Imtisal Ahmad 2015-Civ-309

Waqas Yousaf 2015-Civ-328

Mukhtar Ahmad 2015-Civ-337
Abdullah 2015-Civ-316
Marshall Method of Mix Design & Super
pave HMA Mix Design System and their
Comparison
Desirable Mix Properties

 Stability
 Durability
 Flexibility
 Skid Resistance
 Workability
 Air Voids(4%)
What is Marshal Mix Design ?

 Marshal Stability
 Flow Value
 Marshall Method of Mix Design

 The Marshall method of mix design is for dense-graded

Hot Mix Asphalt mixes.
Significance

 It is used almost everywhere in the world.

 It is the predominant mix design method for airport
pavements.
 Stress on entire sample rather than just a portion of it.
 It facilitates rapid testing with minimal effort.
 It was compact, light and portable.
 Applicable Standards

The Marshall test procedures have been

standardized by
 The American Society for Testing
1. ASTM D6926, “Preparation of Bituminous Mixtures
Using Marshall Apparatus”;
2. ASTM D6927, “Standard Test Method for Marshall
Stability and Flow of Bituminous Mixtures”;
 Applicable Standards

 Materials (ASTM) and by the American Association of

State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO).
1. AASHTO T 245, “Resistance to Plastic Flow of
Bituminous Mixtures Using Marshall Apparatus.”
Difference between ASTM & AASHTO

AASHTO T 245 agrees with ASTM D6926 except for

provisions for a mechanically operated hammer. AASHTO
T 245, paragraph 2.3, note 2, says “Instead of a hand-
operated hammer, and associated equipment described in
sections 2.3, 2.4, and 2.5, a mechanically operated hammer
may be used provided it has been calibrated to give results
comparable with the hand-operated hammer.”
 Applicability

The original Marshall method is applicable only to hot mix

asphalt paving mixtures containing aggregates with
maximum sizes of 25 mm (1 in.) or less.
A modified Marshall method has been developed for
aggregates with maximum sizes up to 38 mm (1.5 in.).
 Modified Marshall method for large
aggregate
 Modified Marshall method for large aggregate, The
procedure is basically the same as the original Marshall
mix design method except for these differences that are
due to the larger specimen size:
 The hammer weighs 10.2 kg (22.5 lb.) and has a 149.4-
mm (5.88-in.) flat tamping face. Only a mechanically
operated device is used for the same 457-mm (18-in.)
drop height.
 Preparation of test specimens

 Tests should be planned on the basis of 0.5 percent

increments of asphalt content, with at least two asphalt
contents above the expected design value and at least
two below this value.
 To provide adequate data, at least three test specimens
are prepared for each asphalt content selected.
Therefore, a Marshall mix design using five different
asphalt contents will normally require at least 15 test
specimens. Each test specimen will usually require
approximately 1.2 kg (2.7 lb.) of aggregate.
Expected Asphalt Content

 Computational formula:
P = 0.035a + 0.045b + Kc + F
Where:
P = Approximate asphalt content.
a = percent of mineral aggregate retained on 2.36-mm sieve.
b = percent of mineral aggregate passing the 2.36-mm sieve and
retained on the 75-µm sieve.
c = percent of mineral aggregate passing 75-µm sieve.
Expected Asphalt Content(contd)

K= 0.15 for 11–15 percent passing 75-µm (No. 200) sieve.

0.18 for 6–10 percent passing 75-µm (No. 200) sieve.
0.20 for 5 percent or less passing 75-µm (No. 200) sieve.
F= 0 – 2.0 percent(0.7 is suggested)
Equipment

Sieves Mould
Equipment
Equipments
Equipments
 Equipment used for preparing Specimen

 Mixing bowl
 Flat-bottom metal pans
 Oven and hot plate
 Scoop
 Thermometers
 Balances
 Large mixing spoon or small trowel
 Equipment used for preparing Specimen

 Large spatula
 Mechanical mixer (optional)
 Compaction pedestal
Tests in Marshall

 In the Marshall method, each compacted test specimen is

subjected to these tests and analysis in the order listed:
1. Specimen height determination
2. Bulk specific gravity determination
3. Density and voids analysis
4. Stability and flow test
 Bulk specific gravity determination

There might be two procedures depending upon the conditions of

sample:-
If sample has moisture content less the 2 then we will use Saturated
surface dry method,
And if sample has moisture content greater then 2 we will use
automatic vacuum sealing method (CoreLok).
Note:
Freshly compacted specimens have cooled to room temperature(
25 °C.
 Bulk specific gravity determination

Formula Used To determine the Bulk density

Stability and flow test

 For 101.6 -mm (4-in.) diameter by 63.5-mm (2-½ in.)

height specimens, equipment will be as follow.
1. Marshall testing machine
2. Water bath
Test Procedure

1. Specimen height
2. Immerse specimen in water bath at 60°C ± 1°C (140°F
± 1.8°F) for 30 to 40 minutes
3. Use an automatic recording device, or use a proving
ring and flow meter
4. Temperature of heads shall be maintained
5. Place specimen
Test Procedure

6. Place flow meter

7. Apply testing load(51 mm (2 in.) per minute).
8. The Marshall stability is corrected for specimens with
a height other than 63.5mm.

• Test should be performed within 30 seconds after

removing sample from water bath.
Marshall Stability Curve
Density and voids analysis

1. Average the bulk specific gravity

2. Determine the average unit weight
3. Determine the theoretical maximum specific gravity
Density and voids analysis
SuperPave HMA Mix
Design System
Superpave HMA Mix Design System

 The following summarizes the current Superpave mix

design procedure:
1. Selecting Materials
2. Developing blend
3. Compacting specimens
4. Analyzing the volumetric properties
5. Mixture performance testing for moisture sensitivity
Superpave materials selectionand mix
design criteria
 A pavement mixture will not perform successfully on
the roadway unless the appropriate binder and aggregate
materials are incorporated into the work.
Asphalt binder

 The asphalt binder to be used in the mix is chosen based

on:-
1. Environmental conditions
2. Traffic loadings
Aggregate specifications

 Mix design procedures Superpave contain detailed

aggregate requirements.
Consensus aggregate properties

1. Coarse aggregate angularity

2. Fine aggregate angularity
3. Flat and elongated particles
4. Clay content (Sand Equivalent)
Criteria for consensus aggregate properties

 Traffic Level

 Position within pavement

Source aggregate properties

 These “source properties” are requirements specific to

local areas because of the variety of aggregate types
available in different geographic areas.
Old Superpave Gyratory Compactor
Main Test equipment

1. Superpave gyratory compactor

 The main parameters governing the compaction effort
are:
1. The vertical pressure, 600 ± 18 kPa
2. The gyration angle of the mold, 1.16 ± 0.02° (internal)
3. Gyration rate, 30.0 ± 0.5 gyrations per minute
4. The number of gyrations, variable—based on expected
traffic level.
Specimen preparation and compaction

 The following samples must be prepared to conduct a

Superpave mix design:
1. A minimum of 8 specimens to be compacted to Ndes;
2. A minimum of 2 specimens for maximum theoretical
specific gravity (Gmm) testing
3. A minimum of 6 specimens for moisture sensitivity
testing
Specimen preparation and compaction

4. A minimum of 2 specimens for Nmax verification

5. Any other samples required for specified performance
testing.
Laboratory mixing and compaction
temperatures
 Preheat the aggregate samples in an oven set approximately
15°C higher than the mixing temperature.
• Two to four hours
Preparation of mixtures

1. Zero the balance after placing bowl on balance

2. Put the aggregate and binder mix
3. Achieve the desired batch weight
4. Mix thoroughly with mechanical mixer
5. Place the mix and pan in the conditioning oven at a
temperature equal to mixture’s specified compaction
temperature ± 3°C.
Compaction of volumetric specimens

1. Molding procedure for specimens at a specified

number of gyrations
2. Molding procedure for specimens at a specified height
Comparison between these methods

1. Marshal is easy than Superpave. And any method is

Good, If supervision is Proper not Just Paper work.
2. The Marshall method is very popular because of its
relative simplicity, economical equipment and proven
record.
3. Superpave is Better than Marshall if it Design Properly
and Supervise Properly During Construction.
Compaction of volumetric specimens

4. Superpave is Design at 4 % Air Voids which is Good

for Cold western Country but for Hot like Gulf and
Pakistan it should be 5 % in my opinion.
5. Superpave Testing Equipment are very Costly
6. Gmm Apparatus , Big water bath , same as Marshal
Stability Machine, too much expensive.
7. Training of Lab Staff
Compaction of volumetric specimens

8. The Superpave system ties asphalt binder and

aggregate selection into the mix design process, and
consider traffic and climate as well.
9. Marshall test for stability and flow was designed to
stress the entire sample rather than just a portion of it.
It facilitates rapid testing with minimum effort. It is
also compact, light, portable and produces densities
reasonably closer to field densities.
Compaction of volumetric specimens

10. Superpave was created to make the best use of asphalt

paving technology and to present a system that would
optimize asphalt mixture resistance to permanent
deformation, fatigue cracking and low temperature
cracking.
11. Marshall mix design primarily address the
determination of asphalt binder content, while
Superpave addresses all element of mix design.
Compaction of volumetric specimens

 In our opinion, it is good and economical for Pakistan, if

we modify Marshall method with some good points of
Superpave mix design.