US Army Corps

of Engineers
Afghanistan Engineer District

AED Design Requirements:

Various Locations,
Afghanistan
 AED Design Requirements
Superelevation Road Design

September 2015

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

AED DESIGN REQUIREMENTS

Section
Page

1. General 1

2. Superelevation 1

3. Superelevation Transition 1

4. Superelevation Transition Placement 2

5. Traveled Way Widening 2

6. Stopping Sight Distance 4

7. Passing Sight Distance 5

8. Design Considerations 5

9. As-Builts 5

Tables

Table 1. Minimum Radii for Design Superelevation Rates, Design Speed 1

Table 2. Maximum Relative Gradients 2

Table 3. Calculated and Design Values for Travel Way Widening 3

Table 4. Adjustments for Traveled Way Widening Values 3

Table 5. Stopping Sight Distance 4

Exhibits

Exhibit 1. Components for Determining Horizontal Sight Distance 4

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 AED Design Requirements
Superelevation Road Design

1. General

The purpose of this document is to provide requirements to Contractors for any project requiring the
design and construction of superelevation road design.

2. Superelevation

Superelevation of a road is required to offset the centripetal acceleration that acts toward the center of
curvature on a horizontal curve. For paved roads the rate of superelevation (℮) is a function of the radius
of curvature (R) of the road and the vehicle speed (V). The Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, Ministry of
Public Works, Interim Road and Highway Standards, paragraph IX (c) limits the maximum superelevation
rate (℮max) for all roads is 10%. Table 1 shown below will be used to determine the superelevation rates
for horizontal curves of a known radius, a known vehicles speed and a maximum superelevation rate of
10%. If a horizontal curve has a sufficiently large radius and low vehicle speed so that no ℮ is identified
on Table 1, no superelevation is required for the curve. Additionally the minimum radius of a curve can be
obtained by the vehicle speed and the maximum ℮.

Table 1. Minimum Radii for Design Superelevation Rates, Design Speed and ℮ max=10%

3. Superelevation Transition

A fully superelevated road section is obtained using a superelevation transition (T) from the normal crown
of the road. The superelevation transition is composed of a superelevation runoff (L r) and tangent runout
(Lt). The superelevation runoff is the length of the roadway required to change the outside
(superelevated) lane cross slope from a flat cross slope (0%) to a fully superelevated section. The length
of the superelevation runoff is obtained from Equation 1 as shown below:

Equation 1 Lr=[((w*n1)*℮d)*bw]/∆

Where:
Lr=minimum length of superelevation runoff (m)
w=width of one traffic lane (m)
n1=number of lanes rotated
℮d=design superelevation rate (%)

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 AED Design Requirements
Superelevation Road Design

bw=adjustment factor for number of lanes rotated=[1+0.5(n 1-1)]/n1

Table 2. Maximum Relative Gradients

The tangent runout is the length of the roadway required to change the outside (superelevated) lanes
from a normal cross crown cross slope to a flat cross slope (0%). The length of the tangent runout is
obtained from equation 2 as shown below:

Equation 2 Lt=(℮NC/℮d)Lr

Where:
Lt=minimum length of tangent runout (m)
℮NC=normal cross slope rate (%)
℮d=design superelevation rate (%)
Lr=minimum length of superelevation runoff (m)

4. Superelevation Transition Placement

The proper placement of the superelevation transition (superelevation runoff and tangent runout) in
relationship to the beginning of the curve (PC) or end of curve (PT) may have an effect of the safety and
driver comfort along the curve. The placement of the superelevation runoff shall be with 1/3 of the runoff
length on the curve and 2/3 of the runoff length on the tangent. The tangent runout will be immediately
prior to the superelevation runoff when entering a curve and immediately after the superelevation runoff
when exiting a curve.

5. Traveled Way Widening

Traveled way widening for horizontal curves may be required to make the operating conditions on the
curve similar to those on the tangents. The traveled way widening values for two-lane highway with the
specified roadway widths, curve radii and a WB-15 truck are obtained from Table 3 shown below.

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 AED Design Requirements
Superelevation Road Design

Table 3. Calculated and Design Values for Travel Way Widening

Travel lane widening for alternative vehicle types can be obtained by adding the values defined in Table 4
for the appropriate curve radius and vehicle type to the value obtained from Table 3.

Table 4. Adjustments for Traveled Way Widening Values

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 AED Design Requirements
Superelevation Road Design

Very little benefit is gained from small amount of widening. Therefore the minimum widening will be 0.6
meters with widening amounts less than 0.6 meters being disregarded. Widening should be applied on
the inside edge of the curve only and the widening should transition over the superelevation runoff length
with 2/3 of the transition length along the tangent and 1/3 of the transition length along the curve. The
edge of the traveled way through the widening transition should be a smooth curve with the transition
ends avoiding an angular break at the pavement edge.

6. Stopping Sight Distance

Required stopping sight distance for various design speeds is presented in Table 5. The horizontal
sightline offset in meters from the center of the inside travel lane is obtained from Equation 3 as shown in
Exhibit 1.

Table 5. Stopping Sight Distance

Exhibit 1. Components for Determining Horizontal Sight Distance

Equation 3 HSO=R[1-cos(28.65S/R)]

Where:
HSO=horizontal sightline offset (m)
S=stopping sight distance (m)
R=radius of curve (m)

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 AED Design Requirements
Superelevation Road Design

Where sufficient stopping sight distance is not available due to sight obstructions, alternative designs
such as increasing the offset to the obstruction, increasing the radius or reducing the design speed should
be considered for safety and economic reasons. The selected alternative should not include shoulder
widths on the inside of the curve in excess of 3.6 meters to eliminate the chance of drivers using the
shoulder as a passing or travel lane.

7. Passing Sight Distance

The minimum passing sight distance for a two-lane road is approximately four times as great as the
minimum stopping sight distance at the same design speed. This greater distance may result is the sight
line extending beyond the normal road right-of-way. For these reasons, passing sight distance should be
limited to tangents and very flat curves.

8. Design Considerations

The following design considerations, in addition to the criteria listed above, should be reviewed for all
horizontal curves to endure a safe design.

For a given design speed the minimum radius of curvature for that speed should be avoided wherever
practical. The designer should attempt to use the largest radius possible saving the minimum radius
curves for the most critical conditions.

Sudden sharp curves should not be introduces at the end of a long tangent section or large radius
curves. Where a sharp curve is necessary, it should be preceded by a series of successively sharper
curves.

For small deflection angles, curves should be sufficiently long to avoid the appearance of a kink. The
minimum length for a horizontal curve on a main highway should be three times the design speed in
km/h.

Compound curves should be avoided wherever possible. If the use of compound curves is
unavoidable the radius of the flatter curve should not be more than 50 percent greater than the radius
of the sharper curve.

Reverse curves should be avoided. The distance between reverse curves should be the sum of the
superelevation runoff lengths and the tangent runout lengths.

Short tangent sections of roadway between two curves in the same direction should be avoided
except where very unusual topographic or fight-of-way conditions make other alternatives impractical.
A single large radius curve or two curves of smaller radius resulting is a longer tangent section should
be investigates.

9. As-Builts

Upon completion of construction of the roadway, The Contractor shall submit editable CAD format As-Built
drawings. The drawing shall show the final product as it was installed in the field, with the exact
dimensions, locations, materials used and any other changes made to the original drawings. Refer to
Contract Sections 01335 and 01780A of the specific project for additional details.