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01 Basics of Thermodynamics

The document discusses basic principles of thermodynamics as they relate to power plant operations. It explains that the first law of thermodynamics describes how internal energy and work relate to heat input in a closed system. It also discusses properties of water and steam like internal energy, enthalpy, and entropy. The steam flow energy equation is presented and applied to processes like heat exchange, steam turbine work, and pressure reduction to understand how heat, work, and enthalpy change. Charts of steam properties like temperature-entropy and enthalpy-entropy are also included.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
73 views16 pages

01 Basics of Thermodynamics

The document discusses basic principles of thermodynamics as they relate to power plant operations. It explains that the first law of thermodynamics describes how internal energy and work relate to heat input in a closed system. It also discusses properties of water and steam like internal energy, enthalpy, and entropy. The steam flow energy equation is presented and applied to processes like heat exchange, steam turbine work, and pressure reduction to understand how heat, work, and enthalpy change. Charts of steam properties like temperature-entropy and enthalpy-entropy are also included.

Uploaded by

saifulbohari
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Power Plant (Combined Cycle) Operating Principles - Basic

Basics of Thermodynamics

August 2007
Lumut Power

01 Basics of Thermodynamic Pg 1
Power Plant (Combined Cycle) Operating Principles - Basic

Time schedule

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01 Basics of Thermodynamic Pg 2
Power Plant (Combined Cycle) Operating Principles - Basic

Water and Steam - Properties of steam


 First law of thermodynamics
 dU = dQ - dW
 In a closed system, entire heat input
can not be converted completely to
work.
 Defines property Internal Energy (U)
 Constant Volume Process dW = 0.
 Internal energy (U)
 Depends on
E = mv2/2
 Molecular mass
 Temperature
 Atomic motion
 High temperature means high internal
energy

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Molecules are in constant random motion frequently collide with each other and with
walls of contact surface. Internal energy is the total kinetic energy of moving
molecules and the potential energy of vibrating and electrical energy of molecules.

•Heating of liquid or vapor increases the internal kinetic energy and thereby
increases the internal energy.
•At Saturation phase of steam, when water is converted to vapor, the specific
volume increases. This causes high atomic motion and hence increase in
internal energy.

01 Basics of Thermodynamic Pg 3
Power Plant (Combined Cycle) Operating Principles - Basic

Thermodynamic system
 Basic steady flow energy
equation
 m1 (U + Pv +V2/2 + Zg)1 + Q = m2
(U+ Pv +V2/2 + Zg)2 + W
 U = Internal energy
 Pv = Pressure x Volume
(termed as “Flow work”)
 V2/2 = Kinetic energy
 Zg = Potential energy
 W = Work done by the system
 Q = Heat input to the system
 U + Pv = Enthalpy (H)
 Enthalpy is term formed by
combining the internal energy and
flow work together - Analysis of any
system boundary involves these two
forms of energy and hence this is
combined to produce a meaningful
term.

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Application Steam Flow Energy Equation


•Steam Boiler (Heat Exchanger)
•Work (w) = 0;
•∆Zg and ∆(V2/2) are very small compared to other components in the
equation and can be neglected;
•Q = H2 – H1
•Steam Turbine
•Heat Loss (Q) is small compared to other components and hence can
be neglected.
•∆Zg = 0 as in general the turbine is mounted in horizontal plane.
•∆(V2/2) is not significant for most of the turbine stages.
•W = H2 – H1

01 Basics of Thermodynamic Pg 4
Power Plant (Combined Cycle) Operating Principles - Basic

Application of steady flow energy equation


Heat Exchanger
m1 * (U + Pv +V2/2 + Zg) + Q = m2 * (U+ Pv +V2/2 + Zg) + W

Q = h2 − h1
Q = C p ∆T
gZ1 − gZ 2 ≅ neglibile “Enthalpy Drop across the heat
exchanger contributes for the heat
V12 −V22 ≈ negligible transfer of the fluid in the heat
exchanger.”
W =0

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01 Basics of Thermodynamic Pg 5
Power Plant (Combined Cycle) Operating Principles - Basic

Application of steady flow energy equation


Steam Turbine
m1 * (U + Pv +V2/2 + Zg) + Q = m2 * (U+ Pv +V2/2 + Zg)+ W

W = h2 − h1
gZ1 − gZ 2 ≅ neglibile
“Enthalpy Drop across the Steam
V12 − V22 ≈ Negligible Turbine is the energy converted
into work”
Q=0

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01 Basics of Thermodynamic Pg 6
Power Plant (Combined Cycle) Operating Principles - Basic

Application of steady flow energy equation


Pressure Reducing Process / Throttling
m1 * (U + Pv +V2/2 + Zg) + Q = m2 * (U+ Pv +V2/2 + Zg) + W

h2 = h1
gZ1 − gZ 2 ≅ neglibile
V12 − V22 ≈ Negligible
“Enthalpy at inlet of the pressure
Q=0 reducing valve is same as the at
outlet . No heat loss across the
W =0 pressure reducing valve”

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01 Basics of Thermodynamic Pg 7
Power Plant (Combined Cycle) Operating Principles - Basic

Water and Steam - Properties of steam


 A system with negligible change in kinetic energy and
potential energy and for closed system,
 U2 + W= Q + U1  Simplified first law of thermodynamics
 U = Internal energy
2
 W = Work done by the system ∫1 Pdv
 Q = Heat input to the system
 Heat Input = Mass x Specific heat x Temperature
 For Constant Pressure Process,
 W = P (V2 – V1)
 Q = m Cp (T2 – T1) = (U2 + PV2)– (U1 + PV1) = H2 – H1
 For Constant Volume Process,
 W =0
 Q = m Cv (T2 – T1) = (U2)– (U1)

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Enthalpy
•Change in enthalpy of fluid can be expressed as Mass x Specific Heat Capacity (at
Const Pr.) x Temperature Diff for the constant pressure process.
•For air and combustion gas, the zero enthalpy is referred to 27 Deg C and 1.01325
Bar as per United States Boiler Industry.

01 Basics of Thermodynamic Pg 8
Power Plant (Combined Cycle) Operating Principles - Basic

Water and Steam - Properties of steam


 Entropy (S)
2
Qrev
∆S = ∫
1
T

 Defines the irreversibility of the process


 Measure of disorderliness of the system
 Defines a practical boundary of possible work and heat transfer in a process
 Change in entropy (system and surrounding) of the irreversible process is always
positive
 Reduction in entropy in a process is impossible
 S2 – S1 = Cv ln (T2/T1) + R ln (V2/V1)
= Cp ln (T2/T1) + R ln (P2/P1)

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Reversible Process
•Reversible thermodynamic process exist only in theory.
•Reversible thermodynamic process concept serve as a “limiting case” for the
heat flow and work flow in any process.

01 Basics of Thermodynamic Pg 9
Power Plant (Combined Cycle) Operating Principles - Basic

Steam table (T-S chart)

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01 Basics of Thermodynamic Pg 10
Power Plant (Combined Cycle) Operating Principles - Basic

Steam Table (Mollier chart)


Entropy (Btu/lbF)

Enthalpy (Btu/lb)
Enthalpy (Btu/lb)

Entropy (Btu/lbF)

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01 Basics of Thermodynamic Pg 11
Power Plant (Combined Cycle) Operating Principles - Basic

Sample Steam table


Properties of Superheated Steam (Pressure)

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Interpolation of the steam parameter for dryness fraction “X” in the saturation phase:
Enthalpy (H) = Hf + X * (Hfg)
Entropy (S) =Sf + X * (Sfg)
Internal Energy (U) = Uf + X * (Ufg)
Volume (v) = vf + X * vfg

Interpolation of the steam parameter for the temperature “T” and Pressure “P” in the
Superheated Region when parameter at T1, P and T2, P are known:
Enthalpy (HP,T) = HP,T1 + (HP,T2 - HP,T1)/(T2- T1)
Entropy (SP,T) = SP,T1 + (SP,T2 - SP,T1)/(T2- T1)
Internal Energy (UP,T) = UP,T1 + (UP,T2 - UP,T1)/(T2- T1)
Volume (vP,T) = vP,T1 + (vP,T2 - vP,T1)/(T2- T1)

01 Basics of Thermodynamic Pg 12
Power Plant (Combined Cycle) Operating Principles - Basic

Thermodynamic cycle - Carnot Cycle

 Practically impossible to construct a


engine that works on Carnot cycle.
Temperature

Isothermal
T1 heat addition  All process are reversible process.
1 2

 Defines the maximum possible


Isentropic Isentropic efficiency of engine that operates between
Compression Expansion
the same source and sink temperature.
T2  ήcarnot = (T1 – T2 )/ T1
4 3
Isothermal
heat rejection

Entropy

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•Isothermal heat addition of single phase fluid could not be achieved practically.
•Isentropic compression of two phase fluid would have problem in wet compression.

01 Basics of Thermodynamic Pg 13
Power Plant (Combined Cycle) Operating Principles - Basic

Thermodynamic cycle - Brayton Cycle

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01 Basics of Thermodynamic Pg 14
Power Plant (Combined Cycle) Operating Principles - Basic

Thermodynamic cycle - Rankine Cycle


Process:
• b – c : Heat input
• c – d : Expansion work
• d – a : Condensing (heat
rejection)
• a – b : Pump Work

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•Simple ranking cycle is a fully condensing cycle.


•Cycle efficiency is lower with higher heat rejection in the condenser. Condenser
loss is a major loss in the Rankine cycle.
•Higher temperature and pressure at turbine inlet enable more power generation for
the same heat input and improves cycle efficiency.
•Lower the condenser pressure higher the power generation.
•Closed cycle can have better vacuum than the open cycle condenser vacuum.
•Source temperature (T1) in the above cycle is the mean temperature of the process
b-a and the Sink temperature (T2) is the mean temperature of the process d-a.
•Maximum achievable efficiency η = (T1-T2)/T1

01 Basics of Thermodynamic Pg 15
Power Plant (Combined Cycle) Operating Principles - Basic

Thermodynamic cycle - Combined Cycle

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01 Basics of Thermodynamic Pg 16

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