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Assignment of Chari

Sorghum bicolor is an important fodder crop that can withstand drought and some waterlogging. It has a root system that branches laterally and deeply. The stem has waxy coating that reduces water loss. It requires moderate rainfall, well-drained soil, and temperatures of 25-30°C. It can be grown in multiple cuts with irrigation. Diseases include anthracnose and ergot. Young sorghum contains toxic hydrocyanic acid, so it must be harvested after flowering.

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208 views10 pages

Assignment of Chari

Sorghum bicolor is an important fodder crop that can withstand drought and some waterlogging. It has a root system that branches laterally and deeply. The stem has waxy coating that reduces water loss. It requires moderate rainfall, well-drained soil, and temperatures of 25-30°C. It can be grown in multiple cuts with irrigation. Diseases include anthracnose and ergot. Young sorghum contains toxic hydrocyanic acid, so it must be harvested after flowering.

Uploaded by

Santosh Bhandari
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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INSTITUE OF AGRICULTURE & ANIMAL SCIENCE (IAAS)

PAKLIHAWA CAMPUS ,RUPANDEHI

AN ASSIGNMENT OF Sorghum bicolar

Submitted To:- Prepared by:-


Prof. Thaneshwar pandey Simran Rai
Department of Animal Science . BVSc & A.H
IAAS Paklihawa campus Roll No. 40
Common name: Sorghum
Local name: jowar
Scientific name: Sorghum bicolor

Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
(unranked): Angiosperms
(unranked): Monocots
(unranked): Commelinids
Order: Poales
Family: Poaceae
Subfamily: Panicoideae
Tribe: Andropogoneae
Genus: Sorghum

Introduction: Chari is a very important fodder crop of dry areas. It can withstand
droughts and up to some extent water logging conditions also. Some varieties of sorghum
give 2-3 cutting also. Its English name is sorghum.

Description of the plant


Morphology, growth and development of
the sorghum plant
Sorghum belongs to the grass family,
Graminea. It is essential that producers know
the crop they are cultivating in order to develop
the most effective production practices.
Root system
The roots of the sorghum plant can be divided
into a primary and secondary root system.
The primary roots are those which appear first
from the germinating seed. The primary roots
provide the seedling with water and nutrients
from the soil. Primary roots have a limited growth and their functions are
soon taken over by the secondary roots. Secondary roots develop from
nodes below the soil surface. The permanent root system branches freely,
both laterally and downwards into the soil. If no soil impediments occur,
roots can reach a lateral distribution of 1m and a depth of up to 2 m early
in the life of the plant. The roots are finer and branch approximately twice
as much as roots from maize plants.
Leaves
Sorghum leaves are typically green, glasslike and flat and not as broad as
maize leaves. Sorghum plants have a leaf area smaller than that of maize.
The leaf blade is long, narrow and pointed. The leaf blades of young leaves
are upright, however, the blades tend to bend downwards as the leaves
mature. Stomata occur on both surfaces of the leaf. A unique characteristic
of sorghum leaves is the rows of motor cells along the midrib on the upper
surface of the leaf. These cells can roll up leaves rapidly during moisture
stress. Leaves are covered by a thin wax layer and develop opposite one
another on either side of the stem. Environmental conditions determine the
number of leaves, which may vary from eight to 22 leaves per plant.
Stem
The stem of the plant is solid and dry, succulent and sweet. Under favourable
conditions more internodes develop, together with leaves, producing
a longer stem. The stem consists of internodes and nodes. A cross-section
of the stem appears oval or round. The diameter of the stem varies between
5 mm and 30 mm. The internodes are covered by a thick waxy
layer, giving it a blue-white colour. The waxy layer reduces transpiration
and increases the drought tolerance of the plants. The root band of nodes
below or just above the soil surface develops prop roots. The growth bud
develops lateral shoots. Sometimes the growth buds higher up the stem
may also develop lateral shoots.
Temperature requirement: Chari is a tropical crop suited to moderate rainfall (300-
350mm) and areas having 25˚-30˚ mean temperature. In early stage of crop growth it
requires well drained soils.

Soil requirements: Clay loam to sandy loam soil are suitable for chari cultivation it can
withstand water logging for short period in later stage comparatively it is more tolerant to
soil salinity than maize.

Sowing method: It should be sown by drilling on kera method in lines 25-30 cm apart at
a depth of 5-6 cm.

Seed rate: A seed rate of 16-20 kg per acre should be used by machinefor single cut
varieties while 8-10 kg of seed is sufficient for multicut varieties.

Time of sowing: It can be sown round the year in south India and form March to August
in North India in irrigated areas. However in rain fed areas it should be sown with onset
of rains.

Manure and fertilizer requirement: In case of multi cut varieties apply 25 kg urea per
acre should be applied in two split doses. Half of it should be applied as a basal does at
the time of sowing and remaining half should be applied in after first irrigation. However
in multi cut varieties apply 40 kg urea at the time of sowing 20 kg urea after first
irrigation and after each cutting. Genarally urea and diammonium phosphate (DAP) are
mixed in the ratio 3:5.
Nitrogen,phosphorous and potassium are required about 90-120 kg, 30 kg and 10
kg respectively per hectare.

Crop mixture: Gaur, cowpea, green gram, black gram, horse gram or bajra may be sown
mixed with chari.

Variety: - Ruchira (RS 11-4), Maldandi, Nilva M.P.Chari PC 6, REO Pusa Chari ISP
4776 SSG 5903 etc are the some variety of chari grass.

Irrigation: Irrigation should be given at 10-15 days interval in summer season and 20-25
days interval in post monsoon season. In rainy season it should be irrigated as and when
required.

Distance: -To increase yield of chari minimum distance should be 25 cm.

Climatic requirements: Young plants of chari contain a glucoside called dhurrin which
breaks down into hydrocyanic acid in rumen. This is highly poisonous to animals. Thus,
sorghum must be harvested after flowering. If its harvesting before flowering becomes
unavoidable than an irrigation must be given before harvesting the crop.

Harvesting: Single cut varieties should be harvested 70-90 days after sowing at boot
stage. In case of multi cut varieties first cutting should be done at 55-60 days after sowing
and subsequent cuts may be taken at 45-50 days interval.
Yields: 150-200 quintal green fodder per acre in case of single cut and 280-320 quintal
per acre in case of multicut varieties. During 1st cutting 25-30 tonnes of chari can produce
and then 10-15 tonnes of chari can produce in each cutting.

Nutrient requirement: Nitrogen, Phosphorus & Potassium


The nitrogen (N) requirements of sorghum are 1.1 lbs N/bu grain yield used in
combination with all the credits that include soil test nitrate (0-2ft), legume credits for
soybean (40 lbs N/a), alfalfa and other legumes. Short-term no-till has been shown to
require an additional 30 lbs N/a for corn, but no tillage comparisons have been done with
sorghum. Phosphorus (P) requirements for sorghum are slightly less than corn. A 100
bu/a sorghum yield goal at the “low” P soil test requires 44 lbs P2O5/a while corn is 46
lbs P2O5/a. Potassium (K) requirements for sorghum are about 50% of corn at the
“medium” K soil test level and about 75% at the “very low” level. Equations for
determining N, P and K nutrient recommendations for sorghum can be found in Table 1.

Zinc
Zinc requirements for sorghum and corn are similar (Table 2). Soil test zinc above 1.0
ppm does not require any fertilizer zinc additions to the soil.
Sulfur
Little is known about sorghum’s response to soil sulfur (S). Given the slightly less N
needs by sorghum when compared to corn, one would assume that sulfur needs are also
somewhat less, because the ratio of N:S in most healthy crop plants is roughly 12-16:1.
Therefore, if soil test sulfate-S in the top 0-2 ft. layer is less than 40 lbs/a, additions of
fertilizer sulfur to the soil should be considered.

Other factors that could affect sorghum’s response to sulfur would be tillage, soil texture
and organic matter. No-till would probably require more sulfur due to less mineralization
from organic matter. Courser textured soils may leach more sulfur if excessive
precipitation is received. Soils with low organic matter levels have less sulfur available to
mineralize. Sulfur recommendations are can be found in.

Diseases:

Bacterial diseases
Bacterial leaf spot Pseudomonas syringae
Bacterial leaf streak Xanthomonas campestris
Bacterial leaf stripe Burkholderia andropogonis

Fungal diseases
Acremonium wilt Acremonium strictum
= Cephalosporium acremonium

Anthracnose (foliar, head,


root and stalk rot) Colletotrichum graminicola
Glomerella graminicola [teleomorph]

Charcoal rot Macrophomina phaseolina

Crazy top downy mildew Sclerophthora macrospora


= Sclerospora macrospora

Toxicity: Both cyanide (prussic acid) and nitrate can be present in various amounts in
many grain and forage sorghum crops that are stressed by hot, dry conditions. Cyanide
poisoning is the more likely risk, though nitrate/nitrite poisoning is also a possibility
when grazing sorghum during when grazing sorghum during drought.

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