Guidance Notes For The Classification of Special Service Craft Calculation Procedur

Guidance Notes
for the
Classification of
Special Service Craft
Calculation Procedures for

Composite Construction
July 2013
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GUIDANCE NOTES FOR THE CLASSIFICATION OF SPECIAL SERVICE CRAFT, July 2013
Chapter Contents Procedures Manual
CALCULATION PROCEDURES FOR COMPOSITE CONSTRUCTION
Introduction
Chapter 1 Design Procedures
2 Design of Single Skin Hull Laminates
3 Design of Sandwich Panel Laminates
4 Design of Stiffening Members
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LLOYD’S REGISTER 1
Contents Procedures Manual
INTRODUCTION
Application of procedures
Alternative procedures
Symbols and definitions
CHAPTER 1 DESIGN PROCEDURES
Section 1 General
2 Structural analysis
3 Fibre composites
4 Fibre reinforced composite construction
5 Direct calculations
CHAPTER 2 DESIGN OF SINGLE SKIN HULL LAMINATES
Section 1 Calculation procedure
2 Concluding remarks
CHAPTER 3 DESIGN OF SANDWICH PANEL LAMINATES
2 Deflection of sandwich panel
3 Bending moment applied
4 Stresses in facings
CHAPTER 4 DESIGN OF STIFFENING MEMBERS
2 Bending moment at fixed end of stiffener
3 Web thickness to meet shear requirement
4 Calculation of deflection
Introduction
Section
Application of procedures
Alternative procedures
Symbols and definitions
■ Application of procedures
To clarify the procedures contained in the Rules and
Regulations for the Classification of Special Service Craft
(hereinafter referred to as the Rules for Special Service Craft)
a series of typical calculation procedures are contained in
these ‘Guidance Notes’. The procedures describe the funda-
mental principles contained in Part 8 of the Rules for Special
Service Craft and the associated computer software.
The procedures contained in these Guidance Notes are for:

(a) Design of single skin hull laminates.
(b) Design of sandwich panel laminates.
(c) Design of typical stiffening members.
■ Alternative procedures
The procedures describe the Rule method of calculating the
various stresses in laminates. Where alternative theoretical
methods are to be adopted they are to be in addition to the
Rule calculation procedures and the designer is to submit full
details of their assumptions and calculation procedures such
that the submitted calculations may be validated.
■ Symbols and definitions

All symbols and definitions are as indicated in Pt 8, Ch 3 of
the Rules for Special Service Craft.
Design Procedures Chapter 1

Sections 1 to 4
Section ■ Section 3
1 General
Fibre composites
3.1 Part 8 of the Rules for Special Service Crafts apply
2 Structural analysis
to craft constructed of fibre reinforced plastics using hand lay-
up, mechanical deposition, contact moulding techniques or
3 Fibre composites
vacuum assisted techniques. Construction may be either
single-skin or sandwich construction, or a combination of
4 Fibre reinforced composite construction
both. Where moulding techniques and methods of construc-
tion differing from those assumed to be used within the Rules
5 Direct calculation
for Special Service Craft are proposed, details are required to
be submitted for consideration.
3.2 For the purposes of the Rules for Special Service

Craft a ‘plastic’ is regarded as an organic substance which
■ Section 1
may be thermosetting or thermoplastic and which, in its
General finished state, may contain reinforcements or additives. The
quantities of such additives are strictly limited by the Rules for
1.1 This Section outlines the Rule approach to the Special Service Craft.
design of structural members to be built in FRP and provides
example calculations. 3.3 The resins used in production are to be of a type
which have been approved by Lloyd’s Register (hereinafter
1.2 The procedures contained in these Guidance Notes referred to as LR) for marine construction purposes. Samples
are for: of the resin batches being used in the construction may
(a) Design of single skin hull laminates. require to be taken for limited quality control examinations.
(b) Design of sandwich panel laminates.
(c) Design of typical stiffening members. 3.4 All fibre reinforcements are to be of a type approved
by LR. The other materials used in the construction of the
craft are also to be manufactured and tested in accordance
with the requirements of the Rules for the Manufacture,
Testing and Certification of Materials (hereinafter referred to
■ Section 2 as the Rules for Materials), of the Rules for Special Service
Structural analysis Craft, with particular reference to Chapter 14 for plastics
materials.
2.1 The Rules for Special Service Craft provide scant-
ling requirements for a basic structural configuration for both
mono and multi-hull craft with multi-deck or single deck hulls
which include a double bottom, or a single bottom arrange-
ment. The structural configuration may also include a single ■ Section 4
or multiple arrangement of cargo hatch openings. The Rules Fibre reinforced composite
for Special Service Craft provide for both longitudinal and
transverse framing systems. Alternative types of framing
construction
systems will be specially considered on the basis of the Rules
4.1 The properties of composite sections and laminates
for Special Service Craft.
are to be determined from the results of test data. The
mechanical properties to be used for scantling calculation
2.2 Every effort has been taken to make the Rules for
purposes are to be 90 per cent of the mean first ply/resin
Special Service Craft scantling formulae as transparent as
cracking failure values determined from accepted
possible, and to achieve this objective the following approach
mechanical tests. All test pieces are to be representative of
has been adopted:
the product to be manufactured. This is particularly important
• lay down requirements, since the material of construction is ‘manufactured’ on site,
• specify modelling considerations, at the same time as the product.
• indicate limit states,
• state constraints in an explicit manner. 4.2 The mechanical properties of the materials are also
to be estimated from the appropriate procedures and formu-
2.3 This approach will enable the designers and
lae contained within the Rules for Special Service Craft. The
Builders to decide for themselves the suitability of the Rules
acceptable design values for glass reinforced polyester resin
for Special Service Craft for their project. Further and perhaps
laminates are not to be greater than those contained with the
more importantly changes may be easily made to the require-
Rules for Special Service Craft unless agreed otherwise by
ments based upon experience gained, discussions with
LR. Additional information on the application of the various
interested parties and as development progresses. This is
formulae is given in these Guidance Notes.
similar to the current Rule development process which is
continually updating and ‘tailoring’ Rule requirements.
Design Procedures Chapter 1

Sections 4 & 5
4.3 The various formulae referred to above require that 5.4 Where items are of a novel or unconventional
sufficient input data be available which relates to each of the design or manufacture, it is the responsibility of the Builder
proposed materials. Where it is proposed to use design values and/or designer to demonstrate their suitability and equiva-
greater than the nominal value indicated in the Rules for lence to the Rule requirements. Alternative arrangements,
Special Service Craft the designers and/or Builders should which are in accordance with the requirements of a National
agree the values for use in the scantling analysis with LR at Authority, may be accepted as equivalent to the requirements
the design stage and prior to the submission of plans and of the Rules for Special Service Craft.
data for appraisal.
5.5 These Guidance Notes are published to enable
4.4 Strength calculations for all advanced fibre designers/Builders to carry out the Rule calculations
composites are to be based on the Rules values and the without using the Rules for Special Service Craft software.
results of testing of truly representative sections of the
proposed design. The sections are to be manufactured under
typical production conditions using the same materials, fibre
contents, methods of lay-up and time delays. Mechanical
testing is, in general, to be based upon the requirements
specified in Chapter 14 of the Rules for Materials.
4.5 A through ply analysis is required to be conducted

for both plate and stiffener elements and the resultant stresses
compared with the allowable stress limits for the particular
element. Example procedures are described in these
Guidance Notes.
■ Section 5
Direct calculations
5.1 Direct calculations may be specifically required by
the Rules for Special Service Craft. They may be required for
craft having novel design features, or may be submitted in
support of alternative arrangements and scantlings. LR may,
when requested, undertake calculations on behalf of design-
ers or Builders and make recommendations with regard to the
suitability of any required model tests. Where model testing is
undertaken to complement direct calculations details would
normally be required to be submitted indicating the schedule
of tests, details of test equipment, input data, analysis and
calibration procedures together with tabulated and plotted
output.
5.2 All direct calculations are to be submitted for

examination. Where calculation procedures other than those
available within the Rules for Special Service Craft are
employed, supporting documentation is to be submitted for
appraisal and this is to include details of the following:
• calculation methods,
• assumptions and references,
• loading data,
• structural modelling,
• design criteria.
5.3 LR will consider the use of Builder’s and/or
designer’s programs for direct calculations in the
following cases:
• where it can be established that the program has previ-
ously been satisfactorily used to perform a direct
calculation similar to that now submitted,
• where sufficient information and evidence of
satisfactory performance is submitted to substantiate the
validity of the computation performed by the program.
2 LLOYD’S REGISTER
Design of Single Skin Hull Laminates Chapter 2

Section 1
Section 1.3 In this example the maximum bending moment is

determined from Pt 8, Ch 3,1.9 of the Rules for Special
1 Calculation procedure Service Craft and occurs under the web at the base of the
stiffener. It should be noted that no reduction in the bending
2 Concluding remarks moment, M b, due to aspect ratio effect is given since the
panel aspect ratio, i.e. panel length/panel breadth is greater
than 2. See Pt 8, Ch 3,1.10.1 of the Rules for Special Service
Craft.
γ
bw 150
■ Section 1 =
b
= = 0,3
500
Calculation procedure
γ3 + 1
γ+1
1.1 The stress in individual plies of a laminate is k = = 0,79
calculated in accordance with Pt 8, Ch 3,1.12 of the Rules for
Special Service Craft, based on bending moment (see 1.9) k p b2
and the laminate stiffness of a 1 cm wide elemental strip of Mb = x 10–5 Nm
12
material.
0,79
1.2 Considering the model shown in Figs. 2.1.1 and = x 33 x 5002 x 10–5
12
2.1.2 of a typical single skin hull laminate. Assume a pressure
of 33 kN/m2 and that there is no significant panel curvature. = 5,43 Nm.
1.4 The laminate section modulus calculation is shown

in Table 2.1.1 at the end of this Section. From Fig. 2.1.3 it will
be noted that there will be positions where tension and
compression considerations will apply. Such calculations are
1 cm strip
ideally suited to computer based investigation.
C T C T C
T C T C T
Pressure = 33 kN/m2
2000 mm 4390/219
Fig. 2.1.3
Regions of tension (T) and compression (C)
in example model
1.5 In order to apply a more detailed investigation it is

necessary to establish the position of the neutral axis.
However, in relatively balanced laminates this may be
assumed to be at mid-depth. The procedure is simply to carry
b = 500 mm 4390/220
out the calculations assuming compressive properties on one
face and tensile properties on the other face. Subsequently,
Fig. 2.1.1 Single skin example model the properties should be reversed and the layer stress calcu-
lations repeated. The calculated values should then be
compared with the appropriate ultimate properties, i.e.,
dependent upon whether tension or compression considera-
tions apply.
1.6 In the example the moments were evaluated about

the base, which was taken to be the outer (wet) surface. The
stiffness, EI, per 1 cm width, about the neutral axis, is deter-
mined using the parallel axis theorem:
In general:
EIsect = Σ EIbase – (Σ Et) x 10 x y2

bw = 150 mm 4390/220a Ina = Ixx – Ay2
Fig. 2.1.2 ‘Top-hat’ stiffener used in model where

y = distance of neutral axis above the base (mm).
2
Table 2.1.1 Tabulation of single skin laminate calculations
Ply No. Description Gc Weight t Lever @ E E.t E.t.x I@ EI @

(g/m2) (mm) base, x (mm) (N/mm2) base base
Dry, see Note 1 CSM 0,33 600 1,250 10,149 7200 9000 91341 1289,2 9281917
2 CSM 0,33 600 1,250 8,899 7200 9000 80091 991,5 7139017
3 CSM 0,33 600 1,250 7,649 7200 9000 68841 733,0 5277367
4 CSM 0,33 600 1,250 6,399 7200 9000 57591 513,5 3696967
5 WR 0,5 600 0,734 5,407 14000 10276 55562 214,9 3008869
6 CSM 0,33 600 1,250 4,415 6950 8688 38355 245,3 1704699
7 CSM 0,33 600 1,250 3,165 6950 8688 27496 126,8 881558
8 WR 0,5 600 0,734 2,173 14500 10643 23127 35,0 507333
9 CSM 0,33 600 1,250 1,181 6950 8688 10260 19,1 132482
Wet (see Note) 10 CSM 0,286 225 0,556 0,278 6290 3497 972 0,6 3604
TOTALS 10,774 86479 453637 31633812

Design of Single Skin Hull Laminates
NOTE
‘Dry’ indicates the inner surface of the hull and ‘wet’ the outside of the shell laminate.
Position of neutral axis above base = 453637 = 5,246 mm

86479
Tensile modulus of section = 86479 = 8027 N/mm2

10,774
Stiffness EI about neutral axis = 783,8 N cm4/mm2 (based on 1 cm wide strip)
LLOYD’S REGISTER
Section 1
Chapter 2

Sections 1 & 2
1.7 A factor of 10 (width in mm) is introduced to correct 1.13 Consider the inner (dry) surface:
the value of area used in the parallel axis theorem, since a 1 cm The 600 g/m 2 chopped strand mat reinforcements at the
wide strip of material is considered in the calculations. inner surface in compression:
From the tabulation: σci = 693 x 10–6 x Ei yi
EIsect = 31633812 – (86479 x 10 x 5,2462) = 693 x 10–6 x 7200 x (10,774–5,246)
σult comp
= 7837614 Nmm4/mm2 = 27,6 N/mm2
= 783,8 Ncm4/mm2. = 122 N/mm2 for CSM at Gc = 0,33
Stress fraction = 27,6/122 = 0,226
1.8 From Pt 8, Ch 3,1.12 of the Rules for Special Hence acceptable.
Service Craft the individual layer stresses (tensile considera-
tion) are determined from:
σti
Eti yi M
Σ (Ei Ii)
= x 10–1 N/mm2
■ Section 2
1.9 More generally, the calculation of the stresses in Concluding remarks
individual layers becomes:
2.1 From the example, the highest stress factor occurs
σti
5,43 in the outer 225 g/m2 chopped strand mat reinforcement (in
= x Ei yi x 10–1 N/mm2
783,8 tension) but this is significantly lower than the limiting stress
= 693 x 10–6 x Ei yi N/mm2 fraction required by the Rules. The bending moment at the
centre of the panel is smaller than that at the boundary and
where consequently, the stress factor will be correspondingly
Ei = Eti or Eci for the ply relative to its position above or reduced. The design may be optimised by sequentially remov-
below the neutral axis ing plies, changing reinforcement weights and/or by providing
yi = distance from the neutral axis to the outer extrem- receiving strips under the base of the ‘top-hat’ stiffeners.
ity of an individual ply, i, in mm.
2.2 For the design of side shell laminates there are no
1.10 Consider the following typical arrangement and the shear and deflection criteria to be fulfilled. In this example a
associated stresses for a single shell panel outside of the significant reserve exists between the actual and the
slamming zone: ultimate stresses.
Consider the outer (wet) surface:
Consider the 225g/m2 chopped strand mat reinforcement in 2.3 It is of paramount importance that the strain
tension: compatibility of the component materials is carefully consid-
σti
ered.
= 693 x 10–6 x Ei yi
Consider typical values of apparent strain, εa, at
= 693 x 10–6 x 6290 x 5,246
2.4
= 22,9 N/mm2.
failure for the following materials in laminate form:
From Pt 8, Ch 3, Table 3.1.1 of the Rules for Special Service Tension Compression
σult tension = 82,2 N/mm2 for CSM at Gc =0,286

Craft. ‘E’ glass 1,3% 1,05%
Carbon fibre 0,9% 0,55%
Hence, stress fraction = 22,9/82,2 = 0,278. Aramid fibre 1,3% 0,60%
1.11 From Table 7.3.1 in Pt 8, Ch 7 of the Rules for 2.5 The actual strain permissible is controlled by the
Special Service Craft, the limiting tensile stress fraction is 0,33 material with the lowest apparent strain. The level of strain
for the side shell outside of the slamming zone. Hence, the depends upon whether the reinforcements are in tension or
calculated stress fraction is lower than the limiting stress compression and depends on their relative positions within
factor and is therefore acceptable. the laminate. Consequently if, for example, a carbon fibre rein-
forcement is used in the outer plies of laminate then the strain
1.12 Similarly, consider the 600g/m2 woven roving rein- must be constrained to a maximum of 0,33 x 0,9 per cent,
forcement in tension: i.e., 0,297 per cent. Therefore, the corresponding allowable
σti = 693 x 10–6 x Ei yi stress in the other reinforcements must be related to the strain
= 693 x 10–6 x 14500 x (5,246–0,556–1,25) in the reinforcement relative to its position away from the
neutral axis and that of the carbon fibre reinforcement, e.g.:
σult tension εallowable carbon x yCSM
= 34,6 N/mm2
εlimitCSM =
= 190 N/mm2 for woven roving at Gc = 0,5
Stress fraction = 34,6/190 = 0,182 ycarbon
Hence acceptable.

Section 2
2.6 Where aramid reinforcements are being used,

special consideration must be given to the compressive prop-
erties. For comparison purposes aramid reinforcements, at a
fibre content of 0,45 (by weight), typically have the following
properties:
Tension Compression
Ultimate strength (N/mm2) 300 100
Elastic modulus (N/mm2) 21000 17000
2.7 The radical reduction in ultimate compressive strength

may prove to be unacceptable on the inside at the panel
boundaries or on the outside at the panel centre. Designs
which feature aramid fibres in the outer plies, in an attempt to
make use of the superior impact properties, must be checked
at the panel centre for compression in the individual layers.
This also applies to hybrid reinforcements containing aramid
fibres. These reinforcements have one off properties of higher
than one of the constituent fibres however, in service the indi-
vidual allowable strains for each fibre reinforcement should not
be exceeded.
Design of Sandwich Panel Laminates Chapter 3

Section 1
Section 1.3 From Pt 8, Ch 3,1.13.9 of the Rules for Special

Service Craft the maximum core shear at the mid-point along
1 Calculation procedure the edge of the sandwich panel is given by:
τc
p b kS
2 Deflection of sandwich panel = x 10–3 N/mm2
2tc
3 Bending moment applied 50 x 700 x 1
= x 10–3
2 x 20
4 Stresses in facings
= 0,875 N/mm2
1.4 The panel aspect ratio correction factor is given in

Pt 8, Ch 3,1.13.9 of the Rules for Special Service Craft.
■ Section 1 AR = 2000/700 = 2,86, hence kS = 1.
No correction factor applied since AR > 2.
Calculation procedure
1.5 To achieve an allowable shear stress fraction of
1.1 Consider the model of a side shell sandwich panel
0,30, see Pt 8, Ch 7,3.5 of the Rules for Special Service Craft,
having dimensions 700 mm x 2000 mm shown in Fig. 3.1.1.
this design would require the selection of 200 kg/m3 foam
Assume a design pressure of 50 kN/m2 and a panel of negli-
core. Clearly being unacceptable the conclusion is to adopt
gible curvature.
a 50 mm thick core to reduce the core shear stress. The
stress varies inversely with core thickness:
τ50 = τ20 x
20
= 0,35 N/mm2.
50
1.6 To achieve the required allowable shear stress

fraction the foam core must have a core shear strength of
Pressure = 50 kN/m2 700 mm 0,35/0,30 = 1,17 N/mm 2 . This may be achieved using a
100 kg/m3 foam core using 90 per cent of the manufacturer’s
quoted value.
2000 mm 1.7 However, there are numerous solutions to achieve

an acceptable arrangement. The options include:
4390/218 (a) Repositioning the stiffeners to reduce panel sizes.
(b) Inclusion of shear ties in accordance with Pt 8,
Ch 3,1.13.10 of the Rules for Special Service Craft.
(c) Accept the higher density core solution.
Fig. 3.1.1 Sandwich panel laminate example model
1.8 From Pt 8, Ch 3,1.13.3 of the Rules for Special
Service Craft the skin thicknesses may be re-calculated
allowing for the change in core thickness:
tS = φ2
1.2 The panel is to be designed in accordance with the
p b3
requirements of Pt 8, Ch 3 of the Rules for Special Service x 10–3 mm
Craft. Firstly it is necessary to estimate the core thickness Etps tc2
using Pt 8, Ch 3,1.13.2 of the Rules for Special Service Craft 50 3
assuming a nominal value of tensile modulus of 11000 N/mm2 tinner = 0,446 x x 700 x 10–3 = 0,28 mm
11000 502
for sandwich panel facings:
50 7003
= φ ks b
3 p touter = 0,594 x x x 10–3 = 0,37 mm
ts mm 11000 502
EtpS
Clearly, the increase in core thickness gives a substantial
3 50 increase in panel stiffness. Consequently the skin thicknesses
= 0,144 x 700 x default to the minimum requirement quoted in Pt 8, Ch 3,3.5.5
11000
of the Rules for Special Service Craft. The minimum side shell
= 16,7 mm sandwich skin thicknesses are:
Outer 4 mm
Hence, select 20 mm core as a typically available size.
Inner 3 mm.

Section 1
1.9 The minimum skin thicknesses relate to an

assumed fibre content, fc, of 0,5. Where the fibre content by
weight is less than 0,5 the required minimum thickness are to
be determined from Pt 8, Ch 3,2.4.2 of the Rules for Special
Service Craft.
1.10 In order to comply with the Rules for Special

Service Craft, chopped strand mat reinforcements are
required against the core. The initial proposal to meet the
requirement, features such CSM reinforcements together with
a CSM against the gel coat surface.
1.11 The proposed sandwich skin laminate schedule for

the outer skin is:
1 x 450 g/m2 CSM @ Gc = 0,286 = 1,112 mm
3 x 600 g/m2 WR @ Gc = 0,5 = 2,202 mm
1 x 300 g/m2 CSM @ Gc = 0,33 = 0,625 mm
Total outer skin thickness = 3,94 mm
Total reinforcement weight = 2550 g/m2
1.12 By transforming the relationship given in Pt 8,

Ch 3,1.6.1 of the Rules for Special Service Craft the equiva-
lent fibre content by weight, fc, is 0,42.
The adjusted minimum skin thickness for the outer skin is:
touter = t0,5 (1,65 – 1,3fc)
= 4 x (1,65 – 1,3 x 0,42)
touter = 4,42 mm.
1.13 The proposed outer skin is deficient by 4,42 – 3,94

= 0,48 mm. Hence one additional woven roving reinforcement
may be added to achieve the minimum requirement. The
actual thickness of outer skin is 4,67 mm.
1.14 The proposed sandwich skin laminate schedule for

the inner skin is:
1 x 300 g/m2 CSM @ Gc = 0,33 = 0,625 mm
4 x 600 g/m2 WR @ Gc = 0,5 = 2,936 mm
Total inner skin thickness = 3,56 mm
Total reinforcement weight = 2700 g/m2
The equivalent overall fibre content of the inner skin is 0,473.
The adjusted minimum skin thickness for the inner skin is:
tinner = t0,5 (1,65 – 1,3fc)
= 3 x (1,65 – 1,3 x 0,473)
tinner = 3,1 mm.
1.15 The proposed arrangement which meets both core

shear and minimum sandwich skin requirements is given in
Table 3.1.1.
Table 3.1.1 Tabulation of sandwich panel calculations
Weight t Lever @ E I@ EI @
Ref No. Description Gc (g/m2) (mm) base, x (mm) (N/mm2) E.t E.t.x base base
LLOYD’S REGISTER
Inner skin 1 WR 0,5 600 0,734 57,87 14000 10276 594641 24579 344105690
2 WR 0,5 600 0,734 57,13 14000 10276 587099 23959 335431718
3 WR 0,5 600 0,734 56,40 14000 10276 579556 23348 326868472
4 WR 0,5 600 0,734 55,67 14000 10276 572014 22744 318415951
5 CSM 0,33 300 0,625 54,99 7200 4500 247435 18896 136054699
Core 6 100 kg/m3 – – 50,000 29,67 83,7 4185 124182 544410 45567128
7 CSM 0,33 300 0,625 4,36 6950 4344 18941 119 827333
8 WR 0,5 600 0,734 3,68 14500 10643 39177 100 1446879
9 WR 0,5 600 0,734 2,95 14500 10643 31365 64 929103
10 WR 0,5 600 0,734 2,21 14500 10643 23553 36 526005
Outer skin 11 WR 0,5 600 0,734 1,48 14500 10643 15741 16 237588
12 CSM 0,286 450 1,112 0,56 6290 6994 3889 5 28830

Design of Sandwich Panel Laminates
TOTALS 58,23 103699 2837592 1510439396
Inner skin in compression/outer skin in tension.

Position of neutral axis above base = 2837592 = 27,36 mm

103699
103699 – 4185 99514

Tensile modulus of elasticity of section = = = 12086 N/mm2
58,234 – 50 8,234
Stiffness EI about neutral axis = 73397 N cm4/mm2 per 1 cm wide strip
3
Section 1
Chapter 3

Section 2
■ Section 2
Deflection of sandwich panel
2.1 Consider the revised model shown in Fig. 3.2.1:
Ems = 12086 N/mm2 from Table 3.1.1
b = breadth in direction of bending = 700 mm
G = shear modulus for 100 kg/m3 core
= 36 N/mm2 being 90 per cent of the
manufacturer’s quoted value
ts = mean skin thickness
(3,56 + 4,67)/2 = 4,11 mm
(1 – vf2) = unity (approximately)
Calculation of deflection in accordance with Pt 8, Ch 3,1.13.15
of the Rules for Special Service Craft
δ
p b2 b2 1
=
8tc ( 24Ems ts tc
+
G ) x 10–3 mm
=
50 x 7002
8 x 50 ( 7002
24 x 12086 x 4,11 x 50
+
1
36 ) x
10–3 mm
= 61,25 x (0,00822 + 0,0278)
= 2,2 mm total deflection.
2.2 The total deflection comprises 23 per cent due to

bending and 77 per cent due to shear.
The deflection criterion is given in Table 7.2.1 in Pt 8, Ch 7 of
the Rules for Special Service Craft.
δRULE <
b b
where = 7 mm
100 100
Hence the 2,2 mm total deflection is acceptable.
2000 mm
700 mm
3,56 mm
50 mm
4,67 mm
4390/217
Pressure = 50 kN/m2
Fig. 3.2.1 Sandwich panel example model

Sections 3 & 4
■ Section 3
2000 mm
Bending moment applied
3.1 The bending moment to be applied at 1 cm width
of the sandwich panel is given by Pt 8, Ch 3,1.9 of the Rules
for Special Service Craft. In this example it is evident that the
700 mm
maximum bending moment and hence maximum stress
occurs under the base of the stiffener. Due to the high aspect
ratio no correction factor needs to be applied to modify the
applied bending moment.
γ
bw 150
= = = 0,2143
b 700 T
γ3 + 1 C C C
γ+1
k = = 0,8316
T T
k p b2
Mb = x 10–5 Nm
12 4390/214
0,8316
= x 50 x 7002 x 10–5 Fig. 3.4.1
12
Regions of tension (T) and compression (C)
= 17 Nm. in example model
4.4 From Pt 8, Ch 3,1.13.7 of the Rules for Special

■ Section 4 Service Craft the individual layer stresses are determined
from:
Stresses in facings
σti =
Eti yi M
Σ (Ei Ii)
x 10–1 N/mm2
4.1 Consider the revised model, see Fig 3.4.2, with
50 mm thick and 100 kg/m3 density core having the proposed The calculation of the tensile stress in the individual layers
side shell sandwich skins which comply with the Rules for becomes:
σti =
Special Service Craft minimum requirements. As indicated in 17,0
x Eti yi x 10–1 N/mm2
Fig. 3.4.1 there will be positions where tension and compres- 73,4 x 103
σti = 23,2 x 10–6 x Ei yi N/mm2
sion considerations will apply. The relevant elastic modulus has
been applied to the element dependent upon its relative posi-
where
tion in the sandwich. The proposed schedule together with the
Ei = modulus of elasticity of layer (N/mm2)
tabular calculations are given in Table 3.1.1. Such calculations
yi = distance of layer from the neutral axis (mm).
are ideally suited to computer based investigation.
4.2 The stiffness, EI, per 1 cm width is determined using

4.5 Consider the model as shown in Fig. 3.4.1.
the parallel axis theorem:
In general,
4.5.1 Consider wet surface in tension at the panel
= Σ EIbase – (Σ Et) x 10 x y2
Ina = Ixx – Ay2 boundary:
EIsect (a) Consider the CSM reinforcement in the outer ply
σCSMult = 82,2 N/mm2

where (450 g/m2 and Gc = 0,286)
y = distance of neutral axis above base (mm).
Et = 6290 N/mm2
σCSM = 23,2 x 10–6 Et yi N/mm2

4.3 It should be noted that the factor 10 (width in mm) is yi = 27,36 mm
introduced to correct the value of area used in the parallel axis
theorem, since a 1 cm wide strip of material is considered in = 23,2 x 10–6 x 6290 x 27,36 N/mm2
the calculations. = 3,99 N/mm2
Stress factor = 3,99/82,2 = 0,05 < 0,33 hence accept.
From the tabulated calculations the overall stiffness of the
section is calculated:
EIsect = 1510439396 – (103699 x 10 x 27,362)
= 1510439396 – 776259189 Nmm4/mm2
= 734200000 Nmm4/mm2
= 73,4 x 103 Ncm4/mm2.

Section 4
Inner 600 WR
3,56 mm
skin
300 CSM
30,87 mm
27,31 mm
58,23 mm
Core 100 kg/m3
50 mm
22,69 mm
27,36 mm
300 CSM
Outer
skin 600 WR 4,67 mm
450 CSM
4390/216
Fig. 3.4.2 Sandwich skin laminate details
(b) Consider the WR reinforcement in the in outer plies 4.7 As indicated in Chapter 2, Sections 2.4 to 2.7 of
(600 g/m2 and Gc = 0,5) these Guidance Notes for Single Skin Laminates, considera-
σWRult = 190 N/mm2 tion must be given to the strain compatibility of the
Et = 14500 N/mm2 reinforcements incorporated in the sandwich skins.
σWR
yi = 27,36 – 1,112 = 26,25 mm
= 23,2 x 10–6 Et yi N/mm2
= 23,2 x 10–6 x 14500 x 26,25 N/mm2
= 8,83 N/mm2
Stress factor = 8,83/190 = 0,046 < 0,33 hence accept.
4.5.2 Consider inner surface in compression at the panel

boundary:
(a) Consider top WR reinforcement in compression
(600 g/m2 and Gc = 0,5)
σWRult= 147 N/mm2
Ec = 14000 N/mm2
σWR
yi= 58,23 – 27,36 = 30,87 mm
= 23,2 x 10–6 Ec yi N/mm2
= 23,2 x 10–6 x 14000 x 30,87 N/mm2
= 10,03 N/mm2
Stress factor = 10,03/147 = 0,068 < 0,33 hence accept.
(b) Consider CSM reinforcement in compression
(300 g/m2 and Gc = 0,33)
σCSMult = 122 N/mm2
Ec = 7200 N/mm2
σCSM
yi = 30,87 – (4 x 0,734) = 27,93 mm
= 23,2 x 10–6 Ec yi N/mm2
= 23,2 x 10–6 x 7200 x 27,93 N/mm2
= 4,67 N/mm2
Stress fraction = 4,67/122 = 0,038 < 0,33 hence accept.
4.6 Stress fractions in this example are considerably

lower than those required by the Rules for Special Service
Craft and it is evident that the design is controlled by and core
shear considerations and minimum skin thickness require-
ments.
Design of Stiffening Members Chapter 4

Section 1
Section Assumed shell laminate:

5 x 800/300 combination mats
1 Calculation procedure Gc = 0,5 (WR in combination mat)
tWR = 0,979 mm
2 Bending moment at fixed end of stiffener Et = 14500 N/mm2
Gc = 0,33 (CSM in combination mat)
3 Web thickness to meet shear requirement tCSM = 0,625 mm
Et = 6950 N/mm2
4 Calculation of deflection
1 x 450 CSM adjacent to gel coat
Gc = 0,286
tCSM = 1,112 mm
Et = 6290 N/mm2
■ Section 1 Total thickness, tp = 9,132 mm
The effective width of attached plating 2b 1 from Pt 8,
Calculation procedure Ch 3,1.7.1 of the Rules for Special Service Craft for single skin
construction is:
1.1 Assume a design pressure of 70 kN/m2 applied to
a fully fixed bottom longitudinal located outside of the b1 = 0,5bw + 10tap
slamming zone as shown in Fig. 4.1.1. = 0,5 x 120 + 10 x 9,132
= 151 mm
1.2 The bending moment is determined from Pt 8, Hence, apply 302 mm attached plating.
Ch 3,1.14.1 of the Rules for Special Service Craft. For a fully Consider typical layup over ‘top hat’ stiffener:
fixed stiffener the maximum bending moment coefficient from
450 g/m2 CSM @ Gc = 0,33 – first ply over former
Table 3.1.5(a) in Pt 8, Ch 3 of the Rules for Special Service
800 g/m2 WR @ Gc = 0,5
Craft is 1/12.
800 g/m2 WR @ Gc = 0,5
600 g/m2 UDT @ Gc = 0,54
1.3 Hence, maximum bending moment, Ms, is given
600 g/m2 UDT @ Gc = 0,54
by:
800 g/m2 WR @ Gc = 0,5
s le2 p 800 g/m2 WR @ Gc = 0,5 – top ply
Ms = Nm
12
500 x l2 x 70 1.4 Consider the idealised section shown in Fig. 4.1.2.
Ms = Nm
12
Ms = 2917 Nm
Consider model bottom longitudinal
80 mm
70 mm
9,132 mm
120 mm
le = 1000 mm
302 mm attached plating
4390 /222
s = 500 mm between centres of longitudinals
Fig. 4.1.1 ‘Top-hat’ stiffener example model

Section 1
The effective depth and width of the web used in the idealised
80 mm section are:
dweb = 70 – effective thickness on bonding
6,173 mm = 70 – 3,15
= 66,85 mm
56,692 mm
tweb = 2 x (0,937 + 4 x 0,979)

66,85 mm
70 mm
= 2 x 4,853
Approx. = 9,706 mm
N A
22,44 mm
boundary
bonding Now the web consists of two types of reinforcements, namely
one ply of CSM and four plies of woven rovings. The majority
of the web will be in compression and the overall modulus of
9,132 mm
3,15 mm 170 mm
elasticity may be calculated in accordance with Pt 8,
302 mm Ch 3,1.13.5 of the Rules for Special Service Craft.
Σ (Eci ti)
4390/215
Σ ti
Eweb =
Fig. 4.1.2 Idealised section
(0,937 x 7200) + (0,979 x 4 x 14000)

Eweb =
0,937 + (0,979 x 4)
1.5 The stiffener bonding is to be in accordance with
Pt 8, Ch 3,1.18.6 of the Rules for Special Service Craft and a Eweb = 12687 N/mm2
typical arrangement is shown in Fig. 4.1.3. To simplify the The web may now be treated as a single laminate item having
calculation of the stiffness of the overall section the tapered an overall compressive modulus, given above.
bonding is assumed to be an effective constant thickness.
The effective thickness of the bonding is calculated as: 1.6 The laminate section modulus calculation is shown
in Table 4.1.1. The tabulation consists of each element having
(4,853 x 25) + (4 + 3 + 2 + 1) x 0,079 x 15
tbb = the compressive moduli in the section above the neutral axis
25 + (4 x 15) and tensile moduli below. The actual breadth of each element
must be entered to calculate the overall section properties.
268,2
tbb = = 3,15 mm The tabulation corresponds to the idealised section in
85 Fig. 4.1.2.
The boundary bonding may be approximated to a
thickness of 3,15 mm over an (85 x 2) mm width to account
for both flanges. The majority of the flange comprises of
woven rovings and it may be assumed that the tensile modu-
lus is 145000 N/mm2. The discrepancy is negligible since the
element is very close to the neutral axis.
4,853 mm
3,916 mm
2,973 mm
1,958 mm
0,979 mm
25 mm 15 mm 15 mm 15 mm 15 mm
1 x 450 g/m2 CSM 4 x 800 g/m2 WR
85 mm
4390/223
Fig. 4.1.3 Typical stiffener bonding arrangement
Table 4.1.1 Initial tabulation of ‘top-hat’ stiffener calculations
Ply No. Description Gc Weight t Breadth, Lever @ E t.b E.t.b E.t.b.x I@ EI @

(g/m2) (mm) b (mm) base, x (mm) (N/mm2) base base
LLOYD’S REGISTER
Dry, see Note 1 WR 0,5 800 0,979 80 84,816 14000 78,32 1096480 92998499 563414,4 7887801805
2 WR 0,5 800 0,979 80 83,837 14000 78,32 1096480 91925046 550483,0 7706761655
3 UDT 0,54 600 0,660 80 83,017 20748 52,80 1095494 90944659 363890,1 7549992490
4 UDT 0,54 600 0,660 80 82,357 20748 52,80 1095494 90221632 358127,2 7430422738
5 WR 0,5 800 0,979 80 81,538 14000 78,32 1096480 89404238 520706,1 7289885632
6 WR 0,5 800 0,979 80 80,559 14000 78,32 1096480 88330784 508277,4 7115883045
7 CSM 0,33 450 0,937 80 79,601 7200 74,96 539712 42961345 474970,0 3419784035
8 Web 0,5 – 66,85 9,706 45,707 12687 648,85 8231910 376255932 1597160,7 20263177372
9 bonding 0,5 – 3,15 170 10,707 14500 535,50 7764750 83137178 61832,4 896570245
Design of Stiffening Members
10 WR 0,5 800 0,979 302 8,643 14500 295,66 4287041 37050752 22107,1 320553529
11 CSM 0,33 300 0,625 302 7,840 6950 188,75 1311813 10285266 11609,3 80684330
12 WR 0,5 800 0,979 302 7,039 14500 295,66 4287041 30174338 14670,7 212724485
13 CSM 0,33 300 0,625 302 6,236 6950 188,75 1311813 8181119 7347,4 51064249
14 WR 0,5 800 0,979 302 5,435 14500 295,66 4287041 23297924 8755,5 126954976
15 CSM 0,33 300 0,625 302 4,632 6950 188,75 1311813 6076971 4056,7 28194272
16 WR 0,5 800 0,979 302 3,831 14500 295,66 4287041 16421511 4361,7 63245002
17 CSM 0,33 300 0,625 302 3,028 6950 188,75 1311813 3972824 1737,3 12074400
18 WR 0,5 800 0,979 302 2,227 14500 295,66 4287041 9545097 1489,3 21594564
19 CSM 0,33 300 0,625 302 1,424 6950 188,75 1311813 1868677 389,2 2704632
Wet, see Note 20 CSM 0,286 450 1,112 302 0,556 6290 335,82 2112333 1174457 138,4 870664
TOTALS 85,305 4436,05 53219882 1194228249 70480944121
NOTE
The crown of the stiffener is considered to be in compression in this example. ‘Dry’ indicates the face of the stiffener within the hull and ‘wet’ the outside of the shell laminate, see Fig. 4.1.4.
1194228249 53219882
Position of neutral axis above base = = 22,44 mm above base Tensile modulus of elasticity of section = = 11997 N/mm2
53219882 4436,05
Stiffness EI of section about NA = 4368304 N cm4/mm2
3
Section 1
Chapter 4

Sections 1 & 2
1.7 The tabulation considers the entire section and ■ Section 2

calculates all moments about the base, which is taken to be
the outer (wet) surface. The stiffness, EI, of the entire section,
Bending moment at fixed end of
about the neutral axis, is determined using the parallel axis stiffener
theorem:
In general, 2.1 The generalised stress equation is:
σi
= Σ EIbase – (Σ Etb) x y2
Ina = Ixx – Ay2 = 66,8 x 10–6 x Ei yi N/mm2
EIsect The ultimate material properties may be found from Tables
where 3.1.1 and 3.1.2 in Pt 8, Ch 3 of the Rules for Special Service
y = distance of neutral axis above the base (mm) Craft and the limiting stress fractions from Table 7.3.1 in
Pt 8, Ch 3 of the Rules for Special Service Craft.
From the tabulation:
EIsect = 70480944121 – 53219882 x (22,44)2 2.1.1 Consider the crown of the stiffener:
= 4368304336 Nmm4/mm2 (a) Consider the WR (Gc = 0,5) in compression:
EIsect = 4,368 x 106 Ncm4/mm2
Ec = 14000 N/mm2
From Pt 8, Ch 3,1.15 of the Rules for Special Service Craft the yi = 85,305 – 22,44
individual layer stresses are determined from:
σWR comp
= 62,865 mm
σti =
Eti yi M = 66,8 x 10–6 x 14000 x 62,865
Σ (Ei Ii)
x 10–1 N/mm2
σWR ucs
= 58,8 N/mm2
= 147 N/mm2
The calculation of the stresses in individual layers becomes: Stress fraction = 58,8/147 = 0,40 hence reject.
σti =
2917 (b) Consider the UDT (Gc = 0,54) in compression:
x Ei yi x 10–1 N/mm2
4,368 x 106
20748 N/mm2
σti
Ec =
= 66,8 x 10–6 x Ei yi N/mm2 yi = 85,305 – 22,44 – (2 x 0,979)
σUDT comp
where = 60,907 mm
= 66,8 x 10–6 x 20748 x 60,907
Ei = modulus of elasticity of layer (N/mm2)
σUDT ucs
= 84,4 N/mm2
yi = distance of layer from the neutral axis (mm) = 279 N/mm2
The ‘top-hat’ stiffener is subjected to a load model shown in Stress fraction = 84,4/279 = 0,303 hence acceptable.
Fig. 4.1.4. The diagram indicates the areas of tension and
compression that exist on either side of the stiffener. (c) Consider the CSM (Gc = 0,33) over the stiffener former in
compression:
Ec = 7200 N/mm2
yi = (85,305 – 22,44) – (4 x 0,979) – (2 x 0,66)
σCSM comp
= 57,629 mm
= 66,8 x 10–6 x 7200 x 57,629
σCSM ucs
Ms Ms = 27,7 N/mm2
= 122 N/mm2
crown
Stress fraction = 27,7/122 = 0,227 hence acceptable.
plate
T
2.1.2 Consider the loaded face of the shell:
C C (a) Consider the wet surface CSM (Gc = 0,286) in tension:
C
Et = 6290 N/mm2
σCSM tension
T T yi = 22,44 mm
= 66,8 x 10–6 x 6290 x 22,44
σCSM uts
4390/221 = 9,4 N/mm2
= 91 N/mm2
Fig. 4.1.4 Stress fraction = 9,4/91 = 0,10 hence acceptable.
Regions of tension (T) and compression (C) Due to such a low stress fraction the adjacent CSM
in example model (Gc = 0,33) will also be acceptable.
(b) Consider the WR (Gc = 0,5) in tension:
Et = 14500 N/mm2
yi = 22,44 – 1,112 – 0,625
σWR tension
= 20,703 mm
= 66,8 x 10–6 x 14500 x 20,703
σWR uts
= 20,05 N/mm2
= 190 N/mm2

Section 2
2.2 However, the conclusion is that the compressive 2.8 The radical reduction in ultimate compressive
stress fraction in the WR in the crown of the stiffener is strength may prove to be unsuitable in the crown of the
unacceptable. A number of options exist, which include: stiffener at the end or in the panel at mid span. Designs which
(a) The use of higher strength materials such as carbon fibre feature aramid fibres in the outer plies of the panel, in an
or aramid reinforcements. attempt to make use of the superior impact properties, must
(b) Add UDT reinforcements in the crown of the stiffener. be checked at mid span for compression in the individual
(c) Laminate local collars at the end of the stiffeners to layers. This also applies to hybrid reinforcements containing
increase the section stiffness. This is usually labour inten- aramid fibres. These reinforcements have one off properties
sive and not weight efficient. of higher than one of the constituent fibres however, in service
the individual allowable strains for each fibre reinforcement
2.3 Logically, for this example, the easiest solution is to should not be exceeded.
add UDT reinforcements in the crown of the stiffener. Two
additional UDT reinforcements have been included in the 2.9 In accordance with Pt 8,Ch 3,1.5.1 of the Rules for
revised arrangement. The effect on the section stiffness of the Special Service Craft, it is of paramount importance that the
revised schedule is shown in Table 4.2.1. strain compatibility of the component materials is carefully
considered.
Consider typical values of apparent strain, εa, at

2.4 Recalculation of stress in the WR reinforcement in
the stiffener crown using the revised section stiffness of 2.10
5200996 Ncm/mm2: failure for the following materials in laminate form:
σti =
2917 Tension Compression
x Ei yi x 10–1 N/mm2
5200996 ‘E’ glass 1,3% 1,05%
σti = 56,09 x 10–6 x Ei yi N/mm2
Carbon fibre 0,9% 0,55%
Aramid fibre 1,3% 0,60%
Consider the WR (G c = 0,5) in the crown of the stiffener in
compression:
2.11 The actual strain permissible is controlled by the
Ec = 14000 N/mm2 material with the lowest apparent strain. The level of strain
yi = 86,625 – 24,926 depends upon whether the reinforcements are in tension or
σWR comp
= 61,7 mm compression and depends on their relative positions within
= 56,09 x 10–6 x 14000 x 61,7 the laminate. Consequently if, for example, a carbon fibre rein-
σWR ucs
= 48,4 N/mm2 forcement is used in the crown of the stiffener then the
= 147 N/mm2 compression strain must be constrained to a maximum of
Stress fraction = 48,4/147 = 0,329 hence acceptable. 0,33 x 0,55 per cent, i.e., 0,297 per cent. Therefore, the
corresponding allowable stress in the other reinforcements
2.5 Re-consider the outermost UDT (G c = 0,54) in must be related to the strain in the reinforcement relative to
compression: its position away from the neutral axis and that of the carbon
fibre reinforcement, e.g.:
εallowable carbon x yWR
Ec = 20748 N/mm2
εlimitWR
yi = 86,625 – 24,926 – 0,979
=
σUDT comp
= 60,720 mm ycarbon
= 56,07 x 10–6 x 20748 x 60,720
σUDT ucs
= 70,66 N/mm2
= 279 N/mm2 2.12 Other materials incoporated into stiffening
members requiring strain compability consideration are
plywoods, timbers, etc., which have very differing strains at
failure dependent upon the direction of the grain.
2.6 The example demonstrates that the additional two
UDT’s in the crown increases the section stiffness by 19 per
cent and is accompanied by a movement in the neutral axis
from 22,44 – 24,926 mm above the base. The stress fraction
in the woven roving in the crown is reduced from 0,4 to 0,329
and meets the Rule requirement of 0,33.
Considerable care must be exercised when additional
material radically affects the position of the neutral axis. For
this reason the stress in the outermost UDT’s has also been
re-calculated and found to be satisfactory.
2.7 Where aramid reinforcements are being used then

special consideration must be given to the compressive prop-
erties. For comparison purposes aramid reinforcements, at a
fibre content of 0,45, typically have the following properties:
Tension Compression
Ultimate strength (N/mm2) 300 100
Elastic modulus (N/mm2) 21000 17000
6
Table 4.2.1 Revised tabulation of ‘top-hat’ stiffener calculations including additional uni-directional reinforcements
Ply No. Description Gc Weight t Breadth, Lever @ E t.b E.t.b E.t.b.x I@ EI @

(g/m2) (mm) b (mm) base, x (mm) (N/mm2) base base
Dry, see Note 1 WR 0,5 800 0,979 80 86,136 14000 78,32 1096480 94445853 581087,7 8135228350
2 UDT 0,54 600 0,660 80 85,316 20748 52,80 1095494 93463200 384323,6 7973946157
3 WR 0,5 600 0,979 80 84,497 14000 78,32 1096480 92648722 559184,3 7828580341
4 UDT 0,54 600 0,660 80 83,677 20748 52,80 1095494 91667685 369699,1 7670516637
5 UDT 0,54 600 0,660 80 83,017 20748 52,80 1095494 90944659 363890,1 7549992490
6 WR 0,5 800 0,979 80 82,198 14000 78,32 1096480 90127915 529169,8 7408376853
7 UDT 0,54 600 0,660 80 81,378 20748 52,80 1095494 89149143 349663,5 7254818749
8 WR 0,5 800 0,979 80 80,559 14000 78,32 1096480 88330784 508277,4 7115883045
9 CSM 0,33 450 0,937 80 79,601 7200 74,96 539712 42961345 474970,0 3419784035
Design of Stiffening Members
10 web 0,5 – 66,850 9,706 45,707 12687 648,85 8231910 376255932 1597160,7 20263177372
11 bonding 0,5 – 3,150 170,000 10,707 14500 535,50 7764750 83137178 61832,4 896570245
12 WR 0,5 800 0,979 302 8,643 14500 295,66 4287041 37050752 22107,1 320553529
13 CSM 0,33 300 0,625 302 7,840 6950 188,75 1311813 10285266 11609,3 80684330
14 WR 0,5 800 0,979 302 7,039 14500 295,66 4287041 30174338 14670,7 212724485
15 CSM 0,33 300 0,625 302 6,236 6950 188,75 1311813 8181119 7347,4 51064249
16 WR 0,5 800 0,979 302 5,435 14500 295,66 4287041 23297924 8755,5 126954976
17 CSM 0,33 300 0,625 302 4,632 6950 188,75 1311813 6076971 4056,7 28194272
18 WR 0,5 800 0,979 302 3,831 14500 295,66 4287041 16421511 4361,7 63245002
19 CSM 0,33 300 0,625 302 3,028 6950 188,75 1311813 3972824 1737,3 12074400
20 WR 0,5 800 0,979 302 2,227 14500 295,66 4287041 9545097 1489,3 21594564
21 CSM 0,33 300 0,625 302 1,424 6950 188,75 1311813 1868677 389,2 2704632
Wet, see Note 22 CSM 0,286 450 1,112 302 0,556 6290 335,82 2112333 1174457 138,4 870664
TOTALS 86,625 4541,65 55410871 1381181352 86437539378
NOTE: ‘Dry’ indicates the face of the stiffener within the hull and ‘wet’ the outside of the shell laminate, see Fig. 4.1.4. Consider the crown of the stiffener in compression.
1381181352 55410871
Position of neutral axis above base = = 24,926 mm above base Tensile modulus of elasticity of section = = 12201 N/mm2
55410871 4541,65
LLOYD’S REGISTER
Section 2
Chapter 4
Stiffness EI of section about NA = 5200996 N cm4/mm2


Sections 3 & 4
■ Section 3 ■ Section 4
Web thickness to meet shear Calculation of deflection
requirement
4.1 The deflection is calculated from Pt 8, Ch 3,1.14.5
of the Rules for Special Service Craft. From the tabulation the
3.1 Ultimate shear stress from Table 3.1.2 in Pt 8, Ch 3
overall section stiffness is (EI)s = 5200996 Ncm4/mm2
φS p s l4
of the Rules for Special Service Craft. From the web thickness
δs
(4,853 mm) given in 1.5 and the web laminate schedule given
in Fig. 4.1.3 (i.e. total weight of 3650 g/m2) the effective glass = x 105 mm
(EI)s
content may be calculated, by transforming the relationship
δs
given in Pt 8, Ch 4,1.6.1 of the Rules for Special Service Craft. 1 70 x 500 x 14
The effective glass content of the web is therefore 0,47. = x 105 mm
τS
348 5200996
δs
= 80 Gc + 38 = 76 N/mm2
= 1,93 mm.
From Pt 8, Ch 7, Table 7.3.1 of the Rules for Special Service
Craft.
4.2 The limiting span/deflection ratio is given in Table
Limiting shear stress fraction = 0,33
7.2.1 in Pt 8, Ch 7 of the Rules for Special Service Craft and
Limiting shear stress = 0,33 x 76 = 25,08 N/mm2.
typically for a bottom longitudinal (not in the slamming zone)
the ratio required is 150.
3.2 The shear stress requirement is given in Pt 8,
Span/deflection ratio = length/mid-point deflection
Ch 3,1.14.3 of the Rules for Special Service Craft. By setting
= 1000/1,7
the shear stress to the limiting shear stress the equation may
= 588 hence acceptable.
be rearranged:
tw = FS/(2 x dw x τS) mm
The actual shear load is given in Pt 8, Ch 3,1.14.2 of the Rules
for Special Service Craft.
Fs = φS p s le N
The shear stress coefficient is obtained from Table 3.1.5 in
Pt 8, Ch 3 of the Rules for Special Service Craft.
Fs = 0,5 x 70 x 500 x 1 = 17500 N
Consequently, the minimum web thickness to meet the Rule
requirement is:
tw = 17500/(2 x 70 x 25,08) = 4,98 mm
The actual web thickness is 4,853 mm. The deficiency is only
0,127 mm and is considered acceptable.
3.3 Finally, check the minimum Rule requirement for

web thickness. From Pt 8, Ch 3,1.16.2 of the Rules for Special
Service Craft.
0,025dw + 1,1
tw =
1,3fw + 0,61
For a web depth of 70 mm and fibre content of 0,47 the

minimum web thickness is 2,33 mm. Hence the minimum
requirement is fulfilled.
© Lloyd’s Register Group Limited 2013
Published by Lloyd’s Register
Registered office
71 Fenchurch Street, London, EC3M 4BS
United Kingdom

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Guidance Notes

Calculation Procedures for

Chapter Contents Procedures Manual

CALCULATION PROCEDURES FOR COMPOSITE CONSTRUCTION

Chapter 1 Design Procedures

2 Design of Single Skin Hull Laminates

3 Design of Sandwich Panel Laminates

4 Design of Stiffening Members

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Contents Procedures Manual

Symbols and definitions

CHAPTER 1 DESIGN PROCEDURES

4 Fibre reinforced composite construction

CHAPTER 2 DESIGN OF SINGLE SKIN HULL LAMINATES

Section 1 Calculation procedure

CHAPTER 3 DESIGN OF SANDWICH PANEL LAMINATES

Section 1 Calculation procedure

2 Deflection of sandwich panel

3 Bending moment applied

CHAPTER 4 DESIGN OF STIFFENING MEMBERS

Section 1 Calculation procedure

2 Bending moment at fixed end of stiffener

3 Web thickness to meet shear requirement

Symbols and definitions

The procedures contained in these Guidance Notes are for:

■ Symbols and definitions

Design Procedures Chapter 1

3.2 For the purposes of the Rules for Special Service

Design Procedures Chapter 1

4.5 A through ply analysis is required to be conducted

5.2 All direct calculations are to be submitted for

Design of Single Skin Hull Laminates Chapter 2

Section 1.3 In this example the maximum bending moment is

1.4 The laminate section modulus calculation is shown

1.5 In order to apply a more detailed investigation it is

1.6 In the example the moments were evaluated about

EIsect = Σ EIbase – (Σ Et) x 10 x y2

Fig. 2.1.2 ‘Top-hat’ stiffener used in model where

Ply No. Description Gc Weight t Lever @ E E.t E.t.x I@ EI @

5 WR 0,5 600 0,734 5,407 14000 10276 55562 214,9 3008869

8 WR 0,5 600 0,734 2,173 14500 10643 23127 35,0 507333

TOTALS 10,774 86479 453637 31633812

Position of neutral axis above base = 453637 = 5,246 mm

Tensile modulus of section = 86479 = 8027 N/mm2

Stiffness EI about neutral axis = 783,8 N cm4/mm2 (based on 1 cm wide strip)

Design of Single Skin Hull Laminates Chapter 2

σult tension = 82,2 N/mm2 for CSM at Gc =0,286

Design of Single Skin Hull Laminates Chapter 2

2.6 Where aramid reinforcements are being used,

2.7 The radical reduction in ultimate compressive strength

Design of Sandwich Panel Laminates Chapter 3

Section 1.3 From Pt 8, Ch 3,1.13.9 of the Rules for Special

1.4 The panel aspect ratio correction factor is given in

1.6 To achieve the required allowable shear stress

2000 mm 1.7 However, there are numerous solutions to achieve