SUMMARY

Present study entitled “Quality and Availability of Passenger Facilities along

Selected National Highways in Haryana and Its Impact on Highway Users and
Surrounding Communities” has been organized in to seven chapters. Chapter one
deals with introduction of the study, conceptualization, objectives, hypotheses, and
characteristics of study area and organization of the study.

Introduction

The national highways are the backbone of the road infrastructure and the
major roads in India running through the length and breadth of the country connecting
major ports, state capitals, large industrial and tourist centers. India has 70,934 km of
national highways till August, 2011. These constitute about 2 per cent of entire road
system in India, but carry about 40 per cent of the total road traffic. These are
managed and maintained by national agency of the central government namely
National Highway Authority of India (NHAI) under the Ministry of Road Transport
and Highways (MORTH).

National Highways in Haryana: On November 1, 1966 when the new State of

Haryana was carved out of the Punjab a total length of national highways was 767 km
which has increased to 1512 km in 2011. Presently 15 national highways namely 1, 2,
8, 10, 21A, 22, 64, 65, 71, 71A, 71B, 72, 73, 73A and NE-2 passes through different
parts of the State.

Passenger Facilities

Nothing can be said about the routes laid down by the pre-historic people of
India. It was during the Aryans about 1500 B.C. when the foundation of Northern
Trunk Route traversing the whole length of the sub-continent from east to the north-
west was laid but no attention to passenger facilities was paid. In the Mauryans period
supply of water and shade on the highways were the concern of the government.
Trees were planted, wells were dug and rest houses provided for travelers' comforts.
These roadside facilities were available during the Guptas’ and the reign of Harsh
Verdhana. In the medieval time, major initiative to re-establish the road system after
long neglect was taken by Sher Shah Suri. In addition, he did whatever was possible
to provide comfortable travel on the roads. Shady trees were planted on both sides of

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roads. Under the Mughals, roadside facilities i.e. milestones, wells, reservoirs, trees,
sarai and passengers’ safety were provided. Under British rule there was a general
lack of interest in road development. There was no effort towards passenger facilities
during this period.

Passenger Facilities after Independence: As regard the passenger facilities, there is

no mention of these in Nagpur Plan (1943-1961) as well as in Bombay Plan (1961-
1981). The government was fully negligent and completely ignored this aspect of road
development. These grew rather haphazardly and spontaneously according to the
necessity and requirement in time and space. It was only the Lucknow Plan (1981-
2001) which gave serious consideration to this aspect of the road development. In
view of its recommendations, the central government started taking notice of this
aspect of road development. Central government took the initiative and prepared
various scheme for the purpose and directed the state governments and union
territories vide Letter no. R.W./NH-11052/3/97-DOI dated 31st December, 1997 that
provision of passenger facilities be made at every 50 km of national highway. Again
stressing the necessity of passenger facilities along national highways, the
governments vide its Letter no. R.W./NH-34032/4/91-DO-III dated 3rd April, 1998
sent broad guidelines regarding the selection of sites for passenger facilities along
national highways and directed the concerned authorities that the wayside amenities
should be so planed as to allow phased development, subject to the minimum
stipulated scale of facilities being provided in first instance. It was during this plan
(1981-2001) that government fund was earmarked for financing these facilities. In
view of the Open Door Policy a new Road Development Plan: Vision 2021 was
prepared in 2001 by the Indian Road Congress with the full involvement of highway
professional. It recommended that, provision of wayside amenities with facilities like
parking lots, drinking water, toilet, snack bars, dhabas, restaurants, rest rooms, petrol
pumps with service and repair and communication facilities should become integral
part of roads modernization. These facilities should be provided and run by the private
sector which be encouraged and supported by the government. Steps should also be
taken for providing highway police petrol, medical aid posts and arrangements for
tow truck service to remove accidental vehicle from the site and to provide immediate
medical attention to victims. It is also recommended that, a comprehensive highway

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act be enacted by centre and the state for efficient land and traffic management
including effective control on ribbon development and prevention of encroachment to
cover roads under their respective jurisdiction. The highway authorities should be
made responsible for removal of under the act encroachment. Thus, it is quite evident
that the central government is quite serious about regulating the increasing volume of
traffic on national highways and for providing wayside passenger facilities to the
highway users since the introduction of economic reforms in 1991.

Conceptualization

Development of Highway serves several purposes. These are the arteries

through which goods are transported from surplus to deficit regions. The roadside
passenger facilities are in direct proportion to highway development. The more
volume of vehicle, the more is growth of these facilities. The density of these facilities
do affects the socio-economic and cultural aspect of the surrounding communities.
Roadside amenities are established primarily to meet the needs of long distance
travellers and are aimed at reducing fatigue related crashes whilst enriching the total
travel experience. With the increase in upgradation of national and state highways
network in the country, long distance travel on the roads is bound to increase
tremendously. Consequently, there would be demand for more and better quality
wayside amenities. Thus, the development of highways and passenger facilities raise
many questions like;

 Why we need to develop National Highways and passenger facilities?

 What are the driving forces of the growth of passenger's wayside facilities?

 Who is responsible for providing these roadside facilities at the National

highways?

 Whether government is liable to ensure the minimum wayside facilities?

 What is the spatial pattern and occurrence of growth of various wayside

facilities?

 What are the functional characteristics of these facilities?

 Who are the owners of these facilities?

 What are the characteristics of staff employed on wayside facilities?

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  Are the users of these wayside facilities satisfied?

 How do they affect the land values of the adjoining areas?

 How do they affect the economic development of the surrounding area?

 What is the impact of large number of vehicles plying on these highways on

physical environment of adjoining area?

 What is their impact on the social and cultural aspects of local communities
living in the vicinity?

Objectives

The main objectives of the present study are:-

1. To analyse the spatial pattern and process of the development of passengers

oriented wayside facilities along selected national highways in Haryana

2. To describe the functional characteristics of passengers oriented wayside

facilities

3. To assess the satisfaction level of highway users

4. To examine the impact of passenger oriented wayside facilities on local

communities and surrounding areas

Hypotheses

Following hypotheses are to be tested in the study: -

 The more the density of passengers on a national highway the more

passengers’ oriented wayside facilities are expected to be developed on either
side.
 The number of services and their qualities mainly depend on economic and
social environment of the region. Therefore, quality and number of services
are expected to be better along highways that passing through economically
and socially developed regions.
 Most of the passengers oriented wayside facilities and services require large
investment so they are expected to be owned by elite section or businessmen
of big urban centers like Delhi and Chandigarh.

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  Because highway provides cheap and efficient mode of transport therefore, the
competition for land may increase the land values in the adjoining area.
 These facilities like food-joints, filling-stations, recreational centers, rest
houses, shopping complexes and the like provide jobs opportunity to the local
people. Therefore, it is expected that there will be occupational shift in the
area. It may change from agriculture to secondary or territory activities.
 Emergence of food joints along highways which require large amount of water
are expected to negative effect on the level and quality of ground water of
adjoining areas.
 Highway provides efficient mode of transport used by large number of
passengers of different background. It is expected that there will be
encouragement to burglary, theft, murder, drug trafficking and the like.

Study Area

The state of Haryana came into existence on November 1, 1966. It shares

boundary with Himachal Pradesh in the north, Delhi and Uttar Pradesh in the east,
Rajasthan in the south and Punjab in the west. It encircles Delhi from three sides. It is
located between 27039′ 0′′ to 300 55′ 5′′ north latitudes and 74027′ 8′′ and 77036′ 5′′
east longitude. The state has 42, 212 square km area. The altitude of the Haryana state
varies from the lowest of 250 meters to the highest of 1500 meters above sea level. It
is a plain area except the Siwalik Hills in the north and the Aravalli in the south. Soil
is alluvial in the plain. It varies from sandy loam, silt loam to red clay. Haryana is
basically an agricultural state and most of the land is under cultivation. It is densely
populated state with 573 persons per square km. In 2011 its population was 2, 53, 53,
081 persons (male: 1, 35, 05, 130 and female: 1, 18, 47, 951).
Organization of the Study

The present study is organized into seven chapters. Chapter one deals with
introduction of the study, conceptualization, objectives, hypotheses, and
characteristics of study area and organization of the study. Chapter second describes
research methodology used in study, including research design, database and selection
of samples of passenger oriented wayside facilities. Third chapter deals with the
review of literature. Fourth chapter analysis growth process and spatial pattern of
passenger oriented wayside facilities. Characteristics of passenger facilities are

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discussed in chapter fifth. Chapter sixth deals with the satisfaction level of highway
users with respect to passenger facilities and the impact of the development of the
passenger oriented wayside facilities on local area and communities living in its
surroundings with respect to physical, socio-cultural and economic effects. Chapter
seven discusses the conclusions and suggestions of the study.

Methodology of the Study

Chapter second describes research methodology of the study, which includes research
design, database, and selection of samples of passengers and wayside facilities.

Research Design and Methods of the Study: Present research work is delimited
to study of the characteristics of the following selected national highways, passing
through the length and breadth of the state of Haryana.

 NH-1 from Singhu border (Delhi) to Sambhu border (Punjab) covering

a distance of 180 km

 NH-2 in the stretch of 74 km from Badarpur border (Delhi) to Karwan

(Kosi) border (Uttar Pradesh)

 NH-8 in a stretch of 101 km, from Kapushera boarder (Delhi) to Jai

Singh Pur Khera border (Rajasthan)

 NH-10 from Tikri border (Delhi) to Mandi Dabwali border (Punjab)

covering a stretch of 313 km long

These national highways have been divided into following sections. NH-1: A,
B, C and D, NH-2: A and B, NH-8: A, B and C and NH-10: A, B, C, D, E and F.

In the beginning a list of passenger oriented wayside facilities available along

selected national highways was prepared on the basis of pilot survey. Then these
identified passenger facilities were classified in following five major groups and
sixteen sub-groups i.e.

Food Joints: i) Hotel ii) Restaurant iii) Dhaba iv) Wine Shop v) Other Facilities
Security Post and Health Services: i) Hospital ii) Clinic iii) Medical Store iv)
Crane Service v) Traffic Police Station

Recreational Center: i) Park and Zoo ii) Books and News Paper Vendors

Bank (ATM) and Communication: i) Bank (ATM) ii) Communication

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Fuel Filling and Allied Services: i) Fuel Filling Station ii) Repair and Spare Parts Shop

These classified passenger facilities were further categorized into permanent and
temporary structure on the basis of material used in construction. A comprehensive
field survey of passenger facilities on selected national highways was carried out in,
2007 to find out the establishment year of these facilities on the basis of which these
were divided in following three time-periods to understand their periodic development
pattern.

 First Phase: Up to 1966

 Second Phase: 1967-1991
 Third Phase: After 1991
All the temporary building structure facilities are considered in the third phase of
the periodic development. To understand the per unit distance concentration of
passenger facilities on the basis of per ten kilometers (ptk) distance along national
highway have been recorded keeping in view the convenience of study and
comparative accounts.

The quality of passenger facilities, satisfaction level of highway users and

impacts of these facilities on surrounding communities with respect to physical,
economic and socio-cultural aspects were studied by conducting field survey in the
year, 2007-2008 and 2010-2011. The survey was conducted with the help of a self
prepared questionnaire primarily based on a pilot survey of the study area. The
questionnaire has been divided into four schedules.

The researcher collected information through three schedules (I, II, III), by
making personal observations on the basis of interviews with facilities owners and
their staff on the spot from all four selected national highways in, 2007-2008, while
information through schedule-IV were collected from those specific places out of
cities where at list ten facilities are concentrated at single place in, 2010-2011. The
researcher visited these places several times and gathered the observations of
surrounding communities by interviewing with the people on the basis of the
constructed questionnaire and focused group discussion (FGD).

Data Sources : Present study relies on both primary and secondary data. The
secondary data related to the development of national highways, and quality and
availability of passenger oriented wayside facilities along selected national highways

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in Haryana and its impact on highway users and surrounding communities is partially
available with many private and public sector organizations such as:-

 Ministry of Road Transport and Highway (MORTH), New Delhi India

 National Highway Authority of India (NHAI)
 Central Road Research Institute New Delhi, India (CRRI)
 School of Planning and Architect, New Delhi, India (SPA)
 Indian Road Congress, New Delhi, India (IRC)
 Town and Country Planning Department, Haryana, Chandigarh.
 Headquarter, AIG of Police, Traffic & Highways, Haryana, Karnal.
 Department of Economics and Statistical Analysis, Haryana, Chandigarh.
These institutions are involved in the development, maintenance, planning and safety
for national highways. However, the data from such sources has limited use for the
purpose of this study. Therefore, the present findings are mainly based on the primary
data collected through the field survey conducted in, 2007-2008 and 2010-2011.

Selection of Samples: The present study is primarily based on field survey. Samples
of different facilities were taken to understand the characteristics of passenger
facilities as mentioned below;

Ten per cent samples of the food-joints and fuel-filling stations were randomly
selected from each section of national highway corridors and where numbers were
less at least one sample was taken. A total of 112 food joints including 13 hotels, 17
restaurants and 82 dhabas and 33 fuel-filling stations were selected from different
national highways. One traffic police station from each district was selected for the
detail analysis. So, a total of 14 traffic police stations including 5 on NH-1, 2 on NH-
2, 2 on NH-8 and 5 on NH-10 have been selected.

Samples of Highway Users: Four samples from each hotel; 4 from each restaurant; 2
from each dhaba; 4 from each fuel filling station and 7 from each traffic police station
were selected for comparative analysis of their satisfaction level. A total of 516
passengers including 52 from 13 hotels, 68 from 17 restaurants 164 from 82 dhabas,
132 from 33 fuel filling stations and 100 from 14 traffic police stations were selected.

Impact on surrounding communities: To know the perception of surrounding

communities with respect to impact of all passenger facilities on their communities,
15 respondents have been surveyed from each cluster of passenger facilities. So, a

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total of 330 persons including 135 from NH-1, 45 from NH-2, 60 from NH-8 and 90
from NH-10 were selected for the study.

Data analysis: The collected qualitative and quantitative data related to the growth,
spatial pattern, building structure, quality and characteristics and impact on
surrounding communities of passenger facilities has been tabulated, processed,
analyzed and interpreted using simple percentage technique. The diagrams have been
employed to explain the required information and maps have been prepared in ARC
GIS 9.1. Only permanent building structured facilities have been shown in maps.

Satisfaction Level: The satisfaction level of facilities users has been determined by
using Awotona’s index of Satisfaction Level. Facilities users’ level of satisfaction
with respect to particular facility was evaluated by asking them specific number of
questions or variables delimited for each facility. Satisfaction index level of a
passenger or highway user on 1-5 scale is noted in the light of the following grading:

Scales Status of a Particular Facility

1 : Poor
2 : Average
3 : Good
4 : Very Good
5 : Excellent
Computation of Indices of Satisfaction (SI): All the scores given by each respondent to
all variables are added up to calculate the total actual scores which were then divided
by maximum possible scores depending on the number of variables. The result is then
multiplied by 100 to obtain index of satisfaction (SI) of respondent as a percentage.
Thus:

sum of respondent' s actual score

SI  x 100
sum of respondent' s max imum possible score

Based on the above given method SI’s for all the respondents using a
particular facility is thus calculated.

Grouping of Indices of Satisfaction Index Based on Standard Deviation Method

In order to group the SI’s on the basis of standard deviation method, first the mean
and standard deviations are calculated separately for all the SI's of respondents for

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each facility. With the help of mean and standard deviation all the respondents of each
facility were divided into three level of satisfaction by using the following formula:

Category Level of Satisfaction

≥ Mean +1 S.D. High
Mean – 1 S.D. to < Mean +1 S.D. Medium
< Mean – 1 S.D. Low
Limitations of the Study

Present study is largely based on information collected through field survey.

The field survey method itself has some of its own inherent deficiency. The responses
of the target people are not always free from bias. So, it is very difficult to arrive at
exact truth. Secondly, the secondary data obtained from government department is
incomplete in several aspects. In the absence of authentic information it could not be
possible to arrive at the final conclusion in some aspects. Thus the author has made
some moderation on the basis of his field survey.

Growth Process and Spatial Pattern of Passenger Oriented Wayside Facilities

The fourth chapter deals with the growth process and spatial pattern of
passenger facilities along national highways-1, 2, 8 and 10 falling in Haryana till,
2007. The study reveals that the concentration of facilities was very low in first phase
when the state of Haryana came into being. Out of 14,994 passenger facilities only
4.15 per cent facilities were available prior to 1966. Second phase (1967-1991)
constitute 21.56 per cent of all facilities. The third phase (1992-2007) witnessed
remarkable development in the expansion of passenger facilities which account for
about 74.29 per cent of total. The overall development of the state has played a
pivotal role in the growth of passenger facilities along the highways in the state.
Similar trends have been noticed in temporal growth of the major groups of passenger
facilities viz. food-joints, security posts and health services, banks and
communications, fuel-filling and allied services. Recreational center facilities were
not available during first phase. Thereafter, it started developing and there was a
maximum growth of parks etc. between the periods of 1999-2004. This same pattern
of periodic growth was observed in case of all the selected national highways.

It is also evident that before 1991 these passenger facilities were mainly
concentrated in towns and cities, but after 1991 there was a wide dispersal of these

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facilities along national highways. There was sudden increase in economic growth of
the country due to new economic reforms introduced by the government of India in
1991, which have direct effect on transport system thereby leading to tremendous
increase in the means of transportation which created gigantic demands of roadside
facilities.

The sectoral analysis shows that food-joints are very common in the study area
which constitutes about 48 per cent of total facilities. Fuel-filling and allied services
comprise 41 per cent of total passenger facilities. It is also evident that fuel-filling and
allied services is second dominant passenger facilities because the food-joint is the
first preference and basic need of passengers while fuel-filling and allied services are
the primary need of vehicles. These both facilities constitute about 89 per cent share
of the total passenger facilities.

It is also found that about 39.06 percent of total facilities are temporary and
rest i.e.60.94 per cent are permanent. The study reveals that food-joints have the
highest percentage of temporary facilities i.e. 60.50 per cent, whereas all security post
and health services have permanent structure. The study shows that fuel-filling and
allied services enjoy the highest i.e. 83.89 per cent of permanent structures because
neither petrol pumps nor the repair and spare parts shops (accept few shops) have
temporary structure. The lowest share of permanent status of facilities has been
observed in recreational sector.

The study shows that the highest number i.e. 6362 of facilities are on NH-10
(with an average concentration of 203ptk out of which 143ptk are of permanent
building structure) and the lowest on NH-8 i.e. 1838 in numbers, while NH-1 and
NH-2 have 3974 and 2820 facilities, respectively. The average concentration of
passenger facilities on NH-1 is 221ptk of which 114ptk are of temporary nature. The
study also points out that if facilities situated within the big cities are not taken into
account then these are the highest on NH-1. It is because the volume of traffic on NH-
1 is more than NH-10.

The study indicates that among food-joints, the largest share is that of other
facilities excluding hotel, restaurant, dhaba and wine shop. These are temporary
building structure and are mainly concentrated around chowks. Dhabas and wine
shops are widespread along national highways while hotels and restaurants are located

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in and around cities and towns. Similarly, the major share of fuel-filling and allied
services is that of repair and spares parts shops having their temporary building
structure and these are concentrated in and around cities and towns. The fuel-filling
stations are widely distributed along national highways. The security posts and health
services are concentrated in cities and towns. While the communication facilities like
STD and PCO etc. have decreased due the massive use of mobile.

Characteristics of Passenger Oriented Wayside Facilities

Chapter fifth analyses characteristics of passenger facilities viz. food-joints

(hotels, restaurants, dhabas), fuel-filling stations and traffic police stations in the
study area.

Food Joints

Characteristics of the owners: The study reveals that the owners of the food-joints are
mainly from local area and belong to dominating caste and creed. The farmers whose
land was adjacent to highway started this business as a subsidiary occupation along
with the farming. The hotel and restaurant owners are from business class, while the
Dhaba owners are mainly from farming class.

Status of Violations by the Food Joints: The food-joints along the national highways
have developed in a very haphazard manner. It is well reflected in the study that not a
single dhaba and most of the restaurants do not have approval from the concerned
authority, while hotels are mainly established by the state government itself according
to the norms but those built in private sector usually violate the norms laid down by
the government. As regard the other norms such as plot size, covered area, parking
space, distance from national highway and encroachment of the government land, the
position is rather dismal. Most of the dhabas and the restaurants are short of the
space, so generally encroached government land in order to accommodate the vehicles
and passengers. National highways are getting congested and chocked by undesirable
road side development and encroachment as a result of which the traffic on national
highway is subjected to lot of hardships. There is widespread criticism about
deteriorating level of services. The absence of legislation empowering the competent
authority to remove encroachments on national highways resulted in the extension of
encroachment. To remove this bottleneck an act namely “The Control of National
Highways (Land and Traffic) Act, 2002” was passed by the parliament which

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empowers National Highway Authority of India to remove and demolish unauthorized
construction. However, government of Haryana vide its Letter no. D.T.C.P.-S.T.P. (E)
2009/714 dated 24.03. 2009 and 1095-1130 dated 21.05.2009 pre-emptied the effect
of this law by regulating the unauthorized constructions. The callous attitude of the
government is reflected in not even removing the illegal constructions posing a
serious threat to the life of national highway users.

Status of Aesthetic Environment and Various Available Facilities

Hotel: The study indicates that all hotels provide a good level of the overall aesthetic
environment. The entire covered area is utilized for providing quality comfort and
luxury to the users. Most of the facilities provided by the hotels are good enough for
the full satisfaction of the costumers. It is found that only two hotels i.e. Green Apple,
Fatehabad city on NH-10 and The Residency, Manesar town on NH-8 have low
availability and provide average quality of these facilities due to paucity of space.

Restaurant: The study has found that pucca material is used for the construction of
restaurants building. A major part of covered area is used only for sitting purpose.
Two thirds of the restaurants have good level of the aesthetic environment including
good ventilation level in covered area, ideal conditions for sitting area, adequate
cleanliness and good hygienic conditions of utensils and kitchens. It is also observed
that facilities like electricity, fan, gen-set and toilet are available in all the
establishments whereas, air-conditioners, fire-extinguisher facilities are present in half
of the restaurants, while lawn, parking, security arrangement and first-aid exist in one-
third of restaurants. Some famous restaurants such as Mc Donald, Domino’s and like
have more facilities. Restaurants along NH-I in section A, B (Sambhu border to
Gharaunda) and D Samalkha to Kundli border) and along NH-8 in section B and C
(Dharuhera to Kapushera border have good level of facilities, on the other hand
restaurants along NH-2 in section A from Karwan-Kosi border to Palwal city and
NH-10 section B (Sirsa city to Fatehabad), D and E (Hissar City to Rohtak City )
average or poor level of facilities.

Dhaba: The study also indicates that more than three-fourth of the dhabas are kacha
or semi-pacca building. In most of cases open space is utilized for all the purpose
except cooking of food. Cots for sleeping and resting are provided on demand. It is
found that one third of the dhabas have good level of the overall aesthetic

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environment which includes the attractive outlook of building as well as furniture,
ventilation level in covered area, good condition of sitting area, cleanliness and
hygienic conditions of utensils and kitchen. The facilities of electricity and fan are
available in all the dhabas. Approximately, two thirds dhabas possess gen-set, cot for
sleeping, bathing chabacha, STD, minor repair shop and general item facilities.
Parking and toilet exist in one third whereas desert coolers and bathrooms are found
only in approximately one fifth of the dhabas. Other facilities like lawn, air-
conditioner, security arrangement, entertainment, fire-extinguishers and first-aid are
being provided by less than one tenth of the dhabas. NH-1 is the busiest highway in
the study area and provides good business opportunities. Therefore, the level of
facilities is good enough on NH-1. On the contrary, NH-10 dhabas are in very poor
condition and they are devoid of even basic facilities. The facilities which are
available found in poor conditions.

Characteristics of Staff Employed on Food Joints

The study shows that the staff employed in food-joints is mostly from outside
the state of Haryana and most of the workers in a cluster of dhabas were found
belonging to a specific place of origin. There is a chain system in supply of workers
which usually follow diffusion of household information. In respect of duty hours all
the dhabas and most of the restaurants are totally ignoring the law but majority of the
hotels were found observing the law in proper sense. It is found that laws related to
minimum wages and weekly leave are violated by most of the private hotels,
restaurants and all the dhabas. Child labour is rampant in dhabas and restaurants.

Fuel Filling Stations

It is revealed in the study that the owners of fuel-filling stations mainly belong
to local area and are from different wealthy section of the society. The fuel-filling
stations are mainly in the category of company owned and company operated
ownership and the rest are in company owned and dealer operated category. Most of
the norms laid down by the government are being observed by the fuel filling stations
because the government is very strict in granting licenses to these fuel-filling stations.
There are number of violations prominent among them are right of way, distance of
covered area from highway, separate entry and exit, minimum distance between two
fuel filling stations, distance from intersection, buffer strip norm and encroachment of

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government lands. The lowest violations are found along NH-1, while these are
highest in case of NH-10, NH-8 A (Jai Singh Pur Khera border to Dharuhera) and
NH-2 A from Karwan - Kosi border to Palwal city. The study shows the status of
various facilities available in fuel filling stations. The facilities like fire extinguisher,
toilet, air filling machine and drinking water are in good condition in all cases but the
facilities such as first aid, security arrangement, lawn facility and rest area complex
are not available in majority cases. The study shows that more than three-fourth of the
staff employed on fuel-filling station belongs to Haryana. There is no regular flow of
workers from outside area due to lack of food and shelter facility on fuel-filling
stations. The legal provisions regarding duty hours, weekly leave, and minimum
wages are not followed by the owners of the fuel-filling stations.

Traffic Police Stations

In view of the increasing injuries and deaths due to the road accidents the
government of Haryana in its review meeting held on 20.04.2000 established a new
division, within its transport department called “Haryana highway patrol for road
safety”. Twenty two traffic police stations and 5 traffic police posts each at a distance
of 30 km were established along selected national highways. The main objectives to
be fulfilled by the highway patrol are: To regulate traffic, to provide first aid and
facilitate shifting of the accidents victims to the nearest hospital and to educate and
make the public aware about traffic rules. A state traffic control room and
Headquarter of HHPRS have been established at Karnal. It serves as an important link
with the highway passengers. Road safety vehicles remain stand by round the clock in
their jurisdiction area. The traffic police stations concentrate usually on giving help
and medical aid to passengers in the hour of need. It is also found that they spent their
lot of time in the safety of VIP’s on national highway. NH-1 is the busiest highway in
the study area so availability of these facilities is also highly concentrated over there.
The facilities and patrolling are good on NH-2 as well as NH-8. These facilities are
rather poor on NH-10 as the volume of traffic and speed on NH-10 is comparatively
low. As soon as the traffic police station receives the information of any accident,
they immediately rush to the site to handle the situation. The affected people either
injured or dead are immediately shifted to nearby civil hospital and handed over them
to the duty staff. The nature of the staff employed on traffic police stations is very

15
different from the other wayside facilities. They are government employees their
numbers, duties, pay-scale, leave, educational qualification etc. depends on the rank
of the employee and decided by the government of Haryana. The study points out that
the main causes of accidents and crashes are human errors: over speeding, rash
driving, drunken driving, diversion of attention mainly due to talking on mobile phone
while driving, red light jumping, avoiding safety gears like seat belts and helmets,
non-adherence to lane driving and overtaking in a wrong manner. The study shows
that the highest road accidents have taken place on the NH-1 and NH-2. The study
also found that maximum road accidents occur in the monsoon season and the least
accidents occur during the retreating of monsoon season.

Chapter sixth study the satisfaction level of highway users with respect to
passenger facilities and the impact of the development of the passenger facilities on
local area and communities living in its surroundings with respect to physical, socio-
cultural and economic effects.

Satisfaction level of highway users with respect to wayside Facilities: The present
study quite evidently reveals that more than fifty seven per cent users of national
highways fall in the category of medium level of satisfaction whereas the remaining
are equally distributed between low and high level of satisfaction in respect of all
facilities. It is further indicated that there is no uniform distribution of facilities along
the national highways. These facilities are concentrated at some strategic points of
roads or mainly situated in the urban area through which a national highway passes.
The facilities in term of both quality and quantity depend upon the volume of traffic
on a particular national highway. The more the number of users, the more the number
of facilities and the better are the quality of service due to the stiff competition among
the service providers. Thus the concentration of facilities and quality of facilities are
directly linked to the number of users of a national highway. There are wide gaps in
availability and quality of facilities along different highways. The level of overall
satisfaction is high in case of NH-1 and is rather low in case of NH-10. The major
cause of this difference appears to be the level of development of these highways and
number of highway users i.e. passenger, vehicles and surrounding communities.

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Impact of Passenger Facilities on Surrounding Communities: The present study
also reveals how and to what extent the surrounding communities are directly or
indirectly influenced by the highway and roadside passenger oriented facilities.

Physical Impacts: The present study also reveals how and to what extent the
surrounding communities are directly or indirectly influenced by the highway and
roadside passenger facilities. The respondents are of the view that wherever there is
growth of these facilities, the surrounding area is cleared of plantation to establish the
facility, to provide entry and exit for the vehicles, to provide parking space to the
vehicle and to make the facility visible from a distance. Though, their overall opinion
is that the greenery is not much disturbed. In the case of NH-1 majority opinion says
that greenery is adversely affected by these facilities. Surrounding communities found
hardly any impact of wayside facilities on ground water table though the people
residing alongside NH-1 like Murthal, Jhanjhari, Dhantori, Tyora-Tyori, \Rattangarh
and Mohra in the area where these facilities are highly concentrated feel that there is a
lot of wastage of water. The major cause of air pollution is found to be waste material
and smoke generated by these facilities. There is no significant role of these facilities
in causing land pollution. Sound pollution is caused due to the sound of generator set,
music system and standing vehicle in start mode but it is insignificant in local
people’s opinion. It was also noted that this negative effect is more concentrated
closer to the facility complex.

Economic Impact: Whenever a national highway is constructed in an area it

automatically results in multifold rise in land value due to establishment of passenger
facilities hubs. This fact is corroborated by ninety eight per cent respondents. There is
exorbitant rise in land value in Haryana along the surveyed passenger facilities hubs
from 1966 to 2011. The land value gradually increases with the movement from
border to national capital region. Great majority of the respondents have stated that
there is no occupational change owing to the growth of passenger facilities. These
facilities have hardly generated employment opportunities for the surrounding
communities. There is hardly any contribution of these facilities in augmenting the
income of surrounding communities.

Social Impacts: The study shows that there is hardly any impact on the eating-habit of
local community as fifty four per cent respondents stated they never went to take their

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meals in these food-joints. All the respondents opined that the vices of drinking and
smoking are on increase due to these facilities. They noted that youngsters get liberal
supply of liquor and biri, cigarettes etc. in these food-joints. The study reveals that
ninety five per cent respondents on NH-1 and ninety two per cent respondents on NH-
8 considered the increase of these vices significant. The menace of drug trafficking is
bye product of these facilities. The overwhelming majority of surrounding
communities blames these food-joints for drug trafficking. It is observed that NH-1
and NH-2 are highly affected where majority of respondents stated that the increase is
significant, while the effect is lowest on NH-10. Theft and burglary cases are affected
by the number of wayside facilities. The study reveals that fifty five per cent
respondents see no effect on the theft and burglary cases but thirty per cent are of the
opinion that there is increase of these vices, while fifteen per cent respondents’ state
that these vices have decreased owing to increase in these facilities because these
facilities keep the surrounding area alive throughout the night. Immoral activities are
observed more on NH-1 where seventy five percent respondents see the significant
increase in immoral activities. It is low in case of other highways. The more
developed the highway the more are immoral activities.

Chapter seven discusses the conclusions and suggestions of the study.

Suggestions

Road side amenities are a necessity to minimize the driving relating stresses
which are public health issues and play important role in improving safety, efficiency
and journey quality. These reduce the fatigue of drivers, stop clear of traffic and
minimize collision of vehicles parked on the shoulders. The growth and development
of these facilities depend upon the volume of vehicles plying on a particular road.
These grow either in natural way as per need or planned keeping in view the necessity
of a specific road. In India, the facilities location have not been scientifically planned,
but growth of these facilities and places is haphazard and is not regulated by the rules
framed for the purpose. Following are the suggestions to improve the qualities and
quantities of the facilities available on these highways.

 The facilities are dispersed along the highway and are present single or in
small groups at a distance of a few kilometers. However, bye laws state that

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 these facilities should be concentrated at a few places in a cluster at least at a
distance of 50 km.

 Before the establishment of a facility in a rest area, the proper authorization

must be obtained from the appropriate authority.

 The encroachment of the government land should not be allowed. Strict action
must be taken at the very early stage.

 Remove all construction within 30 meters area on both sides of road as

stipulated in bye laws.

 Entry and exit from the highway should not be direct rather it should be on the
service lane.

 The minimum width of the approach road to a facility (mainly in case of food-
joint) should be 33 feet. The condition on NH-I A (Sambhu border to Pipli
(Kurukshetra), NH-2, NH-8 A (Jai Singh Pur Khera border to Dharuhera) and
NH-10 is very poor. It must be improved at the earliest.

 In order to avoid congestion of vehicles during peak hours on food-joints

(mainly in case of dhabas and restaurants), the provision of parking facility of
25 per cent of total plot must be strictly implemented.

 Hygienic and sanitary conditions in resting areas, mainly in case of dhabas

except those on NH-I D (Samalkha to Kundli border), are very poor which
require immediate improvement.

 Ventilation level in dhabas in general is improper. It should be made proper

according to climatic conditions.

 Utensil conditions in case of dhabas of NH-2, NH-8 C (Manesar to Kapushera

border) and NH-10 must be improved by employing trained and educated
workers.

 Drinking water particularly in case of NH-2, NH-8 and NH-10, is in very poor
condition. The quality drinking water must be made available on these dhabas.
 The toilet facility is not available in most of dhabas on NH-1 B and C (Pipli
(Kurukshetra), to Samalkha including), NH-2, NH-8 A (Jai Singh Pur Khera

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 border (Rajasthan) to Dharuhera) and C and NH-10. It is basic and essential
facility, so it must be made available at very food-joint.
 Every dhabas should provide fan facility in dining space. But it is found that
in case of NH-2 A (Karwan (Kosi) border to Palwal city (including), NH-8 C
(Manesar to Kapushera border (Delhi), and NH-10 A, B (Mandi Dabwali
border (Punjab) to Fatehabad (excluded), E and F (Mundhal intersection to
Tikri border (Delhi) there is no fan in some dhabas.
 First aid facility must be available at every food-joint.
 Liquor in food-joints should be completely banned.
 Food rates should be fixed and every food-joint must display rate list on its
counter.
 Separate tank for solid waste be kept in every dhaba.
 Labour laws must be observed in all food-joints and punitive action be taken
against violating employers. It is observed that the private employers do not
follow labour law in case of their staff in respect of duty-hours, weekly leaves,
minimum wages and child labour. It must be ensured that employers follow
the labour laws in true spirit.
 Fuel filling stations should be the part of rest area complex.
 Haryana Highway Patrol for Road Safety (HHPRS) has not been properly
equipped for the work assigned to it. It is frequently deployed on extraneous
work or on VIP’s duty. It should be allowed to do assigned work.
 The behaviour of safety police personnel’s is not proper and up to mark. It
must be amended by in service training.
 Traffic rules should be strictly followed by improving the traffic regulatory
mechanism.
 The facilities available are inadequate, so new facilities locations must be
scientifically planned and developed to cater the need of the future.

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