Unit II EBT-209
Unit II EBT-209
Unit II EBT-209
Functional
Anatomy of
Prokaryotic and
Eukaryotic
Cells
Objectives
Compare and contrast the overall cell structure of prokaryotes and
eukaryotes.
Identify the three basic shapes of bacteria.
Describe structure and function of the glycocalyx, flagella, axial filaments,
fimbriae, and pili.
Compare and contrast the cell walls of gram-positive bacteria, gram-negative
bacteria, acid-fast bacteria, and mycoplasmas.
Differentiate between protoplast, spheroplast, and L form.
Describe the structure, chemistry, and functions of the prokaryotic plasma
membrane.
Identify the functions of the nuclear area, ribosomes, and inclusions.
Describe the functions of endospores, sporulation, and endospore
germination.
Distinctive features: ?
Prokaryotes
Figure 4.4
Pleomorphic
Corynebacteria
Monomorphic
E. coli
Cell Arrangement
External Structures
located outside of cell wall
Glycocalyx
Flagellum /-a
Axial filaments
Fimbria /-ae
Pilus /-i
Glycocalyx
Many bacteria secrete external surface layer
composed of sticky polysaccharides,
polypeptide, or both
Capsule: organized and firmly attached to cell
wall
Slime layer: unorganized and loosely attached
Allows cells to attach
key to biofilms
Prevents phagocytosis
virulence factor
E.g.: B. anthracis, S. pneumoniae,
S. mutans
Flagellum – Flagella
Anchored to wall and membrane
Number and placement determines if atrichous,
monotrichous, lophotrichous,
amphitrichous, or peritrichous
Fig 4.7
Flagellar Arrangement
_______
___________
Motility
Due to rotation of flagella
Mechanism of rotation: “Run and tumble”
Move toward or away from stimuli (taxis)
Chemotaxis (phototaxis and
magnetotaxis)
Flagella proteins are H antigens
(e.g., E. coli O157:H7)
“Run and Tumble”
Fig 4.9
Axial Filaments Fimbriae and Pili
Endoflagella Fimbriae allow
In spirochetes attachment
Anchored at one end Pili are used to
of a cell transfer DNA from
one cell to another
Rotation causes cell
to move
Fig 4.10
Cell Wall
Rigid for shape & protection
prevents osmotic lysis
Consists of Peptidoglycan (murein)
polymer of 2 monosaccharide subunits
N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) and
N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM)
Fig.4.13b
Gram-negative Cell Wall
Lipid A of LPS acts as endotoxin; O polysaccharides
are antigens for typing, e.g., E. coli O157:H7
Gram neg. bacteria are less sensitive to medications
because outer membrane acts as additional barrier.
LPS layer = outer layer of outer membrane
Gram-negative
Alcohol dissolves outer membrane and leaves holes
in peptidoglycan.
CV-I washes out For further details and
practical application see lab
Bacteria with No Cell Wall:
Mycoplasmas
Instead, have cell
membrane which
incorporates cholesterol
compounds (sterols),
similar to eukaryotic
cells
This EM shows some typically
pleomorphic mycoplasmas, in this
Cannot be detected by case M. hyorhinis
typical light microscopy
Acid-fast Cell
Walls
Penicillin inhibits
peptide bridges in
peptidoglycan.
Internal Structures: Cell Membrane
Analogous to eukaryotic cell membrane:
Phospholipid bilayer with proteins (Fluid
mosaic model)
Permeability barrier (selectively permeable)
Diffusion, osmosis and transport systems
Different from eukaryotic cell membrane:
Role in Energy transformation (electron
transport chain for ATP production)
Damage to the membrane by alcohols, quaternary
ammonium (detergents), and polymyxin antibiotics
causes leakage of cell contents.
Fig 4.14
Movement of Materials across
Membranes
See Bio 31!
Fig. 4.21
Green endospores within pink bacilli. Many spores
have already been released from the vegetative cells
The Eukaryotic Cell
See Bio 31!