nrriiinui : Text Editor

12.5 hijawaia~?uuodnif
L

hhunruadid~
~ j $ ~~od~ I u u n od~8 ~ u u ~ i ( ~ d a ~ ~ u
HI i~ul ~ n
nvu~~: ~
z%?u~df~~nw
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adi (word processor) 63
unoll^rmIu'on?iu(text editors) ~ ~ ~ r d i u d 3 ~ q n ~ ~ ~ u ? a w a U ' ~(business
yRn14~fio
data-processing applications)
Turbo Pascal ~ ~ H I L L ~ u % ~ R ~ ~ R ~(dynamic
~ ~ ' ~ string
I I ~ :data
w R ? ~
t:
d ~ ' l ~ ~ . r ~ l + ' ~ d iY~~cdfmuknmz
type) nun~I;IJrlauunrnf:uat;~iu~niu~a adi~i~n'i~
(string variables) lu<?$€l9.7 ~ 6 ~ l u r ~ 7 ~ u ~ % ~ a ~ ~ R mTurbo
u ~ n Pascal
uf=uoJ
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~ u u n 6 ~ m a :dos~i u ~unGw
~u
3 o y a ~so'nu.r:uad
i Turbo Pascal uarniliiritrmirk~Cu
&udfmuo'nu.r:adid
n.ruii?u
 .s R t u ~ ~Y~ rdu o n ~ c i a s n a i u ~ ~ ~ = : q n a " a ~ ~
2'
87nr"ydffram rrdanrru conten Kd\ignCuiu (undefined) n7~didiurkran
d
rn (set assignment) rdw nrsI61J
Syntax Display
ninJrzniclr.aQmaa
r

Forrm : type
Set type = set of base type;

type
Letterset = set of 'A' .. 'Z';
iin3~u~uluiYd
: lauuii[v(~oofset type tnCsiuiiriih~
7 &~~ualu
base type ~i l r d d ~ ~ r ~ n d ~ n ? ~ set
r i l type
u % ~u78fid
44
~ a r~mad~~l%nvodu'u~n
ri%nolnfildndq'lubase type rra: base type ~ ~ ~ L U U ~ G R L ~ ~ (ordinal
O I U R Ltype)
U~!
d
q 1%base
u
hk~nn
nisdilfltfinwamul~~du'a47nan47u3u11adciiei
type vadr'lm Turbo Pascal d l ~ ~ 1 r a v ~ ~ w u 6 u o d d 7 ~ i ~ d y n Char (256)
q lurruuahu'o
L I D U ~ ~ ~ set
L of ~ ~ rh%finraa
~ char Z ~ ~ R
u 2'
rndadlnau rnlddmuimldluu~fiau'a~a
Integer L ~ base
N type brd
da
~ ~ U 1 1 d # f i ~ ~ integer
I
~ ~ ~n u~m~k di u%
~ nif256
!h~ dl
n i ~ r i ~ ~ w c l d ~ r a n u a (Set
r ~ ~Assignment
w ~ d ~ a and
~ Set ~lteials)
qb ~ h r a a
~onnuR-"Jfi~~uahraalriciid7d
$0~1318J&d

Odds := [ I , 3, 7, 91;
Evens := [O, 2, 4, 6, 81
rl~~unfiidic
q lfl7?~$?~~dTi~mIadfi
ddd~:ni&.iad~d 12.1
i ~ ~ l i ~i ~ u
~ n ~ i u k r l ~ ~ u n f i i r r d a = : 4(assigns) wn~ J r a a l f l C u C a ~ ~ d ~ r a ~ ~

IT 257 57 1
 : WJOj
(1uaw6u!ssv )as) lsai~yunuLysLu
(suo!ssa~dxaalq!$edwm-d4) ~ $ ~ n $ n u i i p t nanlenxew
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.)
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( I ~ J ~$as)
H I usipahth+
Aelds!~xequAg
(slayae~qu! pasopua sanleA 40 p ! ~
 -2..
rcase letters) inaiuvluiumu mattd5
rflu set expression
r 1
w vl.ro~?ud~i.a@8n~avlit~
"oni~~Won
A
Mud set expression O183:ynI
di~fiwnif
~'llm (set operators)
base type UOJ set var LrR: set expression ira~~ilunSml$bnun"ul6
LLRE

l u expression irada$u base type UOJset var

~ u l % n ? n h set
~ a ~ i i ~ u a n o n n n (Empty
L L b Set and Universal Set)

set is a set having zero elements denoted by [ I)

nu
nir&iaamii~~.~6a~l$ni3fiivlwmii
Middle := [ ]
unnvii~ain~.nm~ai~nfioiu
~am?id (undefined set)

(Undefined set is a set variable that is declared but it not assigned any values.)
t:
~ o n n n L G n hvluierfh ~amidd3:nouci?oriin~vlue1lw
base type h ~ i u
d
% ~ ~ L ~ ~ L ~ W I : M M(Universal
~ L ~ Q I set b a set containing all possible values of a set.)
t:
&oriiJ~.duLWmfim DigiSet aid base type L~u6%&Jdou
u
0..9 nJuuLannw
Guw'na'a~~~nw6aer
[0..9] n i ~ f i i ~ u m i i
Mixed := [0..9]
fiuiuK2uds~amMixed Li)w~onnw;ufia'
doan&d~31~$ufiw1.~sn'a~~d~~gm~ilw~~~\ii~
visoiannwhGnf riau\%~an&
mrmKud~aGmu~u
(Sets with Enumerated Type Values)
 ,,
1I
LSZ LI ' tLS
12.2 &a41 bikmirbaol (Set Operators)
"a
n i ~ f i i runi~srlaiooh
f ai'~nf:t+!iuurmh$aqau rsla5uioKadi'1r i i u n i ~
kJM&% !o in u a e u ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ i i u ~ i r : ~ ~ ~ a d i ~ ~ u n{u~qnodi~lf
ifn"(~u~~oiu~
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ Q U ~ I M ~ U ~ ~ ? ~(Testing I ~Set
: ~ ~ Ufor ~ YMembership)
E ~ J I P I B I

~ m ~ ~ i ? u d i ~ w i z 6(g;J
~ s r l9.18)
i ~ A o n n a ~ i i c i i r a w(a~particular
r value)
o ~ ~ u u n a ~ i 6 u n 5 oaa:riio$
ld ~ I L L M ~ ~ I O J ~ ~

Pascal $nsrlik A i r ~ n i ~ m a : ~ u i ~Jn vLoln'nri

~ in r~onsaogiid~rawi:

~urilu~uitinvo~rs~~ioli
#Ad u
iiwoununadl tfunir in a:n~uiuduriiuuuya m m u i s n ir u n in
~ura~rrnuda:~iludouI111~frnou
(compound condition)
Riadidrdu ~ m r ~ u u t i o u ~ ~
(Ch = '.') or (Ch = '7') or ( ~ =hI:') or (Ch = I!') ,

M % I ~ ' ~ W ~ ~ srl%ild
~ ~ U W ~ M ~

~ m um1 ~ n ~ ~ ~ q n m U q m 6 j ~ r u1unift+!i6~if
~~~~lun'ni~~3
type
CharSet = set of Char; {set type of Char elements}'

. var
Vowels, Uppercase, lowerwse : CharSet; (3 sets}
NextChar : Char; {a data character}

begin
Vowels := ['A', 'a', 'E', 'e', 'I' 'is,'O', 'o', 'U', 'us,];
 I

Uppercase := ['A'..'Z']; I-

Lowercase := ['a'..'zl]
Bd+i~di~fqihoun~znLJ
NextChar dunj6'nw~u'onmu& if uan~Co
d ,?Y
n?iuriln?rhNextChar ~ J Y ~ Q ?content
~ U BOJ$~

repeat
Write ('Enter a letter> I);

ReadLn (NextChar);

{Display message about NextChar.)

if NextChar in Vowdls then
WriteLn (NextChar, ' is a vowel')

a else if NextChar in Uppercase then

WriteLn (NextChar, ' is an uppercase consonant')
i

else if NextChar in Lowercase then

WriteLn (NextChar, ' is an lowercase consonant')
else
WriteLn (NextChar, ' is not a letter')
until NextChar in ['A'..'Z', 'al..'z']
~dm.rzi~~~nci~u~iiu~~uQwodda::n~~6~~
~~i?h~G.unia
~ni?c~ui%nnm *

k u ~ i i u ~ ~ u u o ~ dinti1
o u l?lo
u
not (NextChar in ['A'..'Z', 'a1..'z']) {not a letter}
y'niinwnini?u?lonia~~suhird~1~6uf~0tb
NextChar not in 'A'..'Z', 'a1..'z'] {invalid expression)
Syntax Display
~ ? s l " l ~ ~ ~ n l ~ l ? t R in
~ l(Set
~ nMembership
Y o J ~ ~ ~ Operator
~ in)

Form : element in [list-of-elements]

 ~ a h r G u n ~ s n i a : ~ u ~ Qinn o~ ok d~ ~l l~u~~ o u l u d ~ ~ a t dTrue
ww~~~w
tdo element o$u list-of-elements nsflfu7 d o ~ b d 3 z L ~ U + w s LFalse
~w LLUU%&

4 ' o y a . u ~element
~ 6o~la'~~nuh~&n'u~u13n111~
n i h ~ i r u n q sin finisrlviou
(precedence) ~ ~ v i l ~ I J ~ d 7 ~ f i ~ n(relational
7~~~M' operators)
ud
dqwsqu dqwiqu u~rund~aaoacam
(Set Union, intersection. and
Difference)
~ m ~ 1 ~ ~ n w ~ o J t . a a ~ u ~ n ~ c 1ornswi7n~d7rirunqsn"d
fim~~~mi~~~Ld~
mua~nd
~ ~ n s z r i i i a u n i r u w t :r n
uawrau, hwjau ~la:w~d7d
a'u
nq.i47r(iun~s~arj,u p i i ~ ~~m
a ~ f i ~ ~ ~ u n ~ s r t o ~ ~ ~ n ~ A o I Pascal u~~~~~AmuI
h ~ u ~ n ~ s o l ~ r ~ w n i ~ a d i ~ a u ~ a+ (set
' ~ ~union).
d i i *~(set
~ w intersection),
ni~ UR:

- (set difference)
d-mma (union) uodRodram (~afi7rfun~sta.+) ~ u 7 e fLl ~~ R Y D J ~ ~ Q ~ ~ J

11, 31 + [2, 41 60 [I, 2, 3,41

['A', 'C', 'F'] + ['B', 'C''D', IF'] # Q ['A', 'B' 'C', 'Dl, IF']
'F'] + ['A', 'C', 'Dl 'F'J fin ['A, 'C', 'D', 'F']
['A', 'C', -
gaUjau (intersection) ? I O J R Q J L ~(6afi7
~ L C ~ U ~ ~ ~+)
L IMUXI~~JLII~Y
I~ QJ

~ u 7 8 n h f iod~ I w $ d w o ~ ~ g m
6'3ad74 L ~ M

['A', 'C',
'F'] + ['A', 'C', 'Dl, 'F'] %I ['A', 'C','Fs]
(-6u!ueew auo ueql aJow Jo~eJadoue 6u!~!6s! 6u!peope~o~oyedo)nLnllroLLurnll
, P
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r y ~n L~ U~L Ll Ul P ~ $ ~ L ~ L ~ P Q R P ~ ~ ~ ~ L L U
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v n
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.
l r u r ~~a 6uen~ uO~1~~leau
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.
l
2
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(*spueredosl! lo JapJo aqj p ssa(pJe60~jlneseJ ewes eql
 I R H ~ H G ~ U M ~ I U ~ JL ~ ~ ~ J J O R N I Q ~ M & A ~ O ~ ~(Unit
M ~set
J Lis~a' U ~ ~ I ~ ~
set containing a single element enclosed in brackets.)
M G ~U LJ ~~ Q R ~ ~ R I ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ I D J ~ I ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~J H
J JL~ U
~ U ~ I ~ ~ J K
Q Y ~ ~ ~ I J Lf ~i wW d
[I. 3.4. 5) + 2 { K ~ ~ ~ ~ I L ~ u ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ I O J \ S ~ ~ J L ~ B ~ }
Avis + Cadillac { f i t J~J'I~L~~}
ndi~fivn~.iKad~~~l
C
rwnri1ii6a~nh~~unimd~~~~~~~a~1
ntaacqn\ri?n6ac (invalid) u~rni
~ ~ ~ d q~nni o~l h6 ~12.2
Q n d i ~ ~ ~ n i 3 ~ n n i ~ &(constant) Cwxd
a L~WL$U?<M
u d d
[Avis] + [Cadillac] { . j ~ n d l i i i U n l 3 s l 7 n ~ ~ ~ \ r i ~ n ~ a ~ 1 ~
Avis \ r j d i ~ l l u C ~ rGw n r i i Avis ~ 3 %
\dgn&~~wnriia~~8un'iu~"JnA'au

&cii~iiMni.raiu~~6"iJw~%m
(Set Relational Operators)
Gadir~uni.rrirrw'ud=, -, c= UR; >= I ~ L ~ ~ L I U L R ~ U LLamnoJp
~~ROJ?~
~ ~ ~ i u i ~ ~ u u ~ ~ i u ~ (base 6 a ~L M
n ' u type) d Bn O~UmW~ R~~A ~~Y ~ V D J ~ I ~ ~ L ( ~ U Y
~ C i u u W a C i i ~ ~(Boolean
u u ~ ~ value)
nid7~icuni.r= LLR: <> n ~ ~ D ~ ~ l ~ ~ ~ l ~ ~ ~ ~ i j R ~ l % n ~ ~ ~ ~
69o L~IJ L ~ M

[ I .3] = I1.31 60 Ture

[ I ,3] = [2,4] 6 9 False
[ I ,3] - 11.31 ffa False
[ I ,3] <> [2,4] # a True
[1,3] = [3,1] fin True [1,3] <> [3,1] ffa False
[ ] = [I] fin False [ ] <> [I] True
o r ~ ~ u i i u s . m ~ ~ r ~ ~ ~ u ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 6 1 nrrui%nlu~an\aJ
'1~1~iunis~~u~~
lhniy ([I .3] UR: [3,1] ~~nuran~iioqn'u)
olii~\3fimiuIJnG ~ U ~ I ~ ~ ~ I ~ ~ V O J L ~ ~ Q ~ L ~~ uL w
I Jt ~
~~I Kn U
" oL ~GnJ~ ~ t l \ d
Miuin (increasing ordinal sequence)
@?adiLfi~ni~t?uw'Md<= LLW:: >= ~ i ~ ~ ~ n ~ i a r ~ ~ a i ~ ~ u(subset)
w'~d~amtiou
uaqrdof~m(superset) &d
 syngi Is'cl =< [ I
rtbnQ1 [ I =< Is'11
rr,ngr 1s'el =* IP'E'z' 11
rkbngi , [E' el =< 1s'11
I agrn~i[tj1s'z111 =< [E'LI
, : v PO&
w ~ r=<
uauwngi a r o ne t ~ u ~ u g (a i 1
n ~v)~0 u ~ i r s ~ u . i j o p % nv~ usr.
1 P$b%Ql [c'c] => [ 1
bkingi I --* [€'el
b#lftQl [E' 11 => [P'E'z'
11
r51~g1 [E'LI => [E'J1
 < ? O ~ I J 12.4 ~1767Utidgl(Reading Sets)
nszuauolu ReadSet I%@12.1 h u ~ ~ o l h z l u n d ~ a u &. a(period)
n ua:'Iri
sll u u u hW uw%@
q Y ooKnw~uci~miZw~w
~ o ~ ~ n u 6 ~ u w~ lnsol i~etters
fi air^ lam
CahrSet)

Letters := ( 1; {initialize letters.}

~ % J B ~ ~Letters
' I M 'LL~~U~L ' I I. ~J L?A~Z ~ ~ O C ~if? ~ U & ~ I

if NextChar in ['A'..T]
then
Letters := Letters + [NextChar]; {Insert a letter.)
Ilk~5&fi%J$i!iVI@BI'a'IVIdL L E~~K~IULI~VI
~ Letters
I

procedure ReadSet (var Letters {output} : Charset);

{
Reads a sentence terminated by a period and stores the uppercase form
of each letter in Letters.
Pre : None.
Post : RBturns through Letters all the letters read before the period.

Sentinel = I.', {sentinel character}

var
NextChar : Char; {next input chamcter}

begin {ReadSet}
Letter := [ 1; {initialize Letters.}
Writetn ('Enter a sentence ending with symbol ', Sentinel); I

Read (NextChar);
while NextChar o Sentinel do
 {invariant :
No prior value of NextChar is the sentinel and'letters contains each
dppercase letter read so far.

1
begin
NextChar := Upcase(NextChar); {Convert to uppercase.)
if NextChar in ['A'..'Z1] then
Letters := Letters + [NextChar]; {Insert a letter.)
Read (NextChar)
end {while)

{assert : Last character read was the sentinel.)

I
end; {ReadSet)

d
; 12.1 nJzY7UJlU ReadSet

cnu? Q ti7e 12.5 ni~~~rrurrlrm

(Writing Set)
n i 3 f i u h m msio~nmrouii~ndi~wn~m~iw~il~~~ui~n~~11m)r("s0'b~
wwir
d i d ~ilwaui~n~riiu"~~~~1::fiuw'n3ru~~~isa J fiuw'~nw<26~6
~ r i n t s e t ' I w ~12.2
~ ~ ~ j ' l w ~ a n 6 ~ u n w h~md3'
o w iLetters
f i f V C J ~ Ufii~3i$onPrintset 6; rA'. 'C', 'Z]
L ~ U W I ~ I ~ L O V ~PrintSet
U ot~~rmawn~ilw
{A, C, Z)

procedure PrintSet (Letters {input) : Charset);

{ . .

Prints the uppercase letters in set Letters.

I Pre : Letters is defined.

 var
NextLetter : Char

begin {PrintSet}
Write ('{I);

for NextChar := 'A' to 'Z'do

if NextLetter in Letters then
Write (NextLe rint a set member.)
WriteLn ('1') 1 ,'

end; {PrintSet)

tbUU%% 12.2 Self-check

F~J~T~LOUW~QW~
a) A + (B C) -
b) A + (B C)
c)A+B+C
-
d) (C A) <= B
e)[ ] < = A * B * C
f) A + B e [ l . . l ]
 Name := ' ';
WriteLn ('Legnth is ', Length (Name) : 1)
fii~unmugnasrdlfi
Name unrliun&n'<u length ~~LLRIP$QMIU
Length is 0 I

d ,au u
a i u g n a s r i i ~~ u i u i i dmu~nucn~uua?onu&q(NUNstring is a string
with zero characters.)
nisddumiu5n'nad&tflllaa (Converting a String to a Number)
Turbo Pascal ~narlJludiM'lu~3~~
Val ~ J ~ ~ ~ H ? u ~ L J ~ ~ u E ~ ~ u o ~ ~ ~ J S ~
X u
mu m~l~nnuscef6o~nifZw3n~s~d~riUi~dau
mo~~ilumuo'nusrK3~~1
muo'nufrh~aunuit& di)&nu~:~dui~dkiun83~nu~uw'udh~?u~3
Leu Pascal dgn6od &Q~IJL$W . *

'123' , '0.12E5' L i l ~ 6 ~
aiuo'nasrfitan ~ u i u 8 4mtlgnustdd content uoou'u ~ ~ u n i(Nume-
l~u
ric string is a string whose contents are a number.)
r u u R i i IntName UEIZ Error ~IluRjttdfaQ~~
Integer u'on?iu&~%~n
nsru-~u~iu
Val ('1234, IntNum, Error);
u L kL~ ~
~ h ~ ~ ' e i i 6 1 ~ 71234 Z lUn t ~ u mna: 0 Lfiulu Error naru3u4iu Val
mmIaJ8h (K3~~da
Error) Val n h f l ~
cii o ~dobiiu'oiinwainln
$amiuih$unn~:
Val ('12#34%', IntNum, Error);
d rru
niifiufii 3 136 Error ~ ~ f f ~ 1 ~ ~ 1 6 3 0 ~ n u s : ~3~~d Ii ~~i ~~d~d K
eLXIQUI/Q~ L A Z I
iinwain~iind;rnis~dduuorIaI~nnr~i
k<uciiuo.s IntNum%h.QnCuiu(undefined)

ReadNum L~u~3LLd3'llfh
Real brat IntNum LLA: Error 1~~<3LLd3~6n
Integer aQn
rr d u a
~ usn~i di ~l Integer
~ n ~ w i s i i i ~ f~i i a n ~ ~v?orii
~ Real ornnunu i r i u A a ~ n ~ I ~
 Call Values Returned

Val (I-3507', IntNum, Error) IntNum $0 -3507 Error a! 0

Val ('-3507, RealNum, Error RealNum $Q -3507.0 Error Q! 0
Val ('1.23E3', RealNum, Error) RealNum !€I 1230.0 Error ?Q 0
Val ('1.23E 3,RealNum, Error) RealNum $Q undefined Error 60 6
Val (' 1.2E3', RealNum, Error) RealNum undefined Error o! 1

repeat
Write ('Enter an integer value? I);
ReadLn (NumStr);
Val (NumStr, InNum, Error)
unit Error = 0;
IntNum filmtJ~n%3rAiLRudl~~?"I~
L~udldlu?%dulu NumStr ( & J L L ~ ~
mtJO*nu3r) nTru?udiu Val nKu!u dl&bau,uuodhh IntNum (%fa Integer) 61mu
~nurrci?uupndlu,n r u ? w i u Val n~uiiurii~d2dturilu
Error (%%aInteger) ~ht
p . ~ 9 n r i i &nir
~
~ ~ ~ ~ d u $1 r u ~ ~ n r ~ w ~ n " ~~~~~n~~r~nf i~l $~LL~~U'I~LRII~IM~U
"~f hn hu ' I ~ " F d f
~du\rj?nn'od Cddflodn'~u'okmwmInvalid numeric format 6i~lifiY~dbdrttnruo::
~Wnnaid6u(abort)
Syntax Display
nJ3J3Mdltb Val (Val Procedure)
 year I,
fiilrlud~" 9-12) iil contents
null n.n. (liq~~lrl~hd
uod Date fro 'Jan 25, 2004' content m~mukuannuw3ud31fi Month, Day LLR::
Year BZL~)U 'Jan' , '25' LLR: '2004' 817rrJd7<U
&O~IU 12.8
n.r-uaud7w printwords 1azd 12.3 L L € ? R J W R UWUIUWT~Q
~ R ~ ~ ~ ~ ~LID$
* I 1- 1 A d
Sentence 210464 L I U ~ J ~ T & U U ~ ~ B I ~~~ ~~%~ 0 1 2 7 ~ ~ 1 7 2 1 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 1 ~ ~ l f t ~ j 7 d d

procedure Printwords (Sentence {input} : string);

{
Displays each word of a sentence on a separate line.
Pre : Variable-length string Sentence is defined.
Post : Each word in Sentence is displayed an a separate line.

1
wnst

var
Word : string; {each word}
SentLen, {length of Sentence}
First, {first character in each word}
Next : intqger; {position of next character}

begin {Printwords}
{Display each word of sentence on a separate line.}
'
First := 1;, {First word starts at position 1.}
SentLon := Length (Sentence);
for ~ e x :=
t 1 to SentLen do

IT 257
 This is

First Next
pq
wAj91nbiuhcis:di~~n'?First gntdlwdl~i~w
Next + 1 ~di~wlfjillwdduad
o'nu.r:Ri u ~ n w fioinaon~ingd
u
en?iuk
Word := Copy (Sentence, First, SentLn - First + 1);
in"udlqn!nniuuodSentence 1~Word [hwj~d3:1~ni
First iYilf?b 17 ill:

ciiun~wisiiinam?nmu6a(23 - 17 + 1) d 7 v r i i d u ~ n d ~example
6.- d
n
Syntax Display
&%.4 copy (copy function)

Form : Copy (source, index, site)

63a d i d
Copy ('Mr. John Doe', 5 , 4 )
u 2 d
~n?iuwu?umw
: ~dn'$wnt?uh~
muo'nu.r:Liauuas source n4iuwJd index
un::d~:nau6an: size K~wirnfj~mnSd
source ~fIwil'aitd3wdf~iiuadm~Knll~5
index LLR:: size 60dig~~lftn
Integer

-
0 s
.
aaadbnm 61 index duwinlw~niim?iuui?uad
source mu~nusriid~rgn
d A - d r
nt?uAw61 size nrl~wwnua?anusru~nni~m?anu~::nbnna~~
- U
m~uwfiAiiiwd~
index
.e .e d
a:ii~awim~anus:n~wlaa~ua~mu~nu~:gnnKu~~
n-isdnfi~wo~a-irr
Enwsr (Concatenating Strings)
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string.)
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 function Reverse (InString : string) : string;

{ Reverses the string stored in'lnstring )

var
I : Integer; ariable)
TempString : string {temporary reversed string)

begin {Reverse)
Tempstring := ' '; {Initialize Tempstring}

, for I := Length (InString) downfo I do

TempString := Concat (TempString, Instring [I]);

Reverse := TempString (Define result.)

end; (Reverse}
 1 = (luawalels 'la6~el)sod
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for counter := initial to final do statement
POS ~di~i.dii
tnaiu&aoahkd ~~snu'~~rs~d"k+i~fia'tb rnliduodmtl gnust
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u'onalukd if $7 k ~ u l ~ ~ ~ n n o s : 6 d o ~ ~ : ~ ~ l d i ~ ' ~ n ' n 1 ? ) d L ~ d l ~ d \ ~ ~ d

gnus:: Counter
PosFor := Pos (Targqtl , Statement);
PosAssign := Pos (Target& Statement);
if (PosFor > 0) and (PosAssign > Posfor) then
Counter := Copy (Statement, PosFor + 4,
PasAsslg6- PosFor 4) -
~~o~~inmao'nuse
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fimtlgnus:: 'for ID := 1 to N do X := X + 1' rfiulu Statement 613uM PosFor
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Liin'Y -
(8 - 1 4 L ~ I ~3) J
PosFor PosAssign Counter

El
Syntax Display
q4Tf.a'~POS

67 o d w
Pos ('you', 'Melyou')
" .a' d
iinaiucluiun.su : mngnwe source q n c m ~ a i n ~ i t l \ d u a i r w ~ ~ i d i i w c i ~
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uo~nis~R~~s~r~snua.~mtl~n~f=:dotl
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 j

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1uuij7 contents WOJ 0€4'70&7W3: 'is the stuff?'

LLn: contents 2104 New here'

L d
~Y~~IUR~L~U~~TZLI~U~
lnsert (NewString, Sentence, 1)
'Idmua'nur: 'Where' 6di~inddi1 vadmui"~~f=:
Sentence
rhI151JdnO~LLL(RJcontents 2106 Sentence L~U'

'Where is the stuff?'

ruuGii contents to
WOJ ~ a r g e t 'stuff UR: contents go6 NewString ' 6 o
I*#%!'

ilaclaiuk~
PosStuff := Pos (Target, Sentence);
if PosStuff > 0 then
lnsert (NewString, Sentence, PosStuff)
!
ZtimuOYnlrr: '+#%!' 'Ui~~G~rnuKnm:
'stuff IUsentence
L.&
RJMM contents

h a i v o ~Sentence nwiorilu
'Where is the "#%! stuff
620$ld 12.14
n3:uawiu Replace Iufl 12.15 L L ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ & v ~ : L ~ ~(Target)
I R ~ I ~ L ~ w I ~
Iwrnso'nus:6u~Cu (source) iiaumeo'na~z'l~ai(Pattern) ui\%q4n".a'u POS tdo~i
d d
dluHG6 Target, n3:LIatbJIU Delete LWonYoon UW:n3:u?wiu lnsert L W O Pattern
~

I u d n ~ ~ t i ~Target
u o ~i i n i ~ ~ ~ r n ~ 6 n a i ~ k n ~ ~Target
i~n'ilai~u
Syntax Display
nf,"LIaw6iuDelete

Form : Delete (source, index, size)

&2 o dld
Delete ('He**ll0', 3, 2)
 i
iln7iunuiunjd : nio'nustokW~iu7usize Rign~udonainmubu.ir ,

source ~~u6u$iaugnu3zfi#o~di~~~dt
index w ~ n i k m asource
i 6o,q~gurnuKn~~t i

-
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.r
nagldrnm
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%%~

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u
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J

Syntax Display
nfzu7tbtiw Insert ,

Form : Insert (pattern, destination, index)

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Insert ('bb', 'Bully', 3)
u 2'
jinaiuvruiuntw : muiiYnu3r pattern I ~ ~ ~ o w ~ ~ O ~ ~ Y . P , ~ index
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3 1&6ih3t
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vhd

procedure Replace (Target, Pattern {input} : string;

var Source {inputloutput} : string);

{
Replaces first string Target in Source with Pattern if found.
Pre : Target, Pattern, and Source are defined.
Post : Source is modified.

var
PostTarg : Integer; {position of Target}, , I
 begin {Replace)
PostTarg := Pos (T e) {Locate Target.)
if PostTarg > 0 the
begin
Delete ( Source, PosTarg, Length (Target));
Insert (Pattern, Source, PosTarg)
end
else
WriteLn ('No replacemmt - ', Target,' not found.')
end; {Replace)

;dd 12.5 naumnu Replace

rruu3nGm 12.3
1. ~ ~ d i ~ a r ~ ~ i w n ~ d u ~ ~ n i ~ ~function
~ ~ n designator
n ~ : : ~ $1~4 a ~ ~ i ~ ~ b n
A'
i i ~ ~uuRiinirbd3rneKnu3::~ilu'dGm
u string [20] an: contents hu6~uiuuo~Templ
G O 'Abra9,un:: 'contents'UO4 Temp2 €I: cadabra'
a) Magic := Concat (Templ, Temp2)
b) Length (Magic)
c) HisMagic := Copy (Magic, 1, 8)
d) Delete (HisMagic, 4, 3) ,

e) Insert (Templ, HisMagic, 3)

f) Pos (Temp2, Magic)
g) Pos (Templ, Mqgic)
h) Val ('1.234', RealNum, Error)
i) Str (1.234 : 3 : 1, RealStr)
j) Val (Templ, RealNum, Error)
k) Str (0.00345 : 3 : 1, RealStr)
LSZ JI 009
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 2) ib~nrd
(Analysis)
~ s r m u i 3 n I ~ ~ t ~ l a ' u ~ ~ ~ ~~Guni3ms
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n wam~o"nu~r~mum3tdi~s~ikt~iu~\3ao~~fi
naiu&It nisoysl (Data Requirements)
6 ~ y ~ % (Problem
p1 Inputs)
Source : string {the source string)
Command : Char {each edit command)
~oi6ynJqcli(Problem output)
Source : string {modified source string)
3) oonrrrrrr (Design)
~sln
o?flu~$uh(Initial Algorithm)
I. diumuo'nunC(orpnnno~~fiflu
source
(Read the string to be edited into source)
2. repeat
3. di~f!itt'j~i~.n~u6
(Read an edit command)
I
(Perform and edit operation)
4. n~zflinisdi~Qun7.rm3~aufi
until done
n i s d u a r r ~ u ~ u c l r ~ ~ . ~ u p (Refinements
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ r ~ ~and
u nProgram
lu
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L: d
DoEdit ~ ~ L ~ U ~ . ~ ~ I L C U ~ I S C ( L H ~ I : : I ~
uun 4 gnn~zfli6aun~rlf~autw
rd odiurns~nu.rru'aynVn~~n"aiu
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~ n . r t a i i t r h c l ? u & u n ~ i ~ n ~ u ' ~ ~ a i 15.6 ~umt~u~d
U X
ohcliln?ruautiu DoEdit LSURJU .
f i ~ ~ d . r ~ a w(Local
l r d Variables)
OldStr : string {substring to be found, replaced, or deleted)
,-
NewStr ' : string {substring to be inserted)
Index : Integer {index to the string Source)
 +I 4 I
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~ ~ u n ~ r m d n s u u 3 u ~ d u ~ 1j
%I ~ ~rtfau~um~~2i~ci?a
m ~I2.7 i~du~u t h (sample
~
run)

program TextEdit;
{Performs text editing operations on a source string)

Sentined = 'Q'; (sentinel command)

var
Source : string; {the string being edited)
Command : Char; {each edit command)

{Insert procedure Repoace.) {See Fig 12.5)

procedure DoEdit (Commhnd (input) : Char;
var Swm (tnputioutput) : string);

Performs the edit operation specified by Command.

Pre : Command and Source are defined.
Post : One or more data strings are read and Source is modified if
Command Is 'Dl, 'I1, 'F', or 'R'. If Command is 'Q', a message
is displayed; othenwise, nothing is done.

1
var
NewStr, OldStr : string; {work strings)
Index : Integer; {index to string Source)
LSZ &I
I(a3~nos'JISPIO) sod =: xapul
!(JISPIO) UlPeetl
I(,L ~ ! JleUM
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f(, i 6~1~1s
40 pueuuoa asm
 Write (OldStr);
WriteLn (' found of position', Index : 3)
end
else '

begin
Write (OldStr);
Writetn (' not found')
end {if)
end; {Find}
' R : begin {Replace)
Write ('Replace old string? ');
ReadLn (OldStr);
Write ('With new string? ');
ReadLn (NewStr);
Replace (OldStr, NewStr, Source)
end; {Replace}
'G' . WriteLn ('Quitting text editor.')
else
WriteLn ('Invalid edit catiaracter')
end {case}
end; {DoEdit}

begin VextEdit}
{Read in the string to be edited.)
WriteLn ('Enter the source string : ');
ReadLn (Source);

{Perform each edit operation until done.)

 repeat
{Get the operation symbol.)
WriteLn;
Write ('Enter D(Delete), I(lnsert),');
Write ('F(Find), R(Replace), Q(Quit)> I);
eeadLn (Command);
Command := UpCase (Command) {Convert to uppercase)

{Perform operation.)
DoEdit (Command, Source);

{Display latest string.)

Write ('New source : ');
1

WriteLn (Source)
until Command = Sentinel
end. VextEdit)
Output Window.
Enter the source string :
Mary had a cute little lamb.

Enter D(Delete), I(lnsert), F(Find), R(Replace), Q(Quit)'> f

Find what string? cute
. cute found of position 12
New source : Mary had a cute little lamb.

Enter D(Delete), I(lnster), F(Find), R(Replace), Q(Quite) > i

Insert what string ? very
At what position ? 12
 New Source i Mary h
Enter D(Delete), I(ln (Replace), Q(Quit) > R
Replace old string ? lam
With new string ? lamb c
New source : Mary had a very cute little lamb chop.

Enter D(Delete), I(lnsert), F(Find), R(Replace), Q(Quite) > D

Delete what string ? very cute little
New source : had a lamb chop.

Quitting text editor.

New source : Mary had a lamb chop.

U
sd 12.7 ~ d s u n r x r u s s l ~ 7 ~ n s u ' ~ ~ 1 3 ~ ~ ~(Text
~ ~ zEditor
n ~ ~ ~Program
d ~ 3 0 ~and
i i Sample Run)

12.5 $oijnwaim+auao~ni$b$uuldsun.ru(common programming

Errors)
W n
souanaialil~ni~l#'lak
(Errors in Using Sets)
ad U
Y'onas-41 hrdamm nkisnu.audaln q n'miu i i o d i o ~dusiuri
~n ou4~a::~i
hlkd-,rirunia ~ ~ ~ ~ M ~ J W R U U H ~ & ~ ~ ~ ~ J & ~ ~ : : ~ ~ ~ ~ " M ~
i u s
diufiil~aJuduramiij,[ I, mnamni3fii~umFiiaLii~Cm~~5~
~qAirftuniauo~ Pascal ~n7~63~.a"l6n'urrm
f l 7 i ~ ~ a J i~K7dii
~ft~nia
~ZI~

rdi~u)1drio~inn~iritwnino~fiu~~~br91
91 1 unudrrt~u~areu Wsm~i'Hiiadfirm
M~JIIJ~U (unitset) ( ~ a m d i i ~ o i % n ~ $~dornlh$nau$J
ni) ~uienvo~~rn
nladirQuniari?uaau~o J bra (set union operation) luihod

['A', 'El, 'O', 'U'] + 'I' {incorrect set union)

b.hn6o~
91 rrnzn~ard~u%~irflu
['A', 'E', 'O', 'U'] + ['I1] {corrcet set urrlon)
 [L 'E '81uai n$ s#6!a
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 Construct Effect

Set Relations
Primes *= Digits , True fi Primes L ~ ~ U L ~ V I ~ DDigits
~JVD.~~
Primes >= [ ] LOU True ~ a u o
Prime *> [ ] True ni Prime dmiBn
[A, 2, 31 = [3, 2, 11 True ~wm:j~r~~~dumunif~~uultji
o'uh (unordeved)
String Declaration
FirstName, LastName LLB: TempName
I

Capacity = 10;
type
StringType = string [Capacity];
var
FirstName, LastName, TempName
: Stringtype;
String Assignment
FirstName := 'Daffy'; LEU'~afFy''luFirstName
LastName := 'Duck'; ~fiu'Duck' b.4 IastName
TempName := LastName; UR: TempName
String Copy
TempName := Copy (FirstName, 1, 3); fiih~uq
'Daf TempName
String Concatenation
TempName := Concat (FirstName, Ln'u 'DaffyDuck' IU
TempName
LastName);
TempName := FirstName + LastName;
String Search
Pos ('Du', FirstName); na'Yfiu 0 ('Du' not found)
Pos ('Du', LastName);
Pos ('Du', TempName);
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y ~ e q p q ~ ! n~o~ u g n n i i
 I

-74.1E-1 OEO 25.3E+01 -74.1 0.0

u ~ f i u dgniiodlu Pascal
a) d ~ ~ u o t l i i d d ~ ~ 3 u d i i r 2(integers)
b) ii~auorlsliid&~~u
invalid Integer lu Pascal
C) ~ ~ ~ ~ o t b ~ i ~ d d ~ i l(real
u 8numbers)
~uau~ " r ~ Pascal
dOnhdlu
invalid real number 1%Pascal
d) dlRuorl3fild~d~~u
e) U ' F ~ I ~ P ~ G I ~ ~ J ~ ~ L S U ~ I L H ~ D U ~ M ~ U ~ P ~ S ~ I
f) ddilnui~d~nniio~lu
u Pascal w 816 lfio'rmi u
udIimuirodfiu%~~irlrriiii~l
uar un~v~w~d3tnouRiu
A d
1.2 BosioWwa~aobfii~*~~d~~flu
identifier daniiod L L R L ~ & I ~ R ~ ~ I J ~identifier
JL~U

lrionrio~
U ~~a~iuiirll'lu~oU"u~~ifld~fi
ITEM-2 ufo TO-MORROW averylongnameindeed
IN-PUT array PC49 McDougall X99999 $100
Functior! case AND program boolean writeln
A-number -counter ID# Item2
a; 2
2.1 ruu3iii X, ri)uKaud~ffititd1uau~6~v~~~1nn1~n~::vSini~15i~uuo~
y LLR~ z
i n ~ n rvuadniud3
.~on?~ua"J~'1dsii~6~~tja h a z ~oorld$ttandrln$unou
x, y u
x := 5 0 ;
 ~ i r o~it~arIUci~:rl(l
i i ~
-
a) 6.75 12.3 1 3
I

b)6'11 -42div5
c) 175 mod 15 div 3 ' 6 5
d) 1 3 + 7 ' 5 - 4 ' 5 d i v 2
e) 11 m o d 4 d i v 2 < * 0
9 ('A' >= T)or ('9 >= '8')and ('A' < '1')
#a 3
Y
3.1 ada~iunir~idiuuodnrrua~iu~idiidu
procedure puzzle (N : nonnegative integer) ;
begin
repeat
write (N mod 10) ;
N := Ndiv 10
until N = 0
end;
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3.2 a) ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ I ~ r ~ ~ n r u i u ~ u y a ~ i l u ~ ~ u ~ o~.~iuau~in~U'uoi
riiuriiclniu~~do
speed1 YRZ speed2 n i u d i h o ~ n $ u ~ r a q n o uuunilnGriiuinn411G
ii
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U ~first

di&d data type LOU real ~ n $ ~ i t n l l s ~ 0 ~ ~ ~ ~ 1 ~ ~ m ' ~ ~ ~ d ~ i i ~

d
n larger dd~fluvariable formal parameter
program exam-41 (ou
var a, b, k : intege
function f (x : integer
begin
f:=3'x+2
end ;
begin
a := 0;
for k := 1 to 5 do a := a + k :
b := f (a) ;
writeln (b)
end.
~ i n ~ d ~ ~ ~ n r u r~ ~iad~du i~ rd m i n l i ~ i u a ~ e ~ 0 1 ~ ~ ~ 1 1 1 0 ~ ~ d r ~ ~ n r u i F 0 0 : ~
program exam-42 (output) ;
const morgansubrange = 1 .. 10 ;
var k , m : integer ;
a : array [morgansubrange] of char;
begin
a := 'ABCDEFGHIJ' ;
for k := 1 to 10 do
begin
m := k mod 2;
if m = 1 then write {ark])
end ;
writen ('xyz')
end.
 ! pua
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 -741E-1 1E4 . 25.3E+01 -1.27E-03 0.0
I ~ . s I ipnrio~lu
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b) i i r ~ u a r u i ~ d ~invalid
~ i l uinteger lu Pascal
C) Z~LRY~ZITCIJ~JLU~.SIU~M~"TJ
(real numbers) dgn6aJlu Pascal
d) Z ~ L R ~ ~ Z ~ J ~ ~ J invalid A number 1%Pascal
~ J L %real
Pascal
e)-iirillmu'lJ8J~flurilL~~aun"uiu
d'd d
1.2 BodaWu~a~lmlji
J ~ J L ~identifier
~ U i p n hJ L L R ~ O ~ DJ~~ ~J UL U identifier
~ IU
d L:r
bhn6a~lttio^au~ui~~~luaa~bu'il~l.a"L~~di
q

A Example1 , TO-MORROW ' averylongnameindeed

IN-PUT array PC49 McDougall X99999 $100
Output lx end program boolean writeln
A-number -counter 1 ID# Item2
1.3 Pascal d g n 6 a ~ a ~ n 5 m d i ~ h ~ d
a~~%uuirwad

((A > 6) OR (B > C)) AND (C > A)

NOT (A 7 B) AND (C > A)
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 procedure prod;
begin
writeln('three digit number')
end;
begin
clr$cr ;
write('enter a number
readln (n);
case n of
1..9 : procl;
10..99 : proc
100..999 : proc3 ;
end
I

end.
a; 3

type
days = (mon, tue, wed,
var
today : days ;
begin
writeln(ord(rnon)
writeln(ord(thr)) ;
today := friday ;
today := pred(today) ;
if today = thr then writdln('Hello') ;
 nry r ~ p u i & l a u~l p r o ~ r ; y n ~ ~ p i n y ~ o (
X
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 a) Pascal resewed word b) Standard identifier
c) Valid identifer vl%~ d) Invalid identifier

end ................................................................................................
Rate ..................................................................................................

Start .............. ..................................................................

ThislsAlongOne .............. ..............................................................
Bill .......... .............................................................

X=Z ..................................................................................................
Sue's ..................................................................................................
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'XYZ' ..................................................................................................

'x' ..................................................................................................
True ..................................................................................................
.............................................................................................
eueu JnoA =: s (3
.............................................................................................
. ,aueu Ayy, =: 3 (q
3.2 a) oin$~f17iu&dcase
~ ~ d a (are
u hequivale
case X = Y of
True : WriteLn ('Eq
False : WriteLn ('un
end {case)
b) adL!UU#~~7iukd case ~ ~ U U C(corresponds
U to) rYuban-~ia&dnested-if
Y
'Ujdd14tb
If (Grade >= 'A') and ( ~ r a d e<= C )
then
WriteLn ('Passing')
else If (Grade = 'D') or (Grade * IF') then
WriteLn ('No credit')
else
WriteLn ('Invalid grade')
Ga 4
4.1 a d ~ n s l 0 ~ ~ ~ ~ : ~ ~ ~ 2 1 # ~ ~ 6 1 w n i 6(syntax
1 7 l n ~errors)
~ u w ' ~u ~
d#fln7iu&fi~
i i ~ md& a i n ~ u ~ r i ~ i icuiuj ~ i u(flowchart) d Q n h
If X > 25.0 then

else

end (if)
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.run.ru
procedure WhatDo (I : In
begin
if I > 1 then
begin
Write (I : 2) ;
WhatDo (I - 1) ;
Write (I : 2)
end
end ; (WhatDo)
!Je43 : Aea
JBA
 Percentate := 72 / 10 ;
A :=5; /J

Writeln (Day : 10 : 2) ;
Writeln (A + B : 8 , Percent :8)
end

lndent := 1 ;
for Ch := 'A' to 'Z' DO
begin
Writeln (Ch : Indent) ;
lndent := lndent + 1
end ;
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tt~r

program ExerciseNine (output) ;

var
A : integer ;
procedure Sub1 (A : integer) ;
begin
A := 20 ;
WriteLn (A)
end;
procedure Sub2 (var A ; integer) ;
begin
A := 3 0 ;

IT 257 625
 ! [1 + ! * zlx + t! * zlx =: t1 +!Ix
! [ 1 - ! * z l x =: [l-!lx
f 0'0 1 + [\]x =: [!Ix
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 for i := 5 to 7 do
x[i] := x[i+ 11;
for i := 3 downto 1 do
x[i + 11 := x[i]
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 type Prime = (2, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13);
I

2.3 ~~fi~ir~ni~~r:nifi~~m~~~~~uoi~I~w"
I

type (Class = (Frosh, Soph, Jr, Sf);

Y.
Ol~~tb0d~l~lY0d

(a) Ord(Succ(Pred(Soph)))
(b) Pred(pred(Jr))
i7a 3
' 2
3.1 o d r ~ w m d ~ e ~ w & o ~ ~ o m 3~i u' ik~d i i i ~ t b

for NextCh := 'A' to 'Z' do

Write(NextCh) ;
er
3.2 ado^rmiun3iun %.JIUYQJGWF)&LY I U
; (boolean expression) f i d d l d t b T]inI.ftb~~
l u " ~ l u h u r G u ~ 6(complement)
1~

(Ch >= 'a') and (Ch <= 'z')

r'u u c- er
3.3 (a) a ~ o ~ u ~ u ~ n u n < m v o ~ g d n " ~~~~t b
~~a in~~i iy~t u
b "~ i u ~ ~ c i i o : : I . f

function Hypot (XI Y : Real) : Real ;

begin {Hypot}
Hypot := Sqrt (Sqr(X) * Sqr(Y))
End; {Hypot}
(b) o ~ ~ f o u $ a i u ~~y puo it jn~ i S f i a ~ u ~ 6 A
~ i ker
l t b B L~~UWII

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d' d u d'd
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ein1drunru$iadi~d0~3i~~dwtbn~~l~e11~~1dr~~nru
waJn.rtu3udiu sumoiff L ~ D ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ I ~ ~ ~ ~ & ~ ~ o I ~ R ~ L ~ P ~ ~ L

7 n n i I u u s s ~ ' n d2. ... u n ~ e~ d

(b) o ~ ~ w n ~ r o i 6 y n ~ o d ~ d 5 ~ ~ n f b l ~ ~ d ~z 1ui:
X,~Y, i f 7wd ~ o ~ c i i I
 program Show:
var
W, XI Y, Z : Integer ;
procedure SumDiff (Numl, Num2 : Integer ;
var Num3, Num4 : Integer);
begin {SumDiff) \

Num3 := Numl + Num2 ;

Num4 := Numl - Num2 ;
end; { ~ u m ~ i f f )
begin {Show}
X := 9; Y := 7; z':= 3; W,:= 5;
Writeln (' X, Y Z YV ') ; WriteLn;
WriteLn('Linel :' , X : 4,Y : 4, Z : 4,W :4):
u d
uaansln 2 SumDiff(X, Y, Z, W);
WriteLn('Line2:' , X : 4, Y : 4, Z : 4, W : 4);
un~nC(
3 SumDiff(Y, XI Z. W);
WriteLn('Line3:', X : 4, Y : 4, Z : 4, W : 4);
u d
uaannn 4 SumDiff(Z, W, Y, X); I

WriteLn(Line4 :', X : 4, Y : 4, Z : 4, W : 4);

c. d
uatnnn 5 SumDiff(,Z, Z, XI Y);
WriteLn('LineS:', X : 4, Y : 4 , Z : 4, W : 4);
~nhC(
6 SumDiff(Y. Y. Y. W);
WriteLn('Line6:', X : 4, Y : 4, Y : 4, Z : 4, W : 4);
end. {Show}
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