Lab 2 Report

submitted to
Dr. Paul Curran
Signal and Systems
EEEN30110

by
Abigail Greentree
ID No. 17201394
December 12, 2017
1 Problem 1: Find the transfer function of the system.
For n ≥ 0, the system can be described by the following linear, constant-coefficient difference equation.

y(n) − 2.501y(n − 1) + 2.1157y(n − 2) − 0.5917y(n − 3) = 0.024x(n − 1) + 0.0054x(n − 2) (1)

We are looking to find the transfer function of this system. First, we will take the z-transform of the equation.
Because we are solving for the transfer function, all initial conditions are zero.

Y (z)(1 − 2.501z −1 + 2.1157z −2 − 0.5917z −3 = X(z)(0.0024z −1 + 0.0054z −2 ) (2)

Taking Y (z) as the output and X(z) as the input, the transfer function is

0.024z −1 + 0.0054z −2
H(z) = (3)
1 − 2.501z −1 + 2.1157z −2 − 0.5917z −3

2 Problem 2: Find the steady-state response of the system.

We will take the input of the system to be

x(n) = cos(Ω0 n)u(n) (4)

Given this input, we want to find the steady-state response of the system with the following frequencies.
π π π π
Ω0 = 0, , , , ,π (5)
7 5 3 2
We can find the steady-state response of the system using the transfer function. For a co-sinusoidal input,
such as x(n), the output will also be a cosine whose amplitude and phase is determined by the transfer
function of the system.
y(n) = A|H(ejΩ0 )|cos(Ω0 n + Arg(H(ejΩ0 ))) (6)
To find this answer, we must find the modulus and argument of H(z) for the values of Ω0 specified in equation
5. Using MATLAB, we find these terms to be

Table 1: H(ejΩ0 ) for specific values of Ω0 .

Ω0 Modulus Argument
0 1.2783 0
π
7 0.4365 2.731
π
5 0.1520 2.5119
π
3 0.0343 2.3568
π
2 0.0111 2.3914
π 0.003 3.1416

These values determine the steady state response.

h π  π  π 
y(n) = 1.2783 + 0.4365cos n + 2.731 + 0.152cos n + 2.5119 + 0.0343cos n + 2.3568
7 5π  3 i
+ 0.0111cos n + 2.3914 + 0.003cos πn + 3.1416 u(n) (7)
2

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3 Problem 3: Plot the frequency response.
 
We can plot the frequency response as H(ejΩ ) versus Ω.
 

Figure 1: The modulus of the transfer function versus Ω from −π to π.

This plot shows that the system is a low pass filter with resonance around 0.25 rad/s.

4 Problem 4: Find the steady state response with a given input.

The input x(n) is zero for n not equal to 0 or 1 and 0.5 for n equal to 0 or 1. We want to find the steady-state
response to this input. To do so, we first must find the z-transform of x(n). The definition of the z-transform
is
X∞
X(z) = Z{x[n]} = x[n]z −n (8)
n=−∞

Given zero initial conditions we can adjust limits of the sum

∞
X
X(z) = Z{x[n]} = x[n]z −n (9)
n=0

The signal is given to be zero for all values of n greater than 1.

1
X
X(z) = Z{x[n]} = x[n]z −n (10)
n=0

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Because we know x[n] for n = 0 and n = 1, we can quickly compute this sum.
1 0 1 −1 1
X(z) = z + z = (1 + z −1 ) (11)
2 2 2
We know that Y (z) is defined to be H(z)X(z). Using the transfer function calculated in Problem 1, we can
calculate this to be
0.012z −1 + 0.0147z −2 + 0.0027z −3
Y (z) = (12)
1 − 2.501z −1 + 2.1157z −2 − 0.5917z −3
Now, we can calculate the inverse z-transform to find the resulting output y(n). The partial fraction expan-
sion of Y (z) is as follows.
0.2891 0.1240 − 0.1039j 0.1240 + 0.1039j
Y (z) = −0.0046 − + + −1 (13)
z −1 − 1.5639 z −1 − 1.0059 − 0.2625j z − 1.0059 + 0.2625j
Now, taking the inverse z-transform, we find
h 0.2891 0.124 − 0.1039j 0.124 + 0.1039j i
y(n) = −0.0046δ(n) + − − u(n) (14)
1.5639n+1 (1.0059 + 0.2625j)n+1 (1.0059 − 0.2625j)n+1
In order to simplify this equation, we can convert the complex numbers to their rectangular form.
h 0.2891 0.1618e−j0.697 0.1618e−j0.697 i
y(n) = −0.0046δ(n) + − − u(n) (15)
1.5639n+1 (1.0396)n+1 ej0.2553(n+1) (1.0396)n+1 e−j0.2553(n+1)
Combining all e terms, we find
h 0.2891 0.1618ej(0.2553(n+1)−0.697) 0.1618e−j(0.2553(n+1)−0.697) i
y(n) = −0.0046δ(n) + − − u(n) (16)
1.5639n+1 (1.0396)n+1 (1.0396)n+1
Finally, this allows us to write the final answer as
h 0.2891 0.3236 i
y(n) = −0.0046δ(n) + n+1
− n+1
cos(0.2553n − 0.4417) u(n) (17)
1.5639 1.03096
0.2891
The first two components, −0.0046δ(n) and 1.5639 n+1 u(n), of this output y(n) are the transient components.

The first term is multiplied by the delta function and therefore is zero for all values of n 6= 0 and the second
0.3236
term drops off very quickly to zero. The last term, 1.03096 n+1 cos(0.2553n − 0.4417)u(n), is the steady state

component.

5 Problem 5: Find the steady state response given a periodic

input.
The input to the system is now a periodic signal of period 12.
(
0.5 n = 0, 1, and 2
x(n) =
0 n = 3, 4, ..., 11
To find the resulting steady-state response of the we can employ Fourier Theory. First, we need to express
the input as a discrete-time Fourier series. The formula for the discrete-time Fourier series is
M
X
c0 + (αk cos(kΩ0 n) + βk sin(kΩ0 n)) (18)
k=1
N
N is even so M = 2 = 6. Using MATLAB to find the Fourier coefficients we determine the Fourier series to
be
π π π π π
x(n) = 0.125 + 0.1972cos( n) + 0.1138sin( n) + 0.0833cos( n) + 0.1443sin( n) + 0.0833sin( n)
6 6 3 3 2
5π 5π
+ 0.0528cos( n) − 0.0305sin( n) + 0.833cos(πn) (19)
6 6
Equation 6 tells us that by finding H(ejΩ0 ) we can determine the output. These values are as follows.

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 Table 2: H(ejΩ0 ) for specific values of Ω0 .

Ω0 Modulus Argument
0 1.2783 0
π
6 0.2654 2.6159
π
3 0.0343 2.3568
π
2 0.0111 2.3914
2π
3 0.0054 2.5511
5π
6 0.0035 2.8104
π 0.003 3.1416

This yields the following result for y(n).

π π
y(n) = 0.160 + 0.0523cos( n + 2.6159) + 0.0301sin( n + 2.6159)
6 6
π π π
+ 0.0029cos( n + 2.357) + 0.0049sin( n + 2.3157) + 0.0009sin( n + 2.39)
3 3 2
5π 5π
+ 0.0002cos( n + 2.81) − 0.0001sin( n + 2.81) + 0.0002cos(πn + 3.14) (20)
6 6

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