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CE211: Circuit & Electronics: 1. Multiple Voltage and Current Sources/Resistor Networks 2. Single Node Pair Circuits

1. The document discusses different circuit analysis techniques including single loop circuits, multiple voltage/current sources, and single-node-pair (parallel) circuits. 2. Key concepts covered include voltage division in single loop circuits using Kirchhoff's voltage law (KVL), current division in parallel circuits using Kirchhoff's current law (KCL), and combining multiple voltage sources in series. 3. Examples are provided to demonstrate calculating voltages, currents, equivalent resistances, and power for various circuit configurations.

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Muhammad Ehtisham Hassan
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134 views12 pages

CE211: Circuit & Electronics: 1. Multiple Voltage and Current Sources/Resistor Networks 2. Single Node Pair Circuits

1. The document discusses different circuit analysis techniques including single loop circuits, multiple voltage/current sources, and single-node-pair (parallel) circuits. 2. Key concepts covered include voltage division in single loop circuits using Kirchhoff's voltage law (KVL), current division in parallel circuits using Kirchhoff's current law (KCL), and combining multiple voltage sources in series. 3. Examples are provided to demonstrate calculating voltages, currents, equivalent resistances, and power for various circuit configurations.

Uploaded by

Muhammad Ehtisham Hassan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CE211: Circuit & Electronics

Lecture: 5

1. Multiple Voltage and Current


Sources/Resistor Networks
2. Single Node Pair Circuits
Current Directions And Polarities
• Fig-a → Ohms law (V = IR)
• If direction of current or voltage but not both are reversed then
voltage would be V = -IR
• Fig-b → If polarity is specified between two terminals then direc on
of current is from positive to negative terminal
• Fig-c → If direc on of current is specified then polarity of voltage
must be such that point D is at higher potential than point C

2
Single Loop Circuits
Voltage Division
• If the elements carry same current, they are said to be connected in series
• Assumption for figure
– Current flows in clockwise direction
• Applying KVL to Circuit?
• v(t) is divided between R1 and R2 in a direct proportion to their resistances
– i.e; element with higher value of resistance gets the higher voltage drop across
it
• For calculation of voltage across resistor R1, calculation of current can be
bypassed
– Simply multiply the input voltage by the ratio;

R1
vR1  vt 
R1  R2
• These voltages will satisfy KVL

3
Example 2.13, Pg: 40
• R1 is a variable resistor
• Vs = 9V
• R1= 90 KΩ (Case 1)
• R1 = 15 K Ω (Case 2)
• R2 = 30 Ω
• Find V2 and power absorbed by R2 for both cases

4
Example 2.14, Pg: 41
• A high voltage DC transmission facility
• (b) is an equivalent circuit of (a)
– Power delivered to load and power losses in the line = ?

• Suppose power is supplied at 200kV and 4kA?


– What effect would this have on our transmission network
• Power is directly proportional to square of the current
• Power loss in line would increase
• Efficiency of the system would decrease
– Therefore power is usually transmitted at high voltage and low
current

5
Multiple Voltage Sources/Resistor
Networks
• Networks that contain more than one voltage source or more than one
resistor
• (b) is an equivalent circuit of (a)
• Sum of several voltage sources in series can be replaced by one source
whose value is the algebraic sum of the individual sources
• This approach can be generalized for N number of sources connected in
series
N Number Of Resistors In Series

Rs = R1 + R2 + R3 + …… + RN
Equivalent resistance of N number of resistors in series is the sum of
the individual resistances
i(t) = v(t) / Rs
For any resistor Ri in the circuit, voltage across Ri is given by
 Ri 
vRi   vt 
 Rs 
Example 2.15, Pg 43
• To find I, Vbd and the power absorbed by the
30 kΩ resistor and voltage Vbc
Things To Remember In Single Loop
Circuits
• There is always one loop current for a single loop
circuit, flowing either clockwise or counterclockwise
• Ohm’s law can be used to define a voltage across each
resistor in terms of the defined loop current
• Use KVL for solving single loop circuit
• For single loop circuits, one KVL equation can provide
the value for current. If current is positive then the
assumed direction of loop current is correct
• If current is negative then current is actually flowing in
the opposite direction
Single-Node-Pair Circuits
Current Division
• By applying KVL to single loop circuit we find that every element has the
same voltage across it and thus, are said to be connected in parallel
• Single node means a circuit with two parallel branches or two loops
• KCL and Ohm’s law will be applied for solution of unknown quantities
• Applying KCL to upper node we get;

By applying Ohm’s law

Where;
• The equivalent resistance Rp is always less
than either R1 or R2
• By connecting resistors in parallel we reduce
the over all resistance
• Special Case
– If R1= R2 then equivalent resistance is equal to half
of the value of the individual resistors
• The manner in which i(t) divides between the
two branches is called current division
• Applying KCL to upper node in the lower figure

• Hence current in a parallel branch is equal to


• Resistance of the opposite branch divided by total resistance and multiplied
by the total current flowing towards that parallel combination of resistors

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