDE Signal is inside window

10 BELOW Signal is below window

11 OUTSIDE Signal is outside window

 Bit 5 – AC1STATE: Analog Comparator 1 Current State

This bit shows the current state of the output signal from AC1.
 Bit 4 – AC0STATE: Analog Comparator 0 Current State
This bit shows the current state of the output signal fromAC0.
 Bit 3 – Reserved
This bit is unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write this bit to zero when this
register is written.
 Bit 2 – WIF: Analog Comparator Window Interrupt Flag
This is the interrupt flag for the window mode. WIF is set according to the WINTMODE setting in the “WINCTRL –
Window Function Control Register” on page 308.
This flag is automatically cleared when the analog comparator window interrupt vector is executed. The flag can also be
cleared by writing a one to its bit location.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 309

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
  Bit 1 – AC1IF: Analog Comparator 1 Interrupt Flag
This is the interrupt flag for AC1. AC1IF is set according to the INTMODE setting in the corresponding “ACnCTRL –
Analog Comparator n Control Register” on page 306.
This flag is automatically cleared when the analog comparator 1 interrupt vector is executed. The flag can also be
cleared by writing a one to its bit location.
 Bit 0 – AC0IF: Analog Comparator 0 Interrupt Flag
This is the interrupt flag for AC0. AC0IF is set according to the INTMODE setting in the corresponding “ACnCTRL –
Analog Comparator n Control Register” on page 306.
This flag is automatically cleared when the analog comparator 0 interrupt vector is executed. The flag can also be
cleared by writing a one to its bit location.

26.8.7 CURRCTRL – Current Source Control Register

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x08 CURRENT – – – – – AC1CURR AC0CURR
Read/Write R/W R R R R R R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

 Bit 7 – CURRENT: Current Source Enable

Setting this bit to one will enable the constant current source.
 Bit 6:2 – Reserved
These bits are unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write these bits to zero
when this register is written.
 Bit 1 – AC1CURR: AC1 Current Source Output Enable
Setting this bit to one will enable the constant current source output on the pin selected by MUXNEG in AC1MUXTRL.
 Bit 0 – AC0CURR: AC0 Current Source Output Enable
Setting this bit to one will enable the constant current source output on the pin selected by MUXNEG in AC0MUXTRL.

26.8.8 CURRCALIB – Current Source Calibration Register

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x09 – – – – CALIB[3:0]
Read/Write R R R R R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

 Bits 7:4 – Reserved

These bits are unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write these bits to zero
when this register is written.
 Bit 3:0 – CALIB[3:0]: Current Source Calibration
The constant current source is calibrated during production. A calibration value can be read from the signature row and
written to the CURRCALIB register from software. Refer to device data sheet for default calibration values and user
calibration range.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 310

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
26.9 Register Summary
Address Name Bit 7 Bit 6 Bit 5 Bit 4 Bit 3 Bit 2 Bit 1 Bit 0 Page
+0x00 AC0CTRL INTMODE[1:0] INTLVL[1:0] – HYSMODE[1:0] ENABLE 306
+0x01 AC1CTRL INTMODE[1:0] INTLVL[1:0] – HYSMODE[1:0] ENABLE 306
+0x02 AC0MUXCTRL – – MUXPOS[2:0] MUXNEG[2:0] 307
+0x03 AC1MUXCTRL – – MUXPOS[2:0] MUXNEG[2:0] 307
+0x04 CTRLA – – – – – – AC1OUT ACOOUT 308
+0x05 CTRLB – – SCALEFAC5:0] 308
+0x06 WINCTRL – – – WEN WINTMODE[1:0] WINTLVL[1:0] 308
+0x07 STATUS WSTATE[1:0] AC1STATE AC0STATE – WIF AC1IF AC0IF 309
+0x08 CURRCTRL CURRENT – – – – – AC1CURR AC0CURR 310
+0x09 CURRCALIB – – – – CALIB[3:0] 310

26.10 Interrupt Vector Summary

Offset Source Interrupt description

0x00 COMP0_vect Analog comparator 0 interrupt vector

0x02 COMP1_vect Analog comparator 1 interrupt vector

0x04 WINDOW_vect Analog comparator window interrupt vector

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 311

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
27. Program and Debug Interface

27.1 Features
 Programming
 External programming through PDI interface
 Minimal protocol overhead for fast operation
 Built-in error detection and handling for reliable operation
 Boot loader support for programming through any communication interface
 Debugging
 Nonintrusive, real-time, on-chip debug system
 No software or hardware resources required from device except pin connection
 Program flow control
 Go, Stop, Reset, Step Into, Step Over, Step Out, Run-to-Cursor
 Unlimited number of user program breakpoints
 Unlimited number of user data breakpoints, break on:
 Data location read, write, or both read and write
 Data location content equal or not equal to a value
 Data location content is greater or smaller than a value
 Data location content is within or outside a range
 No limitation on device clock frequency
 Program and Debug Interface (PDI)
 Two-pin interface for external programming and debugging
 Uses the Reset pin and a dedicated pin
 No I/O pins required during programming or debugging

27.2 Overview
The Program and Debug Interface (PDI) is an Atmel proprietary interface for external programming and on-chip
debugging of a device.
The PDI supports fast programming of nonvolatile memory (NVM) spaces; flash, EEPOM, fuses, lock bits, and the user
signature row. This is done by accessing the NVM controller and executing NVM controller commands, as described in
“Memory Programming” on page 323.
Debug is supported through an on-chip debug system that offers nonintrusive, real-time debug. It does not require any
software or hardware resources except for the device pin connection. Using the Atmel tool chain, it offers complete
program flow control and support for an unlimited number of program and complex data breakpoints. Application debug
can be done from a C or other high-level language source code level, as well as from an assembler and disassembler
level.
Programming and debugging can be done through the PDI physical layer. This is a two-pin interface that uses the Reset
pin for the clock input (PDI_CLK) and one other dedicated pin for data input and output (PDI_DATA). Any external
programmer or on-chip debugger/emulator can be directly connected to this interface.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 312

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
 Figure 27-1. The PDI and PDI Physical Layers and Closely Related Modules (grey)
PDIBUS Internal Interfaces
Program and Debug Interface (PDI)

OCD

PDI_CLK PDI Physical PDI NVM

PDI_DATA (physical layer) Controller Memories

NVM
Controller

27.3 PDI Physical

The PDI physical layer handles the low-level serial communication. It uses a bidirectional, half-duplex, synchronous
serial receiver and transmitter (just as a USART in USRT mode). The physical layer includes start-of-frame detection,
frame error detection, parity generation, parity error detection, and collision detection.
In addition to PDI_CLK and PDI_DATA, the PDI_DATA pin has an internal pull resistor, VCC and GND must be
connected between the External Programmer/debugger and the device. Figure 27-2 shows a typical connection.

Figure 27-2. PDI Connection

VCC
PDI Connector

PDI_CLK

PDI_DATA

GND

The remainder of this section is intended for use only by third parties developing programmers or programming support
for Atmel AVR XMEGA devices.

27.3.1 Enabling
The PDI physical layer must be enabled before use. This is done by first forcing the PDI_DATA line high for a period
longer than the equivalent external reset minimum pulse width (refer to device datasheet for external reset pulse width
data). This will disable the RESET functionality of the Reset pin, if not already disabled by the fuse settings.
Next, continue to keep the PDI_DATA line high for 16 PDI_CLK cycles. The first PDI_CLK cycle must start no later than
100µs after the RESET functionality of the Reset pin is disabled. If this does not occur in time, the enabling procedure
must start over again. The enable sequence is shown in Figure 27-3 on page 314.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 313

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
 Figure 27-3. PDI Physical Layer Enable Sequence

Disable RESET function on Reset (PDI_CLK) pin Activate PDI

PDI_DATA

PDI_CLK

The Reset pin is sampled when the PDI interface is enabled. The reset register is then set according to the state of the
Reset pin, preventing the device from running code after the reset functionality of this pin is disabled.

27.3.2 Disabling
If the clock frequency on PDI_CLK is lower than approximately 10kHz, this is regarded as inactivity on the clock line. This
will automatically disable the PDI. If not disabled by a fuse, the reset function of the Reset (PDI_CLK) pin is enabled
again. This also means that the minimum programming frequency is approximately 10kHz.

27.3.3 Frame Format and Characters

The PDI physical layer uses a frame format defined as one character of eight data bits, with a start bit, a parity bit, and
two stop bits.

Figure 27-4. PDI Serial Frame Format

FRAME

(IDLE) St 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 P Sp1 Sp2 (St/IDLE)

St Start bit, always low

(0-7) Data bits (0 to 7)
P Parity bit, even parity used
Sp1 Stop bit 1, always high
Sp2 Stop bit 2, always high

Three different characters are used, DATA, BREAK, and IDLE. The BREAK character is equal to a 12-bit length of low
level. The IDLE character is equal to a 12- bit length of high level. The BREAK and IDLE characters can be extended
beyond the 12-bit length.

Figure 27-5. Characters and Timing for the PDI Physical Layer
1 DATA character

START 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 P STOP

1 BREAK character

BREAK

1 IDLE character

IDLE

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 314

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
27.3.4 Serial Transmission and Reception
The PDI physical layer is either in transmit (TX) or receive (RX) mode. By default, it is in RX mode, waiting for a start bit.
The programmer and the PDI operate synchronously on the PDI_CLK provided by the programmer. The dependency
between the clock edges and data sampling or data change is fixed. As illustrated in Figure 27-6, output data (either from
the programmer or the PDI) is always set up (changed) on the falling edge of PDI_CLK and sampled on the rising edge
of PDI_CLK.

Figure 27-6. Changing and Sampling of Data

PDI_CLK

PDI_DATA

Sample Sample Sample

27.3.5 Serial Transmission

When a data transmission is initiated, by the PDI controller, the transmitter simply shifts out the start bit, data bits, parity
bit, and the two stop bits on the PDI_DATA line. The transmission speed is dictated by the PDI_CLK signal. While in
transmission mode, IDLE bits (high bits) are automatically transmitted to fill possible gaps between successive DATA
characters. If a collision is detected during transmission, the output driver is disabled, and the interface is put into RX
mode waiting for a BREAK character.

27.3.6 Serial Reception

When a start bit is detected, the receiver starts to collect the eight data bits. If the parity bit does not correspond to the
parity of the data bits, a parity error has occurred. If one or both of the stop bits are low, a frame error has occurred. If the
parity bit is correct, and no frame error is detected, the received data bits are available for the PDI controller.
When the PDI is in TX mode, a BREAK character signaled by the programmer will not be interpreted as a BREAK, but
will instead cause a generic data collision. When the PDI is in RX mode, a BREAK character will be recognized as a
BREAK. By transmitting two successive BREAK characters (which must be separated by one or more high bits), the last
BREAK character will always be recognized as a BREAK, regardless of whether the PDI was in TX or RX mode initially.
This is because in TX mode the first BREAK is seen as a collision. The PDI then shifts to RX mode and sees the second
BREAK as break.

27.3.7 Direction Change

In order to ensure correct timing for half-duplex operation, a guard time mechanism is used. When the PDI changes from
RX mode to TX mode, a configurable number of IDLE bits are inserted before the start bit is transmitted. The minimum
transition time between RX and TX mode is two IDLE cycles, and these are always inserted. The default guard time
value is 128 bits.

Figure 27-7. PDI Direction Change by Inserting IDLE Bits

1 DATA character Dir. change 1 DATA character

St PDI DATA Receive (RX) P Sp1 Sp2 IDLE bits St PDI DATA Transmit (TX) P Sp1 Sp2

Data from Guard time Data from

Programmer to # IDLE bits PDI interface
PDI interface inserted to Programmer

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 315

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
 The external programmer will loose control of the PDI_DATA line at the point where the PDI changes from RX to TX
mode. The guard time relaxes this critical phase of the communication. When the programmer changes from RX mode to
TX mode, a single IDLE bit, at minimum, should be inserted before the start bit is transmitted.

27.3.8 Drive Contention and Collision Detection

In order to reduce the effect of drive contention (the PDI and the programmer driving the PDI_DATA line at the same
time), a mechanism for collision detection is used. The mechanism is based on the way the PDI drives data out on the
PDI_DATA line. As shown in Figure 27-8, the PDI output driver is active only when the output value changes (from 0-1 or
1-0). Hence, if two or more successive bit values are the same, the value is actively driven only on the first clock cycle.
After this point, the PDI output driver is automatically tri-stated, and the PDI_DATA pin has a bus keeper responsible for
keeping the pin value unchanged until the output driver is re-enabled due to a change in the bit value.

Figure 27-8. Driving Data out on the PDI_DATA Using a Bus Keeper

PDI_CLK

Output enable

PDI Output

PDI_DATA
1 0 1 1 0 0 1

If the programmer and the PDI both drive the PDI_DATA line at the same time, drive contention will occur, as illustrated
in Figure 27-9. Every time a bit value is kept for two or more clock cycles, the PDI is able to verify that the correct bit
value is driven on the PDI_DATA line. If the programmer is driving the PDI_DATA line to the opposite bit value to what
the PDI expects, a collision is detected.

Figure 27-9. Drive Contention and Collision Detection on the PDI_DATA Line

PDI_CLK

PDI Output

Programmer
output

PDI_DATA
1 0 X 1 X 1 1

Collision detect

= Collision

As long as the PDI transmits alternating ones and zeros, collisions cannot be detected, because the PDI output driver will
be active all the time, preventing polling of the PDI_DATA line. However, the two stop bits should always be transmitted
as ones within a single frame, enabling collision detection at least once per frame.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 316

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
27.4 PDI Controller
The PDI controller performs data transmission/reception on a byte level, command decoding, high-level direction control,
control and status register access, exception handling, and clock switching (PDI_CLK or TCK). The interaction between
an external programmer and the PDI controller is based on a scheme where the programmer transmits various types of
requests to the PDI controller, which in turn responds according to the specific request. A programmer request comes in
the form of an instruction, which may be followed by one or more byte operands. The PDI controller response may be
silent (e.g., a data byte is stored to a location within the device), or it may involve data being returned to the programmer
(e.g., a data byte is read from a location within the device).

27.4.1 Accessing Internal Interfaces

After an external programmer has established communication with the PDI, the internal interfaces are not accessible, by
default. To get access to the NVM controller and the nonvolatile memories for programming, a unique key must be
signaled by using the KEY instruction. The internal interfaces are accessed as one linear address space using a
dedicated bus (PDIBUS) between the PDI and the internal interfaces. The PDIBUS address space is shown in Figure 28-
3 on page 337. The NVM controller must be enabled for the PDI controller to have any access to the NVM interface. The
PDI controller can access the NVM and NVM controller in programming mode only. The PDI controller does not need to
access the NVM controller's data or address registers when reading or writing NVM.

27.4.2 NVM Programming Key

The key that must be sent using the KEY instruction is 64 bits long. The key that will enable NVM programming is:
0x1289AB45CDD888FF

27.4.3 Exception Handling

There are several situations that are considered exceptions from normal operation. The exceptions depend on whether
the PDI is in RX or TX mode.
While the PDI is in RX mode, the exceptions are:
 PDI:
 The physical layer detects a parity error
 The physical layer detects a frame error
 The physical layer recognizes a BREAK character (also detected as a frame error)
While the PDI is in TX mode, the exceptions are:
 PDI:
 The physical layer detects a data collision
Exceptions are signaled to the PDI controller. All ongoing operations are then aborted, and the PDI is put in ERROR
state. The PDI will remain in ERROR state until a BREAK is sent from the external programmer, and this will bring the
PDI back to its default RX state.
Due to this mechanism, the programmer can always synchronize the protocol by transmitting two successive BREAK
characters.

27.4.4 Reset Signalling

Through the reset register, the programmer can issue a reset and force the device into reset. After clearing the reset
register, reset is released, unless some other reset source is active.

27.4.5 Instruction Set

The PDI has a small instruction set used for accessing both the PDI itself and the internal interfaces. All instructions are
byte instructions. The instructions allow an external programmer to access the PDI controller, the NVM controller and the
nonvolatile memories.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 317

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
27.4.5.1 LDS - Load Data from PDIBUS Data Space using Direct Addressing
The LDS instruction is used to load data from the PDIBUS data space for read out. The LDS instruction is based on direct
addressing, which means that the address must be given as an argument to the instruction. Even though the protocol is
based on byte-wise communication, the LDS instruction supports multiple-byte addresses and data access. Four
different address/data sizes are supported: single-byte, word (two bytes), three-byte, and long (four bytes). Multiple-byte
access is broken down internally into repeated single-byte accesses, but this reduces protocol overhead. When using the
LDS instruction, the address byte(s) must be transmitted before the data transfer.

27.4.5.2 STS - Store Data to PDIBUS Data Space using Direct Addressing
The STS instruction is used to store data that are serially shifted into the physical layer shift register to locations within
the PDIBUS data space. The STS instruction is based on direct addressing, which means that the address must be given
as an argument to the instruction. Even though the protocol is based on byte-wise communication, the ST instruction
supports multiple-bytes addresses and data access. Four different address/data sizes are supported: single-byte, word
(two bytes), three-byte, and long (four bytes). Multiple-byte access is broken down internally into repeated single-byte
accesses, but this reduces protocol overhead. When using the STS instruction, the address byte(s) must be transmitted
before the data transfer.

27.4.5.3 LD - Load Data from PDIBUS Data Space using Indirect Addressing
The LD instruction is used to load data from the PDIBUS data space into the physical layer shift register for serial read
out. The LD instruction is based on indirect addressing (pointer access), which means that the address must be stored in
the pointer register prior to the data access. Indirect addressing can be combined with pointer increment. In addition to
reading data from the PDIBUS data space, the LD instruction can read the pointer register. Even though the protocol is
based on byte-wise communication, the LD instruction supports multiple-byte addresses and data access. Four different
address/data sizes are supported: single-byte, word (two bytes), three-byte, and long (four bytes). Multiple-byte access is
broken down internally into repeated single-byte accesses, but this reduces the protocol overhead.

27.4.5.4 ST - Store Data to PDIBUS Data Space using Indirect Addressing

The ST instruction is used to store data that is serially shifted into the physical layer shift register to locations within the
PDIBUS data space. The ST instruction is based on indirect addressing (pointer access), which means that the address
must be stored in the pointer register prior to the data access. Indirect addressing can be combined with pointer
increment. In addition to writing data to the PDIBUS data space, the ST instruction can write the pointer register. Even
though the protocol is based on byte-wise communication, the ST instruction supports multiple-bytes address - and data
access. Four different address/data sizes are supported; byte, word, three bytes, and long (four bytes). Multiple-bytes
access is internally broken down to repeated single-byte accesses, but it reduces the protocol overhead.

27.4.5.5 LDCS - Load Data from PDI Control and Status Register Space
The LDCS instruction is used to load data from the PDI control and status registers into the physical layer shift register
for serial read out. The LDCS instruction supports only direct addressing and single-byte access.

27.4.5.6 STCS - Store Data to PDI Control and Status Register Space
The STCS instruction is used to store data that are serially shifted into the physical layer shift register to locations within
the PDI control and status registers. The STCS instruction supports only direct addressing and single-byte access.

27.4.5.7 KEY - Set Activation Key

The KEY instruction is used to communicate the activation key bytes required for activating the NVM interfaces.

27.4.5.8 REPEAT - Set Instruction Repeat Counter

The REPEAT instruction is used to store count values that are serially shifted into the physical layer shift register to the
repeat counter register. The instruction that is loaded directly after the REPEAT instruction operand(s) will be repeated a
number of times according to the specified repeat counter register value. Hence, the initial repeat counter value plus one
gives the total number of times the instruction will be executed. Setting the repeat counter register to zero makes the
following instruction run once without being repeated.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 318

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
 The REPEAT instruction cannot be repeated. The KEY instruction cannot be repeated, and will override the current value
of the repeat counter register.

27.4.6 Instruction Set Summary

The PDI instruction set summary is shown in Figure 27-10.

Figure 27-10.PDI Instruction Set Summary

Cmd Size A Size B

Cmd
0 0 0 LDS
LDS 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 LD
0 1 0 STS
0 1 1 ST
STS 0 1 0 0
1 0 0 LDCS (LDS Control/Status)
1 0 1 REPEAT
1 1 0 STCS (STS Control/Status)
Cmd Ptr Size A/B
1 1 1 KEY

LD 0 0 1 0
Size A - Address size (direct access)
0 0 Byte
0 1 Word (2 Bytes)
ST 0 1 1 0
1 0 3 Bytes
1 1 Long (4 Bytes)

CS Address
Ptr - Pointer access (indirect access)
0 0 *(ptr)
LDCS 1 0 0 0
0 1 *(ptr++)
1 0 ptr
STCS
1 1 ptr++ - Reserved
1 1 0 0

Size B - Data size

Size B
0 0 Byte
0 1 Word (2 Bytes)
REPEAT 1 0 3 Bytes
1 0 1 0 0 0
1 1 Long (4 Bytes)

CS Address (CS - Control/Status reg.)

0 0 0 0 Register 0
KEY
0 0 0 1 Register 1
1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 Register 2
0 0 1 1 Reserved
......
1 1 1 1 Reserved

27.5 Register Description - PDI Instruction and Addressing Registers

The PDI instruction and addressing registers are internal registers utilized for instruction decoding and PDIBUS
addressing. None of these registers are accessible as registers in a register space.

27.5.1 Instruction Register

When an instruction is successfully shifted into the physical layer shift register, it is copied into the instruction register.
The instruction is retained until another instruction is loaded. The reason for this is that the REPEAT command may force
the same instruction to be run repeatedly, requiring command decoding to be performed several times on the same
instruction.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 319

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
27.5.2 Pointer Register
The pointer register is used to store an address value that specifies locations within the PDIBUS address space. During
direct data access, the pointer register is updated by the specified number of address bytes given as operand bytes to an
instruction. During indirect data access, addressing is based on an address already stored in the pointer register prior to
the access itself. Indirect data access can be optionally combined with pointer register post-increment. The indirect
access mode has an option that makes it possible to load or read the pointer register without accessing any other
registers. Any register update is performed in a little-endian fashion. Hence, loading a single byte of the address register
will always update the LSB while the most-significant bytes are left unchanged.
The pointer register is not involved in addressing registers in the PDI control and status register space (CSRS space).

27.5.3 Repeat Counter Register

The REPEAT instruction is always accompanied by one or more operand bytes that define the number of times the next
instruction should be repeated. These operand bytes are copied into the repeat counter register upon reception. During
the repeated executions of the instruction immediately following the REPEAT instruction and its operands, the repeat
counter register is decremented until it reaches zero, indicating that all repetitions have completed. The repeat counter is
also involved in key reception.

27.5.4 Operand Count Register

Immediately after an instruction (except the LDCS and STCS instructions) a specified number of operands or data bytes
(given by the size parts of the instruction) are expected. The operand count register is used to keep track of how many
bytes have been transferred.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 320

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
27.6 Register Description – PDI Control and Status Registers
The PDI control and status registers are accessible in the PDI control and status register space (CSRS) using the LDCS
and STCS instructions. The CSRS contains registers directly involved in configuration and status monitoring of the PDI
itself.

27.6.1 STATUS – Status Register

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x00 – – – – – – NVMEN –
Read/Write R R R R R R R/W R
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

 Bit 7:2 – Reserved

These bits are unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write these bits to zero
when this register is written.
 Bit 1 – NVMEN: Nonvolatile Memory Enable
This status bit is set when the key signalling enables the NVM programming interface. The external programmer can poll
this bit to verify successful enabling. Writing the NVMEN bit disables the NVM interface.
 Bit 0 – Reserved
This bit is unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write this bit to zero when this
register is written.

27.6.2 RESET – Reset Register

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x01 RESET[7:0]
Read/Write R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

 Bit 7:0 – RESET[7:0]: Reset Signature

When the reset signature, 0x59, is written to RESET, the device is forced into reset. The device is kept in reset until
RESET is written with a data value different from the reset signature. Reading the lsb will return the status of the reset.
The seven msbs will always return the value 0x00, regardless of whether the device is in reset or not.

27.6.3 CTRL – Control Register

Bit 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
+0x02 – – – – – GUARDTIME[2:0]
Read/Write R R R R R R/W R/W R/W
Initial Value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

 Bit 7:3 – Reserved

These bits are unused and reserved for future use. For compatibility with future devices, always write these bits to zero
when this register is written.
 Bit 2:0 – GUARDTIME[2:0]: Guard Time
These bits specify the number of IDLE bits of guard time that are inserted in between PDI reception and transmission
direction changes. The default guard time is 128 IDLE bits, and the available settings are shown in Table 27-1 on page
322. In order to speed up the communication, the guard time should be set to the lowest safe configuration accepted. No
guard time is inserted when switching from TX to RX mode.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 321

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
 Table 27-1. Guard Time Settings

GUARDTIME Number of IDLE bits

000 128

001 64

010 32

011 16

100 8

101 4

110 2

111 2

27.7 Register Summary

Address Name Bit 7 Bit 6 Bit 5 Bit 4 Bit 3 Bit 2 Bit 1 Bit 0 Page
+0x00 STATUS – – – – – – NVMEN – 321
+0x01 RESET RESET[7:0] 321
+0x02 CTRL – – – – – GUARDTIME[2:0] 321
+0x03 Reserved – – – – – – – –

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 322

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
28. Memory Programming

28.1 Features
 Read and write access to all memory spaces from
 External programmers
 Application software self-programming
 Self-programming and boot loader support
 Read-while-write self-programming
 CPU can run and execute code while flash is being programmed
 Any communication interface can be used for program upload/download
 External programming
 Support for in-system and production programming
 Programming through serial PDI or JTAG interface
 High security with separate boot lock bits for:
 External programming access
 Boot loader section access
 Application section access
 Application table access
 Reset fuse to select reset vector address to the start of the
 Application section, or
 Boot loader section

28.2 Overview
This chapter describes how to program the nonvolatile memory (NVM) in Atmel AVR XMEGA devices, and covers both
self-programming and external programming. The NVM consists of the flash program memory, user signature and
production signature rows, fuses and lock bits, and EEPROM data memory. For details on the actual memories, how
they are organized, and the register description for the NVM controller used to access the memories, refer to “Memories”
on page 20.
The NVM can be accessed for read and write from application software through self-programming and from an external
programmer. Accessing the NVM is done through the NVM controller, and the two methods of programming are similar.
Memory access is done by loading address and/or data to the selected memory or NVM controller and using a set of
commands and triggers that make the NVM controller perform specific tasks on the nonvolatile memory.
From external programming, all memory spaces can be read and written, except for the production signature row, which
can only be read. The device can be programmed in-system and is accessed through the PDI using the PDI or JTAG
physical interfaces. “External Programming” on page 336 describes PDI and JTAG in detail.
Self-programming and boot loader support allows application software in the device to read and write the flash, user
signature row and EEPROM, write the lock bits to a more secure setting, and read the production signature row and
fuses. The flash allows read-while-write self-programming, meaning that the CPU can continue to operate and execute
code while the flash is being programmed. “Self-programming and Boot Loader Support” on page 327 describes this in
detail.
For both self-programming and external programming, it is possible to run a CRC check on the flash or a section of the
flash to verify its content after programming.
The device can be locked to prevent reading and/or writing of the NVM. There are separate lock bits for external
programming access and self-programming access to the boot loader section, application section, and application table
section.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 323

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
28.3 NVM Controller
Access to the nonvolatile memories is done through the NVM controller. It controls NVM timing and access privileges,
and holds the status of the NVM, and is the common NVM interface for both external programming and self-
programming. For more details, refer to “Register Description” on page 341.

28.4 NVM Commands

The NVM controller has a set of commands used to perform tasks on the NVM. This is done by writing the selected
command to the NVM command register. In addition, data and addresses must be read/written from/to the NVM data and
address registers for memory read/write operations.
When a selected command is loaded and address and data are set up for the operation, each command has a trigger
that will start the operation. Based on these triggers, there are three main types of commands.

28.4.1 Action-triggered Commands

Action-triggered commands are triggered when the command execute (CMDEX) bit in the NVM control register A
(CTRLA) is written. Action-triggered commands typically are used for operations which do not read or write the NVM,
such as the CRC check.

28.4.2 NVM Read-triggered Commands

NVM read-triggered commands are triggered when the NVM is read, and this is typically used for NVM read operations.

28.4.3 NVM Write-triggered Commands

NVM write-triggered commands are triggered when the NVM is written, and this is typically used for NVM write
operations.

28.4.4 Write/Execute Protection

Most command triggers are protected from accidental modification/execution during self-programming. This is done
using the configuration change protection (CCP) feature, which requires a special write or execute sequence in order to
change a bit or execute an instruction. For details on the CCP, refer to “Configuration Change Protection” on page 13.

28.5 NVM Controller Busy Status

When the NVM controller is busy performing an operation, the busy flag in the NVM status register is set and the
following registers are blocked for write access:
 NVM command register
 NVM control A register
 NVM control B register
 NVM address registers
 NVM data registers
This ensures that the given command is executed and the operations finished before the start of a new operation. The
external programmer or application software must ensure that the NVM is not addressed when it is busy with a
programming operation.
Programming any part of the NVM will automatically block:
 All programming to other parts of the NVM
 All loading/erasing of the flash and EEPROM page buffers
 All NVM reads from external programmers
 All NVM reads from the application section
During self-programming, interrupts must be disabled or the interrupt vector table must be moved to the boot loader
sections, as described in “Interrupts and Programmable Multilevel Interrupt Controller” on page 112.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 324

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
28.6 Flash and EEPROM Page Buffers
The flash memory is updated page by page. The EEPROM can be updated on a byte-by-byte and page-by-page basis.
flash and EEPROM page programming is done by first filling the associated page buffer, and then writing the entire page
buffer to a selected page in flash or EEPROM.
The size of the page and page buffers depends on the flash and EEPROM size in each device, and details are described
in the device datasheet.

28.6.1 Flash Page Buffer

The flash page buffer is filled one word at a time, and it must be erased before it can be loaded. When loading the page
buffer with new content, the result is a binary AND between the existing content of the page buffer location and the new
value. If the page buffer is already loaded once after erase the location will most likely be corrupted.
Page buffer locations that are not loaded will have the value 0xFFFF, and this value will then be programmed into the
corresponding flash page locations.
The page buffer is automatically erased after:
 A device reset
 Executing the write flash page command
 Executing the erase and write flash page command
 Executing the signature row write command
 Executing the write lock bit command

28.6.2 EEPROM Page Buffer

The EEPROM page buffer is filled one byte at a time, and it must be erased before it can be loaded. When loading the
page buffer with new content, the result is a binary AND between the existing content of the page buffer location and the
new value. If the EEPROM page buffer is already loaded once after erase the location will most likely be corrupted.
EEPROM page buffer locations that are loaded will get tagged by the NVM controller. During a page write or page erase,
only targeted locations will be written or erased. Locations that are not targeted will not be written or erased, and the
corresponding EEPROM location will remain unchanged. This means that before an EEPROM page erase, data must be
loaded to the selected page buffer location to tag them. When performing an EEPROM page erase, the actual value of
the tagged location does not matter.
The EEPROM page buffer is automatically erased after:
 A system reset
 Executing the write EEPROM page command
 Executing the erase and write EEPROM page command
 Executing the write lock bit and write fuse commands

28.7 Flash and EEPROM Programming Sequences

For page programming, filling the page buffers and writing the page buffer into flash or EEPROM are two separate
operations. The sequence is same for both self-programming and external programming.

28.7.1 Flash Programming Sequence

Before programming a flash page with the data in the flash page buffer, the flash page must be erased. Programming an
un-erased flash page will corrupt its content.
The flash page buffer can be filled either before the erase flash Page operation or between a erase flash page and a
write flash page operation:

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 325

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
 Alternative 1:
 Fill the flash page buffer
 Perform a flash page erase
 Perform a flash page write

Alternative 2:
 Fill the flash page buffer
 Perform an atomic page erase and write

Alternative 3, fill the buffer after a page erase:

 Perform a flash page erase
 Fill the flash page buffer
 Perform a flash page write
The NVM command set supports both atomic erase and write operations, and split page erase and page write
commands. This split commands enable shorter programming time for each command, and the erase operations can be
done during non-time-critical programming execution. When using alternative 1 or 2 above for self-programming, the
boot loader provides an effective read-modify-write feature, which allows the software to first read the page, do the
necessary changes, and then write back the modified data. If alternative 3 is used, it is not possible to read the old data
while loading, since the page is already erased. The page address must be the same for both page erase and page write
operations when using alternative 1 or 3.

28.7.2 EEPROM Programming Sequence

Before programming an EEPROM page with the tagged data bytes stored in the EEPROM page buffer, the selected
locations in the EEPROM page must be erased. Programming an un-erased EEPROM page will corrupt its content. The
EEPROM page buffer must be loaded before any page erase or page write operations:
Alternative 1:
 Fill the EEPROM page buffer with the selected number of bytes
 Perform a EEPROM page erase
 Perform a EEPROM page write

Alternative 2:
 Fill the EEPROM page buffer with the selected number of bytes
 Perform an atomic EEPROM page erase and write

28.8 Protection of NVM

To protect the flash and EEPROM memories from write and/or read, lock bits can be set to restrict access from external
programmers and the application software. Refer to “LOCKBITS – Lock Bit Register” on page 33 for details on the
available lock bit settings and how to use them.

28.9 Preventing NVM Corruption

During periods when the VCC voltage is below the minimum operating voltage for the device, the result from a flash
memory write can be corrupt, as supply voltage is too low for the CPU and the flash to operate properly.To ensure that
the voltage is sufficient enough during a complete programming sequence of the flash memory, a voltage detector using
the POR threshold (VPOT+) level is enabled. During chip erase and when the PDI is enabled the brownout detector (BOD)
is automatically enabled at its configured level.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 326

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
 Depending on the programming operation, if any of these VCC voltage levels are reached, the programming sequence
will be aborted immediately. If this happens, the NVM programming should be restarted when the power is sufficient
again, in case the write sequence failed or only partly succeeded.

28.10 CRC Functionality

It is possible to run an automatic cyclic redundancy check (CRC) on the flash program memory. When NVM is used to
control the CRC module, an even number of bytes are read, at least in the flash range mode. If the user selects a range
with an odd number of bytes, an extra byte will be read, and the checksum will not correspond to the selected range.
Refer to “CRC – Cyclic Redundancy Check Generator” on page 274 for more details.

28.11 Self-programming and Boot Loader Support

Reading and writing the EEPROM and flash memory from the application software in the device is referred to as self-
programming. A boot loader (application code located in the boot loader section of the flash) can both read and write the
flash program memory, user signature row, and EEPROM, and write the lock bits to a more secure setting. Application
code in the application section can read from the flash, user signature row, production signature row, and fuses, and read
and write the EEPROM.

28.11.1 Flash Programming

The boot loader support provides a real read-while-write self-programming mechanism for uploading new program code
by the device itself. This feature allows flexible application software updates controlled by the device using a boot loader
application that reside in the boot loader section in the flash. The boot loader can use any available communication
interface and associated protocol to read code and write (program) that code into the flash memory, or read out the
program memory code. It has the capability to write into the entire flash, including the boot loader section. The boot
loader can thus modify itself, and it can also erase itself from the flash if the feature is not needed anymore.

28.11.1.1 Application and Boot Loader Sections

The application and boot loader sections in the flash are different when it comes to self-programming.
 When erasing or writing a page located inside the application section, the boot loader section can be read
during the operation, and thus the CPU can run and execute code from the boot loader section
 When erasing or writing a page located inside the boot loader section, the CPU is halted during the entire
operation, and code cannot execute
The user signature row section has the same properties as the boot loader section.

Table 28-1. Summary of Self-programming Functionality

Section being addressed during programming Section that can be read during programming CPU halted?

Application section Boot loader section No

Boot loader section None Yes

User signature row section None Yes

28.11.1.2 Addressing the Flash

The Z-pointer is used to hold the flash memory address for read and write access. For more details on the Z-pointer,
refer to “The X-, Y-, and Z- Registers” on page 11.
Since the flash is word accessed and organized in pages, the Z-pointer can be treated as having two sections. The least-
significant bits address the words within a page, while the most-significant bits address the page within the flash. This is
shown in Figure 28-1 on page 328. The word address in the page (FWORD) is held by the bits [WORDMSB:1] in the Z-
pointer. The remaining bits [PAGEMSB:WORDMSB+1] in the Z-pointer hold the flash page address (FPAGE). Together
FWORD and FPAGE holds an absolute address to a word in the flash.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 327

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
 For flash read operations (ELPM and LPM), one byte is read at a time. For this, the least-significant bit (bit 0) in the Z-
pointer is used to select the low byte or high byte in the word address. If this bit is 0, the low byte is read, and if this bit is
1 the high byte is read.
The size of FWORD and FPAGE will depend on the page and flash size in the device. Refer to each device’s datasheet
for details.
Once a programming operation is initiated, the address is latched and the Z-pointer can be updated and used for other
operations.

Figure 28-1. Flash Addressing for Self-programming

BIT PAGEMSB WORDMSB 1 0
Z-Pointer FPAGE FWORD 0/1

Low/High Byte select for (E)LPM

PAGE ADDRESS WORD ADDRESS

WITHIN THE FLASH WITHIN A PAGE

FPAGE PROGRAM MEMORY PAGE FWORD

00 PAGE INSTRUCTION WORD 00
01 01
02 02

PAGEEND

FLASHEND

28.11.2 NVM Flash Commands

The NVM commands that can be used for accessing the flash program memory, signature row and production signature
row are listed in Table 28-2 on page 329.
For self-programming of the flash, the trigger for action-triggered commands is to set the CMDEX bit in the NVM CTRLA
register (CMDEX). The read-triggered commands are triggered by executing the (E)LPM instruction (LPM). The write-
triggered commands are triggered by executing the SPM instruction (SPM).
The Change Protected column indicates whether the trigger is protected by the configuration change protection (CCP) or
not. This is a special sequence to write/execute the trigger during self-programming. For more details, refer to “CCP –
Configuration Change Protection Register” on page 15. CCP is not required for external programming. The two last
columns show the address pointer used for addressing and the source/destination data register.
Section 28.11.1.1 on page 327 through Section 28.11.2.14 on page 332 explain in detail the algorithm for each NVM
operation.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 328

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
Table 28-2. Flash Self-programming Commands

CPU NVM Change Address Data

CMD[6:0] Group configuration Description Trigger halted busy protected pointer register

0x00 NO_OPERATION No operation / read flash -/(E)LPM -/N N -/N -/ Z-pointer -/Rd

Flash Page Buffer

0x23 LOAD_FLASH_BUFFER Load flash page buffer SPM N N N Z-pointer R1:R0

0x26 ERASE_FLASH_BUFFER Erase flash page buffer CMDEX N Y Y Z-pointer -

Flash

0x2B ERASE_FLASH_PAGE Erase flash page SPM N/Y(2) Y Y Z-pointer -

0x02E WRITE_FLASH_PAGE Write flash page SPM N/Y(2) Y Y Z-pointer -

0x2F ERASE_WRITE_FLASH_PAGE Erase and write flash page SPM N/Y(2) Y Y Z-pointer -

0x3A FLASH_RANGE_CRC(3) Flash range CRC CMDEX Y Y Y DATA/ADDR(1) DATA

Application Section

0x20 ERASE_APP Erase application section SPM Y Y Y Z-pointer -

0x22 ERASE_APP_PAGE Erase application section page SPM N Y Y Z-pointer -

0x24 WRITE_APP_PAGE Write application section page SPM N Y Y Z-pointer -

0x25 ERASE_WRITE_APP_PAGE Erase and write application section page SPM N Y Y Z-pointer -

0x38 APP_CRC Application section CRC CMDEX Y Y Y - DATA

Boot Loader Section

0x2A ERASE_BOOT_PAGE Erase boot loader section page SPM Y Y Y Z-pointer -

0x2C WRITE_BOOT_PAGE Write boot loader section page SPM Y Y Y Z-pointer -

0x2D ERASE_WRITE_BOOT_PAGE Erase and write boot loader section page SPM Y Y Y Z-pointer -

0x39 BOOT_CRC Boot loader section CRC CMDEX Y Y Y - DATA

User Signature Row

0x01(4) READ_USER_SIG_ROW Read user signature row LPM N N N Z-pointer Rd

0x18 ERASE_USER_SIG_ROW Erase user signature row SPM Y Y Y - -

0x1A WRITE_USER_SIG_ROW Write user signature row SPM Y Y Y - -

Production Signature (Calibration) Row(5)

0x02(4) READ_CALIB_ROW Read calibration row LPM N N N Z-pointer Rd

Notes: 1. The flash range CRC command used byte addressing of the flash.
2. Will depend on the flash section (application or boot loader) that is actually addressed.
3. This command is qualified with the lock bits, and requires that the boot lock bits are unprogrammed.
4. When using a command that changes the normal behavior of the LPM command; READ_USER_SIG_ROW and READ_CALIB_ROW; it is recommended to
disable interrupts to ensure correct execution of the LPM instruction.
5. For consistency the name Calibration Row has been renamed to Production Signature Row throughout the document.

28.11.2.1 Read Flash

The (E)LPM instruction is used to read one byte from the flash memory.
1. Load the Z-pointer with the byte address to read.
2. Load the NVM command register (NVM CMD) with the no operation command.
3. Execute the LPM instruction.
The destination register will be loaded during the execution of the LPM instruction.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 329

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
28.11.2.2 Erase Flash Page Buffer
The erase flash page buffer command is used to erase the flash page buffer.
1. Load the NVM CMD with the erase flash page buffer command.
2. Set the command execute bit (CMDEX) in the NVM control register A (NVM CTRLA). This requires the timed CCP
sequence during self-programming.
The NVM busy (BUSY) flag in the NVM status register (NVM STATUS) will be set until the page buffer is erased.

28.11.2.3 Load Flash Page Buffer

The load flash page buffer command is used to load one word of data into the flash page buffer.
1. Load the NVM CMD register with the load flash page buffer command.
2. Load the Z-pointer with the word address to write.
3. Load the data word to be written into the R1:R0 registers.
4. Execute the SPM instruction. The SPM instruction is not protected when performing a flash page buffer load.
Repeat step 2-4 until the complete flash page buffer is loaded. Unloaded locations will have the value 0xFFFF.

28.11.2.4 Erase Flash Page

The erase flash page command is used to erase one page in the flash.
1. Load the Z-pointer with the flash page address to erase. The page address must be written to FPAGE. Other bits
in the Z-pointer will be ignored during this operation.
2. Load the NVM CMD register with the erase flash page command.
3. Execute the SPM instruction. This requires the timed CCP sequence during self-programming.
The BUSY flag in the NVM STATUS register will be set until the erase operation is finished. The flash section busy
(FBUSY) flag is set as long the flash is busy, and the application section cannot be accessed.

28.11.2.5 Write Flash Page

The write flash page command is used to write the flash page buffer into one flash page in the flash.
1. Load the Z-pointer with the flash page to write. The page address must be written to FPAGE. Other bits in the Z-
pointer will be ignored during this operation.
2. Load the NVM CMD register with the write flash page command.
3. Execute the SPM instruction. This requires the timed CCP sequence during self-programming.
The BUSY flag in the NVM STATUS register will be set until the write operation is finished. The FBUSY flag is set as long
the flash is busy, and the application section cannot be accessed.

28.11.2.6 Flash Range CRC

The flash range CRC command can be used to verify the content in an address range in flash after a self-programming.
1. Load the NVM CMD register with the flash range CRC command.
2. Load the start byte address in the NVM address register (NVM ADDR).
3. Load the end byte address in NVM data register (NVM DATA).
4. Set the CMDEX bit in the NVM CTRLA register. This requires the timed CCP sequence during self-programming.
The BUSY flag in the NVM STATUS register will be set, and the CPU is halted during the execution of the command.
The CRC checksum will be available in the NVM DATA register.
In order to use the flash range CRC command, all the boot lock bits must be unprogrammed (no locks). The command
execution will be aborted if the boot lock bits for an accessed location are set.

28.11.2.7 Erase Application Section

The erase application command is used to erase the complete application section.
1. Load the Z-pointer to point anywhere in the application section.
2. Load the NVM CMD register with the erase application section command.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 330

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
 3. Execute the SPM instruction. This requires the timed CCP sequence during self-programming.
The BUSY flag in the STATUS register will be set until the operation is finished. The CPU will be halted during the
complete execution of the command.

28.11.2.8 Erase Application Section / Boot Loader Section Page

The erase application section page erase and erase boot loader section page commands are used to erase one page in
the application section or boot loader section.
1. Load the Z-pointer with the flash page address to erase. The page address must be written to ZPAGE. Other bits
in the Z-pointer will be ignored during this operation.
2. Load the NVM CMD register with the erase application/boot section page command.
3. Execute the SPM instruction. This requires the timed CCP sequence during self-programming.
The BUSY flag in the NVM STATUS register will be set until the erase operation is finished. The FBUSY flag is set as
long the flash is busy, and the application section cannot be accessed.

28.11.2.9 Application Section / Boot Loader Section Page Write

The write application section page and write boot loader section page commands are used to write the flash page buffer
into one flash page in the application section or boot loader section.
1. Load the Z-pointer with the flash page to write. The page address must be written to FPAGE. Other bits in the Z-
pointer will be ignored during this operation.
2. Load the NVM CMD register with the write application section/boot loader section page command.
3. Execute the SPM instruction. This requires the timed CCP sequence during self-programming.
The BUSY flag in the NVM STATUS register will be set until the write operation is finished. The FBUSY flag is set as long
the flash is busy, and the application section cannot be accessed.
An invalid page address in the Z-pointer will abort the NVM command. The erase application section page command
requires that the Z-pointer addresses the application section, and the erase boot section page command requires that
the Z-pointer addresses the boot loader section.

28.11.2.10 Erase and Write Application Section / Boot Loader Section Page
The erase and write application section page and erase and write boot loader section page commands are used to erase
one flash page and then write the flash page buffer into that flash page in the application section or boot loader section in
one atomic operation.
1. Load the Z-pointer with the flash page to write. The page address must be written to FPAGE. Other bits in the Z-
pointer will be ignored during this operation.
2. Load the NVM CMD register with the erase and write application section/boot loader section page command.
3. Execute the SPM instruction. This requires the timed CCP sequence during self-programming.
The BUSY flag in the NVM STATUS register will be set until the operation is finished. The FBUSY flag is set as long as
the flash is busy, and the application section cannot be accessed.
An invalid page address in the Z-pointer will abort the NVM command. The erase and write application section command
requires that the Z-pointer addresses the application section, and the erase and write boot section page command
requires that the Z-pointer addresses the boot loader section.

28.11.2.11 Application Section / Boot Loader Section CRC

The application section CRC and boot loader section CRC commands can be used to verify the application section and
boot loader section content after self-programming.
1. Load the NVM CMD register with the application section/ boot load section CRC command.
2. Set the CMDEX bit in the NVM CTRLA register. This requires the timed CCP sequence during self-programming.
The BUSY flag in the NVM STATUS register will be set, and the CPU is halted during the execution of the CRC
command. The CRC checksum will be available in the NVM data registers.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 331

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
28.11.2.12 Erase User Signature Row
The erase user signature row command is used to erase the user signature row.
1. Load the NVM CMD register with the erase user signature row command.
2. Execute the SPM instruction. This requires the timed CCP sequence during self-programming.
The BUSY flag in the NVM STATUS register will be set, and the CPU will be halted until the erase operation is finished.
The user signature row is NRWW.

28.11.2.13 Write User Signature Row

The write signature row command is used to write the flash page buffer into the user signature row.
1. Set up the NVM CMD register to write user signature row command.
2. Execute the SPM instruction. This requires the timed CCP sequence during self-programming.
The BUSY flag in the NVM STATUS register will be set until the operation is finished, and the CPU will be halted during
the write operation. The flash page buffer will be cleared during the command execution after the write operation, but the
CPU is not halted during this stage.

28.11.2.14 Read User Signature Row / Production Signature Row

The read user signature row and read calibration row commands are used to read one byte from the user signature row
or production signature (calibration) row.
1. Load the Z-pointer with the byte address to read.
2. Load the NVM CMD register with the read user signature row / production signature (calibration) row command.
3. Execute the LPM instruction.
The destination register will be loaded during the execution of the LPM instruction.
To ensure that LPM for reading flash will be executed correctly it is advised to disable interrupt while using either of these
commands.

28.11.3 NVM Fuse and Lock Bit Commands

The NVM flash commands that can be used for accessing the fuses and lock bits are listed in Table 28-3.
For self-programming of the fuses and lock bits, the trigger for action-triggered commands is to set the CMDEX bit in the
NVM CTRLA register (CMDEX). The read-triggered commands are triggered by executing the (E)LPM instruction (LPM).
The write-triggered commands are triggered by a executing the SPM instruction (SPM).
The Change Protected column indicates whether the trigger is protected by the configuration change protection (CCP)
during self-programming or not. The last two columns show the address pointer used for addressing and the
source/destination data register.
Section 28.11.3.1 on page 333 through Section 28.11.3.2 on page 333 explain in detail the algorithm for each NVM
operation.

Table 28-3. Fuse and Lock Bit Commands

CPU Change NVM Address Data

CMD[6:0] Group configuration Description Trigger halted protected busy pointer register

0x00 NO_OPERATION No operation - - - - - -

Fuses and Lock Bits

0x07 READ_FUSES Read fuses CMDEX Y N Y ADDR DATA

0x08 WRITE_LOCK_BITS Write lock bits CMDEX N Y Y ADDR -

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 332

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
28.11.3.1 Write Lock Bits
The write lock bits command is used to program the boot lock bits to a more secure settings from software.
1. Load the NVM DATA0 register with the new lock bit value.
2. Load the NVM CMD register with the write lock bit command.
3. Set the CMDEX bit in the NVM CTRLA register. This requires the timed CCP sequence during self-programming.
The BUSY flag in the NVM STATUS register will be set until the command is finished. The CPU is halted during the
complete execution of the command.
This command can be executed from both the boot loader section and the application section. The EEPROM and flash
page buffers are automatically erased when the lock bits are written.

28.11.3.2 Read Fuses

The read fuses command is used to read the fuses from software.
1. Load the NVM ADDR register with the address of the fuse byte to read.
2. Load the NVM CMD register with the read fuses command.
3. Set the CMDEX bit in the NVM CTRLA register. This requires the timed CCP sequence during self-programming.
The result will be available in the NVM DATA0 register. The CPU is halted during the complete execution of the
command.

28.11.4 EEPROM Programming

The EEPROM can be read and written from application code in any part of the flash. Its is both byte and page accessible.
This means that either one byte or one page can be written to the EEPROM at once. One byte is read from the EEPROM
during a read.

28.11.4.1 Addressing the EEPROM

The EEPROM can be accessed through the NVM controller (I/O mapped), similar to accessing the flash program
memory, or it can be memory mapped into the data memory space to be accessed similar to SRAM.
When accessing the EEPROM through the NVM controller, the NVM address (ADDR) register is used to address the
EEPROM, while the NVM data (DATA) register is used to store or load EEPROM data.
For EEPROM page programming, the ADDR register can be treated as having two sections. The least-significant bits
address the bytes within a page, while the most-significant bits address the page within the EEPROM. This is shown in
Figure 28-2 on page 334. The byte address in the page (E2BYTE) is held by the bits [BYTEMSB:0] in the ADDR register.
The remaining bits [PAGEMSB:BYTEMSB+1] in the ADDR register hold the EEPROM page address (E2PAGE).
Together E2BYTE and E2PAGE hold an absolute address to a byte in the EEPROM. The size of E2WORD and E2PAGE
will depend on the page and flash size in the device. Refer to the device datasheet for details on this.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 333

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
 Figure 28-2. I/O Mapped EEPROM Addressing
BIT PAGEMSB BYTEMSB 0
NVM ADDR E2PAGE E2BYTE

PAGE ADDRESS BYTE ADDRESS

WITHIN THE EEPROM WITHIN A PAGE

E2PAGE EEPROM MEMORY PAGE E2BYTE

00 PAGE DATA BYTE 00

01 01

02 02

E2END E2PAGEEND

When EEPROM memory mapping is enabled, loading a data byte into the EEPROM page buffer can be performed
through direct or indirect store instructions. Only the least-significant bits of the EEPROM address are used to determine
locations within the page buffer, but the complete memory mapped EEPROM address is always required to ensure
correct address mapping. Reading from the EEPROM can be done directly using direct or indirect load instructions.
When a memory mapped EEPROM page buffer load operation is performed, the CPU is halted for two cycles before the
next instruction is executed.
When the EEPROM is memory mapped, the EEPROM page buffer load and EEPROM read functionality from the NVM
controller are disabled.

28.11.5 NVM EEPROM Commands

The NVM flash commands that can be used for accessing the EEPROM through the NVM controller are listed in Table
28-4.
For self-programming of the EEPROM, the trigger for action-triggered commands is to set the CMDEX bit in the NVM
CTRLA register (CMDEX). The read-triggered command is triggered by reading the NVM DATA0 register (DATA0).
The Change Protected column indicates whether the trigger is protected by the configuration change protection (CCP)
during self-programming or not. CCP is not required for external programming. The last two columns show the address
pointer used for addressing and the source/destination data register.
Section 28.11.5.1 on page 335 through Section 28.11.5.7 on page 336 explain in detail the algorithm for each EEPROM
operation.

Table 28-4. EEPROM Self-programming Commands

CPU Change NVM Address Data

CMD[6:0] Group configuration Description Trigger halted protected busy pointer register

0x00 NO_OPERATION No operation - - - - - -

EEPROM Page Buffer

0x33 LOAD_EEPROM_BUFFER Load EEPROM page buffer DATA0 N Y N ADDR DATA0

0x36 ERASE_EEPROM _BUFFER Erase EEPROM page buffer CMDEX N Y Y - -

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 334

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
 CPU Change NVM Address Data
CMD[6:0] Group configuration Description Trigger halted protected busy pointer register

EEPROM

0x32 ERASE_EEPROM_PAGE Erase EEPROM page CMDEX N Y Y ADDR -

0x34 WRITE_EEPROM_PAGE Write EEPROM page CMDEX N Y Y ADDR -

0x35 ERASE_WRITE_EEPROM_PAGE Erase and write EEPROM page CMDEX N Y Y ADDR -

0x30 ERASE_EEPROM Erase EEPROM CMDEX N Y Y - -

0x06 READ_EEPROM Read EEPROM CMDEX N Y N ADDR DATA0

28.11.5.1 Load EEPROM Page Buffer

The load EEPROM page buffer command is used to load one byte into the EEPROM page buffer.
1. Load the NVM CMD register with the load EEPROM page buffer command.
2. Load the NVM ADDR0 register with the address to write.
3. Load the NVM DATA0 register with the data to write. This will trigger the command.
Repeat steps 2-3 until the arbitrary number of bytes are loaded into the page buffer.

28.11.5.2 Erase EEPROM Page Buffer

The erase EEPROM page buffer command is used to erase the EEPROM page buffer.
1. Load the NVM CMD register with the erase EEPROM buffer command.
2. Set the CMDEX bit in the NVM CTRLA register. This requires the timed CCP sequence during self-programming.
The BUSY flag in the NVM STATUS register will be set until the operation is finished.

28.11.5.3 Erase EEPROM Page

The erase EEPROM page command is used to erase one EEPROM page.
1. Set up the NVM CMD register to the erase EEPROM page command.
2. Load the NVM ADDR register with the address of the EEPROM page to erase.
3. Set the CMDEX bit in the NVM CTRLA register. This requires the timed CCP sequence during self-programming.
The BUSY flag in the NVM STATUS register will be set until the operation is finished.
The page erase commands will only erase the locations that are loaded and tagged in the EEPROM page buffer.

28.11.5.4 Write EEPROM Page

The write EEPROM page command is used to write all locations loaded in the EEPROM page buffer into one page in
EEPROM. Only the locations that are loaded and tagged in the EEPROM page buffer will be written.
1. Load the NVM CMD register with the write EEPROM page command.
2. Load the NVM ADDR register with the address of the EEPROM page to write.
3. Set the CMDEX bit in the NVM CTRLA register. This requires the timed CCP sequence during self-programming.
The BUSY flag in the NVM STATUS register will be set until the operation is finished.

28.11.5.5 Erase and Write EEPROM Page

The erase and write EEPROM page command is used to first erase an EEPROM page and then write the EEPROM
page buffer into that page in EEPROM in one atomic operation.
1. Load the NVM CMD register with the erase and write EEPROM page command.
2. Load the NVM ADDR register with the address of the EEPROM page to write.
3. Set the CMDEX bit in the NVM CTRLA register. This requires the timed CCP sequence during self-programming.
The BUSY flag in the NVM STATUS register will be set until the operation is finished.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 335

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
28.11.5.6 Erase EEPROM
The erase EEPROM command is used to erase all locations in all EEPROM pages that are loaded and tagged in the
EEPROM page buffer.
1. Set up the NVM CMD register to the erase EPPROM command.
2. Set the CMDEX bit in the NVM CTRLA register. This requires the timed CCP sequence during self-programming.
The BUSY flag in the NVM STATUS register will be set until the operation is finished.

28.11.5.7 Read EEPROM

The read EEPROM command is used to read one byte from the EEPROM.
1. Load the NVM CMD register with the read EEPROM command.
2. Load the NVM ADDR register with the address to read.
3. Set the CMDEX bit in the NVM CTRLA register. This requires the timed CCP sequence during self-programming.
The data byte read will be available in the NVM DATA0 register.

28.12 External Programming

External programming is the method for programming code and nonvolatile data into the device from an external
programmer or debugger. This can be done by both in-system or in mass production programming.
For external programming, the device is accessed through the PDI and PDI controller, and using either the JTAG or PDI
physical connection. For details on PDI and JTAG and how to enable and use the physical interface, refer to “Program
and Debug Interface” on page 312. The remainder of this section assumes that the correct physical connection to the
PDI is enabled. Doing this all data and program memory spaces are mapped into the linear PDI memory space. Figure
28-3 on page 337 shows the PDI memory space and the base address for each memory space in the device.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 336

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
 Figure 28-3. Memory Map for PDI Accessing the Data and Program Memories
TOP=0x1FFFFFF

FLASH_BASE = 0x0800000
EPPROM_BASE = 0x08C0000
FUSE_BASE = 0x08F0020
DATAMEM_BASE = 0x1000000
DATAMEM
16 MB
APP_BASE = FLASH_BASE (mapped IO/SRAM)
BOOT_BASE = FLASH_BASE + SIZE_APPL
PROD_SIGNATURE_BASE = 0x008E0200
USER_SIGNATURE_BASE = 0x008E0400

0x1000000

FUSES
0x08F0020

SIGNATURE ROW
0x08E0200

0x08C1000
EEPROM
0x08C0000

BOOT SECTION

APPLICATION
SECTION

0x0800000 16 MB

0x0000000

1 BYTE

28.12.1 Enabling External Programming Interface

NVM programming from the PDI requires enabling using the following steps:
1. Load the RESET register in the PDI with 0x59.
2. Load the NVM key in the PDI.
3. Poll NVMEN in the PDI status register (PDI STATUS) until NVMEN is set.
When the NVMEN bit in the PDI STATUS register is set, the NVM interface is enabled and active from the PDI.

28.12.2 NVM Programming

When the PDI NVM interface is enabled, all memories in the device are memory mapped in the PDI address space. The
PDI controller does not need to access the NVM controller's address or data registers, but the NVM controller must be
loaded with the correct command (i.e., to read from any NVM, the controller must be loaded with the NVM read command

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 337

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
 before loading data from the PDIBUS address space). For the reminder of this section, all references to reading and
writing data or program memory addresses from the PDI refer to the memory map shown in Figure 28-3 on page 337.
The PDI uses byte addressing, and hence all memory addresses must be byte addresses. When filling the flash or
EEPROM page buffers, only the least-significant bits of the address are used to determine locations within the page
buffer. Still, the complete memory mapped address for the flash or EEPROM page is required to ensure correct address
mapping.
During programming (page erase and page write) when the NVM is busy, the NVM is blocked for reading.

28.12.3 NVM Commands

The NVM commands that can be used for accessing the NVM memories from external programming are listed in Table
28-5. This is a superset of the commands available for self-programming.
For external programming, the trigger for action-triggered commands is to set the CMDEX bit in the NVM CTRLA register
(CMDEX). The read-triggered commands are triggered by a direct or indirect load instruction (LDS or LD) from the PDI
(PDI read). The write-triggered commands are triggered by a direct or indirect store instruction (STS or ST) from the PDI
(PDI write).
“ Chip Erase” on page 339 through “ Write Fuse/ Lock Bit” on page 341 explain in detail the algorithm for each NVM
operation. The commands are protected by the lock bits, and if read and write lock is set, only the chip erase and flash
CRC commands are available.

Table 28-5. NVM Commands Available for External Programming

Change
CMD[6:0] Commands / Operation Trigger protected NVM busy

0x00 No operation - - -

0x40 Chip erase(1) CMDEX Y Y

0x43 Read NVM PDI read N N

Flash Page Buffer

0x23 Load flash page buffer PDI write N N

0x26 Erase flash page buffer CMDEX Y Y

Flash

0x2B Erase flash page PDI write N Y

0x2E Write flash page PDI write N Y

0x2F Erase and write flash page PDI write N Y

0x78 Flash CRC CMDEX Y Y

Application Section

0x20 Erase application section PDI write N Y

0x22 Erase application section page PDI write N Y

0x24 Write application section page PDI write N Y

0x25 Erase and write application section page PDI write N Y

0x38 Application section CRC CMDEX Y Y

Boot Loader Section

0x68 Erase boot section PDI write N Y

0x2A Erase boot loader section page PDI write N Y

0x2C Write boot loader section page PDI write N Y

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 338

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
 Change
CMD[6:0] Commands / Operation Trigger protected NVM busy

0x2D Erase and write boot loader section page PDI write N Y

0x39 Boot loader section CRC CMDEX Y Y

Production Signature (Calibration)(2) and User Signature Sections

0x01 Read user signature row PDI read N N

0x18 Erase user signature row PDI write N Y

0x1A Write user signature row PDI write N Y

0x02 Read calibration row PDI read N N

Fuses and Lock Bits

0x07 Read fuse PDI read N N

0x4C Write fuse PDI write N Y

0x08 Write lock bits PDI write Y Y

EEPROM Page Buffer

0x33 Load EEPROM page buffer PDI write N N

0x36 Erase EEPROM page buffer CMDEX Y Y

EEPROM

0x30 Erase EEPROM PDI write Y Y

0x32 Erase EEPROM page PDI write N Y

0x34 Write EEPROM page PDI write N Y

0x35 Erase and write EEPROM page PDI write N Y

0x06 Read EEPROM PDI read N N

Notes: 1. If the EESAVE fuse is programmed, the EEPROM is preserved during chip erase.
2. For consistency the name Calibration Row has been renamed to Production Signature Row throughout the document.

28.12.3.1 Chip Erase

The chip erase command is used to erase the flash program memory, EEPROM and lock bits. Erasing of the EEPROM
depends on EESAVE fuse setting. Refer to “FUSEBYTE5 – Fuse Byte 5” on page 32 for details. The user signature row,
production signature (calibration) row, and fuses are not affected.
1. Load the NVM CMD register with the chip erase command.
2. Set the CMDEX bit in the NVM CTRLA register. This requires the timed CCP sequence during self-programming.
Once this operation starts, the PDI bus between the PDI controller and the NVM is disabled, and the NVMEN bit in the
PDI STATUS register is cleared until the operation is finished. Poll the NVMEN bit until this is set, indicating that the PDI
bus is enabled.
The BUSY flag in the NVM STATUS register will be set until the operation is finished.

28.12.3.2 Read NVM

The read NVM command is used to read the flash, EEPROM, fuses, and signature and production signature (calibration)
row sections.
1. Load the NVM CMD register with the read NVM command.
2. Read the selected memory address by executing a PDI read operation.
Dedicated read EEPROM, read fuse, read signature row, and read production signature (calibration) row commands are
also available for the various memory sections. The algorithm for these commands are the same as for the read NVM
command.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 339

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
28.12.3.3 Erase Page Buffer
The erase flash page buffer and erase EEPROM page buffer commands are used to erase the flash and EEPROM page
buffers.
1. Load the NVM CMD register with the erase flash/EEPROM page buffer command.
2. Set the CMDEX bit in the NVM CTRLA register.
The BUSY flag in the NVM STATUS register will be set until the operation is completed.

28.12.3.4 Load Page Buffer

The load flash page buffer and load EEPROM page buffer commands are used to load one byte of data into the flash and
EEPROM page buffers.
1. Load the NVM CMD register with the load flash/EEPROM page buffer command.
2. Write the selected memory address by doing a PDI write operation.
Since the flash page buffer is word accessed and the PDI uses byte addressing, the PDI must write the flash page buffer
in the correct order. For the write operation, the low byte of the word location must be written before the high byte. The
low byte is then written into the temporary register. The PDI then writes the high byte of the word location, and the low
byte is then written into the word location page buffer in the same clock cycle.
The PDI interface is automatically halted before the next PDI instruction can be executed.

28.12.3.5 Erase Page

The erase application section page, erase boot loader section page, erase user signature row, and erase EEPROM page
commands are used to erase one page in the selected memory space.
1. Load the NVM CMD register with erase application section/boot loader section/user signature row/EEPROM page
command.
2. Set the CMDEX bit in the NVM CTRLA register.
The BUSY flag in the NVM STATUS register will be set until the operation is finished.

28.12.3.6 Write Page

The write application section page, write boot loader section page, write user signature row, and write EEPROM page
commands are used to write a loaded flash/EEPROM page buffer into the selected memory space.
1. Load the NVM CMD register with write application section/boot loader section/user signature row/EEPROM page
command.
2. Write the selected page by doing a PDI write. The page is written by addressing any byte location within the page.
The BUSY flag in the NVM STATUS register will be set until the operation is finished.

28.12.3.7 Erase and Write Page

The erase and write application section page, erase and write boot loader section page, and erase and write EEPROM
page commands are used to erase one page and then write a loaded flash/EEPROM page buffer into that page in the
selected memory space in one atomic operation.
1. Load the NVM CMD register with erase and write application section/boot loader section/user signature
row/EEPROM page command.
2. Write the selected page by doing a PDI write. The page is written by addressing any byte location within the page.
The BUSY flag in the NVM STATUS register will be set until the operation is finished.

28.12.3.8 Erase Application/ Boot Loader/ EEPROM Section

The erase application section, erase boot loader section, and erase EEPROM section commands are used to erase the
complete selected section.
1. Load the NVM CMD register with Erase Application/ Boot/ EEPROM Section command
2. Write the selected memory section by doing a PDI write.
The BUSY flag in the NVM STATUS register will be set until the operation is finished.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 340

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
28.12.3.9 Application / Boot Section CRC
The application section CRC and boot loader section CRC commands can be used to verify the content of the selected
section after programming.
1. Load the NVM CMD register with application/ boot loader section CRC command.
2. Set the CMDEX bit in the NVM CTRLA register. This requires the timed CCP sequence during self-programming.
The BUSY flag in the NVM STATUS register will be set until the operation is finished. The CRC checksum will be
available in the NVM DATA register.

28.12.3.10 Flash CRC

The flash CRC command can be used to verify the content of the flash program memory after programming. The
command can be executed independently of the lock bit state.
1. Load the NVM CMD register with flash CRC command.
2. Set the CMDEX bit in the NVM CTRLA register.
Once this operation starts, the PDI bus between the PDI controller and the NVM is disabled, and the NVMEN bit in the
PDI STATUS register is cleared until the operation is finished. Poll the NVMEN bit until this is set again, indicting the PDI
bus is enabled.
The BUSY flag in the NVM STATUS register will be set until the operation is finished. The CRC checksum will be
available in the NVM DATA register.

28.12.3.11 Write Fuse/ Lock Bit

The write fuse and write lock bit commands are used to write the fuses and the lock bits to a more secure setting.
1. Load the NVM CMD register with the write fuse/ lock bit command.
2. Write the selected fuse or lock bits by doing a PDI write operation.
The BUSY flag in the NVM STATUS register will be set until the command is finished.
For lock bit write, the lock bit write command can also be used.

28.13 Register Description

Refer to “Register Description – NVM Controller” on page 26 for a complete register description of the NVM controller.
Refer to “Register Description – PDI Control and Status Registers” on page 321 for a complete register description of the
PDI.

28.14 Register Summary

Refer to “Register Description – NVM Controller” on page 26 for a complete register summary of the NVM controller.
Refer to “Register Summary” on page 322 for a complete register summary of the PDI.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 341

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
29. Peripheral Module Address Map
The address maps show the base address for each peripheral and module in XMEGA. All peripherals and modules are
not present in all XMEGA devices, refer to device data sheet for the peripherals module address map for a specific
device.

Table 29-1. Peripheral Module Address Map

Base Address Name Description Page

0x0000 GPIO General Purpose IO Registers 45
0x0010 VPORT0 Virtual Port 0 140
0x0014 VPORT1 Virtual Port 1
0x0018 VPORT2 Virtual Port 2
0x001C VPORT3 Virtual Port 3
0x0030 CPU CPU 19
0x0040 CLK Clock Control 92
0x0048 SLEEP Sleep Controller 99
0x0050 OSC Oscillator Control 92
0x0060 DFLLRC32M DFLL for the 32 MHz Internal RC Oscillator 92
0x0068 DFLLRC2M DFLL for the 2 MHz RC Oscillator
0x0070 PR Power Reduction 99
0x0078 RST Reset Controller 106
0x0080 WDT Watch-Dog Timer 111
0x0090 MCU MCU Control 45
0x00A0 PMIC Programmable Multilevel Interrupt Controller 118
0x00B0 PORTCFG Port Configuration 140
0x00C0 AES AES Module 273
0x0100 DMA DMA Controller 60
0x0180 EVSYS Event System 72
0x01C0 NVM Non Volatile Memory (NVM) Controller 44
0x0200 ADCA Analog to Digital Converter on port A 302
0x0380 ACA Analog Comparator pair on port A 311
0x0400 RTC Real Time Counter 193
0x0480 TWIC Two Wire Interface on port C 237
0x04A0 TWIE Two Wire Interface on port E
0x0600 PORTA Port A 140
0x0620 PORTB Port B
0x0640 PORTC Port C
0x0660 PORTD Port D
0x0680 PORTE Port E
0x06A0 PORTF Port F
0x07E0 PORTR Port R
0x0800 TCC0 Timer/Counter 0 on port C 163
0x0840 TCC1 Timer/Counter 1 on port C
0x0880 AWEXC Advanced Waveform Extension on port C 184
0x0890 HIRESC High Resolution Extension on port C 186
0x08A0 USARTC0 USART 0 on port C 263
0x08B0 USARTC1 USART 1 on port C
0x08C0 SPIC Serial Peripheral Interface on port C 243
0x08F0 IRCOM Infrared Communication Module 267
0x0900 TCD0 Timer/Counter 0 on port D 163
0x09A0 USARTD0 USART 0 on port D 263
0x09C0 SPID Serial Peripheral Interface on port D 243
0x0A00 TCE0 Timer/Counter 0 on port E 163
0x0AA0 USARTE0 USART 0 on port E 263
0x0B00 TCF0 Timer/Counter 0 on port F 163
0x0BA0 USARTF0 USART 0 on port F 263

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 342

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
30. Instruction Set Summary
Mnemonics Operands Description Operation Flags #Clocks

Arithmetic and Logic Instructions

ADD Rd, Rr Add without Carry Rd  Rd + Rr Z,C,N,V,S,H 1

ADC Rd, Rr Add with Carry Rd  Rd + Rr + C Z,C,N,V,S,H 1

ADIW Rd, K Add Immediate to Word Rd  Rd + 1:Rd + K Z,C,N,V,S 2

SUB Rd, Rr Subtract without Carry Rd  Rd - Rr Z,C,N,V,S,H 1

SUBI Rd, K Subtract Immediate Rd  Rd - K Z,C,N,V,S,H 1

SBC Rd, Rr Subtract with Carry Rd  Rd - Rr - C Z,C,N,V,S,H 1

SBCI Rd, K Subtract Immediate with Carry Rd  Rd - K - C Z,C,N,V,S,H 1

SBIW Rd, K Subtract Immediate from Word Rd + 1:Rd  Rd + 1:Rd - K Z,C,N,V,S 2

AND Rd, Rr Logical AND Rd  Rd  Rr Z,N,V,S 1

ANDI Rd, K Logical AND with Immediate Rd  Rd  K Z,N,V,S 1

OR Rd, Rr Logical OR Rd  Rd v Rr Z,N,V,S 1

ORI Rd, K Logical OR with Immediate Rd  Rd v K Z,N,V,S 1

EOR Rd, Rr Exclusive OR Rd  Rd  Rr Z,N,V,S 1

COM Rd One’s Complement Rd  $FF - Rd Z,C,N,V,S 1

NEG Rd Two’s Complement Rd  $00 - Rd Z,C,N,V,S,H 1

SBR Rd,K Set Bit(s) in Register Rd  Rd v K Z,N,V,S 1

CBR Rd,K Clear Bit(s) in Register Rd  Rd  ($FFh - K) Z,N,V,S 1

INC Rd Increment Rd  Rd + 1 Z,N,V,S 1

DEC Rd Decrement Rd  Rd - 1 Z,N,V,S 1

TST Rd Test for Zero or Minus Rd  Rd  Rd Z,N,V,S 1

CLR Rd Clear Register Rd  Rd  Rd Z,N,V,S 1

SER Rd Set Register Rd  $FF None 1

MUL Rd,Rr Multiply Unsigned R1:R0  Rd x Rr (UU) Z,C 2

MULS Rd,Rr Multiply Signed R1:R0  Rd x Rr (SS) Z,C 2

MULSU Rd,Rr Multiply Signed with Unsigned R1:R0  Rd x Rr (SU) Z,C 2

FMUL Rd,Rr Fractional Multiply Unsigned R1:R0  Rd x Rr<<1 (UU) Z,C 2

FMULS Rd,Rr Fractional Multiply Signed R1:R0  Rd x Rr<<1 (SS) Z,C 2

FMULSU Rd,Rr Fractional Multiply Signed with Unsigned R1:R0  Rd x Rr<<1 (SU) Z,C 2

if (H = 0) then R15:R0  Encrypt(R15:R0, K)

DES K Data Encryption 1/2
else if (H = 1) then R15:R0  Decrypt(R15:R0, K)

Branch instructions

RJMP k Relative Jump PC  PC + k + 1 None 2

PC(15:0)  Z,
IJMP Indirect Jump to (Z) None 2
PC(21:16)  0

PC(15:0)  Z,
EIJMP Extended Indirect Jump to (Z) None 2
PC(21:16)  EIND

JMP k Jump PC  k None 3

XMEGA AU [MANUAL]
Atmel-8331H-AVR-Xmega AU-12/2014 343
Mnemonics Operands Description Operation Flags #Clocks

RCALL k Relative Call Subroutine PC  PC + k + 1 None 2 / 3(1)

PC(15:0)  Z,
ICALL Indirect Call to (Z) None 2 / 3(1)
PC(21:16)  0

PC(15:0)  Z,
EICALL Extended Indirect Call to (Z) None 3(1)
PC(21:16)  EIND

CALL k call Subroutine PC  k None 3 / 4(1)

RET Subroutine Return PC  STACK None 4 / 5(1)

RETI Interrupt Return PC  STACK I 4 / 5(1)

CPSE Rd,Rr Compare, Skip if Equal if (Rd = Rr) PC  PC + 2 or 3 None 1/2/3

CP Rd,Rr Compare Rd - Rr Z,C,N,V,S,H 1

CPC Rd,Rr Compare with Carry Rd - Rr - C Z,C,N,V,S,H 1

CPI Rd,K Compare with Immediate Rd - K Z,C,N,V,S,H 1

SBRC Rr, b Skip if Bit in Register Cleared if (Rr(b) = 0) PC  PC + 2 or 3 None 1/2/3

SBRS Rr, b Skip if Bit in Register Set if (Rr(b) = 1) PC  PC + 2 or 3 None 1/2/3

SBIC A, b Skip if Bit in I/O Register Cleared if (I/O(A,b) = 0) PC  PC + 2 or 3 None 2/3/4

SBIS A, b Skip if Bit in I/O Register Set If (I/O(A,b) =1) PC  PC + 2 or 3 None 2/3/4

BRBS s, k Branch if Status Flag Set if (SREG(s) = 1) then PC  PC + k + 1 None 1/2

BRBC s, k Branch if Status Flag Cleared if (SREG(s) = 0) then PC  PC + k + 1 None 1/2

BREQ k Branch if Equal if (Z = 1) then PC  PC + k + 1 None 1/2

BRNE k Branch if Not Equal if (Z = 0) then PC  PC + k + 1 None 1/2

BRCS k Branch if Carry Set if (C = 1) then PC  PC + k + 1 None 1/2

BRCC k Branch if Carry Cleared if (C = 0) then PC  PC + k + 1 None 1/2

BRSH k Branch if Same or Higher if (C = 0) then PC  PC + k + 1 None 1/2

BRLO k Branch if Lower if (C = 1) then PC  PC + k + 1 None 1/2

BRMI k Branch if Minus if (N = 1) then PC  PC + k + 1 None 1/2

BRPL k Branch if Plus if (N = 0) then PC  PC + k + 1 None 1/2

BRGE k Branch if Greater or Equal, Signed if (N  V= 0) then PC  PC + k + 1 None 1/2

BRLT k Branch if Less Than, Signed if (N  V= 1) then PC  PC + k + 1 None 1/2

BRHS k Branch if Half Carry Flag Set if (H = 1) then PC  PC + k + 1 None 1/2

BRHC k Branch if Half Carry Flag Cleared if (H = 0) then PC  PC + k + 1 None 1/2

BRTS k Branch if T Flag Set if (T = 1) then PC  PC + k + 1 None 1/2

BRTC k Branch if T Flag Cleared if (T = 0) then PC  PC + k + 1 None 1/2

BRVS k Branch if Overflow Flag is Set if (V = 1) then PC  PC + k + 1 None 1/2

BRVC k Branch if Overflow Flag is Cleared if (V = 0) then PC  PC + k + 1 None 1/2

BRIE k Branch if Interrupt Enabled if (I = 1) then PC  PC + k + 1 None 1/2

BRID k Branch if Interrupt Disabled if (I = 0) then PC  PC + k + 1 None 1/2

Data transfer instructions

MOV Rd, Rr Copy Register Rd  Rr None 1

MOVW Rd, Rr Copy Register Pair Rd+1:Rd  Rr+1:Rr None 1

XMEGA AU [MANUAL]
Atmel-8331H-AVR-Xmega AU-12/2014 344
Mnemonics Operands Description Operation Flags #Clocks

LDI Rd, K Load Immediate Rd  K None 1

LDS Rd, k Load Direct from data space Rd  (k) None 2 (1)(2)

LD Rd, X Load Indirect Rd  (X) None 1(1)(2)

Rd  (X)
LD Rd, X+ Load Indirect and Post-Increment None 1(1)(2)
X  X+1

X  X - 1,  X-1
LD Rd, -X Load Indirect and Pre-Decrement None 2(1)(2)
Rd  (X)  (X)

LD Rd, Y Load Indirect Rd  (Y)  (Y) None 1(1)(2)

Rd  (Y)
LD Rd, Y+ Load Indirect and Post-Increment None 1(1)(2)
Y  Y+1

Y  Y-1
LD Rd, -Y Load Indirect and Pre-Decrement None 2(1)(2)
Rd  (Y)

LDD Rd, Y+q Load Indirect with Displacement Rd  (Y + q) None 2(1)(2)

LD Rd, Z Load Indirect Rd  (Z) None 1(1)(2)

Rd  (Z),
LD Rd, Z+ Load Indirect and Post-Increment None 1(1)(2)
Z  Z+1

Z  Z - 1,
LD Rd, -Z Load Indirect and Pre-Decrement None 2(1)(2)
Rd  (Z)

LDD Rd, Z+q Load Indirect with Displacement Rd  (Z + q) None 2(1)(2)

STS k, Rr Store Direct to Data Space (k)  Rd None 2(1)

ST X, Rr Store Indirect (X)  Rr None 1(1)

(X)  Rr,
ST X+, Rr Store Indirect and Post-Increment None 1(1)
X  X+1

X  X - 1,
ST -X, Rr Store Indirect and Pre-Decrement None 2(1)
(X)  Rr

ST Y, Rr Store Indirect (Y)  Rr None 1(1)

(Y)  Rr,
ST Y+, Rr Store Indirect and Post-Increment None 1(1)
Y  Y+1

Y  Y - 1,
ST -Y, Rr Store Indirect and Pre-Decrement None 2(1)
(Y)  Rr

STD Y+q, Rr Store Indirect with Displacement (Y + q)  Rr None 2(1)

ST Z, Rr Store Indirect (Z)  Rr None 1(1)

(Z)  Rr
ST Z+, Rr Store Indirect and Post-Increment None 1(1)
Z  Z+1

ST -Z, Rr Store Indirect and Pre-Decrement Z  Z-1 None 2(1)

STD Z+q,Rr Store Indirect with Displacement (Z + q)  Rr None 2(1)

LPM Load Program Memory R0  (Z) None 3

LPM Rd, Z Load Program Memory Rd  (Z) None 3

Rd  (Z),
LPM Rd, Z+ Load Program Memory and Post-Increment None 3
Z  Z+1

ELPM Extended Load Program Memory R0  (RAMPZ:Z) None 3

ELPM Rd, Z Extended Load Program Memory Rd  (RAMPZ:Z) None 3

Extended Load Program Memory and Post- Rd  (RAMPZ:Z),

ELPM Rd, Z+ None 3
Increment Z  Z+1

SPM Store Program Memory (RAMPZ:Z)  R1:R0 None -

XMEGA AU [MANUAL]
Atmel-8331H-AVR-Xmega AU-12/2014 345
Mnemonics Operands Description Operation Flags #Clocks

Store Program Memory and Post-Increment by (RAMPZ:Z)  R1:R0,

SPM Z+ None -
2 Z  Z+2

IN Rd, A In From I/O Location Rd  I/O(A) None 1

OUT A, Rr Out To I/O Location I/O(A)  Rr None 1

PUSH Rr Push Register on Stack STACK  Rr None 1(1)

POP Rd Pop Register from Stack Rd  STACK None 2(1)

Temp  Rd,
XCH Z, Rd Exchange RAM location Rd  (Z), None 2
(Z)  Temp

Temp  Rd,
LAS Z, Rd Load and Set RAM location Rd  (Z), None 2
(Z)  Temp v (Z)

Temp  Rd,
LAC Z, Rd Load and Clear RAM location Rd  (Z), None 2
(Z)  ($FFh – Rd)  (Z)

Temp  Rd,
LAT Z, Rd Load and Toggle RAM location Rd  (Z), None 2
(Z)  Temp  (Z)

Bit and bit-test instructions

Rd(n+1)  Rd(n),
LSL Rd Logical Shift Left Rd(0)  0, Z,C,N,V,H 1
C  Rd(7)

Rd(n)  Rd(n+1),
LSR Rd Logical Shift Right Rd(7)  0, Z,C,N,V 1
C  Rd(0)

Rd(0)  C,
ROL Rd Rotate Left Through Carry Rd(n+1)  Rd(n), Z,C,N,V,H 1
C  Rd(7)

Rd(7)  C,
ROR Rd Rotate Right Through Carry Rd(n)  Rd(n+1), Z,C,N,V 1
C  Rd(0)

ASR Rd Arithmetic Shift Right Rd(n)  Rd(n+1), n=0..6 Z,C,N,V 1

SWAP Rd Swap Nibbles Rd(3..0)  Rd(7..4) None 1

BSET s Flag Set SREG(s)  1 SREG(s) 1

BCLR s Flag Clear SREG(s)  0 SREG(s) 1

SBI A, b Set Bit in I/O Register I/O(A, b)  1 None 1

CBI A, b Clear Bit in I/O Register I/O(A, b)  0 None 1

BST Rr, b Bit Store from Register to T T  Rr(b) T 1

BLD Rd, b Bit load from T to Register Rd(b)  T None 1

SEC Set Carry C  1 C 1

CLC Clear Carry C  0 C 1

SEN Set Negative Flag N  1 N 1

CLN Clear Negative Flag N  0 N 1

SEZ Set Zero Flag Z  1 Z 1

CLZ Clear Zero Flag Z  0 Z 1

SEI Global Interrupt Enable I  1 I 1

XMEGA AU [MANUAL]
Atmel-8331H-AVR-Xmega AU-12/2014 346
 Mnemonics Operands Description Operation Flags #Clocks

CLI Global Interrupt Disable I  0 I 1

SES Set Signed Test Flag S  1 S 1

CLS Clear Signed Test Flag S  0 S 1

SEV Set Two’s Complement Overflow V  1 V 1

CLV Clear Two’s Complement Overflow V  0 V 1

SET Set T in SREG T  1 T 1

CLT Clear T in SREG T  0 T 1

SEH Set Half Carry Flag in SREG H  1 H 1

CLH Clear Half Carry Flag in SREG H  0 H 1

MCU control instructions

BREAK Break (See specific descr. for BREAK) None 1

NOP No Operation None 1

SLEEP Sleep (see specific descr. for Sleep) None 1

WDR Watchdog Reset (see specific descr. for WDR) None 1

Notes: 1. Cycle times for data memory accesses assume internal memory accesses, and are not valid for accesses via the external RAM interface.
2. One extra cycle must be added when accessing Internal SRAM.

XMEGA AU [MANUAL]
Atmel-8331H-AVR-Xmega AU-12/2014 347
31. Datasheet Revision History
Please note that the referring page numbers in this section are referred to this document. The referring revisions in this
section are referring to the document revision.

31.1 8465H - 12/2014

1. Updated the use of capital letters in headings, table headings and figure titles.

2. Corrected several cross-references.

31.2 8465G - 11/2014

1. Changed NVMAA to CMDEX and the Write lock bits and Erase EEPROM to “PDI write” in Table 28-5 on page 338.

2 Changed the text in point 2 in Section 28.12.3.8 on page 340.

3. Changed NVMEX to CMDEX in Section 28. on page 323.

31.3 8465F - 09/2014

1. Updated footer and last page according to new template.

2 Changed RCOSC48M to USBRCOSC in Section 4.15.19 on page 40 and Section 4.20 on page 44.

3. Removed information about CALH register.

4. Changed VCC to AVCC in “Internal Inputs” on page 304 and in “AC – Analog Comparator” on page 303 and onwards.

31.4 8465E – 04/2013

1. ADC: Updated ADC input signals in Figure 25-3 on page 281.

ADC: Updated Table 25-11 on page 298 to include INPUT[1:0]=11 (differential with gain). Table 22-12 from revision D
2
of the datasheet is removed.

31.5 8465D – 01/2013

1. Updated Figure 6-2 on page 63: Replaced “Channel sweep” with “Syncsweep”.

2. Updated AC overview block diagram in Figure 26-1 on page 304.

31.6 8465C – 12/2012

1. Updated description of “CHnCTRL – Event Channel n Control Register” on page 70.

Updated description of “PRGEN – General Power Reduction Register” on page 97: Bit 3 is reserved. The XMEGA C
2.
devices does not have EBI.

Updated description of “PRPC/D/E/F – Power Reduction Port C/D/E/F Register” on page 98. Bit 5 is reserved. The
3.
XMEGA C devices does not have USART1.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 348

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
31.7 8465B – 11/2012
1. Updated Manual with new template.

2. References to Calibration Row updated to Production Signature Row for consistency.

3. Added reference to “NVM Flash Commands” on page 328 in “Production Signature Row” on page 22.

4. Added information on consequences of leaving some fuses unprogrammed in “Fuses and Lockbits” on page 22.

5. Removed “+” from the register addresses in “Register Description – Production Signature Row” on page 36.

Updated “32kHz Ultra Low Power Oscillator” on page 75 and “32.768kHz Calibrated Oscillator” on page 75 by adding
6.
reference to “RTCCTRL – RTC Control Register” on page 83.

7. Added “On-chip Debug Systems” on page 95.

8. Updated description of “Bit 2 – RTC: Real-Time Counter” on page 97.

Removed references to slew rate control in “I/O Ports” on page 119. This feature is not present in the I/O module of
9.
the XMEGA C devices.

10. Updated Input sense block diagram, Figure 12-9 on page 125.

11. Updated PDI connection figure in “PDI Physical” on page 313.

31.8 8465A – 02/2012

1. Initial revision.

XMEGA C [MANUAL] 349

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
Table of Contents

1. About the Manual . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2

1.1 Reading the Manual . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.2 Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.3 Recommended Reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

2. Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3
3. Atmel AVR CPU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7
3.1 Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3.2 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3.3 Architectural Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3.4 ALU - Arithmetic Logic Unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
3.5 Program Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3.6 Instruction Execution Timing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3.7 Status Register. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
3.8 Stack and Stack Pointer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
3.9 Register File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
3.10 RAMP and Extended Indirect Registers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
3.11 Accessing 16-bit Registers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
3.12 Configuration Change Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
3.13 Fuse Lock. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
3.14 Register Descriptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
3.15 Register Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

4. Memories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20
4.1 Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
4.2 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
4.3 Flash Program Memory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
4.4 Fuses and Lockbits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
4.5 Data Memory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
4.6 Internal SRAM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
4.7 EEPROM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
4.8 I/O Memory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
4.9 Data Memory and Bus Arbitration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
4.10 Memory Timing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
4.11 Device ID and Revision . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
4.12 I/O Memory Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
4.13 Register Description – NVM Controller . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
4.14 Register Descriptions – Fuses and Lock Bits. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
4.15 Register Description – Production Signature Row . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
4.16 Register Description – General Purpose I/O Memory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
4.17 Register Descriptions – MCU Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
4.18 Register Summary - NVM Controller . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
4.19 Register Summary - Fuses and Lock Bits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
4.20 Register Summary - Production Signature Row . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
4.21 Register Summary – General Purpose I/O Registers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
4.22 Register Summary – MCU Control. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
4.23 Interrupt Vector Summary – NVM Controller . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

XMEGA C [MANUAL] i
Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
5. DMAC - Direct Memory Access Controller . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .46
5.1 Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
5.2 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
5.3 DMA Transaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
5.4 Transfer Triggers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
5.5 Addressing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
5.6 Priority Between Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
5.7 Double Buffering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
5.8 Transfer Buffers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
5.9 Error Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
5.10 Software Reset. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
5.11 Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
5.12 Interrupts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
5.13 Register Description – DMA Controller . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
5.14 Register Description – DMA Channel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
5.15 Register Summary – DMA Controller . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
5.16 Register Summary – DMA Channel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
5.17 DMA Interrupt Vector Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60

6. Event System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .61

6.1 Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
6.2 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
6.3 Events . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
6.4 Event Routing Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
6.5 Event Timing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
6.6 Filtering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
6.7 Quadrature Decoder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
6.8 Register Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
6.9 Register Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72

7. System Clock and Clock Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .73

7.1 Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
7.2 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
7.3 Clock Distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
7.4 Clock Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
7.5 System Clock Selection and Prescalers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
7.6 PLL with 1x-31x Multiplication Factor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
7.7 DFLL 2MHz and DFLL 32MHz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
7.8 PLL and External Clock Source Failure Monitor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
7.9 Register Description – Clock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
7.10 Register Description – Oscillator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
7.11 Register Description – DFLL32M/DFLL2M . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
7.12 Register Summary - Clock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
7.13 Register Summary - Oscillator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
7.14 Register Summary - DFLL32M/DFLL2M . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
7.15 Oscillator Failure Interrupt Vector Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92

8. Power Management and Sleep Modes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .93

8.1 Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
8.2 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
8.3 Sleep Modes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93

XMEGA C [MANUAL] ii
Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
 8.4 Power Reduction Registers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
8.5 Minimizing Power Consumption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
8.6 Register Description – Sleep . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
8.7 Register Description – Power Reduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
8.8 Register Summary – Sleep . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
8.9 Register Summary – Power Reduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99

9. Reset System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .100

9.1 Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
9.2 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
9.3 Reset Sequence. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
9.4 Reset Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
9.5 Register Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
9.6 Register Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106

10. WDT – Watchdog Timer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .107

10.1 Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
10.2 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
10.3 Normal Mode Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
10.4 Window Mode Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
10.5 Watchdog Timer Clock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
10.6 Configuration Protection and Lock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
10.7 Registers Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
10.8 Register Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111

11. Interrupts and Programmable Multilevel Interrupt Controller . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .112

11.1 Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
11.2 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
11.3 Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
11.4 Interrupts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
11.5 Interrupt level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
11.6 Interrupt Priority . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
11.7 Interrupt Vector Locations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
11.8 Register Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
11.9 Register Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118

12. I/O Ports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .119

12.1 Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
12.2 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
12.3 I/O Pin Use and Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
12.4 Reading the Pin Value . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
12.5 Input Sense Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
12.6 Port Interrupt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
12.7 Port Event . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
12.8 Alternate Port Functions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
12.9 Clock and Event Output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
12.10 Multi-pin Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
12.11 Virtual Ports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
12.12 Register Descriptions – Ports. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
12.13 Register Descriptions – Port Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
12.14 Register Descriptions – Virtual Port . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
12.15 Register Summary – Ports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140

XMEGA C [MANUAL] iii

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
 12.16 Register Summary – Port Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
12.17 Register Summary – Virtual Ports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
12.18 Interrupt Vector Summary – Ports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141

13. TC0/1 – 16-bit Timer/Counter Type 0 and 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .142

13.1 Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
13.2 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
13.3 Block Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
13.4 Clock and Event Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
13.5 Double Buffering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
13.6 Counter Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
13.7 Capture Channel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
13.8 Compare Channel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
13.9 Interrupts and Events . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
13.10 DMA Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
13.11 Timer/Counter Commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
13.12 Register Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
13.13 Register Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
13.14 Interrupt Vector Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163

14. TC2 – 16-bit Timer/Counter Type 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .164

14.1 Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
14.2 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
14.3 Block Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
14.4 Clock Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
14.5 Counter Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
14.6 Compare Channel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
14.7 Interrupts and Events . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
14.8 DMA Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
14.9 Timer/Counter Commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
14.10 Register Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
14.11 Register Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
14.12 Interrupt Vector Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174

15. AWeX – Advanced Waveform Extension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .175

15.1 Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
15.2 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
15.3 Port Override . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
15.4 Dead-time Insertion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
15.5 Pattern Generation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
15.6 Fault Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
15.7 Register Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
15.8 Register Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184

16. Hi-Res – High-Resolution Extension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .185

16.1 Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
16.2 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
16.3 Register Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
16.4 Register Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186

17. RTC – Real-Time Counter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .187

17.1 Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187

XMEGA C [MANUAL] iv
Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
 17.2 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
17.3 Register Descriptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
17.4 Register Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
17.5 Interrupt Vector Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193

18. USB – Universal Serial Bus Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .194

18.1 Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
18.2 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
18.3 Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
18.4 SRAM Memory Mapping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
18.5 Clock Generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
18.6 Ping-pong Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
18.7 Multipacket Transfers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
18.8 Auto Zero Length Packet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
18.9 Transaction Complete FIFO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
18.10 Interrupts and Events . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
18.11 VBUS Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
18.12 On-chip Debug . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
18.13 Register Description – USB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
18.14 Register Description – USB Endpoint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
18.15 Register Description - Frame . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
18.16 Register Summary – USB Module . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
18.17 Register Summary – USB Endpoint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
18.18 Register Summary – Frame . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
18.19 USB Interrupt Vector Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215

19. TWI – Two-Wire Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .216

19.1 Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
19.2 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
19.3 General TWI Bus Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
19.4 TWI Bus State Logic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
19.5 TWI Master Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
19.6 TWI Slave Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
19.7 Enabling External Driver Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226
19.8 Register Description – TWI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
19.9 Register Description – TWI Master . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
19.10 Register Description – TWI Slave . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232
19.11 Register Summary - TWI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
19.12 Register Summary - TWI Master . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
19.13 Register Summary - TWI Slave . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
19.14 Interrupt Vector Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237

20. SPI – Serial Peripheral Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .238

20.1 Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238
20.2 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238
20.3 Master Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
20.4 Slave Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
20.5 Data Modes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
20.6 DMA Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240
20.7 Register Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
20.8 Register Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
20.9 Interrupt Vector Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243

XMEGA C [MANUAL] v
Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
21. USART . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .244
21.1 Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244
21.2 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244
21.3 Clock Generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
21.4 Frame Formats. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
21.5 USART Initialization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250
21.6 Data Transmission - The USART Transmitter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250
21.7 Data Reception - the USART Receiver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250
21.8 Asynchronous Data Reception. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251
21.9 Fractional Baud Rate Generation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254
21.10 USART in Master SPI Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256
21.11 USART SPI vs. SPI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256
21.12 Multiprocessor Communication Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257
21.13 IRCOM Mode of Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257
21.14 DMA Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257
21.15 Register Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258
21.16 Register Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
21.17 Interrupt Vector Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263

22. IRCOM - IR Communication Module . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .264

22.1 Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264
22.2 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264
22.3 Registers Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266
22.4 Register Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267

23. AES Crypto Engines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .268

23.1 Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268
23.2 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268
23.3 AES Crypto Module . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268
23.4 Register Description – AES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271
23.5 Register Summary - AES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273
23.6 Interrupt vector Summary – AES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273

24. CRC – Cyclic Redundancy Check Generator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .274

24.1 Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274
24.2 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274
24.3 Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274
24.4 CRC on Flash Memory. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275
24.5 CRC on DMA Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275
24.6 CRC Using the I/O Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275
24.7 Register Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276
24.8 Register Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278

25. ADC – Analog-to-Digital Converter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .279

25.1 Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279
25.2 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279
25.3 Input Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280
25.4 Sampling Time Control. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
25.5 Voltage Reference Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
25.6 Conversion Result . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284
25.7 Compare Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285
25.8 Starting a Conversion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285

XMEGA C [MANUAL] vi
Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
 25.9 ADC Clock and Conversion Timing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285
25.10 ADC Input Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288
25.11 DMA Transfer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289
25.12 Interrupts and Events . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289
25.13 Calibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289
25.14 Synchronous Sampling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289
25.15 Register Description – ADC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290
25.16 Register Description - ADC Channel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296
25.17 Register Summary – ADC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302
25.18 Register Summary – ADC Channel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302
25.19 Interrupt Vector Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302

26. AC – Analog Comparator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .303

26.1 Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303
26.2 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303
26.3 Input Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304
26.4 Signal Compare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304
26.5 Interrupts and Events . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304
26.6 Window Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305
26.7 Input Hysteresis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305
26.8 Register Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306
26.9 Register Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311
26.10 Interrupt Vector Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311

27. Program and Debug Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .312

27.1 Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312
27.2 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312
27.3 PDI Physical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313
27.4 PDI Controller. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317
27.5 Register Description - PDI Instruction and Addressing Registers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319
27.6 Register Description – PDI Control and Status Registers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321
27.7 Register Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322

28. Memory Programming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .323

28.1 Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323
28.2 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323
28.3 NVM Controller. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324
28.4 NVM Commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324
28.5 NVM Controller Busy Status . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324
28.6 Flash and EEPROM Page Buffers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325
28.7 Flash and EEPROM Programming Sequences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325
28.8 Protection of NVM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326
28.9 Preventing NVM Corruption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326
28.10 CRC Functionality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327
28.11 Self-programming and Boot Loader Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327
28.12 External Programming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336
28.13 Register Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341
28.14 Register Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341

29. Peripheral Module Address Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .342

30. Instruction Set Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .343

XMEGA C [MANUAL] vii

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
31. Datasheet Revision History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .348
31.1 8465H - 12/2014 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348
31.2 8465G - 11/2014 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348
31.3 8465F - 09/2014 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348
31.4 8465E – 04/2013 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348
31.5 8465D – 01/2013 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348
31.6 8465C – 12/2012 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348
31.7 8465B – 11/2012 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349
31.8 8465A – 02/2012 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349

Table of Contents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i

XMEGA C [MANUAL] viii

Atmel-8465H-AVR-XMEGA C-12/2014
 XXXXXX

Atmel Corporation 1600 Technology Drive, San Jose, CA 95110 USA T: (+1)(408) 441.0311 F: (+1)(408) 436.4200 | www.atmel.com

© 2014 Atmel Corporation. All rights reserved. / Rev.: 8465H–AVR–XMEGA C Datasheet –12/2014
Atmel®, Atmel logo and combinations thereof, AVR®, Enabling Unlimited Possibilities®, XMEGA®, QTouch®, and others are registered trademarks or trademarks of
Atmel Corporation or its subsidiaries. Other terms and product names may be trademarks of others.

DISCLAIMER: The information in this document is provided in connection with Atmel products. No license, express or implied, by estoppel or otherwise, to any intellectual property right is
granted by this document or in connection with the sale of Atmel products. EXCEPT AS SET FORTH IN THE ATMEL TERMS AND CONDITIONS OF SALES LOCATED ON THE ATMEL
WEBSITE, ATMEL ASSUMES NO LIABILITY WHATSOEVER AND DISCLAIMS ANY EXPRESS, IMPLIED OR STATUTORY WARRANTY RELATING TO ITS PRODUCTS INCLUDING, BUT NOT
LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTY OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, OR NON-INFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL ATMEL BE LIABLE FOR ANY
DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE, SPECIAL OR INCIDENTAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, DAMAGES FOR LOSS AND PROFITS, BUSINESS
INTERRUPTION, OR LOSS OF INFORMATION) ARISING OUT OF THE USE OR INABILITY TO USE THIS DOCUMENT, EVEN IF ATMEL HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
SUCH DAMAGES. Atmel makes no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this document and reserves the right to make changes to
specifications and products descriptions at any time without notice. Atmel does not make any commitment to update the information contained herein. Unless specifically provided otherwise,
Atmel products are not suitable for, and shall not be used in, automotive applications. Atmel products are not intended, authorized, or warranted for use as components in applications intended
to support or sustain life.

SAFETY-CRITICAL, MILITARY, AND AUTOMOTIVE APPLICATIONS DISCLAIMER: Atmel products are not designed for and will not be used in connection with any applications where the failure
of such products would reasonably be expected to result in significant personal injury or death (“Safety-Critical Applications”) without an Atmel officer's specific written consent. Safety-Critical
Applications include, without limitation, life support devices and systems, equipment or systems for the operation of nuclear facilities and weapons systems. Atmel products are not designed nor
intended for use in military or aerospace applications or environments unless specifically designated by Atmel as military-grade. Atmel products are not designed nor intended for use in
automotive applications unless specifically designated by Atmel as automotive-grade.