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Serge Lang Complex Analysis

this is one of the most recommended text books on complex analysis

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Annie Nicole Vaughan
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3K views505 pages

Serge Lang Complex Analysis

this is one of the most recommended text books on complex analysis

Uploaded by

Annie Nicole Vaughan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Serge Lang Complex Analysis Fourth Edition @) Springer Graduate Texts in Mathematics 1 03 Editorial Board S. Axler EW. Gehring K.A. Ribet Springer BOOKS OF RELATED INTEREST BY SERGE LANG Short Calculus 2002, ISBN 0-387-95327-2 Calculus of Several Variables, Third Edition 1987, ISBN 0-387-96405-3 Undergraduate Analysis, Second Edition 1996, ISBN 0-387-94841-4 Introduction to Linear Algebra 1997, ISBN 0-387-96205-0 Math Talks for Undergraduates 1999, ISBN 0-387-98749-5 Other Booxs By LANG PUBLISHED BY SPRINGER-VERLAG Math! Encounters with High School Students * The Beauty of Doing Mathematics + Geometry: A High School Course * Basic Mathematics + Short Calculus + A First Course in Calculus + Introduction to Linear Algebra + Calculus of Several Variables + Linear Algebra + Undergraduate Analysis + Undergraduate Algebra + Complex Analysis + Math Talks for Undergraduates + Algebra + Real and Functional Analysis + Introduction to Differentiable Manifolds « Fundamentals of Differential Geometry + Algebraic Number Theory + Cyclotomic Fields I and II + Introduction to Diophantine Approximations - SLy(R) + Spherical Inversion on SL,(R) (with Jay Jorgenson) + Elliptic Functions + Elliptic Curves: Diophantine Analysis * Introduction to Arakelov Theory + Riemann-Roch Algebra (with William Fulton) + Abelian Varieties + Introduction to Algebraic and Abelian Functions + Complex Multiplication + Introduction to Modular Forms + Modular Units (with Daniel Kubert) + Introduction to Complex Hyperbolic Spaces * ‘Number Theory III + Survey on Diophantine Geometry Collected Papers I-V, including the following: Introduction to Transcendental ‘Numbers in volume I, Frobenius Distributions in GL2-Extensions (with Hale Trotter in volume I, Topics in Cohomology of Groups in volume IV, Basic Analysis of Regularized Series and Products (with Jay Jorgenson) in volume V and Explicit Formulas for Regularized Products and Series (with Jay Jorgenson) in volume V THE FILE « CHALLENGES Serge Lang Complex Analysis Fourth Edition With 139 Illustrations Q Springer Serge Lang Department of Mathematics Yale University ‘New Haven, CT 06520 USA Editorial Board S. Axler EW. Gehring KA. Ribet Mathematics Department Mathematics Department Mathematics Department San Francisco State East Hall University of California at University University of Michigan _ Berkeley San Francisco, CA 94132 Ann Arbor, MI 48109 Berkeley, CA 94720-3840 USA USA USA Mathematics Subject Classification (2000): 30-01 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Lang, Serge, 1927- ‘Complex analysis / Serge Lang —Ath ed. p. cm.—(Graduate texts in mathematics: 103) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-387-98592-1 (alk. paper) 1, Functions of complex variables. 2. Mathematical analysis, 1 Title. IL Series QA331.7.L36 1999 515.9—de21 98-2992 ISBN 0-387-98592-1 Printed on acid-free paper. ‘© 1999 Springer Science+Business Media, Ine. All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the \written permission of the publisher (Springer Science+Business Media, Inc.. 233 Spring Street, New York, NY 10013, USA). except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis, Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adap- tation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now know or hereafter developed is forbidden ‘The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks and similar terms, even if the are not identified as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not they are subject to proprietary rights, Printed in the United States of America by Sheridan Books. 98765 springeronline.com Foreword The present book is meant as a text for a course on complex analysis at the advanced undergraduate level, or first-year graduate level. The first half, more or less, can be used for a one-semester course addressed to undergraduates. The second half can be used for a second semester, at either level. Somewhat more material has been included than can be covered at leisure in one or two terms, to give opportunities for the instructor to exercise individual taste, and to lead the course in whatever directions strikes the instructor's fancy at the time as well as extra read- ing material for students on their own. A large number of routine exer- cises are included for the more standard portions, and a few harder exercises of striking theoretical interest are also included, but may be omitted in courses addressed to less advanced students. In some sense, I think the classical German prewar texts were the best (Hurwitz-Courant, Knopp, Bieberbach, etc) and I would recommend to anyone to look through them. More recent texts have emphasized connections with real analysis, which is important, but at the cost of exhibiting succinctly and clearly what is peculiar about complex analysis: the power series expansion, the uniqueness of analytic continuation, and the calculus of residues. The systematic elementary development of for- mal and convergent power series was standard fare in the German texts, but only Cartan, in the more recent books, includes this material, which T think is quite essential, e.g, for differential equations. I have written a short text, exhibiting these features, making it applicable to a wide vari- ety of tastes. The book essentially decomposes into two parts. The first part, Chapters I through VIII, includes the basic properties of analytic functions, essentially what cannot be left out of, say, a one- semester course. vi FOREWORD T have no fixed idea about the manner in which Cauchy's theorem is to be treated. In less advanced classes, or if time is lacking, the usual hand waving about simple closed curves and interiors is not entirely inappropriate. Perhaps better would be to state precisely the homologi- cal version and omit the formal proof. For those who want a more thorough understanding, I include the relevant material. Artin originally had the idea of basing the homology needed for com- plex variables on the winding number. I have included his proof for Cauchy's theorem, extracting, however, a purely topological lemma of independent interest, not made explicit in Artin’s original Notre Dame notes [Ar 65] or in Ahlfors’ book closely following Artin [Ah 66]. I have also included the more recent proof by Dixon, which uses the winding number, but replaces the topological lemma by greater use of clementary properties of analytic functions which can be derived directly from the local theorem. The two aspects, homotopy and homology, both enter in an essential fashion for different applications of analytic func- tions, and neither is slighted at the expense of the other. Most expositions usually include some of the global geometric proper- ties of analytic maps at an early stage. I chose to make the preliminaries on complex functions as short as possible to get quickly into the analytic part of complex function theory: power series expansions and Cauchy's theorem. The advantages of doing this, reaching the heart of the subject rapidly, are obvious. The cost is that certain elementary global geometric considerations are thus omitted from Chapter I, for instance, to reappear later in connection with analytic isomorphisms (Conformal Mappings, Chapter VII) and potential theory (Harmonic Functions, Chapter VIII). I think it is best for the coherence of the book to have covered in one sweep the basic analytic material before dealing with these more geomet- ric global topics. Since the proof of the general Riemann mapping theo- rem is somewhat more difficult than the study of the specific cases con- sidered in Chapter VII, it has been postponed to the second part. The second and third parts of the book, Chapters IX through XVI, deal with further assorted analytic aspects of functions in many direc- tions, which may lead to many other branches of analysis. I have em- phasized the possibility of defining analytic functions by an integral in- volving a parameter and differentiating under the integral sign. Some classical functions are given to work out as exercises, but the gamma function is worked out in detail in the text, as a prototype. The chapters in Part II allow considerable flexibility in the order they are covered. For instance, the chapter on analytic continuation, including the Schwarz reflection principle, and/or the proof of the Riemann map- ping theorem could be done right after Chapter VII, and still achieve great coherence. ‘As most of this part is somewhat harder than the first part, it can easily be omitted from a one-term course addressed to undergraduates. In the FOREWORD vii same spirit, some of the harder exercises in the first part have been starred, to make their omission easy. Comments on the Third and Fourth jons I have rewritten some sections and have added a number of exercises. I have added some material on harmonic functions ahd conformal maps, on the Borel theorem and Borel’s proof of Picard’s theorem, as well as D.J. Newman’s short proof of the prime number theorem, which illustrates many aspects of complex analysis in a classical setting. I have made more complete the treatment of the gamma and zeta functions. I have also added an Appendix which covers some topics which I find sufficiently important to have in the book. The first part of the Appendix recalls summation by parts and its application to uniform convergence. The others cover material which is not usually included in standard texts on complex analysis: difference equations, analytic differential equations, fixed points of fractional linear maps (of importance in dynamical systems), Cauchy's formula for C® functions, and Cauchy’s theorem for locally integrable vector fields in the plane. This material gives additional insight ‘on techniques and results applied to more standard topics in the text. Some of them may have been assigned as exercises, and I hope students will try to prove them before looking up the proofs in the Appendix. I am very grateful to several people for pointing out the need for a number of corrections, especially Keith Conrad, Wolfgang Fluch, Alberto Grunbaum, Bert Hochwald, Michal Jastrzebski, José Carlos Santos, Ernest C. Schlesinger, A. Vijayakumar, Barnet Weinstock, and Sandy Zabell. Finally, I thank Rami Shakarchi for working out an answer book. New Haven 1998 SERGE LANG Prerequisites We assume that the reader has had two years of calculus, and lias some acquaintance with epsilon-delta techniques. For convenience, we have recalled all the necessary lemmas we need for continuous functions on compact sets in the plane. Section §1 in the Appendix also provides some background, We use what is now standard terminology. A function fiSoT is called injective if x # y in S implies f(x) # f(y). It is called surjec for every z in T there exists xeS such that f(x) =z. If f is surjective, then we also say that f maps S onto T. If f is both injective and surjective then we say that f is bijective. Given two functions f, g defined on a set of real numbers containing arbitrarily large numbers, and such that g(x) 2 0, we write S 0 such that for all x sufficiently large, we have If) S Cal). Similarly, if the functions are defined for x near 0, we use the same symbol < for x -»0 to mean that there exists C > 0 such that IF) S Co) ix x PREREQUISITES for all x sufficiently small (there exists 6 >0 such that if |x| <6 then [fG0| S Co(x)). Often this relation is also expressed by writing f(x) = O(9(x), which is read: f(x) is big oh of g(x), for x00 or x-+0 as the case may be. We use Ja, bf to denote the open interval of numbers a

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