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Linux Nota

Managing files involves creating, copying, moving, deleting, and manipulating files and directories using commands like touch, cp, mv, rm, and mkdir. Getting help involves using man pages and info pages to view documentation on commands and their options. Managing processes includes using commands like ps, top, and free to view running processes and system resources, and checking log files like messages and dmesg for troubleshooting.

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102 views

Linux Nota

Managing files involves creating, copying, moving, deleting, and manipulating files and directories using commands like touch, cp, mv, rm, and mkdir. Getting help involves using man pages and info pages to view documentation on commands and their options. Managing processes includes using commands like ps, top, and free to view running processes and system resources, and checking log files like messages and dmesg for troubleshooting.

Uploaded by

junemrs
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as TXT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CHAPTER 7 : MANAGING FILES

==========================

- can use GUI for manipulate files - file manager


- text-mode shells - simplify some tasks

Manipulating Files
------------------

Creating Files
--------------
- using command touch
$touch newfile.txt ---> creating an empty file called newfile.txt
- if use touch command with existing file - updates that file's access and
modification time stamps to current data and time.
- option with touch command
- don't create a file => -c or --no-create option
- set the time to specific value => -d string or --date=string

Copying Files
-------------
- using command cp
$cp orig.txt new.txt => copy in current directory
$cp orig.txt /otherdir => copy to otherdir with same name orig.txt
$cp orig.txt /otherdir/new.txt => copy to otherdir with name new.txt
- option with cp command
- force overwrite => -f or --force => overwrite w/o prompting
- use interactive mode => -i or --interactive => overwrite with prompt
- preserve ownership and permission => -p or --preserve
- perform recursive copy => -R or --recursive
- perform an archive copy => -a or --archive => preserve ownership
- perform an update copy => -u or --update

Moving and Renaming Files


-------------------------
- using command mv
$mv outline.pdf /otherdirc
- option same as command cp

Using Links
-----------
- create multiple links to one file
- Hard link - duplicate directory entry - both entry point to same file - can exist
only on a single filesystem
- command - $ln origname linkname
- Symbolic/Soft link - a file that refers to another file by name
- command - $ln -s origname linkname
- identify links in listing using option -l - command $ln -l
Example
$ln report.txt hardlink.txt
$ln -s report.txt softlink.txt
$ls -l
-rw-r--r-- 2 ....... hardlink.txt
-rw-r--r-- 2 ....... report.txt
lrwxrwxrws 1 ....... softlink.txt -> report.txt

Hardlink - show the at #2


- delete original file will delete all the copies of the files link to it.
- duplicate directory entries that point to the same file
- dangerous to create a link to a directory - disallow

Softlink - show the l at beginning and -> name file


- delete original files makes the file completely inaccessible - the
symbolic links remain but point to non-existent file
- separate files that refer to the original file by name
- can use to create a link to a directory

Deleting Files
--------------
- using command rm => remove one or more files
$rm file1.txt file2.txt
- option
- delete entire directory => -r or -R or --recursive
- delete and prompt => -i
- delete without prompt => -f or --force
- once delete file - gone - didn't go to trash can

Using Wildcards
---------------
- use wildcards to refer to file
- classes of wildcards
- ? => for a single character match
- * => any characters including no character
- bracketed values - [] - any character in set

Understand Case Sensitivity


- case sensitive

Manipulating Directories
------------------------

Creating Directories
--------------------
- use command mkdir
$mkdir newdir => new directory in current directory
$mkdir dirone newdir/dirtwo => create in current and newdir directory
- option
- set mode => -m => setting permission mode
- create parent directories => -p => create parent dir if not exist

Deleting Directories
--------------------
- use command rmdir
$rmdir dirone => remove dir in current directory
$rmdir newdir/dirtwo => remove dir in newdir directory
- rmdir - delete only empty directories only - if have files use command rm -r
- option
- ignore failures on non-empty directory => --ignore-fail
- delete tree => -p => delete entire directory tree

CHAPTER 8 : GETTING HELP


========================

Using man Pages


---------------
- man pages - quick reference - useful to know the options to use with command
- run man page
$man pwd => information manual start from section 1
$man 5 pwd => information manual start from section 5
- search for a man page
- command whatis => search summary information contained in man pages
- command apropos => more through search of man pages
- man pages section
- name - name of the command
- synopsis - brief description
- description - long description
- options - all the options
- files - files associated with man page subject
- see also - point to related information
- bugs - know bugs or limitations
- history - summary of program's history
- author - author to contact
- man pages use less command to display information - display a text file a screen
at a time.
- common way to moving about document using less command
- h or H => display help
- page down, spacebar, ctrl-v, ctrl-f => move down one screen
- page up, esc-v,b or ctrl-b => move up one screen
- down arrow, enter, ctrl-n, ctrl-j => move down one line
- up arrow, ctrl-y, ctrl-p, ctrl-k => move up one line
- xg => go to line x in the document
- q => quit less pager

Using info Pages


----------------
- info pages - new version documentation of man pages - supporting hyperlinking
$info pwd
- use command info to display information
- option to navigate info pages
- ? => display help
- N => next node in linked series
- P => move back in series
- U => mvoe up one level node hiearchy
- Arrow down - move around
- page down page up - scroll up and down
- enter - move to new node

Finding Additional Documentation


--------------------------------

CHAPTER 9 : USING PROGRAM AND PROCESSES


=======================================

Understanding Package Management


--------------------------------
- linux distributions
- linux packages characteristics
- each package is a single file that can be stored on a disk or transmitted
over the Internet
- not programs; packages rely on other programs to do the work of installing
the software
- packages contain dependency information - can tell the package software
what other packages or individual files must be installed in order for the package
to work correctly
- packages contain version information - package software can tell which of
two packages is more recent
- packages contain architecture information - identify CPU type
- binary packages ar typically built from source packages - possible to build
a new binary package given the source package
- package software maintain database information about installed packages -
name, version numbers, location of all the files.

Understanding Package Systems


-----------------------------
Managing RPM Systems
- RPM based distribution - Red Hat, Fedora, CentOS, SUSE Enterprise - tool to
install sotware - text-mode - rpm command local files, yum or zypper for network
repository
- yum command
$yum install yumex => install yumex tool
$yum remove zsh => remove zsh packages
$yum upgrade => upgrade package
- filename extension .rpm

Managing Debian Systems


- Debin distribution - Debian, Ubuntu
- command dpkg => lowest level interface , command apt-get for network repository
- filename extension .deb
- ap-get command
$apt-get install samba => install samba tool
$apt-get remove zsh => remove zsh packages
$apt-get upgrade => upgrade packages

Understanding the Process Hiearachy


-----------------------------------
- when boot - kernel run one program - /sbin/init
- init process - responsible for starting all other programs that must run
- each process can have child process - have child and parent process
- every process has associated with it a process ID (PID) number begin with 1.
- each process has parent PID - point to its parent

Identifying Running Process


---------------------------
- command to identify process is command ps and top utilities => search for
process, - command ps => identify process - produces a process listing - return
process priority and CPU use information - sorted by PID number - provides
information at only single moment in time
- option
- restrict output to process owned by user => -u
- display parent/child relationship => --forest
- command top - need to locate CPU or memory-hogging process - study how resource
use varies over time - interactive version - sort by CPU use - update its display
every few seconds
- command top - provide load average - measure of the demand for CPU time by
applications - detecting runaway process, hung process
- how much memory process consume - command free - overall memory use - generate
report total memory status
- command - $free

Using Log Files


---------------
- locate - /var/log directory tree
- important log file
- boot.log => summarize services start in the boot process
- cron => summarize process run at regular internal
- messages or syslog => message from many deamons
- secure => security related messages
- to look at kernel ring buffer - log file for kernel
- command $dmesg

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