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    Structural System - I: Lecture # 7

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    KhiZra ShahZad
    Tensile structures derive their stability from pre-stressed shapes rather than material mass, allowing large spans with low-cost construction. Membranes are uniformly thin but can support loads due to designed shapes and deflections. These lightweight structures require few compression members, instead using tension forces in fabrics and cables. Common tensile structures include mast-cable systems and pneumatically inflated membranes forming synclastic or anticlastic surfaces like saddles, ridges, and arches.

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    Structural System - I: Lecture # 7

    Uploaded by

    KhiZra ShahZad
    29 views18 pages
    Tensile structures derive their stability from pre-stressed shapes rather than material mass, allowing large spans with low-cost construction. Membranes are uniformly thin but can support loads due to designed shapes and deflections. These lightweight structures require few compression members, instead using tension forces in fabrics and cables. Common tensile structures include mast-cable systems and pneumatically inflated membranes forming synclastic or anticlastic surfaces like saddles, ridges, and arches.

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    TENSILE STRUCTURE

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    Lecture No 7

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    Tensile structures derive their stability from pre-stressed shapes rather than material mass, allowing large spans with low-cost construction. Membranes are uniformly thin but can support loads due to designed shapes and deflections. These lightweight structures require few compression members, instead using tension forces in fabrics and cables. Common tensile structures include mast-cable systems and pneumatically inflated membranes forming synclastic or anticlastic surfaces like saddles, ridges, and arches.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    29 views18 pages

    Structural System - I: Lecture # 7

    Uploaded by

    KhiZra ShahZad
    Tensile structures derive their stability from pre-stressed shapes rather than material mass, allowing large spans with low-cost construction. Membranes are uniformly thin but can support loads due to designed shapes and deflections. These lightweight structures require few compression members, instead using tension forces in fabrics and cables. Common tensile structures include mast-cable systems and pneumatically inflated membranes forming synclastic or anticlastic surfaces like saddles, ridges, and arches.

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    LECTURE # 7

    STRUCTURAL SYSTEM - I
     Tensile Structures

    By
    Ar. Izna Isar
    Ar. Khizra Shahzad Dated: November 30th, 2018- December 07th, 2018
    TENSILE STRUCTURES

     They are Light weight as their structural stability is derived from their pre stressed
    shape rather than the mass of material used.
     Tensile structures allow larger spans with easier and cheaper constructions and they
    cover vast expanse of spaces.
     Membranes are uniform in thickness with a capacity to support imposed loads due to
    their designed shapes and deflections.
     Tensile structures are characterized by the prevalence of tension force in their
    structural systems and by limitation of compression forces to a few support members
     Thus these lightweight structures do not require the considerable amount
    of construction material to absorb the buckling and bending moments in
    compression members.
    CATEGORIES OF TENSILE STRUCTURE

    1.Mast and cable supported membranes


    2.Pneumatically inflated membrane.
    BASIC SHAPES AND FORMS
    Membrane structure depends on double curvature to resist the imposed loads.
    The shapes can be deciding factor of resistance of loads.
    The surfaces can be categories in
    1. Synclasic surfaces.
    2. Anticlasic surfaces.

    Synclastic surface:
    Upward loads are resisted by a stress increase about both axes of the fabric
    while downward loads are neutralized by internal pressure.
    Inflatable fabric structures are simplistic forms.
    The surface is stabilized because the tension forces from the internal pressure are in
    equilibrium with the tension forces in the members.
    BASIC SHAPES AND FORMS
    Anticlastic surface:
    Fibers with convex curvature.
    One surface resists the upward load by increasing tension, while fibers with concave surface
    increase their tension to resist downward loads.
    The surface is stabilized because the tension forces from the pre-stressing or load are in
    equilibrium.
    BASIC SHAPES AND FORMS
    The basic forms of all curvatures are hyperbolic
    paraboloids, cones or arches.

     Simple saddle membrane with linear perimeter


    supports.

     Ridge type membrane with linear internal and


    perimeter support.

     Arch type membrane with linear internal support.

     High point type membrane with multiple internal


    support.
    Evolution of Several Forms From The Basic
    Types of Structure with Significant Tension Members

     Linear structures
     Suspension bridges
     Cable-stayed beams or trusses
     Cable trusses
     Straight tensioned cables
     Three-dimensional structures
     Tensegrity structures
     Pre stressed membranes
     Pneumatically stressed membranes
     Cable and membrane structures
    CHARACTERISTICS OF TENSILE STRUCTURE

     Tensile structures create eye catching sculptural membranes of fabric and steel to
    achieve open, yet protective environments.
     Tensile structures are lightweight and flexible; a versatile design medium that allows
    incredible free span roofs with interior spaces connected to the outside by their light
    and openness.
     Translucent by day and luminescent at night, tensile architecture provides
    sustainable, cost effective, and artistic design solutions that interact with the
    environment.
    CHARACTERISTICS OF TENSILE STRUCTURE

    Lightweight and Flexible


     Tensile structures are lightweight and flexible; a versatile
    design medium that allows incredible free span roofs with
    interior spaces connected to the outside by their light and
    openness.
     Translucent by day and luminescent at night, tensile
    architecture provides sustainable, cost effective, and
    artistic design solutions that interact with the
    environment.
     Tensile structures are lightweight and flexible; a versatile
    design medium that allows incredible free span roofs with
    interior spaces connected to the outside by their light and
    openness.
     Translucent by day and luminescent at night, tensile
    architecture provides sustainable, cost effective, and
    artistic design solutions that interact with the
    environment.
    CHARACTERISTICS OF TENSILE STRUCTURE

    Large Span Tensile Structures

     Large span tensile structures are a true collaborative effort between the architect,
    engineer, and the fabric contractor.
     From the initial conceptual design, to the final shape of the structure; once the
    loads are analyzed and determined, fabrics can be chosen, cables selected, and the
    hardware design and manufacturing details finalized.
    STRUCTURAL PRINCIPLES

     Tension structures consists of cables and fabric in Tension. The cables carry the
    gravity loads while stability and resistance to wind uplift is provided by the weight
    of and resistance to wind uplift is provided by the weight of the roof deck system.

     The most common type, the cable dome, consists of a center tension ring surrounded
    by a number of hoop rings which are also in tension, these are surrounded at the
    perimeter by a compression ring.

     By definition, the membrane can only resist forces in tension, so forces perpendicular
    to the membrane cause tension cause large deformations and large membrane forces.
    TENSIONED FABRIC STRUCTURE

    True tensile fabric structures are those in which every part of the fabric is in tension.
    The fundamental rule for stability is that a tensioned fabric structure must curve equally
    in opposite directions, this gives the canopy stability.
    This is known as an anticlastic form and mathematically as a hyperbolic paraboloid.
    We put the fabric of a tensile structure under tension. We do not stretch the fabric into
    position. It is cut and bonded together to make its final shape
    Pre-tension is the most efficient way of resisting live loads snow, wind etc.
    1. Design
    2. Fabrication
    3. Erection.
    4. Design factors
    5. Location (Wind and snow loads;
    6. Foundations
    7. Drainage
    FABRIC

    Fabrics
    1.PVC (polyvinyl chloride) coated polyester
    polyester is the least expensive, design life of 15 to 20 years due to ultra violet attack.

    2. Silicon coated giass


    Silicon glass has higher tensile strength than polyester, but being glass it is brittle, sub-
    ject to damage from repeated flexing. Not subject to ultra violet attack, 30+ year design
    life.

    3. Teflon coated glass PVC coated


    Silicon and Teflon are almost completely chemically inert, resistant to moisture and
    micro-organisms and have self cleaning properties.
    FABRIC

    Internal Fabrics
    All types of fabric can be used if suitably fire
    retarded.
    The most commonly used is PVC coated glass
    cloth
    due to its easy maintenance and very good fire
    resistance.

    Form Finding
    The final shape, or form, of a fabric structure
    depends upon;
     Shape, or pattern, of the fabric
     The geometry of the supporting structure (such
    as masts, cables, ring beams etc)
     the pretension applied to the fabric or its
    supporting structure
    ADVANTAGES
     Unique building medium.
     Lightweight and flexible, fabric interacts with and expresses natural forces.
     Tensile fabric structures are an environmentally sensitive medium. Tension is the
    most efficient way of using any material, it utilises the material at maximum
    efficiency rather than just the material at the extremes of the cross sectional form,
    as in bending and compression loads. Fabric structures have higher
    strength/weight ratio than concrete or steel. Most fabrics can be recycled.
     A fabric structure can be designed for almost any condition, heavier fabrics and
    more 3 dimensional forms will cope with extreme wind and snow loads.
    DISADVANTAGES

     Fabric structures being mainly fabric and cables have little or no rigidity and
    therefore must rely on their form and internal pre-stress to perform the this
    function.
     As a rule of thumb spans greater than 15 metres should be avoided however, much
    greater spans can be achieved by reinforcing the fabric with webbing or cables.
     Loss of tension is dangerous for the stability of the structure and if not regularly
    maintained will lead to failure of the structure.
    BENEFITS

    1. Natural Light
    2. Reverse illumination at Night
    3. Easy to handle, as light in weight
    4. Unique shapes
    5. Retraction, Dismantling & Re-erection possible
    6. Colors available
    7. Graphic customization possible.
    8. Graphic projection possible.
    9. Rapid on site installation.
    10. Large clear Spans possible.
    11. Resistance to corrosive environments.
    12. Easy to adapt to existing structures for renovation.
    13. Can be combined with different materials.
    14. Can exist in all & extreme climatic conditions.
    15. Suitable for a wide spectrum of size &applications.
    16. Pre-engineered Modular structure possible

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