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    Surveying Formulas

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    JMPerez
    The document defines and explains various elements and formulas related to spiral curves, parabolic curves, simple curves, compound curves, and reversed curves. Key elements include tangent distances, radii, lengths, offsets, angles, and formulas for calculating these values. Formulas are provided for distance along a spiral, deflection angle, offset distance, and more. Elements of parabolic curves include points of curvature, tangency, intersection and formulas for calculating rise, run, and grade. Elements of simple curves include chord lengths, radii, offsets, and formulas for calculating tangent lengths, external distances, and degrees of curve. Elements of compound and reversed curves include vertices, tangents, central angles, chord lengths, and formulas.

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    © All Rights Reserved

    Surveying Formulas

    Uploaded by

    JMPerez
    51 views14 pages
    The document defines and explains various elements and formulas related to spiral curves, parabolic curves, simple curves, compound curves, and reversed curves. Key elements include tangent distances, radii, lengths, offsets, angles, and formulas for calculating these values. Formulas are provided for distance along a spiral, deflection angle, offset distance, and more. Elements of parabolic curves include points of curvature, tangency, intersection and formulas for calculating rise, run, and grade. Elements of simple curves include chord lengths, radii, offsets, and formulas for calculating tangent lengths, external distances, and degrees of curve. Elements of compound and reversed curves include vertices, tangents, central angles, chord lengths, and formulas.

    Original Description:

    For those who suffer because of formulas :D

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    The document defines and explains various elements and formulas related to spiral curves, parabolic curves, simple curves, compound curves, and reversed curves. Key elements include tangent distances, radii, lengths, offsets, angles, and formulas for calculating these values. Formulas are provided for distance along a spiral, deflection angle, offset distance, and more. Elements of parabolic curves include points of curvature, tangency, intersection and formulas for calculating rise, run, and grade. Elements of simple curves include chord lengths, radii, offsets, and formulas for calculating tangent lengths, external distances, and degrees of curve. Elements of compound and reversed curves include vertices, tangents, central angles, chord lengths, and formulas.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    51 views14 pages

    Surveying Formulas

    Uploaded by

    JMPerez
    The document defines and explains various elements and formulas related to spiral curves, parabolic curves, simple curves, compound curves, and reversed curves. Key elements include tangent distances, radii, lengths, offsets, angles, and formulas for calculating these values. Formulas are provided for distance along a spiral, deflection angle, offset distance, and more. Elements of parabolic curves include points of curvature, tangency, intersection and formulas for calculating rise, run, and grade. Elements of simple curves include chord lengths, radii, offsets, and formulas for calculating tangent lengths, external distances, and degrees of curve. Elements of compound and reversed curves include vertices, tangents, central angles, chord lengths, and formulas.

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    of 14

    SPIRAL CURVE

    ELEMENTS OF SPIRAL CURVE

     TS = TANGENT TO SPIRAL

     SC = SPIRAL TO CURVE

     CS = CURVE TO SPIRAL

     ST = SPIRAL TO TANGENT

     LT = LONG TANGENT

     ST = SHORT TANGENT

     R = RADIUS OF SIMPLE CURVE

     TS = SPIRAL TANGENT DISTANCE

     TC = CIRCULAR CURVE TANGENT

     L = LENGTH OF SPIRAL FROM TS TO ANY POINT ALONG THE SPIRAL

     LS = LENGTH OF SPIRAL

     PI = POINT OF INTERSECTION
     i = ANGLE OF INTERSECTION

     iC = ANGLE OF INTERSECTION OF THE SIMPLE CURVE

     p = LENGTH OF THROW OR THE DISTANCE FROM TANGENT THAT THE CIRCULAR CURVE

    HAS BEEN OFFSET

     X = OFFSET DISTANCE (RIGHT ANGLE DISTANCE) FROM TANGENT TO ANY POINT ON

    THE SPIRAL

     XC = OFFSET DISTANCE (RIGHT ANGLE DISTANCE) FROM TANGENT TO SC

     Y = DISTANCE ALONG TANGENT TO ANY POINT ON THE SPIRAL

     YC = DISTANCE ALONG TANGENT FROM TS TO POINT AT RIGHT ANGLE TO SC

     ES = EXTERNAL DISTANCE OF THE SIMPLE CURVE

     Θ = SPIRAL ANGLE FROM TANGENT TO ANY POINT ON THE SPIRAL

     ΘS = SPIRAL ANGLE FROM TANGENT TO SC

     i = DEFLECTION ANGLE FROM TS TO ANY POINT ON THE SPIRAL, IT IS PROPORTIONAL TO

    THE SQUARE OF ITS DISTANCE

     iS = DEFLECTION ANGLE FROM TS TO SC

     D = DEGREE OF SPIRAL CURVE AT ANY POINT

     DC = DEGREE OF SIMPLE CURVE


    FORMULAS FOR SPIRAL CURVES

    DISTANCE ALONG TANGENT TO ANY DEFLECTION ANGLE FROM TS TO ANY


    POINT ON THE SPIRAL: POINT ON THE SPIRAL:

    This angle is proportional to the square


    OFFSET DISTANCE FROM TANGENT of its distance
    TO ANY POINT ON THE SPIRAL:

    TANGENT DISTANCE:

    LENGTH OF THROW:
    ANGLE OF INTERSECTION OF
    SIMPLE CURVE:

    SPIRAL ANGLE FROM TANGENT TO


    ANY POINT ON THE SPIRAL (IN
    EXTERNAL DISTANCE:
    RADIAN):

    DEGREE OF SPIRAL CURVE:


    PARABOLIC CURVE
    STANDARD EQUATION OF A PARABOLA OPENING DOWNWARD:

    SLOPE OF THE PARABOLA:

    RATE OF CHANGE OF SLOPE:

    ELEMENTS OF VERTICAL CURVE

     PC = POINT OF CURVATURE, ALSO KNOWN AS BVC (BEGINNING OF VERTICAL


    CURVE)
     PT = POINT OF TANGENCY, ALSO KNOWN AS EVC (END OF VERTICAL CURVE)
     PI = POINT OF INTERSECTION OF THE TANGENTS, ALSO CALLED PVI (POINT OF
    VERTICAL INTERSECTION)
     L = LENGTH OF PARABOLIC CURVE, IT IS THE PROJECTION OF THE CURVE ONTO A
    HORIZONTAL SURFACE WHICH CORRESPONDS TO THE PLAN DISTANCE.
     S1 = HORIZONTAL DISTANCE FROM PC TO THE HIGHEST (LOWEST) POINT OF THE
    SUMMIT (SAG) CURVE
     S2 = HORIZONTAL DISTANCE FROM PT TO THE HIGHEST (LOWEST) POINT OF THE
    SUMMIT (SAG) CURVE
     h1 = VERTICAL DISTANCE BETWEEN PC AND THE HIGHEST (LOWEST) POINT OF
    THE SUMMIT (SAG) CURVE
     h2 = VERTICAL DISTANCE BETWEEN PT AND THE HIGHEST (LOWEST) POINT OF
    THE SUMMIT (SAG) CURVE
     g1 = GRADE (IN PERCENT) OF BACK TANGENT (TANGENT THROUGH PC)
     g2 = GRADE (IN PERCENT) OF FORWARD TANGENT (TANGENT THROUGH PT)
     A = CHANGE IN GRADE FROM PC TO PT
     a = VERTICAL DISTANCE BETWEEN PC AND PI
     b = VERTICAL DISTANCE BETWEEN PT AND PI
     H = VERTICAL DISTANCE BETWEEN PI AND THE CURVE

    SYMMETRICAL PARABOLIC CURVE

    Properties of Parabolic Curve and its Grade Diagram

    1. The length of parabolic curve L is the horizontal distance between PI and PT.
    2. PI is midway between PC and PT.
    3. The curve is midway between PI and the midpoint of the chord from PC to PT.
    4. The vertical distance between any two points on the curve is equal to area under the
    grade diagram. The vertical distance c = Area.
    5. The grade of the curve at a specific point is equal to the offset distance in the grade
    diagram under that point. The grade at point Q is equal to gQ.
    FORMULAS FOR SYMMETRICAL PARABOLIC CURVE

    THE FIGURE SHOWN ABOVE ILLUSTRATES THE FOLLOWING GEOMETRIC


    PROPERTIES OF PARABOLIC CURVE. NOTE THAT THE PRINCIPLES AND
    FORMULAS CAN BE APPLIED TO BOTH SUMMIT AND SAG CURVES.

    RISE = RUN × SLOPE

    VERTICAL DISTANCE = AREA


    UNDER THE GRADE DIAGRAM

    OTHER FORMULAS

    FOR g2:
    SIMPLE CURVE

    Terminologies in Simple Curve

     PC = POINT OF CURVATURE. IT IS THE BEGINNING OF CURVE.


     PT = POINT OF TANGENCY. IT IS THE END OF CURVE.
     PI = POINT OF INTERSECTION OF THE TANGENTS. ALSO CALLED VERTEX
     T = LENGTH OF TANGENT FROM PC TO PI AND FROM PI TO PT. IT IS KNOWN AS
    SUBTANGENT.
     R = RADIUS OF SIMPLE CURVE, OR SIMPLY RADIUS.
     L = LENGTH OF CHORD FROM PC TO PT. POINT Q AS SHOWN BELOW IS THE
    MIDPOINT OF L.
     LC = LENGTH OF CURVE FROM PC TO PT. POINT M IN THE THE FIGURE IS THE
    MIDPOINT OF LC.
     E = EXTERNAL DISTANCE, THE NEAREST DISTANCE FROM PI TO THE CURVE.
     m = MIDDLE ORDINATE, THE DISTANCE FROM MIDPOINT OF CURVE TO MIDPOINT
    OF CHORD.
     I = DEFLECTION ANGLE (ALSO CALLED ANGLE OF INTERSECTION AND CENTRAL
    ANGLE). IT IS THE ANGLE OF INTERSECTION OF THE TANGENTS. THE ANGLE
    SUBTENDED BY PC AND PT AT O IS ALSO EQUAL TO I, WHERE O IS THE CENTER
    OF THE CIRCULAR CURVE FROM THE ABOVE FIGURE.
     x = OFFSET DISTANCE FROM TANGENT TO THE CURVE. NOTE: X IS
    PERPENDICULAR TO T.
     Θ = OFFSET ANGLE SUBTENDED AT PC BETWEEN PI AND ANY POINT IN THE
    CURVE
     D = DEGREE OF CURVE. IT IS THE CENTRAL ANGLE SUBTENDED BY A LENGTH OF
    CURVE EQUAL TO ONE STATION. IN ENGLISH SYSTEM, ONE STATION IS EQUAL TO
    100 FT AND IN SI, ONE STATION IS EQUAL TO 20 M.
     SUB CHORD = CHORD DISTANCE BETWEEN TWO ADJACENT FULL STATIONS.

    FORMULAS FOR CIRCULAR CURVES

    LENGTH OF TANGENT, T

    EXTERNAL DISTANCE, E

    MIDDLE ORDINATE, m

    LENGTH OF LONG CHORD, L


    LENGTH OF CURVE, Lc

    DEGREE OF CURVE, D

    ARC BASIS CHORD BASIS


    COMPOUND CURVES

    ELEMENTS OF COMPOUND CURVE

     PC = POINT OF CURVATURE
     PT = POINT OF TANGENCY
     PI = POINT OF INTERSECTION
     PCC = POINT OF COMPOUND CURVE
     T1 = LENGTH OF TANGENT OF THE FIRST CURVE
     T2 = LENGTH OF TANGENT OF THE SECOND CURVE
     V1 = VERTEX OF THE FIRST CURVE
     V2 = VERTEX OF THE SECOND CURVE
     I1 = CENTRAL ANGLE OF THE FIRST CURVE
     I2 = CENTRAL ANGLE OF THE SECOND CURVE
     I = ANGLE OF INTERSECTION = I1 + I2
     LC1 = LENGTH OF FIRST CURVE
     LC2 = LENGTH OF SECOND CURVE
     L1 = LENGTH OF FIRST CHORD
     L2 = LENGTH OF SECOND CHORD
     L = LENGTH OF LONG CHORD FROM PC TO PT
     T1 + T2 = LENGTH OF COMMON TANGENT MEASURED FROM V1 TO V2
     θ = 180° - I
     x AND y CAN BE FOUND FROM TRIANGLE V1-V2-PI.
     L CAN BE FOUND FROM TRIANGLE PC-PCC-PT
    REVERSED CURVE

    ELEMENTS OF REVERSED CURVE

     PC = POINT OF CURVATURE
     PT = POINT OF TANGENCY
     PRC = POINT OF REVERSED CURVATURE
     T1 = LENGTH OF TANGENT OF THE FIRST CURVE
     T2 = LENGTH OF TANGENT OF THE SECOND CURVE
     V1 = VERTEX OF THE FIRST CURVE
     V2 = VERTEX OF THE SECOND CURVE
     I1 = CENTRAL ANGLE OF THE FIRST CURVE
     I2 = CENTRAL ANGLE OF THE SECOND CURVE
     LC1 = LENGTH OF FIRST CURVE
     LC2 = LENGTH OF SECOND CURVE
     L1 = LENGTH OF FIRST CHORD
     L2 = LENGTH OF SECOND CHORD
     T1 + T2 = LENGTH OF COMMON TANGENT MEASURED FROM V1 TO V2
    REVERSED CURVE FOR NONPARALLEL TANGENTS

    REVERSED CURVE FOR PARALLEL TANGENTS

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