A

Dissertation
On
“WHEEL-CHAIR CUM HYDRAULIC BED”
s our Head, Mechanical Engineering Department, Prof. R.T Vyavahare for
his constant inspiration, and assistance throughout the course.

We are grateful to Principal Dr. K. J. Karande for his encouragement and guidance
throughout the course.

We express our sincere thanks to all the staff, faculties and colleagues of Mechanical
Engineering Department of SKN SINHGAD COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, who have
helped us directly or indirectly in completing this project.

We are also grateful to our parents for wishes and moral support during the preparation
and all concerned for helping and encouraging us. We are grateful for the many useful
comments and suggestions provided by reviewers, which have resulted significant
improvements in the project.

Place: Korti, Pandhrpur Mane Vaibhav

Digambar. Date: Patale
Sanket Sunil.
Kalshetti
Gangadhar Ganpati
 ABSTRACT

Wheel chair and Stretchers are very commonly used in the hospitals,
airports, railway stations, shopping malls, etc. We have designed and
fabricated a new modified wheel chair cum stretcher. The developed wheel
chair can very easily be converted into stretcher as well as operation table
depending upon need. In this, we used the “Simple Four Bar Chain
Mechanism”” has been synthesized for lifting. The mechanism is driven
manually.

The wheel chair gets converted into stretcher while lifting

automatically. Four legged support provides required stability to the stretcher.
The system can be made manual self-driven or motorized. Wheel chair,
Stretchers, Beds, Operation tables, etc. are major furniture items used in
hospitals. Engineers are continuously applying their ideas to make product
more and more sophisticated to facilitate doctor, patients, staff.

We devolved an innovative wheel chair which can be easily

converted into Stretchers and small operation table. The percentage of
patients in India is increasing day by day. In hospitals patients need to be
shifted from wheelchair to stretcher, stretcher to beds, bed to wheelchair, or
vice versa; which creates unsafe conditions for patients. Transferring patients
in hospitals is a common problem for the caretakers. Purpose of design which
will reduce the effort of the caretaker. Provide a safer transfer for the patients
in hospitals.

It is comfortable for us that mean it is used for both function. A

digital read out (DRO) is a small computer usually with an integrated
keyboard and some means of numeric representation. It reads the signals
generated by the linear encoder installed to several machine axes, using them
to keep track of work piece position or tool position.
 CONTENT

Chapter No Name of Chapter

Page No

Chapter 1 Introduction

1.1
WHEELCHAIR CUM HYDRAULIC BED

INTRODUCTION

DISABILITY is the term which is in use from many decades now. As per
Oxford Etymology, “DISABILITY” is used in many contexts viz, it was a sport
in 1650’s with the name “CAP IN HAND”, it was used in horse races in 1750’s,
in 1870’s it is “Any race or competition in which the chances of the competitors
are sought to be equalized by giving an advantage to the less efficient or
imposing a disadvantage upon the more efficient.” Finally, the first use of
handicap to designate mental or physical impairment is recorded in a 1915 photo
caption: The Handicapped Child. From 1915 the word
“DISABILITY/HANDICAP” has become the brand name for the people who are
physically or mentally challenged.

“Disabilities is an umbrella term, covering impairments, activity limitations,

and participation restrictions. An impairment is a problem in body function or
structure; an activity limitation is a difficulty encountered by an individual in
executing a task or action; while a participation restriction is a problem
experienced by an individual in involvement in life situations. Thus disability is a
complex phenomenon, reflecting an interaction between features of a person’s
body and features of the society in which he or she lives”

World Health Organization

Types of Disability:

Disability is caused by impairments to various subsystems of the body - these can

be broadly sorted into the following categories.

1. Physical Disability

2. Sensory Disability

a. Visual Impairment
b. Hearing Impairment
c. Olfactory and gustatory Impairment
d. Somatosensory Impairment
e. Balance Disorder
3. Intellectual Disability

4. Mental health and emotional disabilities

Physical Disability

Sensory Disability

MOBILITY AID:

A mobility aid is a device designed to assist walking or otherwise

improve the mobility of people with mobility impairment.

There are various walking aids which can help with impaired ability to walk and
wheelchairs or mobility scooters for more severe disability or longer journeys
which would otherwise be undertaken on foot. For people who are blind or
visually impaired the white cane and guide dog have a long history of use. Other
aids can help with mobility or transfer within a building or where there are
changes of level.

Traditionally the phrase "mobility aid" has applied mainly to low

technology mechanical devices. The term also appears in government documents,
for example dealing with tax concessions of various kinds. It refers to those
devices whose use enables a freedom of movement similar to that of unassisted
walking or standing up from a chair.
Types of Mobility Aid

1. Walking aids

a. Cane
b. Crutches
c. Canes, crutches, and forearm crutch combinations
d. Walkers
e. Walker Cane Hybrid
f. Gait Trainers

1. Wheelchairs and Scooters

2. Stair lifts and similar devices

3. Others

a. Sling lifts
b. Lift chairs
c. Knee scooters

PROBLEM DEFINITION

The percentage of patients in India is increasing day by day. In hospitals

patients need to be shifted from wheelchair to stretcher, stretcher to beds, bed to
wheelchair, or vice versa; which creates unsafe conditions for patients.
Transferring patients in hospitals is a common problem for the caretakers

PROJECT SCOPE

Propose a design which will reduce the effort of the caretaker and provide
a safer transfer for the patients in hospitals and it is comfortable for us That
means it is used for both function.

Present Method of Patient handling from Ambulance

To stretcher:
 Step: 1

Step: 2

Step: 3

LITRATURE STUDY

ABOUT THE PROBLEM

 The problem of transfer patients exists from ancient times. People who
got seriously injured or ill, were carried by others by means of wooden stretcher
with cloth or leather tied to it. Later they were carried on wheels which reduced
the effort of the people carrying them. Today the problem still exists. Though we
have evolved in the field of healthcare and technology we are not yet able to
address the problem efficiently.

WHEELCHAIR

Wheelchairs have been around for hundreds of years, but early wheelchairs were
intended only to help a disabled individual move from point A to point B. As
society progressed and disabled individuals became more integrated, the role of
the wheelchair began to change as well. Wheelchairs are now considered not
only a means of transportation but also as a way to allow users to express their
individuality.

The earliest records of wheeled furniture was an inscription found on a

stone slate in China and a child’s bed depicted in a frieze on a Greek vase, both
dating back to the 6th century B.C.E. The first records of wheeled seats being
used for transporting the disabled date to three centuries later in China; the
Chinese used their invented wheelbarrow to move people as well as heavy
objects. A distinction between the two functions was not made for another several
hundred years until when images of wheeled chairs made specifically to carry
people begin to occur in Chinese art. There were many attempts to connect
furniture to wheels dating back to the time of Christ. But perhaps the first
wheelchair was invented for King Phillip II of Spain. A drawing of the King
dated 1595 shows him in a chair with wheels, armrests and footrests. However,
he needed assistance to propel it. In 1665 one of the first self-propelled vehicles
was invented by Stephan Farfel. Harry Jennings and his disabled friend Herbert
Everest, both mechanical engineers, invented the first lightweight, steel,
collapsible wheelchair in 1933. Mr. Everest had broken his back in a mining
accident. The two saw the business potential of the invention and went on to
become the first mass-manufacturers of wheelchairs: Everest and Jennings. Their
"x-brace" design is still in common use, albeit with updated materials and other
improvements. In the 1950’s the first powered wheelchair was developed. It used
a motor to power the wheelchair. It was around the same time that wheelchair
sports were first started. In the year 1964 the first Paralympics games were held
in Tokyo, Japan.

Modern day wheel chairs contain light materials, microprocessor

controlled and many more sophisticated systems. There is a revolution of
wheelchairs available today driven by needs and desire or man today. The future
expects a better range of wheelchairs that could suit the imagination of the
human mind and serve the needy.

The basic structure of the wheelchair contains various parts. In simple

words its nothing but a set of wheels attached to a chair. There are some
important things a wheelchair must contain. A seat must be comfortable, so that
the person does not get tired sitting on it for a long time. It must contain a
backrest that provides a good lumbar support. It must have an arm rest at an
optimum height and a also a foot rest. The most important think is it must have
brakes for the wheels.
Since the birth of the wheelchair there have been many modifications in its
design. Today there exists a huge variety of wheelchairs- manually, electric, or
self propelled, foldable or rigid. Apart from these they are classified based on
their usage, standing wheelchair, sports wheelchair, mobility scooters, bathroom
wheelchair, steps climbing wheelchair etc. The range of wheelchairs reflects the
demand to meet individual needs.

Caster wheel mechanism

Caster angle is the angular displacement from the vertical axis of the suspension
of a steered wheel in a vehicle measured in the longitudinal direction. It is the
angle between the pivot line (in a car - an imaginary line that runs through the
centre of the upper ball joint to the centre of the lower ball joint) and vertical. Car
racers sometimes adjust caster angle to optimize their car’s handling
characteristics in particular driving situations. It is applied to ensure stability of
direction by means of a special arrangement. θ is the caster angle, red line is the
pivot line, grey area is the tire. A positive caster angle is shown with the front of
the vehicle being to the
Left.
 Fig.Caster wheel mechanism
Braking Mechanisms

Toggle clamp mechanism is fixed on rear wheel for braking in manual

wheelchairs. Lever type mechanism is used in hand brake system. Hand braking
system is used in most of the manual wheelchair and will be helpful for the user’s
convenience.

Fig.Braking mechanisms

Wheelchair Cushions
Cushions are the integral part of wheelchair where the patients are laid. A
stretcher or wheelchairs without cushions are never recommended for the
hospital purpose. So study has conducted in order to get a better understanding
with the types of cushions used in these products. The use of quality material
raises the entire cost of the product and a comparison study has done in order to
understand the various types of cushions used in wheelchair and stretcher.

Hydraulic mechanism:
4.2 HYDRAULIC SYSTEM
HYDRAULIC POWER:-

1. Power input

=[speed(rev/min)*pump displacement(cc/rev)
*pressure(bar)*100]/[600*motor efficiency(%)]
 =[1420*1*350*100]/[600*90]

=920watt

2. Flow

= [motor speed(rev/min)*pump displacement(cc/rev)]/1000

=1420*1.76/1000

=2.1cc/min

21
3. Shaft torque

= [pump displacement (cc/min)*pressure (bar)]/[20*P*I*3.142]

=[1.73*350]/[20*920*3.142]
=53N-m

4. Power out

=[speed(rev/min)*pump displacement(cc/min)*pressure(bar)*100]/600
=[1420*1.73*350*100]/600

=830watt

5 Fluid velocity in hose

Continuity equation:- Q= ρAV

Q = ρ*(πd2/4)*V

V= [(Q*4)/(ρ*πd2)]

=[(2.5*4)/(899*π*0.012)]
= 35.40 m/s
3
Density of fluid at room temperature = ρ= 899 kg/m

Hydraulic cylinder: A Hydraulic cylinder (also called a linear hydraulic

motor) is a mechanical actuator that is used to give a unidirectional force
through a unidirectional stroke. Hydraulic cylinders get their power from
pressurized hydraulic fluid, which is typically oil. The hydraulic cylinder
consists of a cylinder barrel, in which a piston connected to a piston rod
moves back and forth.

TYPES OF WHEELCHAIRS
Some of the types of wheelchairs are discussed below:
Manual wheelchairs
Manual wheelchairs are those moved by the user or an attendant. By controlling the push
rims, users can travel forward and backward at speeds dictated by the amount of force they
are able to apply, they can also turn left or right and negotiate small dips and rises that lie
ahead.

Manual Transit wheelchairs

Manual transit chairs generally have small rear wheels without push rims. These wheelchairs
are most likely to be seen in buildings such as airports and hospitals where porters act as
attendants. These are also called manual transfer chairs
.
Electric wheelchairs
Power (Electric) Wheelchairs are also called “motorized wheelchairs” and sometimes
abbreviated EPW (electric powered wheelchairs); are powered by an electric motor. These
chairs are navigated by controls systems. Individuals too weak to maneuver a manually
powered or standard wheelchair benefit from power chairs, as do individuals with heart
and/or breathing conditions.
Wheelbase
A wheelbase chair, otherwise known as a scooter, has four small wheels extending from a low
platform. The type of chair mounted on this platform varies according to the disability and
needs of the user; some are even molded from a cast taken of the user’s most appropriate
sitting position. The controls of the wheelbase chair are mounted on a frame that curves
upward from the front of the platform to a height and position convenient for the user. A
horizontal steering bar is attached across the top of the frame.

Sports chairs
Since the 1970s, disabled athletes have had an increasing array of specialized wheelchairs to
help them achieve the most from their chosen sport. These chairs can look very different from
each other, but what they usually have in common is lightweight frames made from
composite material; solidity (which means that they do not fold); and enhanced stability for
sudden turns (this is achieved by using angled wheels).Sports wheelchairs or recreation
wheelchairs are specially designed for athletes with disabilities who are competing in sports
that require agility and speed such as basketball, tennis, rugby or racing.

Stand-up
Stand-up wheelchairs are fitted with a hydraulic pump that lifts and tilts the seat, thereby
enabling the user to "stand up" and yet be fully supported. This is an invaluable feature if the
user needs to reach an item on a shelf either at home or while out shopping

Stair-climbing wheelchairs
Climbing stairs is the ultimate test for a wheelchair, and there are a number of solutions
available. Battery-operated supports at the back that act as stabilisers as the chair climbs.
A series of flexible wheels turning within rubber tracks that grip the steps.

STRETCHER

A stretcher is a medical device to carry patients for a short duration of time. A stretcher
contains a surface which support for carrying patients, and has handles on either side along its
length to help carry it.

Stretchers have been used since antiquity, on battlefields and in emergency situations,
where wheeled vehicles are hindered by rough terrain. In their simplest form, they generally
consisted of a canvas sling with long edges sewn to themselves to form pockets through with
wooden poles could be slid. Today there are a wide variety of stretchers available, involving
light weight materials, attachments so that it can be fitted to other contraptions.
TYPES OF STRETCHERS
Some of the types of stretchers are explained below :

Basket stretcher
A basket stretcher is used in situation when an injured person needs transportation by foot to
medical attention. The stretcher disassembles in two halves, and if needed for rescue
assembles in seconds.

Ambulance stretcher
An ambulance stretcher, also known as a little or gurney, consists of a solid frame and a
heavy-duty cloth that stretches across it. The ambulance often gives a rough ride. This type of
stretcher absorbs part of the impact to prevent further injury. Ambulance stretchers often
adjust in position, aiding the paramedic in tending to the injured person’s needs.

Folding stretchers
A folding stretcher is used to transport the injured from the inside of a building to an
ambulance stretcher. It is portable and folds in half for convent storage. This stretcher is also
light weight when carried, and made of high strength materials. They are available in several
sizes to fit people of various sizes.
Pole Stretcher
The military often used pole stretchers to transport the wounded to a medical facility. The
stretcher have heavy-duty poles that extend on each side so two men can carry it. Pole
stretchers also are lightweight, and have no-slip handgrips for firm control while handling.

THEME BOARD
CONCEPTS
CONCEPT SELECTION

Various concepts were generated and selection was based on a matrix

comparison involving all the concepts and some parameters.

CONCEPT 1:-

Based on the selection some refinements were made.

Above Fig depicts the folding mechanism of product. “Link 1” is the back rest, “link 2” is
seating area, “link 3” is leg support. “Link a” is perpendicular to “link 1” and “link e” is
perpendicular to “link 3”. “Link c” is a ball screw which moves linearly to and fro on the lead
screw which is shown in dotted line. “Link e” and “link a” is connected to “link c” by other
links d and b respectively. Red arrow shows the ball screw moving to the right of the reader
upon which the product will become stretcher or bed and this conversion is done when the
desired entire platform is raised to desired position. When the ball screw is moved to left of
reader product becomes a wheelchair and this conversion is done when the desired entire
platform is raised to desired position.

Height adjustment is done with the help of pneumatic cylinder mechanism. There will be
totally 4 pneumatic cylinders which are at the 4 corners of the seating area which are actuated
to change the height.
ERGONOMIC DETAILS

We know that Ergonomics (or human factors) is the scientific discipline concerned
with the understanding of interactions among humans and other elements of a system, and the
profession that applies theory, principles, data and methods to design in order to optimize
human well-being and overall system performance.
As our study is focused on handling of elderly people & patients in hospitals during
shifting from one mobility aid (wheelchair, stretcher)to another, we considered Ergonomics
involved &Indian Public Health Standards for design of proposed concept.
As per Indian Public Standards every Hospital should have Barrier free access
environment for easy access to non-ambulant (Wheelchair, stretcher), semi ambulant visually
disabled & elderly persons as per Govt. of India guidelines.
Below fig. shows Anthropometric data of wheelchair user related to uses within easy reach.
ANTHROPOMETRY DATA

Human dimensions are considered for both male and female and 95 percentile for stature,
maximum body breadth relaxed,

Stature Maximum body breadth Hip

th th
95 percentile relaxed 95 percentile
1771 mm (combined) 95th percentile 406 mm (combined)
619 mm (combined)

DETAIL DESIGN

Uniqueness of this design is when the product is in stretcher or bed mode height will match
the conventional stretcher or bed. Height is adjustable to bed or stretcher or wheelchair or to
any height desired. Conversion from wheelchair to bed or stretcher or vice versa can be done
by both the patient and handler. Below are the three different platforms of product

g. Backrest

h. Seating Portion

i. Leg support

Ratchets are provided at the joint where these meet so that it will lock at each step of
conversion assuring the safety while converting. Ratchets are also provided to the Upper legs
so that those will be in locked position when the product is in wheelchair mode. Detailed
images are as below
CHAPTER

AIM AND OBJECTIVES:-

1. To manufacture the chair for physically handicap people.

2. To manufacture the chair which is used for chair cum

METHODOLOGY

The proposed work will be carried out with following steps.

1. Study of handicap people problem.

2. Development of flow chart for design project.

4. Study of various types of vehicle and chair for handicap people.

5. Calculation of Geometrical Parameters

6. Actual Manufacturing of project.

7. Component Selection for the project

8. Experimentation by assembling all components

9. Testing
MANUFACTURING PROCESS

5.1 PLANT AND MACHINERY REQUIRED

1. M1TR Drilling &Milling machine with D.R.O.:-

Fig -2.0 M1TR Drilling &Milling machine with D.R.O.

A digital read out (DRO) is a small computer (display unit) usually with an integrated
keyboard and some means of numeric representation. It reads the signals generated by the
linear encoder (or less frequently by rotary encoders) installed to several machine axes, using
them to keep track of workpiece position (milling and the like) or tool position (lathes and
grinders)

2. Lathe machine:-

Fig -3.0 Lathe Machine

A lathe is a machine tool which rotates the workpiece on its axis to perform various
operations such as cutting, sanding, knurling, drilling, or deformation, facing, turning, with
tools that are applied to the workpiece to create an object which has symmetry about an axis
of rotation.

Lathes are used in woodturning, metalworking, metal spinning, thermal spraying,

parts reclamation, and glass-working. Most suitably equipped metalworking lathes can also
be used to produce most solids of revolution, plane surfaces and screw threads or helices.

3. Drilling machine:-

Fig-4.0 Drilling machine

Drilling is a cutting process that uses a drill bit to cut or enlarge a hole of circular
cross-section in solid materials. The drill bit is a rotary cutting tool, often multipoint. The bit
is pressed against the work piece and rotated at rates from hundreds to thousands of
revolutions per minute. This forces the cutting edge against the work piece, cutting off chips
(sward) from the hole as it is drilled.

4. Welding machine:-

Fig-5.0 Welding Machine

 Welding is a fabrication or sculptural process that joins materials, usually metals or
thermoplastics, by causing coalescence. This is often done by melting the work pieces and
adding a filler material to form a pool of molten material (the weld pool) that cools to become
a strong joint, with pressure sometimes used in conjunction with heat, or by itself, to produce
the weld. This is in contrast with soldering and brazing, which involve melting a lower-
melting-point material between the work pieces to form a bond between them, without
melting the work pieces.
CHAPTER

MATERIAL USED:

PROPERTIES OF MILD STEEL

ASTM A36 Mild/Low Carbon Steel

Introduction:

ASTM A36 is the most commonly used mild and hot-rolled steel. It has excellent welding
properties and is suitable for grinding, punching, tapping, drilling and machining processes.
Yield strength of ASTM A36 is less than that of cold roll C1018, thus enabling ASTM A36 to
bend more readily than C1018. Normally, larger diameters in ASTM A36 are not produced
since C1018 hot roll rounds are used.

ASTM A36 is usually available in the following forms:

 Rectangle bar
 Square bar

 Circular rod

 Steel shapes such as channels, angles, H-beams and I-beams.

Chemical Composition
Element Content

Carbon, C 0.25 - 0.290 %

Copper, Cu 0.20 %

Iron, Fe 98.0 %

Manganese, Mn 1.03 %

Phosphorous, P 0.040 %

Silicon, Si 0.280 %

Sulfur, S 0.050 %
Physical Properties
Physical
Metric Imperial
Properties

Density 7.85 g/cm3 0.284 lb/in3

Mechanical Properties
Mechanical Properties Metric Imperial

Tensile Strength, Ultimate 400 - 550 MPa 58000 - 79800 psi

Tensile Strength, Yield 250 MPa 36300 psi

Elongation at Break (in 200

20.0 % 20.0 %
mm)

Elongation at Break (in 50 mm) 23.0 % 23.0 %

Modulus of Elasticity 200 GPa 29000 ksi

Bulk Modulus (typical for steel) 140 GPa 20300 ksi

Poissons Ratio 0.260 0.260

Shear Modulus 79.3 GPa 11500 ksi

Machining

The machinability rate of ASTM A36 is estimated to be 72%, and the average surface cutting
feed of ASTM A36 is 120 ft/min. Machining of ASTM A36 steel is not as easy as that of AISI
1018 steel.

Welding

ASTM A36 steel is easy to weld using any type of welding methods, and the welds and joints
so formed are of excellent quality.
Heat Treatment

Any standard carburizing and hardening methods of AISI 1018 steel is suitable for ASTM
A36.

ASTM A36 is subjected to the following processes:

 Normalizing at 899°C – 954°C (1650°F-1750°F)

 Annealing at 843°C – 871°C(1550°F-1600°F)

 Stress relieving at 677°C – 927°C(1250°F-1700°F)

 Carburizing at 899°C – 927°C (1650°F-1700°F)

 Hardening at 788°C – 816°C(1450°F-1500°F)

APPLICATIONS

ASTM A36 steel has the following applications:

 It is used in bolted, riveted or welded construction of bridges, buildings and oil rigs.
 It is used in forming tanks, bins, bearing plates, fixtures, rings, templates, jigs,
sprockets, cams, gears, base plates, forgings, ornamental works, stakes, brackets,
automotive and agricultural equipment, frames, machinery parts.

 It is used for various parts obtained by flame cutting such as in parking garages,
walkways, boat landing ramps and trenches.

FACTORS DETERMINING THE CHOICE OF MATERIALS

The various factors which determine the choice of material are discussed below.
1 1. Properties:
 The material selected must posses the necessary properties for the proposed
application. The various requirements to be satisfied can be weight, surface finish, rigidity,
ability to withstand environmental attack from chemicals, service life, reliability etc.
The following four types of principle properties of materials decisively affect their selection
1 a. Physical
b. Mechanical
c. From manufacturing point of view
d. Chemical
The various physical properties concerned are melting point, Thermal Conductivity,
Specific heat, coefficient of thermal expansion, specific gravity, electrical Conductivity,
Magnetic purposes etc.
The various Mechanical properties Concerned are strength in tensile, compressive
shear, bending, torsional and buckling load, fatigue resistance, impact resistance, elastic limit,
endurance limit, and modulus of elasticity, hardness, wear resistance and sliding properties.
The various properties concerned from the manufacturing point of view are.
 Castability,
 Weldability,
 Brazability,
 forge ability,
 merchantability,
 surface properties,
 shrinkage,
 Deep drawing etc.
1 2. Manufacturing Case:
Sometimes the demand for lowest possible manufacturing cost or surface qualities obtainable
by the application of suitable coating substances may demand the use of special materials.
1 3. Quality Required:
This generally affects the manufacturing process and ultimately the material. For example, it
would never be desirable to go for casting of a less number of components which can be
fabricated much more economically by welding or hand forging the steel.
1 4. Availability of Material:
Some materials may be scarce or in short supply. It then becomes obligatory for the designer
to use some other material which though may not be a perfect substitute for the material
designed.
The delivery of materials and the delivery date of product should also be kept in mind.
1
5. Space Consideration:
Sometimes high strength materials have to be selected because the forces involved are high
and the space limitations are there.
1 6. Cost:
As in any other problem, in selection of material the cost of material plays an important part
and should not be ignored.
Sometimes factors like scrap utilization, appearance, and non-maintenance of the designed
part are involved in the selection of proper materials.

MATERIAL USED :

Sr.No Items Quantity Specification Material Used

1 Round Pipe 2m ¾ inch MS

2 Square Pipe 10m ¾ inch MS

3 Flat Sheet 14Sqft 16 gauge GI

200mm
4 Wheels 4 Dia.360degree SS
RTO

5 Hinged Pins 4 MS

6 Lead screw with nut 1 MS

7 Lead screw with handle 1 MS

8 Hydraulic cylinders 2 SS
CHAPTER

LITERATURE SURVEY

ERGONOMIC GUIDE LINES FOR MANUAL MATERIAL HADLING

Published 2007 by the California Department of Industrial Relations

“Improving Manual Material Handling in Your Workplace” lists the benefits of

improving your work tasks. It also contains information on risk factors, types of ergonomic
improvements, and effective training and sets out a four-step proactive action plan. The plan
helps you identify problems, set priorities, make changes, and follow up.
Sections 1 and 2 of “Improvement Options”provide ways to improve lifting, lowering,
filling, emptying, or carrying tasks by changing work practices and/or the use of equipment.
Guidelines for safer work practices are also included.
Section 3 of “Improvement Options”provides ideas for using equipment instead of
manually handling individual containers. Guidelines for safer equipment use are also
included.
For more help the “Resources” section contains additional information on
administrative improvements, work assessment tools and comprehensive analysis methods.
This section also includes an improvement evaluation tool and a list of professional and trade
organizations related to material handling.
CHAPTER

DESIGN

DISCUSSION FOR DESIGNING

Design consists of application of scientific principles, technical information and imagination

for development of new or improvised machine or mechanism to perform a specific function
with maximum economy & efficiency.
Hence a careful design approach has to be adopted. The total design work has been
split up into two parts;

 System design
 Mechanical Design.

System design mainly concerns the various physical constraints and ergonomics,
space requirements, arrangement of various components on main frame at system, man +
machine interactions, No. of controls, position of controls, working environment of machine,
chances of failure, safety measures to be provided, servicing aids, ease of maintenance, scope
of improvement, weight of machine from ground level, total weight of machine and a lot
more. In mechanical design the components are listed down and stored on the basis of their
procurement, design in two categories namely,
 Designed Parts
 Parts to be purchased

For designed parts detached design is done & distinctions thus obtained are compared
to next highest dimensions which are readily available in market. This amplifies the
assembly as well as postproduction servicing work. The various tolerances on the works are
specified. The process charts are prepared and passed on to the manufacturing stage.
The parts which are to be purchased directly are selected from various catalogues &
specified so that anybody can purchase the same from the retail shop with given
specifications.
SYSTEM DESIGN:

In system design we mainly concentrated on the following parameters: -

1. System Selection Based on Physical Constraints:

While selecting any machine it must be checked whether it is going to be used in a

large-scale industry or a small-scale industry. In our case it is to be used by a small-scale
industry. So space is a major constrain. The system is to be very compact so that it can be
adjusted to corner of a room.
The mechanical design has direct norms with the system design. Hence the foremost
job is to control the physical parameters, so that the distinctions obtained after mechanical
design can be well fitted into that.
2. Arrangement of Various Components:

Keeping into view the space restrictions the components should be laid such that their
easy removal or servicing is possible. More over every component should be easily seen
none should be hidden. Every possible space is utilized in component arrangements.
3. Components of System:

As already stated the system should be compact enough so that it can be

accommodated at a corner of a room. All the moving parts should be well closed & compact.
A compact system design gives a high weighted structure which is desired.
Man Machine Interaction
The friendliness of a machine with the operator that is operating is an important
criterion of design. It is the application of anatomical & psychological principles to solve
problems arising from Man – Machine relationship. Following are some of the topics
included in this section.
 Design of foot lever
 Energy expenditure in foot & hand operation
 Lighting condition of machine.

4. Chances of Failure:

The losses incurred by owner in case of any failure are important criteria of design.
Factor safety while doing mechanical design is kept high so that there are less chances of
failure. Moreover periodic maintenance is required to keep unit healthy.
SETUP AND WORKING

2D DRAWING
CONSTRUCTION

1. Firstly manufacturing the frame as per our design.

2. After that manufacture the back attachment and leg attachment by using pipe.

3. Connect that attachment at pivoting to the frame.

4. Connect the lead screw to the back attachment and at the base nut is connected.

5. Connecting link is connected to leg attachment and back attachment.

6. Four wheels are connected to the base of the frame.

WORKING

1. Uniqueness of this design is when the product is in stretcher or bed mode height will
match the conventional stretcher or bed.

2. Height is adjustable to bed or stretcher or wheelchair or to any height desired.

Conversion from wheelchair to bed or stretcher or vice versa can be done by both the
patient and handler

3. By using handle we can change the angle of both attachments.

4. Because of simple attachment the person is comfortable on that chair.

CHAPTER

CONCLUSION
This project work has provided us an excellent opportunity and experience, to use our
limited knowledge. We gained a lot of practical knowledge regarding, planning, purchasing,
assembling and machining while doing this project work. We feel that the project work is a
good solution to bridge the gates between institution and industries.
The main objective of this project is to make the helper life easy and to make sure the
patient is not hurt during the process of treatment. This product eliminates the step of shifting
patient from bed or stretcher to wheelchair and vice versa as handling of old age people is
very difficult.
REFERENCES

1. V.B. Bhandari, Design of Machine Elements, Tata McGraw-Hill Publication

Company Limited, New Delhi.

2. PSG, Design Data Book, section- Materials and Machine Elements.

3. R.S. Khurmi, Strength of Materials, S. Chand & Company Ltd. New Delhi.

4. R.S. Khurmi, Theory of Machines, S. Chand & Company Ltd. New Delhi.

5. Code of practice for power operated elevating work platforms. ,Department of

Labour, Wellington New Zealand 1st Edition 1986

6. 10. Ergonomic guide lines for manual material handling. Published 2007 by the
California Department of Industrial Relations
7. An Integrated Decision Making Model for Evaluation of Concept
Design:http://ctn.cvut.cz/ap/, ActaPolytechnica Vol. 44 No. 3/2004, Czech Technical
University Publishing House
8. Bariatric Bed: http://www.camtecproducts.com/3954b.html, Camtec Dr. S. Ray,
“Disabled Persons in India",
9. Indian anthropometric dimensions for ergonomic design practice, by NID
ADVANTAGES

1. Required minimum Manual Effort for handling and operating.

2. Easy To Handle.

3. Compact Size.

4. It is the working model.

5. Light weight

6. It is portable

DISADVANTAGES

1. Initial cost is high.

2. Usable in mass production only.

3. Minimum Manual effort required for rotating the handle.

4. Maximum time required

REFERENCES:

 An Integrated Decision Making Model for Evaluation of Concept

Design:http://ctn.cvut.cz/ap/, ActaPolytechnica Vol. 44 No. 3/2004, Czech Technical
University Publishing House
 Bariatric Bed: http://www.camtecproducts.com/3954b.html, Camtec Dr. S. Ray,
“Disabled Persons in India",
 Spinal Cord Injury; Available from: www.apparelyzed.com, August 2007
 “Guidelines & Space Standards for Barrier Free Built Environment for Disabled &
Elderly People” By Central Public Works Department of India
 Indian anthropometric dimensions for ergonomic design practice, by NID