DHANALAKSHMI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

EC6302 – DIGITAL ELECTRONICS

1. Prove the Boolean theorems: (a) x + x = x (b) x + xy = x [M/J-16]

b) x + xy = x
LHS: x + xy = (x + 1) + xy postulate 2(b)
= x (1 + y) 4(a)
= x(y + 1) 3(b)
=x.0 2(b)
=x 2(a)

2. Define – Noise-margin[M/J-16]
Noise Margin is defined as the maximum noise voltage added to an input signal of a digital circuit that
does not cause an undesirable change in the circuit output. It is expressed in volts.

3. StateDe-Morgan’s theorem. [N/D-15]

De Morgan suggested two theorems that form important part of Boolean algebra.
They are:
i. The complement of a product is equal to the sum of the complements.
(AB)' = A' + B'
ii. The complement of a sum term is equal to the product of the complements.
(A + B)' = A'B'
4. Statethe advantages of CMOSlogic. [A/M – 15][A/M – 09]

The advantages of CMOS logic are:

i. Low power consumption: CMOS process provides lower power consumption and is easy to
scaling down.

ii. High input impedance: Gate of CMOS needs much lower driving current than base current of
bipolar.

iii. Reduced silicon area: Scaling down increases CMOS speed and reduces the area of the chip.

iv. Mature technology: CMOS processes are well established and continue to become more mature.
The powerful trust by leading edge digital memory and processors has led to continuous
improvement and down scaling of CMOS processes.

5. What is prime implicant and essential prime implicant? [N/D – 13]

A prime implicant is a product term obtained by combining the maximum possible number of
adjacent squares in a map. If a minterm in a square is covered by only one prime implicant, that prime
implicant is said to be essential.

6. What are don’t care terms? [M/J – 13]

Minterms that have unspecified outputs for some input combinations are called don’t care terms.
We denote them by variable ‘x’ or ‘d’.

7. Apply De Morgan’s theorem for the function ( 𝐴 + 𝐵 + 𝐶 𝐷)′. [N/D – 08]

F= ((A+B+C)D)'

= (A+B+C)' + D'

= A'. B'. C' + D'

8. State the two canonical forms of Boolean algebra. [A/M – 07]

The two canonical forms of Boolean algebra are:

i. Sum of products

ii. Products of Sum

Z= X + X'Y = X + XY + X’Y since X + XY = X

Z= X + Y (X + X') since X + X' = 1

Z=X+Y

10. What is the complement of (𝐴 + 𝐵𝐶 + 𝐴𝐵)? [N/D – 08]

F= (A+ BC+ AB)

F’= (A+ BC+ AB)'

= A'. (BC)'. (AB)'

= A'. (B'+ C'). (A'+ B')

11. Define – Noise Margin [N/D – 08]

Noise Margin is defined as the maximum noise voltage added to an input signal of a digital circuit
that does not cause an undesirable change in the circuit output. It is expressed in volts.

12. Define – Power Dissipation and Propagation Delay [A/M – 05]

Power dissipation is defined as the measure of power consumed by the gate when fully driven by
all its inputs.

Propagation delay is defined as the average transition delay time for the signal to propagate from
input to output when the signals change in value. It is expressed in ns.
13. Prove that a bubbled input AND gate, functions like a NOR gate. [A/M – 04]

Truth Table for NOR Gate and bubbled input AND gate

Y= (A’.B’)
Y= (A+B)’
A A’ B B’ A+B (Bubbled input AND
(NOR Gate)
gate)

0 1 0 1 0 1 1

0 1 1 0 1 0 0

1 0 0 1 1 0 0

1 0 1 0 1 0 0

Thus

(A+B)’ = A’. B’

14. How is NAND gate used as an inverter? [A/M – 04]

Logic Diagram for Inverter

The two input terminals of the NAND gate will be shorted and given as single input.

Now the above NAND gate act as a inverter

15. Define – Fan-out and Fan-in of a Logic Gate [N/D – 08]

Fan out is defined as the number of standard loads that the output of the gate can drive without
impairment of its normal operation.

Fan in is defined as the number of inputs connected to the gate without any degradation in the
voltage level.
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