CENTRE FOR FOUNDATION STUDIES

FHSC1224
INTRODUCTION TO PHYSIOLOGICAL
SYSTEMS
Graded Full Report: Haematology

Name : Lim Suxing

Student ID :1704648
Practical group : P4
Lecturer’s name : Miss Ngai Suet Loo
 Marking Scheme for Full Report

Content Description of content Marks

Title What you did?
Objectives What is supposed to be accomplished through an experiment?
Apparatus Simple list of everything needed to complete the experiment
Materials Simple list of everything needed to complete the experiment
Procedures 1. Describes the process in chronological order
2. Includes all the information necessary to carry out the
experiment
3. May include diagrams / images to illustrate the apparatus
used & how it was set up
4. Should be written as a description of “what you did”, not
as a “set of instructions” /2
Results 1. Photo of blood group
 Title
 Labelled
2. Photo of blood cells
 Title
 Magnification
 Labelled /9
Discussion 1. The first paragraph with one to three sentences to introduce
(Max 2 what had been done
pages, if 2. A brief explanation of concept used in the experiment
exit that 3. Explain how the result demonstrated these principles. Use
max, no the important data and results (Table) to demonstrate these
mark will principles.
be given) 4. Explain how the independent variables affected the
dependent variables, you may use equations provided and
show the dependent/independent variables.
5. Analysis of data collected
6. Sources of error, if any
7. You may offer a suggestion for improving the experiment,
but it must focus on the most prominent error and be
consistent with the sources of errors.
8. Precautions
9. Citation /15
Conclusions Able to identify conclusion for the experiment /2
References Must have reference from book, journal or scientific article
Must be written in the proper format /2
Format Including saving format /2
Total /32
Plagiarism Similarity of the discussion part of your report must be less
than 20% -10
For not following this instruction,
Plagiarism Report
Title: Microscopic Examination of Blood Cells & Determination of Blood Group.
Objectives:
- To observe different types of blood cells in blood slides.
- To determine blood group.

Materials and Apparatus:

Lancet device, 2 microscopic slides, cover slides, 70% alcohol swab, cotton ball, Leishman’s
stain, distilled water, clean tissue paper, Anti-A serum, Anti-B serum, Anti-D serum,
microscope, toothpick, human blood.

Procedure:
Part A: Preparation of Blood Slides
1. 2 new slides were prepared.
2. The finger tip was sterilized with 70% alcohol swab. The finger tip was pricked with
sterilized lancet device.
3. A drop of blood was placed on slide A, and 3 drops of blood was placed on slide B.
4. A clean cotton ball was used to clean the finger tip.
5. For slide A, a cover slide was brought into contact with the drop of blood at and angle
of 45 degrees. The blood had spread among the edge when the slide edge touched
the blood drop.
6. The blood was spread over the surface of the slide so it forms a smear.

Part B: Determination of Blood Group

1. Using slide B, 1-2 drops of Anti-A serum was dripped onto the first blood drop, followed
by 1-2 drops of Anti-B serum onto the second blood drop, and 1-2 drops of Anti-D
serum onto the third blood drop.
2. A clean toothpick was used to mix each blood drop and its anti serum together.
3. The slide was left for 2-3 minutes and the results were observed and recorded.

Part C: Observation of Red and White Blood Cells

1. Using slide A, a few drops of Leishman’s stain was added till the whole slide was
flooded to stain the smear. The solution was left for 2 minutes.
2. The smear was flooded with distilled water and was left for 8 minutes.
3. The smear was washed gently with running pipe water.
4. The smear was blotted gently with a clean tissue paper.
5. The smear was observed under a light microscope to identify red blood cells and
various types of white blood cells.
Results:

Figure 1: Results for Part C: Micrscopic View of Human Blood (Magnigication: 10x.40x)
Figure 2 : Results of Part B: Determination of Blood Group
Discussion:
In this experiment, 3 drops of blood sample from an individual was obtained and the blood
group was determined by mixing each drop of blood sample with Anti-A serum, Anti-B serum
and Anti-D serum respectively. A drop of blood from the same individual was stained using
Leishman’s stain to enable the blood to be viewed under the light microscope. The red
bloods cells and various types of white blood cells of the blood was observed under the light
microscope.
Agglutination of blood occurs when the same type of antigens and antibodies are mixed.
This is because the antibodies present in the serum will immediately bind with the similar
type antigens present on the red blood cells. The red blood cells will then be clumped
together, by the antibodies.This explains the following paragraph (" Blood Groups, Blood
Typing and Blood Transfusions", 2001).
The Anti-A serum contains antibody A. Therefore, when Anti-A serum is mixed with type A
blood, agglutination occurs because type A blood contains antigen A. The Anti-B serum
contains antibody B. Therefore, when Anti-B serum is mixed with type B blood, agglutination
occurs because type B blood contains antigen B. When type O blood is mixed with Anti-A
serum and Anti-B serum, agglutination will not occur because type O blood does not contain
both antigen A and antigen B. The Anti-D serum contains antibody D. Therefore, when Anti-
D serum is mixed with Rhesus positive (Rh+) blood, agglutination will occur because Rh
positive (Rh+) blood contains antigen D.
Leishman’s stain which is used to stain the blood sample in this experiment consists of a
mixture of eosin (acidic dye) and methylene blue (basic dye) in alcohol.The basic and acidic
dyes develop mutiple colours when applied to cells while the alcohol acts as a fixative and
solvent. The fixative prevents the cells from adhering to the microscope slide.The basic
components of white blood cells (cytoplasm) are stained by eosin (acidic dye) with sky blue
colour. The stained basic components are described as eosinophillic or acidophillic.
Methylene blue (basic dye) gives blue to purple shade to the acidic components (nucleus
and nucleic acid) of the cells. The stained acidic components are described as basophillic
(Pradhan, 2017).
Based on the results in part B (Determination of Blood Group), it was observed that
agglutination did not occur in all 3 drops of the blood sample which was mixed with Anti-A
serum, Anti-B serum and Anti-D serum respectively.This has proved that the blood sample
does not contain antigen A, antigen B and antigen D. Therefore, the blood sample can be
classified as type O-.
Based on the results in part C (Observation of Red and White Blood Cells), it was observed
that the nucleus of the monocyte and neutrophil is purple in colour due to its acidic property
and the cytoplasm of the monocyte and neutrophil was sky blue in colour due to its basic
property. Monocyte was identified based on its C-shaped nucleus while neutrophil was
identified based on its nucleus that is multilobed.The erythrocytes were identified based on
the identation in the centre of the cell and also of the amount that is more than the amount of
white blood cells.
The monocyte and neutrophil present in the blood sample are involved in innate immunity to
protect the body against extracellular antigens. The monocyte carries out phagocytosis while
the neutrophil engulf and destroys microbes.
The independent variable for part B (Determination of Blood Group) is the type of anti serum
used while the dependent variable is the type of blood group of the blood sample. Different
types of anti serum will cause different reaction to occur on the blood sample. This is
because different types of anti serum contains different types of antibodies that are available
to bind to the antigens present. If the antibodies present in the anti serum are of the same
type with the antigens present in the blood sample, agglutination will occur whereas if the
antibodies present in the anti serum and the antigens present in the blood sample are of
different types, agglutination will not occur. Reaction of agglutination will then help to identify
and determine the type of blood group of the blood sample.
It was also observed that the entire smear has a pale stain. This may be due to excessive
washing of the smear with running pipe water. Therefore, this can be prevented by gently
washing of the smear with running pipe water.
Several precaution steps were carried out throughout the experiment. One of them is that a
new sterilized lancet was used to prick the finger tip to prevent infection and contamination.
Besides that, a new clean toothpick was used to mix each mixture of anti serum and blood to
prevent mixture of different types of anti serum with the blood. In addition, the blood sample
was immediately mixed with anti serum after collection. This is because the blood sample
will dry up easily and will cause inaccuracy of data.
Conclusion:
The blood type of the human blood sample is O-. Erythrocytes, monocyte and neutrophil
were observed from the blood sample under the light microscope.
 References

Blood Groups, Blood Typing and Blood Transfusions. (2001, December 3). Retrieved from
https://www.nobelprize.org/educational/medicine/landsteiner/readmore.html

Pradhan, J. (2017, July 9). Differential Leukocyte Count (DLC). Retrieved from
http://medicoinfo.in/differential-leukocyte-count-dlc/