15-462 Computer Graphics I

Lecture 2

Basic Graphics Programming

Graphics Pipeline
OpenGL API
Primitives: Lines, Polygons
Attributes: Color
Example
January 16, 2003 [Angel Ch. 2]
Frank Pfenning
Carnegie Mellon University
http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~fp/courses/graphics/
A Graphics Pipeline

• Pipelines and parallelism

• Latency vs throughput
• Efficiently implementable in hardware
• Not so efficiently implementable in software

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Programming a Pipeline

• Specify the operation of each box

• Replace or accumulate
• State and lack of modularity
• Immediate mode graphics
– On-line (OpenGL)
• Modeling-rendering pipeline
– Off-line (Pixar’s Renderman)

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Vertices

• Vertices in world coordinates

• void glVertex3f(GLfloat x, GLfloat y, GLfloat z)
– Vertex (x, y, z) sent down the pipeline
– Function call returns
• Use GLtype for portability and consistency
• glVertex{234}{sfid}[v](TYPE coords)

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Transformer

• Transformer in world coordinates

• Must be set before object is drawn!
glRotatef(45.0, 0.0, 0.0, -1.0);
glVertex2f(1.0, 0.0);

• Complex [Angel Ch. 4]

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Clipper

• Mostly automatic from viewport

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Projector

• Complex transformation [Angel Ch. 5]

Orthographic Perspective

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Rasterizer

• Interesting algorithms [Angel Ch. 7]

• To window coordinates

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Outline
1. A Graphics Pipeline
2. The OpenGL API
3. Primitives: vertices, lines, polygons
4. Attributes: color
5. Example: drawing a shaded triangle

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OpenGL Library Organization
• GLU (OpenGL Utility Library), modeling
• GLUT (GL Utility Toolkit), window system
interface

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Graphics Functions
• Primitive functions
• Attribute functions
• Transformation functions
• Viewing functions
• Input functions
• Control functions

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Outline
1. A Graphics Pipeline
2. The OpenGL API
3. Primitives: vertices, lines, polygons
4. Attributes: color
5. Example: drawing a shaded triangle

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Primitives
• Specified via vertices
• General schema
glBegin(type);
glVertex*(...);
...
glVertex*(...);
glEnd();
• type determines interpretation of vertices

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Example: Square Outline
• Type GL_LINE_LOOP
glBegin(GL_LINE_LOOP);
glVertex2f(0.0, 0.0);
glVertex2f(1.0, 0.0);
glVertex2f(1.0, 1.0);
glVertex2f(0.0, 1.0);
glEnd();

• z coordinate defaults to 0
• Calls to other functions are allowed between
glBegin(type) and glEnd();

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Points and Line Segments

• Make sense in three dimensions

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Polygons
• Polygons enclose an area

• Rendering of area (fill) depends on attributes

• All vertices must be in one plane

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Polygon Restrictions
• OpenGL Polygons must be simple
• OpenGL Polygons must be convex
(a) simple, but not convex

convex

(b) non-simple
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Why Polygon Restrictions?
• Non-convex and non-simple polygons are
expensive to process and render
• Convexity and simplicity is expensive to test
• Behavior of OpenGL implementation on
disallowed polygons is “undefined”
• Some tools in GLU for decomposing complex
polygons (tessellation)
• Triangles are most efficient

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Polygon Strips
• Efficiency in space and time
• Reduces visual artefacts

• Polygons have a front and a back, possibly with

different attributes!

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Outline
1. A Graphics Pipeline
2. The OpenGL API
3. Primitives: vertices, lines, polygons
4. Attributes: color
5. Example: drawing a shaded triangle

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Attributes
• Part of the state of the graphics pipeline
• Set before primitives are drawn
• Remain in effect!
• Examples:
– Color, including transparency
– Reflection properties
– Shading properties

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Physics of Color
• Electromagnetic radiation
• Can see only tiny piece of the spectrum

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Color Filters
• Eye can perceive only 3 basic colors
• Computer screens designed accordingly

G R

Amplitude

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Color Spaces
• RGB (Red, Green, Blue)
– Convenient for display
– Can be unintuitive (3 floats in OpenGL)
• HSV (Hue, Saturation, Value)
– Hue: what color
– Saturation: how far away from gray
– Value: how bright
• Others for movies and printing

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RGB vs HSV
Apple Color Picker

B G V
G
R
R
B
G H
R B S
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Outline
1. A Graphics Pipeline
2. The OpenGL API
3. Primitives: vertices, lines, polygons
4. Attributes: color
5. Example: drawing a shaded triangle

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Example: Drawing a shaded polygon
• Initialization: the “main” function

int main(int argc, char** argv)

{
glutInit(&argc, argv);
glutInitDisplayMode (GLUT_SINGLE | GLUT_RGB);
glutInitWindowSize (500, 500);
glutInitWindowPosition (100, 100);
glutCreateWindow (argv[0]);
init ();
...

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GLUT Callbacks
• Window system independent interaction
• glutMainLoop processes events

...
glutDisplayFunc(display);
glutReshapeFunc(reshape);
glutKeyboardFunc (keyboard);
glutMainLoop();
return 0;
}

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Initializing Attributes
• Separate in “init” function

void init(void)
{
glClearColor (0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0);

/* glShadeModel (GL_FLAT); */
glShadeModel (GL_SMOOTH);
}

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The Display Callback
• Handles exposure events
• Install with glutDisplayFunc(display)

void display(void)
{
glClear (GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT); /* clear buffer */
triangle (); /* draw triangle */
glFlush (); /* force display */
}

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Drawing
• In world coordinates; remember state!

void triangle(void)
{
glBegin (GL_TRIANGLES);
glColor3f (1.0, 0.0, 0.0); /* red */
glVertex2f (5.0, 5.0);
glColor3f (0.0, 1.0, 0.0); /* green */
glVertex2f (25.0, 5.0);
glColor3f (0.0, 0.0, 1.0); /* blue */
glVertex2f (5.0, 25.0);
glEnd();
}
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The Image
• Color of last vertex with flat shading

glShadeModel(GL_FLAT) glShadeModel(GL_SMOOTH)

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Preview: Smooth Shading
• Approximating a sphere
Flat Shading Smooth Shading

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Projection
• Mapping world to screen coordinates
void reshape(int w, int h)
{
glViewport (0, 0, (GLsizei) w, (GLsizei) h);
glMatrixMode (GL_PROJECTION);
glLoadIdentity ();
if (w <= h)
gluOrtho2D (0.0, 30.0, 0.0, 30.0 * (GLfloat) h/(GLfloat) w);
else
gluOrtho2D (0.0, 30.0 * (GLfloat) w/(GLfloat) h, 0.0, 30.0);
glMatrixMode(GL_MODELVIEW);
}

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Viewport
• Determines clipping in window coordinates
• glViewPort(x, y, w, h)

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Orthographic Projection
• 2D and 3D versions
• glOrtho2D(left, right, bottom, top)
• In world coordinates!

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Summary
1. A Graphics Pipeline
2. The OpenGL API
3. Primitives: vertices, lines, polygons
4. Attributes: color
5. Example: drawing a shaded triangle

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Reminder
• Programming Assignment 1 out today
• Due in two weeks
• Compilation instructions on course page
together with assignment
• Carefully follow account setup instructions for
graphics lab (WeH 5336)

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