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Chapter 8 Interval Estimation

This document provides learning objectives and solutions for constructing interval estimates of population means and proportions. The key points are: 1. It explains how to construct confidence intervals for a population mean using the normal and t distributions and how sample size affects precision. 2. Solutions show examples of computing margins of error and confidence intervals for means and proportions at various confidence levels. 3. Formulas are provided for determining the necessary sample size to estimate a population mean or proportion within a specified level of precision.
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
113 views15 pages

Chapter 8 Interval Estimation

This document provides learning objectives and solutions for constructing interval estimates of population means and proportions. The key points are: 1. It explains how to construct confidence intervals for a population mean using the normal and t distributions and how sample size affects precision. 2. Solutions show examples of computing margins of error and confidence intervals for means and proportions at various confidence levels. 3. Formulas are provided for determining the necessary sample size to estimate a population mean or proportion within a specified level of precision.
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 8

Interval Estimation

Learning Objectives

1. Know how to construct and interpret an interval estimate of a population mean and / or a population 
proportion.

2. Understand the concept of a sampling error.

3. Be able to use knowledge of a sampling distribution to make probability statements about the 
sampling error.

4. Understand and be able to compute the margin of error.

5. Learn about the t distribution and its use in constructing an interval estimate for a population mean.

6. Be able to determine the size of a simple random sample necessary to estimate a population mean 
and/or a population proportion with a specified level of precision.

7. Know the definition of the following terms:

confidence interval precision
confidence coefficient sampling error
confidence level margin of error
degrees of freedom

8 ­ 1
Chapter 8

Solutions:

1. a.  x   / n  5 / 40  0.79

b. At 95%,   z / n  196
. (5 / 40 )  155
.

2. a. 32    1.645  (6 / 50 )

32    1.4 (30.6 to 33.4)

b. 32    1.96  (6 / 50 )

32    1.66 (30.34 to 33.66)

c. 32    2.576  (6 / 50 )

32    2.19 (29.81 to 34.19)

3. a. 80    1.96  (15 / 60 )  

80    3.8 (76.2 to 83.8)

b. 80    1.96  (15 / 120 )  

80    2.68 (77.32 to 82.68)

c. Larger sample provides a smaller margin of error.

4. 126    1.96  ( s / n )

8 ­ 2
Interval Estimation

16.07
1.96 4
n
1.96(16.07)
n  7.874
4
n  62

5. a. 1.96 / n  1.96(5.00 / 49)  1.40

b. 24.80    1.40 or (23.40 to 26.20)

6. x    1.96  ( s / n )

369    1.96  (50 / 250 )

369    6.20 (362.80 to 375.20)

7. x     z.025 ( / n )

3.37    1.96  (.28 / 120)  

3.37    .05 (3.32 to 3.42)


8. a. x  z / 2
n
12,000    1.645 (2, 200 / 245)

12,000    231    (11,769 to 12,231)

b. 12,000    1.96 (2, 200 / 245)

12,000    275 (11,725 to 12,275)

c. 12,000    2.576  (2, 200 / 245)

12,000    362  (11,638 to 12,362)

d. Interval width must increase since we want to make a statement about   with greater confidence.

8 ­ 3
Chapter 8

9. a. Using a computer,  x = $12.41

b. Using a computer, s = 3.64

c. x    1.96  ( s / n )

12.41    1.96  (3.64 / 60 )  

12.41    0.92 (11.49 to 13.33)

s
10. x  z.025
n

3.45
7.75  1.96
180

7.75  .50 (7.25 to 8.25)

11. Using Minitab we obtained a sample standard deviation of 2.163.  The confidence interval output is 
shown below:

THE ASSUMED SIGMA =2.16

N MEAN STDEV SE MEAN 95.0 PERCENT C.I.


Miami 50 6.340 2.163 0.306 (5.740, 6.940)

The 95% confidence interval estimate is 5.74 to 6.94.

xi 114
12. a. x   3.8 minutes
n 30

( xi  x ) 2
b. s  2.26 minutes
n 1

s 2.26
Margin of Error =  z.025  1.96  .81 minutes
n 30

s
c. x  z.025
n

3.8  .81                     (2.99 to 4.61)

13. a. .95

b. .90

8 ­ 4
Interval Estimation

c. .01

d. .05

e. .95

f. .85

14. a. 1.734

b. ­1.321

c. 3.365

d. ­1.761 and +1.761

e. ­2.048 and +2.048

80
15. a. x  xi / n   10
8

( xi  x ) 2 84
b. s   3.464
n 1 81

c. With 7 degrees of freedom, t.025  =  2.365

x    t.025 ( s / n )

10    2.365  (3.464 / 8 )  

10    2.90 (7.10 to 12.90)

16. a. 17.25    1.729  (3.3 / 20 )  

17.25    1.28 (15.97 to 18.53)

b. 17.25    2.09  (3.3 / 20 )

17.25    1.54 (15.71  to 18.79)

c. 17.25    2.861  (3.3 / 20 )

17.25    2.11 (15.14 to 19.36)

8 ­ 5
Chapter 8

17. At 90% , 80   t.05 ( s / n ) with df = 17 t.05 = 1.740

80    1.740  (10 / 18 )

80    4.10 (75.90 to 84.10)

At 95%, 80  2.11 (10 / 18 ) with df = 17 t.05 = 2.110

80    4.97 (75.03 to 84.97)

xi 18.96
18. a. x   $1.58
n 12

( xi  x ) 2 .239
b. s   .1474
n 1 12  1

c. t.025 = 2.201

x    t.025 ( s / n )

1.58    2.201  (.1474 / 12)  

1.58    .09 (1.49 to 1.67)

19. x  xi / n  6.53 minutes

( xi  x ) 2
s  0.54 minutes
n 1

x    t.025 ( s / n )

6.53    2.093  (0.54 / 20 )  

6.53    .25 (6.28 to 6.78)

20. a. 22.4    1.96 (5 / 61)

22.4    1.25 (21.15 to 23.65)

b. With df  =  60,   t.025  =  2.000

8 ­ 6
Interval Estimation

22.4    2  (5 / 61)

22.4    1.28 (21.12 to 23.68)

c. x    t.025 ( s / n )

Confidence intervals are essentially the same regardless of whether z or t is used.

xi 864
21. x   $108
n 8

( xi  x ) 2 654
s   9.6658
n 1 8 1

t.025 = 2.365

x    t.025 ( s / n )

108    2.365  (9.6658 / 8)  

108    8.08 (99.92 to 116.08)

22. a. Using a computer,  x = 6.86   s = 0.78

b. x    t.025 ( s / n )   t.025  = 2.064    df = 24

6.86    2.064 (0.78 / 25 )  

6.86    0.32 (6.54 to 7.18)

z.2025 2 (196
. ) 2 (25) 2
23. n   96.04 Use n  97
E2 52

24. a. Planning value of   =  Range/4  =  36/4  =  9

z.2025 2 (196
. ) 2 (9) 2
b. n 2
  34.57 Use n  35
E 32

. ) 2 ( 9) 2
(196
c. n  77.79 Use n  78
22

. ) 2 (6.82) 2
(196
25. n  79.41 Use n  80
. )2
(15

8 ­ 7
Chapter 8

. ) 2 (6.82) 2
(1645
n  3147
. Use n  32
22

z 2 2 (1.96)2 (9400) 2
26. a. n   339.44    Use 340
E2 (1000) 2

(1.96) 2 (9400) 2
b. n  1357.78    Use 1358
(500) 2

(1.96) 2 (9400) 2
c. n  8486.09    Use 8487
200

. ) 2 (2,000) 2
(196
27. a. n  6147
. Use n  62
(500) 2

. ) 2 (2,000) 2
(196
b. n  384.16 Use n  385
(200) 2

. ) 2 (2,000) 2
(196
c. n  1536.64 Use n  1537
(100) 2

z 2 2 (1.645) 2 (220) 2
28. a. n   52.39    Use 53
E2 (50) 2

(1.96) 2 (220) 2
b. n  74.37    Use 75
(50) 2

(2.576) 2 (220)2
c. n  128.47   Use 129
(50) 2

d. Must increase sample size to increase confidence.

. ) 2 (6.25) 2
(196
29. a. n  37.52 Use n  38
22

. ) 2 (6.25) 2
(196
b. n  150.06 Use n  151
12

. ) 2 (7.8) 2
(196
30. n  58.43 Use n  59
22

8 ­ 8
Interval Estimation

31 . a. p  = 100/400 = 0.25

p (1  p ) 0.25(0.75)
b.   0.0217
n 400

p (1  p )
c. p  z.025
n

.25    1.96 (.0217)

.25    .0424 (.2076 to .2924)

0.70(0.30)
32. a. .70    1.645 
800

.70    .0267 (.6733 to .7267)

0.70(0.30)
b. .70    1.96
800

.70    .0318 (.6682 to .7318)

z.2025 p(1  p) (196


. ) 2 (0.35)(0.65)
33. n 2
  349.59 Use n  350
E (0.05) 2

34. Use planning value p  =  .50

. ) 2 (0.50)(0.50)
(196
n  1067.11 Use n  1068
(0.03) 2

35. a.  p  = 562/814 = 0.6904

p (1  p ) 0.6904(1  0.6904)
b. 1645
.  1645
.  0.0267
n 814

c. 0.6904    0.0267   (0.6637 to 0.7171)

36. a. p  =  152/346 = .4393

p (1  p) .4393(1  .4393)
b. p    .0267
n 346

p  z.025 p

8 ­ 9
Chapter 8

.4393    1.96(.0267) 

.4393    .0523               (.3870 to .4916)

p (1  p )
37. p  196
.
n

182
p  .28
650

(0.28)(0.72)
.28    1.96 
650

0.28    0.0345   (0.2455 to 0.3145)

p (1  p ) (0.26)(0.74)
38. a. 196
.  196
.  0.0430
n 400

b. 0.26    0.0430   (0.2170 to 0.3030)

. 2 (0.26)(0.74)
196
c. n  82125
. Use n  822
(0.03) 2

2
z.025 p(1  p) (1.96) 2 (.33)(1  .33)
39. a. n   943.75    Use 944
E2 (.03)2

2
z.005 p (1  p ) (2.576) 2 (.33)(1  .33)
b. n   1630.19    Use 1631
E2 (.03) 2

40. a. p  = 255/1018 = 0.2505

(0.2505)(1  0.2505)
b. 1.96  = 0.0266
1018

p (1  p ) .16(1  .16)
41. p    .0102
n 1285

Margin of Error = 1.96  p = 1.96(.0102) = .02

.16  1.96  p

.16  .02                         (.14 to .18)

8 ­ 10
Interval Estimation

p(1  p ) .50(1  .50)


42. a. p    .0226
n 491

z.025 p = 1.96(.0226) = .0442

2
z.025 p(1  p)
b. n
E2

1.962 (.50)(1  .50)


September   n   600.25    Use 601
.042

1.962 (.50)(1  .50)


October  n   1067.11   Use 1068
.032

1.962 (.50)(1  .50)


November   n   2401  
.022

1.962 (.50)(1  .50)


Pre­Election  n   9604  
.012

. 2 (0.5)(1  0.5)
196
43. a. n  600.25 Use n  601
(0.04) 2

b. p  = 445/601 = 0.7404

(0.7404)(0.2596)
c. 0.7404    1.96 
601

0.7404    0.0350   (0.7054 to 0.7755)

s 20,500
44. a. z.025  1.96  2009
n 400

b. x    z.025 ( s / n )   

50,000  2009 (47,991 to 52,009)

45. a. x    z.025 ( s / n )   

252.45    1.96 (74.50 / 64 )

252.45    18.25  or  $234.20 to $270.70

b. Yes.  the lower limit for the population mean at Niagara Falls is $234.20 which is greater than 
$215.60.

8 ­ 11
Chapter 8

46. a. Using a computer,  x = 49.8 minutes

b. Using a computer, s = 15.99 minutes

c. x   1.96 ( s / n )

49.8    1.96  (15.99 / 200 )

49.8    2.22   (47.58 to 52.02)

47. a. Using a computer,  x = 16.8 and s = 4.25

With 19 degrees of freedom, t.025 = 2.093

x   2.093 ( s / n )

16.8    2.093  (4.25 / 20 )

16.8    1.99   (14.81 to 18.79)

b. Using a computer,  x = 24.1 and s = 6.21

24.1    2.093  (6.21 / 20 )

24.1    2.90   (21.2 to 27.0)

c. 16.8 / 24.1 = 0.697 or 69.7% or approximately 70%

132
48. a. x  xi / n   13.2
10

( xi  x ) 2 547.6
b. s   7.8
n 1 9

c. With d f  =  9, t.025  =  2.262

x    t.025 ( s / n )

13.2    2.262 (7.8 / 10 )

8 ­ 12
Interval Estimation

13.2    5.58 (7.62 to 18.78)

d. The   5.58 shows poor precision.  A larger sample size is desired.

. 2 (0.45)
196
49. n  77.79 Use n  78
10 2

(2.33) 2 (2.6) 2
50. n  36.7 Use n  37
12

. ) 2 (8) 2
(196
51. n  6147
. Use n  62
22

(2.576) 2 (8) 2
n  10617
. Use n  107
22

. ) 2 (675) 2
(196
52. n  175.03 Use n  176
1002

p (1  p )
53. a. p  196
.
n

(0.47)(0.53)
0.47    1.96 
450

0.47    0.0461 (0.4239 to 0.5161)

(0.47)(0.53)
b. 0.47   2.576
450

0.47    0.0606 (0.4094 to 0.5306)

c. The margin of error becomes larger.

54. a. p  = 200/369 = 0.5420

p (1  p ) (0.5420)(0.4580)
b. 196
.  196
.  0.0508
n 369
c. 0.5420    0.0508 (0.4912 to 0.5928)

55. a. p  =  504 / 1400  =  .36

(0.36)(0.64)
b. 196
.  0.0251
1400

8 ­ 13
Chapter 8

(2.33) 2 (0.70)(0.30)
56. a. n  1266.74 Use n  1267
(0.03) 2

(2.33) 2 (0.50)(0.50)
b. n  1508.03 Use n  1509
(0.03) 2

57. a. p  =  110 / 200  =  0.55

(0.55)(0.45)
0.55   1.96
200

.55    .0689 (.4811 to .6189)

. ) 2 (0.55)(0.45)
(196
b. n  380.32 Use n  381
(0.05) 2

58. a. p  = 340/500 = .68

p (1  p ) .68(1  .68)
b. p    .0209
n 500

p  z.025 p

.68    1.96(.0209) 

.68    .0409               (.6391 to .7209)

. ) 2 (0.3)(0.7)
(196
59. a. n  2016.84 Use n  2017
(0.02) 2

b. p  = 520/2017 = 0.2578

p (1  p )
c. p  196
.
n

(0.2578)(0.7422)
0.2578    1.96 
2017

0.2578    0.0191 (0.2387 to 0.2769)

60. a. p  =  618 / 1993  =  .3101

8 ­ 14
Interval Estimation

p (1  p )
b. p  196
.
1993

(0.3101)(0.6899)
0.3101    1.96 
1993

.3101    .0203     (.2898 to .3304)

z 2 p(1  p)
c. n
E2

. ) 2 (0.3101)(0.6899)
(196
z  8218.64 Use n  8219
(0.01) 2

No; the sample appears unnecessarily large.  The  .02 margin of error reported in part (b) should 
provide adequate precision.

8 ­ 15

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