Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 296 views

    Crude Oil and Products

    Uploaded by

    John
    This document provides an overview of petroleum refining. It discusses crude oil, the feedstock for refineries, covering its origin, composition, and characterization. Crude oil is a complex mixture of hydrocarbons that is characterized using properties like API gravity, sulfur content, viscosity, and distillation curves. The document also outlines the main products produced by refineries like gasoline, diesel, and jet fuel. Refined products are characterized based on their chemical and physical properties. Singapore has three large refineries on Jurong Island and Pulau Bukom that process crude oil into fuels and other products.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Crude Oil and Products

    Uploaded by

    John
    296 views34 pages
    This document provides an overview of petroleum refining. It discusses crude oil, the feedstock for refineries, covering its origin, composition, and characterization. Crude oil is a complex mixture of hydrocarbons that is characterized using properties like API gravity, sulfur content, viscosity, and distillation curves. The document also outlines the main products produced by refineries like gasoline, diesel, and jet fuel. Refined products are characterized based on their chemical and physical properties. Singapore has three large refineries on Jurong Island and Pulau Bukom that process crude oil into fuels and other products.

    Original Description:

    petroleum refining

    Original Title

    1. Crude Oil and Products

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    This document provides an overview of petroleum refining. It discusses crude oil, the feedstock for refineries, covering its origin, composition, and characterization. Crude oil is a complex mixture of hydrocarbons that is characterized using properties like API gravity, sulfur content, viscosity, and distillation curves. The document also outlines the main products produced by refineries like gasoline, diesel, and jet fuel. Refined products are characterized based on their chemical and physical properties. Singapore has three large refineries on Jurong Island and Pulau Bukom that process crude oil into fuels and other products.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    296 views34 pages

    Crude Oil and Products

    Uploaded by

    John
    This document provides an overview of petroleum refining. It discusses crude oil, the feedstock for refineries, covering its origin, composition, and characterization. Crude oil is a complex mixture of hydrocarbons that is characterized using properties like API gravity, sulfur content, viscosity, and distillation curves. The document also outlines the main products produced by refineries like gasoline, diesel, and jet fuel. Refined products are characterized based on their chemical and physical properties. Singapore has three large refineries on Jurong Island and Pulau Bukom that process crude oil into fuels and other products.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 34

    Petroleum Refining – CN4201R

    Chapter 1 of 8 (Crude oil and Products)


    Presented by
    Er. Srinivasan Premkumar
    AY 2018/19 – 1st Semester

    Note: The Lecture Notes was developed based on the listed references for the education purpose only.
    Objectives
    • Overview on the crude oil origin, occurrence and recovery
    • Properties and specifications of the crude oil and its products
    Petroleum Refineries
    • The petroleum refineries use crude oil and produces:
    ▫ Fuels for transportation, power generation and heating
    ▫ Specialties such as solvents and lube oils
    ▫ Intermediates - especially for the petrochemical industries
    Petroleum Refineries
    • About 700 refineries across the globe
    • Singapore is home to 3 large refineries
    ▫ ExxonMobil Jurong Island Refinery (605,000 bbl/day)
    ▫ Shell Pulau Bukom Refinery (500,000 bbl/day)
    ▫ Singapore Refining Company (SRC) Jurong Island Refinery (290,000 bbl/day)
    • Singapore ExxonMobil refinery is the 7th largest in the world
    Jurong Island & Pulau Bukom
    Oil & Gas Industry
    Video
    • Video 1.1 (Refinery Overview)
    Crude oil
    • Feedstock/raw material to the petroleum refineries
    • Thick, dark-brown or greenish liquid
    • Origin
    • About 100 countries produce crude oil
    • Some of the top producers are
    ▫ Russia
    ▫ Saudi Arabia
    ▫ United States
    ▫ Iraq
    ▫ Iran
    Origin
    Crude oil – Elemental composition
    Crude oil – Functional groups
    • Paraffins
    • Olefins
    • Naphthenes
    • Aromatics
    • Sulfur compounds
    • Oxygen compounds
    • Nitrogen compounds
    • Metallic compounds
    • Asphaltenes and resins
    Paraffins
    Paraffins
    Olefins (alkenes)
    Naphthenes (cycloalkanes)
    Aromatics
    Crude oil Characterization
    • Crude is a complex mixture of hydrocarbons – multiple properties are
    required to characterize
    ▫ Fractionation techniques
    ▫ Physical properties
    ▫ Chemical properties
    ▫ Analytical techniques

    • The set of complete analyses that characterize a crude oil is referred as crude
    assay
    ▫ Assay results provide analysis data for refiners, oil traders and producers
    ▫ Assay data help the refineries determine if a crude oil feedstock is compatible for
    a particular refinery or if the crude oil could cause yield, quality, production,
    environmental and other problems
    Crude Comparison
    Crude oil Characterization
    • A typical crude assay includes the following major specifications:
    ▫ API Gravity
    ▫ Total Sulfur (% wt)
    ▫ Pour Point (°C)
    ▫ Viscosity @ 20°C (cSt)
    ▫ Viscosity @ 40°C (cSt)
    ▫ Nickel (ppm)
    ▫ Vanadium (ppm)
    ▫ Total Nitrogen (ppm)
    ▫ Total Acid Number (mgKOH/g)
    ▫ Distillation Data
    ▫ Characterization factor KUOP, KW
    Crude oil
    • Crude oil is a blend of hydrocarbon molecules
    ▫ Classified and priced by density, sulfur content and acidity
    • Density is measured in API Gravity (relative density of crude oil to water)
    ▫ API > 10: lighter, floats on water
    ▫ API < 10: heavier, sinks in water
    • Sulfur content is measured in weight percent
    ▫ Less than 0.5% sulfur content = sweet
    ▫ Greater than 0.5% sulfur content = sour
    • Acidity is measured by Total Acid Number (TAN)
    ▫ High acid crudes are those with TAN greater than 0.7
    ▫ Acidic crudes are corrosive to refinery equipment, require greater investment to
    process significant volumes or higher TAN levels

    Light, sweet, low TAN crudes are easier to process


    API Gravity
    • The API gravity can range from 8.5 for very heavy crudes to
    44 for light crudes
    TBP and ASTM Distillation Curves
    Tapis Crude (Malaysia) – Crude Assay
    Basrah Heavy (Iraq) – Crude Assay
    Video
    • Video 1.2 (Crude oil origin)
    Products
    • Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG)
    • Naphtha
    • Gasoline or Motor Gasoline (Mogas)
    • Kerosene
    • Jet fuel
    • Diesel
    • Fuel oil
    • Lube oil
    • Asphalt
    • Petroleum coke
    Product Characterization & Specification
    • Chemical
    ▫ Functional groups
    • Physical
    ▫ API gravity
    ▫ TBP/ASTM distillation curves
    ▫ Sulfur
    ▫ Viscosity
    ▫ Flash and fire point
    ▫ Cloud and pour point
    ▫ Octane number
    ▫ Cetane number
    Summary
    • Crude
    ▫ Origin
    ▫ Composition
    ▫ Characterization
    • Products
    ▫ Composition
    ▫ Characterization
    Discussion
    Q&A
    References
    1. Fundamentals of Petroleum Refining by Mohamed A. Fahim, Taher A.
    Alsahhaf and Amal Elkilani, First Edition, 2010
    2. Chemical Process Technology by Jacob A. Moulijn, Michiel Makkee
    and Annelies E. Van Diepen, Second Edition, 2013
    3. Refinery Processes Handbook by Surinder Parkash, 2003

    You might also like