01 Basics of Thermodynamics
01 Basics of Thermodynamics
Basics of Thermodynamics
August 2007
Lumut Power
01 Basics of Thermodynamic Pg 1
Power Plant (Combined Cycle) Operating Principles - Basic
Time schedule
01 Basics of Thermodynamic Pg 2
Power Plant (Combined Cycle) Operating Principles - Basic
Molecules are in constant random motion frequently collide with each other and with
walls of contact surface. Internal energy is the total kinetic energy of moving
molecules and the potential energy of vibrating and electrical energy of molecules.
•Heating of liquid or vapor increases the internal kinetic energy and thereby
increases the internal energy.
•At Saturation phase of steam, when water is converted to vapor, the specific
volume increases. This causes high atomic motion and hence increase in
internal energy.
01 Basics of Thermodynamic Pg 3
Power Plant (Combined Cycle) Operating Principles - Basic
Thermodynamic system
Basic steady flow energy
equation
m1 (U + Pv +V2/2 + Zg)1 + Q = m2
(U+ Pv +V2/2 + Zg)2 + W
U = Internal energy
Pv = Pressure x Volume
(termed as “Flow work”)
V2/2 = Kinetic energy
Zg = Potential energy
W = Work done by the system
Q = Heat input to the system
U + Pv = Enthalpy (H)
Enthalpy is term formed by
combining the internal energy and
flow work together - Analysis of any
system boundary involves these two
forms of energy and hence this is
combined to produce a meaningful
term.
01 Basics of Thermodynamic Pg 4
Power Plant (Combined Cycle) Operating Principles - Basic
Q = h2 − h1
Q = C p ∆T
gZ1 − gZ 2 ≅ neglibile “Enthalpy Drop across the heat
exchanger contributes for the heat
V12 −V22 ≈ negligible transfer of the fluid in the heat
exchanger.”
W =0
01 Basics of Thermodynamic Pg 5
Power Plant (Combined Cycle) Operating Principles - Basic
W = h2 − h1
gZ1 − gZ 2 ≅ neglibile
“Enthalpy Drop across the Steam
V12 − V22 ≈ Negligible Turbine is the energy converted
into work”
Q=0
01 Basics of Thermodynamic Pg 6
Power Plant (Combined Cycle) Operating Principles - Basic
h2 = h1
gZ1 − gZ 2 ≅ neglibile
V12 − V22 ≈ Negligible
“Enthalpy at inlet of the pressure
Q=0 reducing valve is same as the at
outlet . No heat loss across the
W =0 pressure reducing valve”
01 Basics of Thermodynamic Pg 7
Power Plant (Combined Cycle) Operating Principles - Basic
Enthalpy
•Change in enthalpy of fluid can be expressed as Mass x Specific Heat Capacity (at
Const Pr.) x Temperature Diff for the constant pressure process.
•For air and combustion gas, the zero enthalpy is referred to 27 Deg C and 1.01325
Bar as per United States Boiler Industry.
01 Basics of Thermodynamic Pg 8
Power Plant (Combined Cycle) Operating Principles - Basic
Reversible Process
•Reversible thermodynamic process exist only in theory.
•Reversible thermodynamic process concept serve as a “limiting case” for the
heat flow and work flow in any process.
01 Basics of Thermodynamic Pg 9
Power Plant (Combined Cycle) Operating Principles - Basic
01 Basics of Thermodynamic Pg 10
Power Plant (Combined Cycle) Operating Principles - Basic
Enthalpy (Btu/lb)
Enthalpy (Btu/lb)
Entropy (Btu/lbF)
01 Basics of Thermodynamic Pg 11
Power Plant (Combined Cycle) Operating Principles - Basic
Interpolation of the steam parameter for dryness fraction “X” in the saturation phase:
Enthalpy (H) = Hf + X * (Hfg)
Entropy (S) =Sf + X * (Sfg)
Internal Energy (U) = Uf + X * (Ufg)
Volume (v) = vf + X * vfg
Interpolation of the steam parameter for the temperature “T” and Pressure “P” in the
Superheated Region when parameter at T1, P and T2, P are known:
Enthalpy (HP,T) = HP,T1 + (HP,T2 - HP,T1)/(T2- T1)
Entropy (SP,T) = SP,T1 + (SP,T2 - SP,T1)/(T2- T1)
Internal Energy (UP,T) = UP,T1 + (UP,T2 - UP,T1)/(T2- T1)
Volume (vP,T) = vP,T1 + (vP,T2 - vP,T1)/(T2- T1)
01 Basics of Thermodynamic Pg 12
Power Plant (Combined Cycle) Operating Principles - Basic
Isothermal
T1 heat addition All process are reversible process.
1 2
Entropy
•Isothermal heat addition of single phase fluid could not be achieved practically.
•Isentropic compression of two phase fluid would have problem in wet compression.
01 Basics of Thermodynamic Pg 13
Power Plant (Combined Cycle) Operating Principles - Basic
01 Basics of Thermodynamic Pg 14
Power Plant (Combined Cycle) Operating Principles - Basic
01 Basics of Thermodynamic Pg 15
Power Plant (Combined Cycle) Operating Principles - Basic
01 Basics of Thermodynamic Pg 16