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Velocity of Longitudinal Wave

The velocity of longitudinal waves depends on the elastic modulus and mass density of the medium. In solids it is equal to Young's modulus divided by density, in liquids it is equal to bulk modulus divided by density, and in gases it is equal to pressure times the adiabatic constant divided by density. The natural resonant frequencies of air columns depend on the length of the tube and whether it is open or closed. For closed tubes, the best resonance occurs when the length is one quarter of the wavelength, and for open tubes the best resonance is when the length is half the wavelength. The Doppler effect describes the apparent change in frequency of a sound wave due to relative motion between the source and listener.

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299 views12 pages

Velocity of Longitudinal Wave

The velocity of longitudinal waves depends on the elastic modulus and mass density of the medium. In solids it is equal to Young's modulus divided by density, in liquids it is equal to bulk modulus divided by density, and in gases it is equal to pressure times the adiabatic constant divided by density. The natural resonant frequencies of air columns depend on the length of the tube and whether it is open or closed. For closed tubes, the best resonance occurs when the length is one quarter of the wavelength, and for open tubes the best resonance is when the length is half the wavelength. The Doppler effect describes the apparent change in frequency of a sound wave due to relative motion between the source and listener.

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renzo
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LONGITUDINAL WAVE

Velocity of longitudinal Wave

The velocity of longitudinal wave depends both on the


elastic modulus and mass density of the medium.

 where:
v  = elastic modulus
  = mass density of the medium
Y
For solids, v 

Y = Young’s Modulus of Elasticity
  = Bulk modulus of elasticity
For liquids, v 
  = adiabatic constant
 P P = absolute Pressure
For gases, v 

SOUND
• any vibrating disturbance propagated in an
elastic medium capable of producing
auditory sensation

Factors in the production of sound:


1. source
2. elastic medium
3. listener

Velocity of sound in AIR

vair  332 m / s  0.6 t


where t is temperature
Resonance
Phenomenon occurring when the
vibration frequency of one system
matches the natural frequency of a
second system.

When resonance occurs, maximum


amount of energy is transferred from
the first system to the second.

Most musical instruments incorporate


resonators with shapes, materials, and
construction that result in a range of
'natural' frequencies so that they may
respond to multiple frequency
components of a single note and to
more than one note (musical
resonators are, in general, broadly
tuned).
VIBRATION OF AIR COLUMNS
1. Closed Type
• one end of the tube is closed

First Harmonic
L = ¼  (best resonating length)
v
 = 4L f  air
4L

Third Harmonic
L = 3/4 (2nd best resonating length)
4 3 vair
 L f 
3 4L
Fifth Harmonic
L = 5/4 (3rd best resonating length)
4 5 vair
 L f 
5 4L

H vair
In general , f  H  1, 3, 5...  odd harmonics
4L
2. Open Type
• both ends of the tube are either closed or open

First Harmonic
L = 1/2  (best resonating length)
v
 = 2L f  air
2L
Second Harmonic
L =  (2nd best resonating length)
2 vair
L f 
2L
Third Harmonic
L = 3/2 (3rd best resonating length)
2 3 vair
 L f 
3 2L

H vair
In general , f  H  1, 2, 3...  all harmonics
2L
Doppler Effect
• apparent change in the frequency heard due to the
relative motion of the source and listener

 vair  vL 
fL  fS  
 vair  vS 
where:
f L = frequency heard
f S = frequency of source of sound
vair = velocity of sound in air
vL = velocity of the listener
vS = velocity of the source

Sign convention for vL and vS


vL or vS is positive when approaching
vL or vS is negative when moving away
Source of sound is approaching a stationary listener

As long as the emergency


ambulance approaches the
person, the intervals between
the arriving wavefronts are
shortened.

Source of sound is moving away from a stationary listener

Now the vehicle leaves the


person. So the wavefronts
reach the person in longer
intervals
Source moving with vsource = vsound
• Mach 1 - breaking the sound barrier
Source moving with vsource > vsound
• Mach 1.4 - supersonic
Beat Frequencies in Sound
The sound of a beat frequency or beat wave is a
fluctuating volume caused when you add two sound
waves of slightly different frequencies together. If the
frequencies of the sound waves are close enough
together, you can hear a relatively slow variation in the
volume of the sound.

Beat frequency is the absolute difference of the two


original frequencies.

Beats  f1  f 2
http://www.school-for-champions.com/science/sound_beat.htm

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