THEOLOGY

OF BEAUTY Rocznik Teologii Katolickiej, tom XVI/3, rok 2017

DOI: 10.15290/rtk.2017.16.3.15

Tatiana Misijuk
Politechnika Białostocka

The multilayer composition of an iconostasis

The paper indicates a complex meaning of the iconostasis both in sacred art
and the liturgy of the Orthodox Church. Selected examples illustrate a process
of historical development of the iconostasis, contemporary variety of forms
and its influence on worship celebrated in the Orthodox church.
Key words: icon, iconostasis, sacred art, symbol, canon of iconography, history
of art, liturgy.

According to a majority of dictionary definitions, an iconostasis (Gr.

eikonostasion, eikonostasis from Gr. eikon – an image, picture; and
stasis – stand, place1; some point also to Gr. histemi – place; another
Gr. term for iconostasis is templo) is “the screen which, in Byzan-
tine churches, separates the sanctuary from the nave”2 or “the high
screen covered with icons, separating the nave from the sanctuary in
Christian churches of the Eastern rite”3. Some studies assert also that
“iconostasis represents one of the most important features of Orthodox

Por. Iconostasis in Catholic Encyclopedia, http://www.newadvent.org/

1

cathen/07626a.htm (15.04.2016).
2
Iconostasis in F.L. Cross and E.A. Livingstone (editors), The Oxford Dictionary
of the Christian Church, Oxford University Press, Oxford/New York/Toronto
1990, p. 688.
3
Ikonostas, in T. Gogacz, B. Milerski (editors), Religia. Encyklopedia PWN,
Warszawa 2002, v. 4, p. 506.
 222 Tatiana Misijuk

churches”4 and “it may be said to differentiate the Greek church com-
pletely from the Roman in its interior arrangement”5.
In a majority of generally accessible explanations the iconostasis
is perceived mainly as a screen, partition, wall, barrier separating
the central part of a church, the nave, where a congregation gathers
for worship, from a presbytery or sanctuary, where the sacrament of
Eucharist is celebrated. Although in fact it stands between the two
parts of the Orthodox church and as a wall of icons it may appear as
a screen or partition, its meaning and its role in a spatial arrangement
Theology of the Orthodox church as well as its liturgical function is completely
of beauty different.
In order to comprehend a multilayer meaning of the iconostasis
there is a need to study history of its development and to indicate
above all its unique place in the Orthodox Christian worship. It is also
necessary to explain the function of icons.

History
An initial form of the iconostasis may be seen in a low barrier placed
between the nave of a temple and its sanctuary. The form and height
of those screens varied. Sometimes they were solid low walls or bal-
ustrades, at other times they were higher latticed screens or a row of
columns with an architrave. Soon icons began to be placed between
columns under the architrave and later on over it.
Studies have shown that at first an icon of the Savior appeared ini-
tially under the architrave, and later on over it, immediately over the
Royal Door in the middle of the screen. Soon it was accompanied by
icons of the Virgin Mary and St. John the Baptist making up a triptych
referred to as Deisis (Gk. Δέησις – prayer or supplication). The three
figures could appear on one long wooden panel or on three separate
icons. Prof. Leonid Ouspensky considers that this particular triptych
of the sanctuary screen, brought from Byzantium to Kievan Rus, to
be the initial form, from which iconostasis gradually evolved on Rus-
sian soil6. The evolution consisted in adding to the triptych more icons
of Saints and increasing the number of tiers with icons. By 13th and
14th century Orthodox churches in Rus were fit with extended iconos-
tases with several rows. In 15th century the iconostasis took its final
4
L. Ouspensky, V. Lossky, The Meaning of Icons, Crestwood, New York 1989,
p. 59.
5
See Iconostasis in Catholic Encyclopedia, op. cit.
6
Ouspensky, Lossky, The Meaning of Icons, op. cit., p. 59.
 The multilayer composition of an iconostasis 223

Theology
of beauty
Fig. 1. 4th century basilica in Ohrid (according to the re-
construction by A. Orlandos).

Fig. 2. Basilica „Aphentali” on Lesbos island, 4th century

(according to the reconstruction by A. Orlandos).

shape as known today and in 17th and 18th centuries that form spread
from Russia to other Orthodox countries7. The centuries-long evolu-
tion of the iconostasis from a balustrade to a five-story icon screen is
confirmed by columns, engaged columns and pilasters still present
among the icons on it. Although they do not play their original role,
they remain a characteristic component of its decor.
Experts assert that up until the end of 4th century the dimensions of
the iconostasis did not prevent the believers from following the liturgi-
cal mystery taking place in the sanctuary. Paul Evdokimov asserts that
the reason for development of the iconostasis, a gradual filling in the
space between the sanctuary and the nave with icons, was didactic – it
was “to teach visually by showing the faithful the economy of salvation

7
Ibidem.
 224 Tatiana Misijuk

Theology
of beauty

Fig. 3. Deisis – Fresco from Voronet monastery, Romania, 15th

century.

and its progressive advance”8. Pointing to the predominant in Russia

tradition of Joseph of Volokolamsk, promoting the liturgical pomp and
lavish decoration, which has won out over the more sober spirituality
of St. Nil Sorsky, he asserts that through the iconostasis “the tension
that exists between the Church and the world along with accompa-
nying danger of emphasizing too much the distinction between the
sanctuary and the nave”9 was transposed between clerics and laymen.

The composition of the iconostasis

The simplest spatial form of the iconostasis is a composition con-
sisting of its two most important icons: the one of the Incarnation, the
First Coming of Christ, presenting the Holy Virgin and the Child, and
the icon of Parusia, the Second Coming of Christ in glory. The icons
are placed on both sides of the Royal Door in the very center of the
iconostasis. There are icons of the Annunciation and of four Evange-
lists placed usually on the leafs of the Royal Door. Images of Angels are
placed usually on the smaller, one-leaf side doors of the iconostasis.
In a bit more developed forms of the simple iconostasis there are also
icons of the Feast and/or the Saint(s) of a particular church positioned

8
P. Evdokimov, The Art of the Icon: a theology of beauty, Oakwood Publications,
Rodondo Beach, CA 1996, p. 155.
9
Ibidem.
 The multilayer composition of an iconostasis 225

in the same row of icons. The icon of the Mystical Supper is located
right above the Royal Door.
In the fixed classical composition of the iconostasis10 in its upper
rows there appear the icon of Deisis – prayer, supplication of the
Mother of God and St. John the Baptist before the Enthroned Christ
the Savior, extended by additional figures of Saints and Angels (1). The
following three rows are filled with icons of the Resurrection of Christ
and the twelve major liturgical feasts (2), as well as the Old Testament
Prophets (3) and the Patriarchs (4).
In the construction of the iconostasis one can see a wide range of Theology
artistic resources: a pithy composition, spatial form, material used, of beauty
its features, colors, light, texture etc. While pondering upon the used
means, forms or material one should not pass over the fact that the
most important in the iconostasis is the icon with a broad range of its
media of expression. One should keep in mind the function of the ico-
nostasis in the Orthodox liturgical service and take into consideration
what it is actually about to show the believers through the icons placed
in it. All the forms and means are designed not so much to provide
the iconostasis with the fullest artistic expression, its “beautification”,
as to the best possible introduction of the faithful into the mystery of
Sacrum.
Therefore, in making an iconostasis, while using any possible tech-
nologies: wood, stone, pottery, glass, metal work or various combina-
tions of them, it is important to make sure that the plastic means char-
acteristic to given technology do not dominate over the icons which
are to be “framed” by them. Decorative chiaroscuro of carving, overly
sharp contrast in texture and structure of the stone, artificial lighting,
“excess of form” in the iconostasis may cause that the flat icon, devoid
of chiaroscuro but rich in its meaningful symbolism of color, becomes
“drown out/choked” and shut out. In order to allow the iconostasis to
fulfill its role truthfully, it is necessary that every aspect of its form –
a composition of all its elements – should affirm the icons.
Here are selected examples of contemporary iconostases.

10
See the 16th century iconostasis at the side altar of the Nativity of the Virgin
Mary at St Sophia cathedral in Novgorod which is used as an example in vari-
ous studies of the subject provided by Ouspensky, Lossky The Meaning, op. cit,
p. 61 and 62; M. Quenot, Icon. Window on the Kingdom, SVS Press, Crestwood,
NY 1997, p. 49 and O. Popova, E. Smirnova, P. Cortesi, Ikony. Ikony różnych
kręgów kulturowych od VI w po czasy współczesne, translated by T. Łozińska,
Warszawa 1998, p. 12.
 226 Tatiana Misijuk

Theology
of beauty

Fig. 4. Diagram of a church iconostasis.

Hermitage of the Holy Spirit in Mesnil Saint Denis, France

The form of the iconostasis is a part of wall of a side altar of the
Orthodox church at the Hermitage of the Holy Spirit in Mesnil Saint
Denis near Paris. The two main icons are composed as pillars of the
whole structure. Father Gregory Krug constructed the hermitage on
his own and he is the author of the beautiful, distinctive iconography.
Painting the icons strictly according to canonical requirements, he
created his own, very particular style, which occurs very seldom.

Orthodox church of St. Nicholas in

Frankfurt am Main, Germany
The form of the iconostasis, its colors, decoration and details af-
firm the icons. Proportions of the iconostasis are very harmoniously
arranged with proportions of the entire interior – size of arches, hori-
zontal partition of the wall paintings. The natural color of wood of the
iconostasis matches the yellow ocher of the iconography’s background.
Delicate relief of decoration stripes and maintained texture of wood
are the elements enriching the whole. Their size and intensity of im-
pingement have been designed in accordance with the principle of
affirmation of the icons, which is clearly visible in this interior.
 The multilayer composition of an iconostasis 227

Theology
of beauty

Fig. 5. Hermitage of the Holy Spirit in Fig. 6. Royal Door of the main iconosta-
Mesnil Saint Denis, France. sis – an icon of the Annunciation to the
Virgin Mary.

Fig. 7. Orthodox church of St. Nicholas in Frankfurt am Main,

Germany.
 228 Tatiana Misijuk

Baptistery of the Archangel Michael’s

Orthodox church in Bielsk Podlaski
The small space is determined by an arch of the Royal Door which enters
a column of light coming from a steeple with a cupola above it. The light
and the arch piling up behind the baptismal font determine the vertical and
indicate a sacramental character of the place. The entire intimate interior is
subordinate to that composition. The low nave kept in a dark value of red and
navy blue, a homogeneous character of the wall paintings, remain in contrast
to the illuminated part and bright color of the steeple. The consistently built
Theology sacred space lives in time for which it was designed – I do remember what
of beauty a great experience it was to participate in a sacrament of Baptism in that
space, especially on the Feast of the Resurrection of Christ.

Monastery of the Transfiguration, Uusi Valamo,

Finland; chapel of St. Sergius and St. Herman
The iconostasis in a form of a rectangle, confined from above by a straight
line of cornice (usually crowned with a cross often accompanied by tablets of
the Decalogue, a chalice and a spear). The composition of icons in the iconos-
tasis is not symmetrical due to their size and style, nevertheless it constitutes

Fig. 8. Baptistery of the Archangel

Michael’s Orthodox church in Bielsk Pod-
laski designed and painted by Prof. Jerzy
Nowosielski
 The multilayer composition of an iconostasis 229

Theology
of beauty

Fig. 9. Monastery of the Transfiguration, Uusi Valamo, Finland;

chapel of St. Sergius and St. Herman.

a harmonious entity. An important role in the integration of the composition

belongs to the two decorative elements that compensate for differences in
size of the icons. The whole is crowned by a wall painting of Deisis.

Church of St. Demetrius in Thessaloniki

An example of a low iconostasis in a large interior of a church.
Thanks to the light color and the lace of the bas-relief, the stone struc-
ture is light and its rhythmic composition matches with a symmetrical
arrangement of the iconography program in the sanctuary.

The meaning and symbolism of the iconostasis

The meaning and symbolism of the iconostasis needs to be ex-
amined in the context of the meaning and symbolism of the whole
Christian Orthodox church. One should remember that “symbolism
plays a very important role in the Church, because everything in the
Church has, so to speak, a dual character: material and spiritual. The
material is directly accessible to our senses; the spiritual is suggested
to us through symbols. One cannot fruitfully study the symbolism of
the Church apart from the Liturgy: the two develop together and the
[Church] Fathers explained the symbolism in terms of the Liturgy. Cut
 230 Tatiana Misijuk

Theology
of beauty

Fig. 10. Church of St. Demetrius in Thessaloniki.

off from the divine service, symbolism loses its meaning and becomes
a series of sterile abstractions”11.
Thus the church is a place set apart on the earth, the place of Sacrum,
dedicated to God, sanctified, so arranged and fitted as to help the be-
lievers to continue their earthly way, their move to the most important
aim of Christian life which may be described as an ascent to heaven.
The symbolism of the Divine Liturgy clearly points to remembrance
(Gk. anamnesis) of Christ’s teaching and His salutary sacrifice, the
Savior’s life from His Nativity in Bethlehem to the Ascension. During
the Divine Liturgy the remembrance is being made present. The as-
cent can be also seen in a spatial arrangement of the Orthodox church
which refers to a tripartite division of the Old Testament tabernacle
of Moses and the Solomon’s Temple in Jerusalem. In the church the
believers pass through two stages of the earthly space. They enter
through the vestibule (Gk. narthikos, Cs. pritvor). It is a kind of prepara-
tion, prelude or a buffer zone between the turmoil of a street, an inner
disorder and a prayerful concentration. The “narrow gate”, the “eye
of a needle” brings into the nave (Gk. kyrios naos, Cs. khram) where
the believers stand in front of a gate of a further unearthly ascent.
The gate is the iconostasis which appears on the border between the
earthly nave and a heavenly presbytery with its holy altar (Gk. hagia
trapeza – a holy table, Cs. prestol – a throne), on which the Sacrifice
11
L. Ouspensky, The Symbolism of the Church, in The Orthodox Ethos. Studies in
Orthodoxy, vol. I, edited by A.J. Philippou, Holywell Press, Oxford 1964, p. 153.
 The multilayer composition of an iconostasis 231

of Thanksgiving, the mystery of salvation is offered. According to St.

Maximus the Confessor (7th century) and St. Sophronius of Jerusalem
(7th century) “the church is the image of the immaterial and of the
sensory worlds – of the spiritual and the physical man. The sanctuary
is the symbol of the first, the nave – the symbol of the second. At the
same time both these parts constitute an indivisible whole, in which
the first enlightens and feeds the second, so that the latter becomes
a sensory expression of the former. This correlation re-establishes the
order of the universe violated by the transgression”12. According to St.
Germanos of Constantinople, “the church is the earthly heaven where Theology
God, Who is above heaven, dwells and abides”13. of beauty
Thus, the most important place of the church is the sanctuary, the
altar part, which corresponds with the Holy of Holies (Hebrew Kodesh
HaKadashim) – the innermost and most sacred place of the Tabernacle
and the temple of Jerusalem, sanctified by the presence of God. The
Ark of Covenant with the Tablets of the Covenant (Decalogue – Ten
Commandments) was kept inside there. It is the Holy of Holies that
symbolizes the house of God or God’s dwelling place. St. Simeon of
Thessalonica explains that “the narthex corresponds to earth, the
church to heaven, and the holy Sanctuary to what is above heaven”14
and St. Germanos calls it “the place where Christ, the King of all things
sits enthroned with the apostles”15. Prof. Ouspensky takes also note
that the sanctuary is always situated at the eastern end of a church
building, so that the whole temple is oriented to the east. Explaining
the symbolic meaning of such a direction he points to both to the past
and to the future of the Church – the lost Paradise was located “in the
east” and the coming of the future Kingdom is associated with a sun-
rise16. What is equally important, the Kingdom of God which is to come,
very often referred to as “the eight day of creation” or “the day without
end”, is also symbolized by the rising of the sun, and hence the east17.
The quoted interpretations point to an ontological meaning of the
sanctuary as a symbol of the world invisible. Since the invisible is
inaccessible to our sensual visual perception, it may seem correct to
state that the role of the iconostasis as “the wall”, “the barrier” or “the

12
Ouspensky, Lossky, The Meaning of Icons, op. cit., p. 60.
13
Ibidem.
14
Ibidem.
15
Ouspensky, The Symbolism, op. cit., p. 161.
16
Ibidem.
17
Ibidem.
 232 Tatiana Misijuk

screen” is to point that the mystery of liturgical action taking place

in the sanctuary is inaccessible to human senses. This would be con-
firmed by a statement, that the iconostasis is “a symbol of separation
of the Kingdom from the rest of the world”18.
Nevertheless, a completely different symbolic meaning of the
iconostasis was brought by the fact that the screen got filled with
icons placed on it in an accurately definite order. Now it is perceived
rather as a border between two realities or two worlds: material and
immaterial, visible and invisible, human and divine, transitory and
Theology permanent19. St. Symeon explains that “the columns of the iconostasis
of beauty represent the firmament, dividing the spiritual from the sensory”. The
horizontal beam of the iconostasis “denotes the union through love
between the heavenly and the earthly”. The icons of the Savior and
the Mother of God placed above the beam indicate that “they abide
both in heaven and among men”20.
On the border between the heaven and the earth there are standing
the witnesses of both spheres of the world – the Saints. It is through
their mediation that the invisible becomes close and accessible. It is
of them as of “the living stones” that the iconostasis is constructed,
which thus becomes the wall both dividing and uniting the two realities
– eternal, Divine with temporary, human. Through their intercession
windows to the other reality are being opened. Their depth is not the
physical space behind the iconostasis, but the spiritual depth which
may be defined as “the fourth dimension” of reality. Paul Evdokimov
points to the miraculous metamorphosis of the iconostasis stating that
“what has initially been the wall of separation, becomes the bridge,
Christ manifested in the Saints, the Passover as a passage of all of us
together and everyone individually into premises of the Kingdom”21.
The division of the interior of the church is clearly visible, physical,
tangible. But the two parts of the Orthodox church – the narthex and
the nave where believers gather for prayer as well as the sanctuary –
are simultaneously separated and united. The distinct division intro-
duced in the physical space by the matter, becomes a source of unity
in the spiritual realm. How is it possible? The answer may be found
in a prophetic statement of Fyodor Dostoyevsky that “the beauty will
save the world”.
18
P. Evdokimov, Prawosławie, translated by J. Klinger, Warszawa 1986, p. 443.
19
Ouspensky, Lossky, The Meaning of Icons, op. cit., p. 60.
20
Ibidem.
21
P. Evdokimov, Prawosławie, op. cit., p. 443; compare. idem, The Art of the Icon,
op. cit., p. 156.
 The multilayer composition of an iconostasis 233

An explanation of the “mechanism” of the aforementioned meta-

morphosis of the iconostasis is provided by a deep analysis of the art
of the icon. It is precisely through the art both the particular icons
and the whole iconostasis appear as “the window into eternity”. One
can say that in an arduous and demanding process of painting an icon
everything is important: material used and its preparation, the way
groundwork is prepared, a lack of naturalism in presenting persons
and objects, in particular the way of painting faces, a lack of subordina-
tion to the rules of time and space, a characteristic structure of an icon,
a size of the persons presented, a kind of light, a lack of chiaroscuro, Theology
lines, colors and their symbolic meaning as well as a word – the crown- of beauty
ing of the process of creating an image by placing its name on it. All
these elements comprise not only the uniqueness of the art of creating
the icon, but also the way of perception of the world presented on the
icon. In order to present the multilayer composition of the iconostasis
it may be sufficient to refer to another technical element applied in
the iconography. It is so called a reverse perspective22. Contrary to the
linear perspective which rules our perception of the earthly reality,
prolonged perspective lines do not become closer to each other and
eventually meet somewhere behind the picture in order to provoke
an impression of its depth, but they meet rather right in front of the
icon. While on a picture the point of junction of the lines winds up
its composition, when it appears before an icon, in a person of a man
standing in front of it, the impression of openness is brought about.
Thus, a man standing before the icon and/or the iconostasis is being
introduced to a different reality which the icon presents through the
aforementioned techniques23. In this particular way the icon reflects
the Gospel teaching of Christ with its characteristic inversion of values.
It may be seen clearly in Christ’s Sermon on the Mount (Mt 5,1-12), in
His statement, “the last will be the first” or a recommendation: “Love
your enemies, and pray for those who persecute you“.
Icons introduce us into the other reality, another world inacces-
sible to human eyes, also through their content. Every one of them
both separately and collectively are “windows into eternity” not only
because they depict the visible world in the reverse perspective and
using the clearly defined, canonical technique. The set of icons in the
iconostasis described above is accessible to all the believers visual re-
capitulation of the entire economy of salvation24. Therefore a didactic
22
Known also as inverse, inverted, divergent or Byzantine perspective.
23
See M. Quenot, The Icona, op. cit., p. 106.
24
Ibidem, p. 48.
 234 Tatiana Misijuk

Theology
of beauty

Fig. 11. Baptistery of the Holy Spirit Orthodox church in Białystok.

Interior design, iconostasis, iconography program, furnishing and
accessories designed by Tatiana Misijuk. Icons in the iconostasis
by Dariusz Fiedorczuk.

Fig. 12. Fragment of the iconostasis

layer of the meaning of the icon and iconostasis might be mentioned

here. It was emphasized in particular in the medieval art of the Chris-
tian West, where religious images were perceived as a kind of Biblia
pauperum. Nevertheless, one should remember that the iconostasis
 The multilayer composition of an iconostasis 235

is “the maximal expression of all that the icon reveal to us visually.

Behind it there is nothing to be seen. Why? Because the wondrous
mystery that is celebrated there could never be situated on our human,
visual level, so to speak; such a wondrous mystery is perceived not by
human eyes, but only by our soul in communion”25.
A particular significance of the iconostasis in the interior of the
church and its function in the liturgical prayer is indicated by the fact
that it is before the Royal Door, between the icons of the Mother of
God and the Savior, that the members of the community partake in
the Holy Communion – the mystery of Eucharist. In this way in front Theology
of the iconostasis and through the iconostasis the presence of Christ of beauty
in the Church is being manifested in the time between His Incarnation
and the Parusia. The liturgical movement is an internal movement
bringing us into the depth of another dimension – the spiritual one.

Baptistery of the Holy Spirit Orthodox church in Białystok

Fundamental for the idea of the whole interior is the composition
of Deisis placed on the cross-shaped arch form designed on the op-
posite walls of the interior. It defines the central, centripetal pattern
of the space. The same purpose is served by the way the interior is

Fig. 13. The iconostasis in a school chapel of St. Cyrill and St.
Methodios in Białystok. Design – Tatiana Misijuk, icons – Dariusz
Fiedorczuk.

25
Ibidem.
 236 Tatiana Misijuk

illuminated. The form of the iconostasis exhibits two main icons – the
Virgin Mary with the Child and the Savior. The expansion of the ico-
nostasis turns into a form of a “candlestick” which leads into the altar
part by the fire of candles and the “cloud of saints” of frosted glass.

WIELOPŁASZCZYZNOWOŚĆ KOMPOZYCJI IKONOSTASU

Przedstawiony tekst wskazuje na wielopłaszczyznowe znaczenie ikonostasu

Theology w sztuce sakralnej i w liturgice Kościoła prawosławnego. Prezentacja histo-
of beauty rycznego rozwoju, miejsca, złożonej funkcji i symboliki ikonostasu następuje
przez to na tle wyjaśnienia roli, znaczenia i symboliki prawosławnej świątyni
jako całości. Wybrane przykłady ikonostasów ilustrują proces historycznego
rozwoju ikonostasu, współczesne zróżnicowanie jego form i nierozerwalny
związek z cerkiewnym nabożeństwem.
Słowa kluczowe: ikonostas, ikona, sztuka sakralna, symbol, kanon ikonografii,
historia sztuki, liturgia.

Bibliography:
1. Evdokimov P., Prawosławie, translated by J. Klinger, Warszawa 1986.
2. Evdokimov P., The Art of the Icon: a theology of beauty, Oakwood Publica-
tions, Rodondo Beach, CA 1996.
3. Iconostasis in Catholic Encyclopedia, http://www.newadvent.org/
cathen/07626a.htm (15.04.2016).
4. Iconostasis in F.L. Cross and E.A. Livingstone (editors), The Oxford Dic-
tionary of the Christian Church, Oxford University Press, Oxford/New
York/Toronto 1990.
5. Ikonostas, in T. Gogacz, B. Milerski (editors), Religia. Encyklopedia PWN,
Warszawa 2002, v. 4.
6. Ouspensky L., Lossky V., The Meaning of Icons, Crestwood, New York 1989.
7. Ouspensky L., The Symbolism of the Church, in The Orthodox Ethos. Studies
in Orthodoxy, vol. I, edited by A.J. Philippou, Holywell Press, Oxford 1964.
8. Popova O., Smirnova E., Cortesi P., Ikony. Ikony różnych kręgów kulturo-
wych od VI w po czasy współczesne, translated by T. Łozińska, Warszawa
1998.
9. Quenot M., Icon. Window on the Kingdom, SVS Press, Crestwood, NY 1997.