Glossary of Maritime Terms

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Idiom

No one will be any the wiser:

Woe betide [sb] n + vtr (figurative)

Do as thou wilt

Go apeshit

Hippy dippy

Blew it

To say the least

Pay a visit

Whodunit/whodunnit

Gimmick

Foul play

A little off

Cat's in the Cradle

Don't even trip

DAWG

Way to go!

Boozer

Croak

Lad

At one's peril

Take the wheel

Outrun
Bizounce

Folly

Pep talk

Real catch

Worthwhile

Bloody

Guv

A hair's breadth, or the width of human hair.

Blather

Overzealous

Grudge

Ennui

I dislike being foresworn/forsworn

Therein

Pot calling the kettle black

Ball fondler

Good riddance

Sophomore

Turn a blind eye v. expr.

Stowaway

A hot potato

A penny for your thoughts

Actions speak louder than words


Add insult to injury

An arm and a leg

At the drop of a hat

Back to the drawing board

Ball is in your court

Barking up the wrong tree

Be glad to see the back of

Beat around the bush

Best of both worlds

Best thing since sliced bread

Bite off more than you can chew

Blessing in disguise

Burn the midnight oil

Can't judge a book by its cover

Caught between two stools

Cross that bridge when you come to it

Cry over spilt milk

Curiosity killed the cat

Cut corners

Cut the mustard [possibly derived from "cut the muster"]

Devil's Advocate

Don't count your chickens before the eggs have hatched

Don't give up the day job

Don't put all your eggs in one basket


Drastic times call for drastic measures

Elvis has left the building

Every cloud has a silver lining

Far cry from

Feel a bit under the weather

Give the benefit of the doubt

Hear it on the grapevine

Hit the nail on the head

Hit the sack / sheets / hay

In the heat of the moment

It takes two to tango

Jump on the bandwagon

Keep something at bay

Kill two birds with one stone

Last straw

Let sleeping dogs lie

Let the cat out of the bag

Make a long story short

Method to my madness

Miss the boat

Not a spark of decency

Not playing with a full deck

Off one's rocker

On the ball
Once in a blue moon

Picture paints a thousand words

Piece of cake

Put wool over other people's eyes

See eye to eye

Sit on the fence

Speak of the devil!

Steal someone's thunder

Take with a grain of salt

Taste of your own medicine

To hear something straight from the horse's mouth

Whole nine yards

Wouldn't be caught dead

Your guess is as good as mine

Gesundheit (salud [estornudo] en alemán)

allegedly

fuck me sideways

shenanigan,n. Informal

cat call

UK: gallows humour n

"Schmuck", or "shmuck"
duke it out
PUT UP YOUR DUKES

HEAVENS TO BETSY

7 minutes in heaven

ride shotgun

scare (someone) straight


brawn n
brawn n

brawn n

Drink you under the table

(longing, yearning)

jagoff

chip off the old block

Three sheets to the wind (not comparable)

Buggery! interj

A highwayman

a friend in need is a friend indeed

veni, vidi, vici (meaning I came, I saw, I conquered)


Significado
No one will notice something bad that someone has done

Bad things will happen if you do sth (pobre de ti)

Haz lo que quieras, early modern english. Equivalente de do as you wish

Volverse loco, slang

A derogatory name for hippies used predominantly by squares in the late 1960s and early 1970s.

Arruinar algo

Por decir lo menos

Hacer una visita

Historia de misterio o policiaca

Artilugio o artefacto, truco ,


an ingenious or novel device, scheme, or stratagem, especially one designed to attract attention or increase appeal. a conc
An offer that good must have a gimmick in it somewhere. a hidden mechanical device by which a magician works a trick or
Electronics Informal. a capacitor formed by

Jugar sucio

Not quite normal = un poco raro o distinto

Its about a story of a father who never has time for his son and when the son grows up, he never has time for his father.

Don't worry about it, it ain't worth it. Everything is okay

Close friend and/or Homie

Muy bien, puede ser usado con ironia tmbn

BORRAISHO uk, tambien puede referirse a una taberna

Estirar la pata, UK

Jovencito (UK)

With a great chance of meeting danger or causing harm to oneself. (Bajo tu propio riesgo)

To be in control of the steering wheel of a vehicle or a vessel. To assume control of a situation

Escape from, run faster than Sb or Sth


Bounce to a greater degree

Disparate (tonteria) error, locura o estupidez (UK)

Arenga, discurso motivacional.

A spectacular find, as in dating or marriage. A golden discovery, as in a bargain or business deal

Valer la pena

Potentially offensive slang (UK). Maldito, condenado etc

Jefe, gobernador, señor etc (abbr.)

Used as an informal unit of a very short length.

Parloteo, chachara. Habla sin mayor importancia

Describes someone who gets too excited about something. If you're overzealous about something, you've gone too far, and

Resentimiento o rencor, Vtr. resentir o tenerle rencor

Hastio, tedio, fastidio

No me gusta que me levanten falso testimonio, me acusen de cosas que no he hecho.

Formal in or into that place, thing, etc

Used to accuse another speaker of hypocrisy, in that the speaker disparages the subject for a fault or negative behavior tha

Sobacocos

Used to express relief at no longer needing to deal with someone or something that is gone or has been removed):They're

Término utilizado en los Estados Unidos para describir a un estudiante en el segundo año de estudio.
La palabra también es usada como sinónimo de "segundo", e.g. El segundo álbum o Ep de músico o grupo, la segunda pelí

Pretend not to see [sth] (hacer la vista gorda)

A person who secretly boards a vehicle, such as a ship, an aircraft, a train, cargo truck or bus, in order to travel without pay

Speak of an issue (mostly current) which many people are talking about and which is usually disputed

A way of asking what someone is thinking

People's intentions can be judged better by what they do than what they say.
To further a loss with mockery or indignity; to worsen an unfavorable situation.

Very expensive or costly. A large amount of money.

Without any hesitation; instantly.

When an attempt fails and it's time to start all over.

It is up to you to make the next decision or step

Looking in the wrong place. Accusing the wrong person

Be happy when a person leaves.

Avoiding the main topic. Not speaking directly about the issue.

All the advantages of two things.

A good invention or innovation. A good idea or plan.

To take on a task that is way to big.

Something good that isn't recognized at first.

To work late into the night, alluding to the time before electric lighting.

Cannot judge something primarily on appearance.

When someone finds it difficult to choose between two alternatives.

Deal with a problem if and when it becomes necessary, not before.

When you complain about a loss from the past.

Being Inquisitive can lead you into an unpleasant situation.

When something is done badly to save money.

To succeed; to come up to expectations; adequate enough to compete or participate

To present a counter argument

This idiom is used to express "Don't make plans for something that might not happen".

You are not very good at something. You could definitely not do it professionally.

Do not put all your resources in one possibility.


When you are extremely desperate you need to take drastic actions.

The show has come to an end. It's all over.

Be optimistic, even difficult times will lead to better days.

Very different from.

Meaning: Feeling slightly ill.

Believe someone's statement, without proof.

This idiom means 'to hear rumors' about something or someone.

Do or say something exactly right

To go to bed.

Overwhelmed by what is happening in the moment.

Actions or communications need more than one person

Join a popular trend or activity.

Keep something away.

This idiom means, to accomplish two different things at the same time.

The final problem in a series of problems.

Do not disturb a situation as it is - since it would result in trouble or complications.

To share information that was previously concealed

Come to the point - leave out details

An assertion that, despite one's approach seeming random, there actually is structure to it.

This idiom is used to say that someone missed his or her chance

Meaning: No manners

Someone who lacks intelligence.

Crazy, demented, out of one's mind, in a confused or befuddled state of mind, senile.

When someone understands the situation well.


Meaning: Happens very rarely.

A visual presentation is far more descriptive than words.

A job, task or other activity that is easy or simple.

This means to deceive someone into thinking well of them.

This idiom is used to say that two (or more people) agree on something.

This is used when someone does not want to choose or make a decision.

This expression is used when the person you have just been talking about arrives.

To take the credit for something someone else did.

This means not to take what someone says too seriously.

Means that something happens to you, or is done to you, that you have done to someone else

To hear something from the authoritative source.

Everything. All of it.

Would never like to do something

To have no idea, do not know the answer to a question

http://dictionary.cambridge.org/pronunciation/english/gesundheit

said to be, it is suposed, etc

being royality screw over. A term used to express an extremely unfortuante situation.

a. A deceitful trick; an underhanded act.


b. Remarks intended to deceive; deceit. Often used in the plural.
a. A playful or mischievous act; a prank.
b. Mischief; prankishness. Often used in the plural.
Stop your shenanigans! Retighten the lids on those salt and pepper shakers!

When a guy gives the wert whirl whistle or yells at a babydoll for the purpose of getting attention and in hopes of a future

UK (macabre jokes) / humor negro nm

, in American English is a pejorative term meaning one who is stupid or foolish, or an obnoxious, contemptible or detestabl
phr. to have a fistfight
http://www.phrases.org.uk/meanings/put-up-your-dukes.html

A mild exclamation of surprise.

7 minutes in heaven is a game general played at partys normally with 2 people of the opposite sex. these two people gener

1. tv. to accompany and guard someone or something. (see also shotgun.) I have to take the beer over to the party. Why do
2. tv. to ride in the passenger seat of a car, next to the driver. I want to ride shotgun so I don’t have to sit back there with th

To shock or frighten someone so severely that his or her bad behavior or actions become corrected or markedly improved.

(strong muscles)
(muscular strength)
(figurado)
We're going to need Steve's brawn to lift all these heavy boxes!
UK (cookery: jellied head meat)
Brawn was a popular dish in Georgian England.

To retain some relative cognitive abilities and coordination while those who attempt to keep up end up on the floor. Prefera
You US military boys think you know what alcohol tolerance is. University students would drink you under the table.

Spanish
anhelo nm
ansia nf
añoranza nf
ganas de nfpl + prep

Pittsburgh's way of saying "jackoff." An anoying, ass hole.

de tal palo tal astilla (o algo asi)

(idiomatic) Drunk.

UK, vulgar, slang (frustration, anger) also "anal sex" which to English People was considered a CRIME on 16th century

was a robber who stole from travelers. This type of thief usually travelled and robbed by horse

This means that a friend who helps you when you really need help is a true friend.
he. there can also be more intamate things going on during these 7 minutes...like fingeting...or oral sex...etc.

r's behavior any longer, so we sent him to a prison boot camp to scare him straight. I had a really bad drug addiction in college, but see
diction in college, but seeing my friend die from an overdose really scared me straight.
ng my friend die from an overdose really scared me straight.
Base Form Past Form Past Participle Form s / es/ ies ‘ing’ form
abash abashed abashed abashes abashing
abate abated abated abates abating
abide abode abode abides abiding
absorb absorbed absorbed absorbs absorbing
accept accepted accepted accepts accepting
accompany accompanied accompanied accompanies accompanying
ache ached ached aches aching
achieve achieved achieved achieves achieving
acquire acquired acquired acquires acquiring
act acted acted acts acting
add added added adds adding
address addressed addressed addresses addressing
adjust adjusted adjusted adjusts adjusting
admire admired admired admires admiring
admit admitted admitted admits admitting
advise advised advised advises advising
afford afforded afforded affords affording
agree agreed agreed agrees agreeing
alight alit alit alights alighting
allow allowed allowed allows allowing
animate animated animated animates animating
announce announced announced announces announcing
answer answered answered answers answering
apologize apologized apologized apologizes apologizing
appear appeared appeared appears appearing
applaud applauded applauded applauds applauding
apply applied applied applies applying
approach approached approached approaches approaching
approve approved approved approves approving
argue argued argued argues arguing
arise arose arisen arises arising
arrange arranged arranged arranges arranging
arrest arrested arrested arrests arresting
ask asked asked asks asking
assert asserted asserted asserts asserting
assort assorted assorted assorts assorting
astonish astonished astonished astonishes astonishing
attack attacked attacked attacks attacking
attend attended attended attends attending
attract attracted attracted attracts attracting
audit audited audited audits auditing
avoid avoided avoided avoids avoiding
awake awoke awoken awakes awaking
bang banged banged bangs banging
banish banished banished banishes banishing
bash bashed bashed bashes bashing
bat batted batted bats batting
be (am,are) was / were been is being
bear bore born bears bearing
bear bore borne bears bearing
beat beat beaten beats beating
beautify beautified beautified beautifies beautifying
become became become becomes becoming
befall befell befallen befalls befalling
beg begged begged begs begging
begin began begun begins beginning
behave behaved behaved behaves behaving
behold beheld beheld beholds beholding
believe believed believed believes believing
belong belonged belonged belongs belonging
bend bent bent bends bending
bereave bereft bereft bereaves bereaving
beseech besought besought beseeches beseeching
bet bet bet bets betting
betray betrayed betrayed betrays betraying
bid bade bidden bids bidding
bid bid bid bids bidding
bind bound bound binds binding
bite bit bitten bites biting
bleed bled bled bleeds bleeding
bless blessed blessed blesses blessing
blossom blossomed blossomed blossoms blossoming
blow blew blown blows blowing
blur blurred blurred blurs blurring
blush blushed blushed blushes blushing
board boarded boarded boards boarding
boast boasted boasted boasts boasting
boil boiled boiled boils boiling
bow bowed bowed bows bowing
box boxed boxed boxes boxing
bray brayed brayed brays braying
break broke broken breaks breaking
breathe breathed breathed breathes breathing
breed bred bred breeds breeding
bring brought brought brings bringing
broadcast broadcast broadcast broadcasts broadcasting
brush brushed brushed brushes brushing
build built built builds building
burn burnt burnt burns burning
burst burst burst bursts bursting
bury buried buried buries burying
bust bust bust busts busting
buy bought bought buys buying
buzz buzzed buzzed buzzes buzzing
calculate calculated calculated calculates calculating
call called called calls calling
canvass canvassed canvassed canvasses canvassing
capture captured captured captures capturing
caress caressed caressed caresses caressing
carry carried carried carries carrying
carve carved carved carves carving
cash cashed cashed cashes cashing
cast cast cast casts casting
catch caught caught catches catching
cause caused caused causes causing
cease ceased ceased ceases ceasing
celebrate celebrated celebrated celebrates celebrating
challenge challenged challenged challenges challenging
change changed changed changes changing
charge charged charged charges charging
chase chased chased chases chasing
chat chatted chatted chats chatting
check checked checked checks checking
cheer cheered cheered cheers cheering
chew chewed chewed chews chewing
chide chid chid/chidden chides chiding
chip chipped chipped chips chipping
choke choked choked chokes choking
choose chose chosen chooses choosing
classify classified classified classifies classifying
clean cleaned cleaned cleans cleaning
cleave clove/cleft cloven/cleft cleaves cleaving
click clicked clicked clicks clicking
climb climbed climbed climbs climbing
cling clung clung clings clinging
close closed closed closes closing
clothe clad clad clothes clothing
clutch clutched clutched clutches clutching
collapse collapsed collapsed collapses collapsing
collect collected collected collects collecting
colour coloured coloured colours colouring
come came come comes coming
comment commented commented comments commenting
compare compared compared compares comparing
compel compelled compelled compels compelling
compete competed competed competes competing
complain complained complained complains complaining
complete completed completed completes completing
conclude concluded concluded concludes concluding
conduct conducted conducted conducts conducting
confess confessed confessed confesses confessing
confine confined confined confines confining
confiscate confiscated confiscated confiscates confiscating
confuse confused confused confuses confusing
congratulate congratulated congratulated congratulates congratulating
connect connected connected connects connecting
connote connoted connoted connotes connoting
conquer conquered conquered conquers conquering
consecrate consecrated consecrated consecrates consecrating
consent consented consented consents consenting
conserve conserved conserved conserves conserving
consider considered considered considers considering
consign consigned consigned consigns consigning
consist consisted consisted consists consisting
console consoled consoled consoles consoling
consort consorted consorted consorts consorting
conspire conspired conspired conspires conspiring
constitute constituted constituted constitutes constituting
constrain constrained constrained constrains constraining
construct constructed constructed constructs constructing
construe construed construed construes construing
consult consulted consulted consults consulting
contain contained contained contains containing
contemn contemned contemned contemns contemning
contend contended contended contends contending
contest contested contested contests contesting
continue continued continued continues continuing
contract contracted contracted contracts contracting
contradict contradicted contradicted contradicts contradicting
contrast contrasted contrasted contrasts contrasting
contribute contributed contributed contributes contributing
contrive contrived contrived contrives contriving
control controlled controlled controls controlling
convene convened convened convenes convening
converge converged converged converges converging
converse conversed conversed converses conversing
convert converted converted converts converting
convey conveyed conveyed conveys conveying
convict convicted convicted convicts convicting
convince convinced convinced convinces convincing
coo cooed cooed coos cooing
cook cooked cooked cooks cooking
cool cooled cooled cools cooling
co-operate co-operated co-operated co-operates co-operating
cope coped cope copes coping
copy copied copied copies copying
correct corrected corrected corrects correcting
correspond corresponded corresponded corresponds corresponding
corrode corroded corroded corrodes corroding
corrupt corrupted corrupted corrupts corrupting
cost cost cost costs costing
cough coughed coughed coughs coughing
counsel counselled counselled counsels counselling
count counted counted counts counting
course coursed coursed courses coursing
cover covered covered covers covering
cower cowered cowered cowers cowering
crack cracked cracked cracks cracking
crackle crackled crackled crackles crackling
crash crashed crashed crashes crashing
crave craved craved craves craving
create created created creates creating
creep crept crept creeps creeping
crib cribbed cribbed cribs cribbing
cross crossed crossed crosses crossing
crowd crowded crowded crowds crowding
crush crushed crushed crushes crushing
cry cried cried cries crying
curb curbed curbed curbs curbing
cure cured cured cures curing
curve curved curved curves curving
cut cut cut cuts cutting
cycle cycled cycled cycles cycling
damage damaged damaged damages damaging
damp damped damped damps damping
dance danced danced dances dancing
dare dared dared dares daring
dash dashed dashed dashes dashing
dazzle dazzled dazzled dazzles dazzling
deal dealt dealt deals dealing
decay decayed decayed decays decaying
decide decided decided decides deciding
declare declared declared declares declaring
decorate decorated decorated decorates decorating
decrease decreased decreased decreases decreasing
dedicate dedicated dedicated dedicates dedicating
delay delayed delayed delays delaying
delete deleted deleted deletes deleting
deny denied denied denies denying
depend depended depended depends depending
deprive deprived deprived deprives depriving
derive derived derived derives deriving
describe described described describes describing
desire desired desired desires desiring
destroy destroyed destroyed destroys destroying
detach detached detached detaches detaching
detect detected detected detects detecting
determine determined determined determines determining
develop developed developed develops developing
die died died dies dying
differ differed differed differs differing
dig dug dug digs digging
digest digested digested digests digesting
dim dimmed dimmed dims dimming
diminish diminished diminished diminishes diminishing
dine dined dined dines dining
dip dipped dipped dips dipping
direct directed directed directs directing
disappear disappeared disappeared disappears disappearing
discover discovered discovered discovers discovering
discuss discussed discussed discusses discussing
disobey disobeyed disobeyed disobeys disobeying
display displayed displayed displays displaying
dispose disposed disposed disposes disposing
distribute distributed distributed distributes distributing
disturb disturbed disturbed disturbs disturbing
disuse disused disused disuses disusing
dive dived dived dives diving
divide divided divided divides dividing
do did done does doing
donate donated donated donates donating
download downloaded downloaded downloads downloading
drag dragged dragged drags dragging
draw drew drawn draws drawing
dream dreamt dreamt dreams dreaming
dress dressed dressed dresses dressing
drill drilled drilled drills drilling
drink drank drunk drinks drinking
drive drove driven drives driving
drop dropped dropped drops dropping
dry dried dried dries drying
dump dumped dumped dumps dumping
dwell dwelt dwelt dwells dwelling
dye dyed dyed dyes dyeing
earn earned earned earns earning
eat ate eaten eats eating
educate educated educated educates educating
empower empowered empowered empowers empowering
empty emptied emptied empties emptying
encircle encircled encircled encircles encircling
encourage encouraged encouraged encourages encouraging
encroach encroached encroached encroaches encroaching
endanger endangered endangered endangers entangling
endorse endorsed endorsed endorses endorsing
endure endured endured endures enduring
engrave engraved engraved engraves engraving
enjoy enjoyed enjoyed enjoys enjoying
enlarge enlarged enlarged enlarges enlarging
enlighten enlightened enlightened enlightens enlightening
enter entered entered enters entering
envy envied envied envies envying
erase erased erased erases erasing
escape escaped escaped escapes escaping
evaporate evaporated evaporated evaporates evaporating
exchange exchanged exchanged exchanges exchanging
exclaim exclaimed exclaimed exclaims exclaiming
exclude excluded excluded excludes excluding
exist existed existed exists existing
expand expanded expanded expands expanding
expect expected expected expects expecting
explain explained explained explains explaining
explore explored explored explores exploring
express expressed expressed expresses expressing
extend extended extended extends extending
eye eyed eyed eyes eyeing
face faced faced faces facing
fail failed failed fails failing
faint fainted fainted faints fainting
fall fell fallen falls falling
fan fanned fanned fans fanning
fancy fancied fancied fancies fancying
favour favoured favoured favours favouring
fax faxed faxed faxes faxing
feed fed fed feeds feeding
feel felt felt feels feeling
ferry ferried ferried ferries ferrying
fetch fetched fetched fetches fetching
fight fought fought fights fighting
fill filled filled fills filling
find found found finds finding
finish finished finished finishes finishing
fish fished fished fishes fishing
fit fit/fitted fit/fitted fits fitting
fix fixed fixed fixes fixing
fizz fizzed fizzed fizzes fizzing
flap flapped flapped flaps flapping
flash flashed flashed flashes flashing
flee fled fled flees fleeing
fling flung flung flings flinging
float floated floated floats floating
flop flopped flopped flops flopping
fly flew flown flies flying
fold folded folded folds folding
follow followed followed follows following
forbid forbade forbidden forbids forbidding
force forced forced forces forcing
forecast forecast forecast forecasts forecasting
foretell foretold foretold foretells foretelling
forget forgot forgotten forgets forgetting
forgive forgave forgiven forgives forgiving
forlese forlore forlorn forlese forlesing
form formed formed forms forming
forsake forsook forsaken forsakes forsaking
found founded founded founds founding
frame framed framed frames framing
free freed freed frees freeing
freeze froze frozen freezes freezing
frighten frightened frightened frightens frightening
fry fried fried fries frying
fulfil fulfilled fulfilled fulfils fulfilling
gag gagged gagged gags gagging
gain gained gained gains gaining
gainsay gainsaid gainsaid gainsays gainsaying
gash gashed gashed gashes gashing
gaze gazed gazed gazes gazing
get got got gets getting
give gave given gives giving
glance glanced glanced glances glancing
glitter glittered glittered glitters glittering
glow glowed glowed glows glowing
go went gone goes going
google googled googled googles googling
govern governed governed governs governing
grab grabbed grabbed grabs grabbing
grade graded graded grades grading
grant granted granted grants granting
greet greeted greeted greets greeting
grind ground ground grinds grinding
grip gripped gripped grips gripping
grow grew grown grows growing
guard guarded guarded guards guarding
guess guessed guessed guesses guessing
guide guided guided guides guiding
handle handled handled handles handling
hang hung hung hangs hanging
happen happened happened happens happening
harm harmed harmed harms harming
hatch hatched hatched hatches hatching
hate hated hated hates hating
have had had has having
heal healed healed heals healing
hear heard heard hears hearing
heave hove hove heaves heaving
help helped helped helps helping
hew hewed hewn hews hewing
hide hid hidden hides hiding
hinder hindered hindered hinders hindering
hiss hissed hissed hisses hissing
hit hit hit hits hitting
hoax hoaxed hoaxed hoaxes hoaxing
hold held held holds holding
hop hopped hopped hops hopping
hope hoped hoped hopes hoping
horrify horrified horrified horrifies horrifying
hug hugged hugged hugs hugging
hum hummed hummed hums humming
humiliate humiliated humiliated humiliates humiliating
hunt hunted hunted hunts hunting
hurl hurled hurled hurls hurling
hurry hurried hurried hurries hurrying
hurt hurt hurt hurts hurting
hush hushed hushed hushes hushing
hustle hustled hustled hustles hustling
hypnotize hypnotized hypnotized hypnotizes hypnotizing
idealize idealized idealized idealizes idealizing
identify identified identified identifies identifying
idolize idolized idolized idolizes idolizing
ignite ignited ignited ignites igniting
ignore ignored ignored ignores ignoring
ill-treat ill-treated ill-treated ill-treats ill-treating
illuminate illuminated illuminated illuminates illuminating
illumine illumined illumined illumines illumining
illustrate illustrated illustrated illustrates illustrating
imagine imagined imagined imagines imagining
imbibe imbibed imbibed imbibes imbibing
imitate imitated imitated imitates imitating
immerse immersed immersed immerses immersing
immolate immolated immolated immolates immolating
immure immured immured immures immuring
impair impaired impaired impairs impairing
impart imparted imparted imparts imparting
impeach impeached impeached impeaches impeaching
impede impeded impeded impedes impeding
impel impelled impelled impels impelling
impend impended impended impends impending
imperil imperilled imperilled imperils imperilling
impinge impinged impinged impinges impinging
implant implanted implanted implants implanting
implicate implicated implicated implicates implicating
implode imploded imploded implodes imploding
implore implored implored implores imploring
imply implied implied implies implying
import imported imported imports importing
impose imposed imposed imposes imposing
impress impressed impressed impresses impressing
imprint imprinted imprinted imprints imprinting
imprison imprisoned imprisoned imprisons imprisoning
improve improved improved improves improving
inaugurate inaugurated inaugurated inaugurates inaugurating
incise incised incised incises incising
include included included includes including
increase increased increased increases increasing
inculcate inculcated inculcated inculcates inculcating
indent indented indented indents indenting
indicate indicated indicated indicates indicating
induce induced induced induces inducing
indulge indulged indulged indulges indulging
infect infected infected infects infecting
infest infested infested infests infesting
inflame inflamed inflamed inflames inflaming
inflate inflated inflated inflates inflating
inflect inflected inflected inflects inflecting
inform informed informed informs informing
infringe infringed infringed infringes infringing
infuse infused infused infuses infusing
ingest ingested ingested ingests ingesting
inhabit inhabited inhabited inhabits inhabiting
inhale inhaled inhaled inhales inhaling
inherit inherited inherited inherits inheriting
initiate initiated initiated initiates initiating
inject injected injected injects injecting
injure injured injured injures injuring
inlay inlaid inlaid inlays inlaying
innovate innovated innovated innovates innovating
input input input inputs inputting
inquire inquired inquired inquires inquiring
inscribe inscribed inscribed inscribes inscribing
insert inserted inserted inserts inserting
inspect inspected inspected inspects inspecting
inspire inspired inspired inspires inspiring
install installed installed installs installing
insult insulted insulted insults insulting
insure insured insured insures insuring
integrate integrated integrated integrates integrating
introduce introduced introduced introduces introducing
invent invented invented invents inventing
invite invited invited invites inviting
join joined joined joins joining
jump jumped jumped jumps jumping
justify justified justified justifies justifying
keep kept kept keeps keeping
kick kicked kicked kicks kicking
kid kidded kidded kids kidding
kill killed killed kills killing
kiss kissed kissed kisses kissing
kneel knelt knelt kneels kneeling
knit knit knit knits knitting
knock knocked knocked knocks knocking
know knew known knows knowing
lade laded laden lades lading
land landed landed lands landing
last lasted lasted lasts lasting
latch latched latched latches latching
laugh laughed laughed laughs laughing
lay laid laid lays laying
lead led led leads leading
leak leaked leaked leaks leaking
lean leant leant leans leaning
leap leapt leapt leaps leaping
learn learnt learnt learns learning
leave left left leaves leaving
leer leered leered leers leering
lend lent lent lends lending
let let let lets letting
lick licked licked licks licking
lie lay lain lies lying
lie lied lied lies lying
lift lifted lifted lifts lifting
light lit lit lights lighting
like liked liked likes liking
limp limped limped limps limping
listen listened listened listens listening
live lived lived lives living
look looked looked looks looking
lose lost lost loses losing
love loved loved loves loving
magnify magnified magnified magnifies magnifying
maintain maintained maintained maintains maintaining
make made made makes making
manage managed managed manages managing
march marched marched marches marching
mark marked marked marks marking
marry married married marries marrying
mash mashed mashed mashes mashing
match matched matched matches matching
matter mattered mattered matters mattering
mean meant meant means meaning
measure measured measured measures measuring
meet met met meets meeting
melt melted melted melts melting
merge merged merged merges merging
mew mewed mewed mews mewing
migrate migrated migrated migrates migrating
milk milked milked milks milking
mind minded minded minds minding
mislead misled misled misleads misleading
miss missed missed misses missing
mistake mistook mistaken mistakes mistaking
misuse misused misused misuses misusing
mix mixed mixed mixes mixing
moan moaned moaned moans moaning
modify modified modified modifies modifying
moo mooed mooed moos mooing
motivate motivated motivated motivates motivating
mould moulded moulded moulds moulding
moult moulted moulted moults moulting
move moved moved moves moving
mow mowed mown mows mowing
multiply multiplied multiplied multiplies multiplying
murmur murmured murmured murmurs murmuring
nail nailed nailed nails nailing
nap napped napped naps napping
need needed needed needs needing
neglect neglected neglected neglects neglecting
nip nipped nipped nips nipping
nod nodded nodded nods nodding
note noted noted notes noting
notice noticed noticed notices noticing
notify notified notified notifies notifying
nourish nourished nourished nourishes nourishing
nurse nursed nursed nurses nursing
obey obeyed obeyed obeys obeying
oblige obliged obliged obliges obliging
observe observed observed observes observing
obstruct obstructed obstructed obstructs obstructing
obtain obtained obtained obtains obtaining
occupy occupied occupied occupies occupying
occur occurred occurred occurs occurring
offer offered offered offers offering
offset offset offset offsets offsetting
omit omitted omitted omits omitting
ooze oozed oozed oozes oozing
open opened opened opens opening
operate operated operated operates operating
opine opined opined opines opining
oppress oppressed oppressed oppresses oppressing
opt opted opted opts opting
optimize optimized optimized optimizes optimizing
order ordered ordered orders ordering
organize organized organized organizes organizing
originate originated originated originates originating
output output output outputs outputting
overflow overflowed overflowed overflows overflowing
overtake overtook overtaken overtakes overtaking
owe owed owed owes owing
own owned owned owns owning
pacify pacified pacified pacifies pacifying
paint painted painted paints painting
pardon pardoned pardoned pardons pardoning
part parted parted parts parting
partake partook partaken partakes partaking
participate participated participated participates participating
pass passed passed passes passing
paste pasted pasted pastes pasting
pat patted patted pats patting
patch patched patched patches patching
pause paused paused pauses pausing
pay paid paid pays paying
peep peeped peeped peeps peeping
perish perished perished perishes perishing
permit permitted permitted permits permitting
persuade persuaded persuaded persuades persuading
phone phoned phoned phones phoning
place placed placed places placing
plan planned planned plans planning
play played played plays playing
plead pled pled pleads pleading
please pleased pleased pleases pleasing
plod plodded plodded plods plodding
plot plotted plotted plots plotting
pluck plucked plucked plucks plucking
ply plied plied plies plying
point pointed pointed points pointing
polish polished polished polishes polishing
pollute polluted polluted pollutes polluting
ponder pondered pondered ponders pondering
pour poured poured pours pouring
pout pouted pouted pouts pouting
practise practised practised practises practising
praise praised praised praises praising
pray prayed prayed prays praying
preach preached preached preaches preaching
prefer preferred preferred prefers preferring
prepare prepared prepared prepares preparing
prescribe prescribed prescribed prescribes prescribing
present presented presented presents presenting
preserve preserved preserved preserves preserving
preset preset preset presets presetting
preside presided presided presides presiding
press pressed pressed presses pressing
pretend pretended pretended pretends pretending
prevent prevented prevented prevents preventing
print printed printed prints printing
proceed proceeded proceeded proceeds proceeding
produce produced produced produces producing
progress progressed progressed progresses progressing
prohibit prohibited prohibited prohibits prohibiting
promise promised promised promises promising
propose proposed proposed proposes proposing
prosecute prosecuted prosecuted prosecutes prosecuting
protect protected protected protects protecting
prove proved proved proves proving
provide provided provided provides providing
pull pulled pulled pulls pulling
punish punished punished punishes punishing
purify purified purified purifies purifying
push pushed pushed pushes pushing
put put put puts putting
qualify qualified qualified qualifies qualifying
quarrel quarrelled quarrelled quarrels quarrelling
question questioned questioned questions questioning
quit quit quit quits quitting
race raced raced races racing
rain rained rained rains raining
rattle rattled rattled rattles rattling
reach reached reached reaches reaching
read read read reads reading
realize realized realized realizes realizing
rebuild rebuilt rebuilt rebuilds rebuilding
recall recalled recalled recalls recalling
recast recast recast recasts recasting
receive received received receives receiving
recite recited recited recites reciting
recognize recognized recognized recognizes recognizing
recollect recollected recollected recollects recollecting
recur recurred recurred recurs recurring
redo redid redone redoes redoing
reduce reduced reduced reduces reducing
refer referred referred refers referring
reflect reflected reflected reflects reflecting
refuse refused refused refuses refusing
regard regarded regarded regards regarding
regret regretted regretted regrets regretting
relate related related relates relating
relax relaxed relaxed relaxes relaxing
rely relied relied relies relying
remain remained remained remains remaining
remake remade remade remakes remaking
remove removed removed removes removing
rend rent rent rends rending
renew renewed renewed renews renewing
renounce renounced renounced renounces renouncing
repair repaired repaired repairs repairing
repeat repeated repeated repeats repeating
replace replaced replaced replaces replacing
reply replied replied replies replying
report reported reported reports reporting
request requested requested requests requesting
resell resold resold resells reselling
resemble resembled resembled resembles resembling
reset reset reset resets resetting
resist resisted resisted resists resisting
resolve resolved resolved resolves resolving
respect respected respected respects respecting
rest rested rested rests resting
restrain restrained restrained restrains restraining
retain retained retained retains retaining
retch retched retched retches retching
retire retired retired retires retiring
return returned returned returns returning
reuse reused reused reuses reusing
review reviewed reviewed reviews reviewing
rewind rewound rewound rewinds rewinding
rid rid rid rids ridding
ride rode ridden rides riding
ring rang rung rings ringing
rise rose risen rises rising
roar roared roared roars roaring
rob robbed robbed robs robbing
roll rolled rolled rolls rolling
rot rotted rotted rots rotting
rub rubbed rubbed rubs rubbing
rule ruled ruled rules ruling
run ran run runs running
rush rushed rushed rushes rushing
sabotage sabotaged sabotaged sabotages sabotaging
sack sacked sacked sacks sacking
sacrifice sacrificed sacrificed sacrifices sacrificing
sadden saddened saddened saddens saddening
saddle saddled saddled saddles saddling
sag sagged sagged sags sagging
sail sailed sailed sails sailing
sally sallied sallied sallies sallying
salute saluted saluted salutes saluting
salvage salvaged salvaged salvages salvaging
salve salved salved salves salving
sample sampled sampled samples sampling
sanctify sanctified sanctified sanctifies sanctifying
sanction sanctioned sanctioned sanctions sanctioning
sap sapped sapped saps sapping
saponify saponified saponified saponifies saponifying
sash sashed sashed sashes sashing
sashay sashayed sashayed sashays sashaying
sass sassed sassed sasses sassing
sate sated sated sates sating
satiate satiated satiated satiates satiating
satirise satirised satirised satirises satirising
satisfy satisfied satisfied satisfies satisfying
saturate saturated saturated saturates saturating
saunter sauntered sauntered saunters sauntering
save saved saved saves saving
savor savored savored savors savoring
savvy savvied savvied savvies savvying
saw sawed sawn saws sawing
say said said says saying
scab scabbed scabbed scabs scabbing
scabble scabbled scabbled scabbles scabbling
scald scalded scalded scalds scalding
scale scaled scaled scales scaling
scam scammed scammed scams scamming
scan scanned scanned scans scanning
scant scanted scanted scants scanting
scar scarred scarred scars scarring
scare scared scared scares scaring
scarify scarified scarified scarifies scarifying
scarp scarped scarped scarps scarping
scat scatted scatted scats scatting
scatter scattered scattered scatters scattering
scold scolded scolded scolds scolding
scorch scorched scorched scorches scorching
scowl scowled scowled scowls scowling
scrawl scrawled scrawled scrawls scrawling
scream screamed screamed screams screaming
screw screwed screwed screws screwing
scrub scrubbed scrubbed scrubs scrubbing
search searched searched searches searching
seat seated seated seats seating
secure secured secured secures securing
see saw seen sees seeing
seek sought sought seeks seeking
seem seemed seemed seems seeming
seize seized seized seizes seizing
select selected selected selects selecting
sell sold sold sells selling
send sent sent sends sending
sentence sentenced sentenced sentences sentencing
separate separated separated separates separating
set set set sets setting
sever severed severed severs severing
sew sewed sewn sews sewing
shake shook shaken shakes shaking
shape shaped shaped shapes shaping
share shared shared shares sharing
shatter shattered shattered shatters shattering
shave shove shaven shaves shaving
shear shore shorn shears shearing
shed shed shed sheds shedding
shine shone shone shines shining
shirk shirked shirked shirks shirking
shit shit shit shits shitting
shiver shivered shivered shivers shivering
shock shocked shocked shocks shocking
shoe shod shod shoes shoeing
shoot shot shot shoots shooting
shorten shortened shortened shortens shortening
shout shouted shouted shouts shouting
show showed shown shows showing
shrink shrank shrunk shrinks shrinking
shun shunned shunned shuns shunning
shut shut shut shuts shutting
sight sighted sighted sights sighting
signal signalled signalled signals signalling
signify signified signified signifies signifying
sing sang sung sings singing
sink sank sunk sinks sinking
sip sipped sipped sips sipping
sit sat sat sits sitting
ski skied skied skis skiing
skid skidded skidded skids skidding
slam slammed slammed slams slamming
slay slew slain slays slaying
sleep slept slept sleeps sleeping
slide slid slid/slide slides sliding
slim slimmed slimmed slims slimming
sling slung slung slings slinging
slink slunk slunk slinks slinking
slip slipped slipped slips slipping
slit slit slit slits slitting
smash smashed smashed smashes smashing
smell smelt smelt smells smelling
smile smiled smiled smiles smiling
smite smote smitten smites smiting
smooth smoothed smoothed smoothes smoothing
smother smothered smothered smothers smothering
snap snapped snapped snaps snapping
snatch snatched snatched snatches snatching
sneak snuck snuck sneaks sneaking
sneeze sneezed sneezed sneezes sneezing
sniff sniffed sniffed sniffs sniffing
soar soared soared soars soaring
sob sobbed sobbed sobs sobbing
solicit solicited solicited solicits soliciting
solve solved solved solves solving
soothe soothed soothed soothes soothing
sort sorted sorted sorts sorting
sow sowed sowed sows sowing
sparkle sparkled sparkled sparkles sparkling
speak spoke spoken speaks speaking
speed sped sped speeds speeding
spell spelt spelt spells spelling
spend spent spent spends spending
spill spilt spilt spills spilling
spin span/spun spun spins spinning
spit spat/spit spat/spit spits spitting
split split split splits splitting
spoil spoilt spoilt spoils spoiling
spray sprayed sprayed sprays spraying
spread spread spread spreads spreading
spring sprang sprung springs springing
sprout sprouted sprouted sprouts sprouting
squeeze squeezed squeezed squeezes squeezing
stand stood stood stands standing
stare stared stared stares staring
start started started starts starting
state stated stated states stating
stay stayed stayed stays staying
steal stole stolen steals stealing
steep steeped steeped steeps steeping
stem stemmed stemmed stems stemming
step stepped stepped steps stepping
sterilize sterilized sterilized sterilizes sterilizing
stick stuck stuck sticks sticking
stimulate stimulated stimulated stimulates stimulating
sting stung stung stings stinging
stink stank stunk stinks stinking
stir stirred stirred stirs stirring
stitch stitched stitched stitches stitching
stoop stooped stooped stoops stooping
stop stopped stopped stops stopping
store stored stored stores storing
strain strained strained strains straining
stray strayed strayed strays straying
stress stressed stressed stresses stressing
stretch stretched stretched stretches stretching
strew strewed strewn strews strewing
stride strode stridden strides striding
strike struck struck/stricken strikes striking
string strung strung strings stringing
strive strove striven strives striving
study studied studied studies studying
submit submitted submitted submits submitting
subscribe subscribed subscribed subscribes subscribing
subtract subtracted subtracted subtracts subtracting
succeed succeeded succeeded succeeds succeeding
suck sucked sucked sucks sucking
suffer suffered suffered suffers suffering
suggest suggested suggested suggests suggesting
summon summoned summoned summons summoning
supply supplied supplied supplies supplying
support supported supported supports supporting
suppose supposed supposed supposes supposing
surge surged surged surges surging
surmise surmised surmised surmises surmising
surpass surpassed surpassed surpasses surpassing
surround surrounded surrounded surrounds surrounding
survey surveyed surveyed surveys surveying
survive survived survived survives surviving
swallow swallowed swallowed swallows swallowing
sway swayed swayed sways swaying
swear swore sworn swears swearing
sweat sweat sweat sweats sweating
sweep swept swept sweeps sweeping
swell swelled swollen swells swelling
swim swam swum swims swimming
swing swung swung swings swinging
swot swotted swotted swots swotting
take took taken takes taking
talk talked talked talks talking
tap tapped tapped taps tapping
taste tasted tasted tastes tasting
tax taxed taxed taxes taxing
teach taught taught teaches teaching
tear tore torn tears tearing
tee teed teed tees teeing
tell told told tells telling
tempt tempted tempted tempts tempting
tend tended tended tends tending
terminate terminated terminated terminates terminating
terrify terrified terrified terrifies terrifying
test tested tested tests testing
thank thanked thanked thanks thanking
think thought thought thinks thinking
thrive throve thriven thrives thriving
throw threw thrown throws throwing
thrust thrust thrust thrusts thrusting
thump thumped thumped thumps thumping
tie tied tied ties tying
tire tired tired tires tiring
toss tossed tossed tosses tossing
touch touched touched touches touching
train trained trained trains training
trample trampled trampled tramples trampling
transfer transferred transferred transfers transferring
transform transformed transformed transforms transforming
translate translated translated translates translating
trap trapped trapped traps trapping
travel travelled travelled travels travelling
tread trod trodden treads treading
treasure treasured treasured treasures treasuring
treat treated treated treats treating
tree treed treed trees treeing
tremble trembled trembled trembles trembling
triumph triumphed triumphed triumphs triumphing
trust trusted trusted trusts trusting
try tried tried tries trying
turn turned turned turns turning
type typed typed types typing
typeset typeset typeset typesets typesetting
understand understood understood understands understanding
undo undid undone undoes undoing
uproot uprooted uprooted uproots uprooting
upset upset upset upsets upsetting
urge urged urged urges urging
use used used uses using
utter uttered uttered utters uttering
value valued valued values valuing
vanish vanished vanished vanishes vanishing
vary varied varied varies varying
verify verified verified verifies verifying
vex vexed vexed vexes vexing
vie vied vied vies vying
view viewed viewed views viewing
violate violated violated violates violating
vomit vomited vomited vomits vomiting
wake woke woken wakes waking
walk walked walked walks walking
wander wandered wandered wanders wandering
want wanted wanted wants wanting
warn warned warned warns warning
waste wasted wasted wastes wasting
watch watched watched watches watching
water watered watered waters watering
wave waved waved waves waving
wax waxed waxed waxes waxing
waylay waylaid waylaid waylays waylaying
wear wore worn wears wearing
weave wove woven weaves weaving
wed wed wed weds wedding
weep wept wept weeps weeping
weigh weighed weighed weighs weighing
welcome welcomed welcomed welcomes welcoming
wend went went wends wending
wet wet wet wets wetting
whip whipped whipped whips whipping
whisper whispered whispered whispers whispering
win won won wins winning
wind wound wound winds winding
wish wished wished wishes wishing
withdraw withdrew withdrawn withdraws withdrawing
work worked worked works working
worry worried worried worries worrying
worship worshipped worshipped worships worshipping
wring wrung wrung wrings wringing
write wrote written writes writing
yawn yawned yawned yawns yawning
yell yelled yelled yells yelling
yield yielded yielded yields yielding
zinc zincked zincked zincs zincking
zoom zoomed zoomed zooms zooming
Regular Verbs are those whose past tense and past participles are
formed by adding a -d or an -ed to the end of the verb.
Past Participle
Base Form Past Form Form s / es/ ies ‘ing’ form
abide abode abode abides abiding
alight alit alit alights alighting
arise arose arisen arises arising
awake awoke awoken awakes awaking
be (am,are) was / were been is being
bear bore born/borne bears bearing
beat beat beaten beats beating
become became become becomes becoming
befall befell befallen befalls befalling
begin began begun begins beginning
behold beheld beheld beholds beholding
bend bent bent bends bending
bereave bereft bereft bereaves bereaving
beseech besought besought beseeches beseeching
bet bet bet bets betting
bid bade bidden bids bidding
bid bid bid bids bidding
bind bound bound binds binding
bite bit bitten bites biting
bleed bled bled bleeds bleeding
blow blew blown blows blowing
break broke broken breaks breaking
breed bred bred breeds breeding
bring brought brought brings bringing
broadcast broadcast broadcast broadcasts broadcasting
build built built builds building
burn burnt burnt burns burning
burst burst burst bursts bursting
bust bust bust busts busting
buy bought bought buys buying
cast cast cast casts casting
catch caught caught catches catching
chide chid chidden chides chiding
choose chose chosen chooses choosing
cleave clove/cleft cloven/cleft cleaves cleaving
cling clung clung clings clinging
clothe clad clad clothes clothing
come came come comes coming
cost cost cost costs costing
creep crept crept creeps creeping
cut cut cut cuts cutting
deal dealt dealt deals dealing
dig dug dug digs digging
do did done does doing
draw drew drawn draws drawing
dream dreamt dreamt dreams dreaming
drink drank drunk drinks drinking
drive drove driven drives driving
dwell dwelt dwelt dwells dwelling
eat ate eaten eats eating
fall fell fallen falls falling
fart fart fart farts farting
feed fed fed feeds feeding
feel felt felt feels feeling
fight fought fought fights fighting
find found found finds finding
fit fit fit fits fitting
flee fled fled flees fleeing
fling flung flung flings flinging
fly flew flown flies flying
forbid forbade forbidden forbids forbidding
forecast forecast forecast forecasts forecasting
forget forgot forgotten forgets forgetting
forgive forgave forgiven forgives forgiving
forsake forsook forsaken forsakes forsaking
freeze froze frozen freezes freezing
gainsay gainsaid gainsaid gainsays gainsaying
get got got gets getting
gird girt girt girds girding
give gave given gives giving
go went gone goes going
grave grove graven graves graving
grow grew grown grows growing
hang hung hung hangs hanging
have had had has having
hear heard heard hears hearing
heave hove hove heaves heaving
hew hewed hewn hews hewing
hide hid hidden hides hiding
hit hit hit hits hitting
hold held held holds holding
hurt hurt hurt hurts hurting
inlay inlaid inlaid inlays inlaying
input input input inputs inputting
keep kept kept keeps keeping
kneel knelt knelt kneels kneeling
knit knit knit knits knitting
know knew known knows knowing
lade laded laden lades lading
lay laid laid lays laying
lead led led leads leading
lean leant leant leans leaning
leap leapt leapt leaps leaping
learn learnt learnt learns learning
leave left left leaves leaving
lend lent lent lends lending
let let let lets letting
lie lay lain lies lying
light lit lit lights lighting
lose lost lost loses losing
make made made makes making
mean meant meant means meaning
meet met met meets meeting
mistake mistook mistaken mistakes mistaking
mow mowed mown mows mowing
partake partook partaken partakes partaking
pay paid paid pays paying
plead pled pled pleads pleading
put put put puts putting
quit quit quit quits quitting
read (રરર) read (રરર) read (રરર) reads reading
rend rent rent rends rending
rid rid rid rids ridding
ride rode ridden rides riding
ring rang rung rings ringing
rise rose risen rises rising
run ran run runs running
saw sawed sawn saws sawing
say said said says saying
see saw seen sees seeing
seek sought sought seeks seeking
sell sold sold sells selling
send sent sent sends sending
set set set sets setting
sew sewed sewn sews sewing
shake shook shaken shakes shaking
shave shove shaven shaves shaving
shear shore shorn shears shearing
shed shed shed sheds shedding
shine shone shone shines shining
shit shit shit shits shitting
shoe shod shod shoes shoeing
shoot shot shot shoots shooting
show showed shown shows showing
shrink shrank shrunk shrinks shrinking
shrive shrove shriven shrives shriving
shut shut shut shuts shutting
sing sang sung sings singing
sink sank sunk sinks sinking
sit sat sat sits sitting
slay slew slain slays slaying
sleep slept slept sleeps sleeping
slide slid slid slides sliding
sling slung slung slings slinging
slink slunk slunk slinks slinking
slit slit slit slits slitting
smell smelt smelt smells smelling
smite smote smitten smites smiting
sneak snuck snuck sneaks sneaking
speak spoke spoken speaks speaking
speed sped sped speeds speeding
spell spelt spelt spells spelling
spend spent spent spends spending
spill spilt spilt spills spilling
spin spun spun spins spinning
spit spat spat spits spitting
split split split splits splitting
spoil spoilt spoilt spoils spoiling
spread spread spread spreads spreading
spring sprang sprung springs springing
stand stood stood stands standing
steal stole stolen steals stealing
stick stuck stuck sticks sticking
sting stung stung stings stinging
stink stank stunk stinks stinking
strew strewed strewn strews strewing
stride strode stridden strides striding
strike struck stricken strikes striking
string strung strung strings stringing
strive strove striven strives striving
swear swore sworn swears swearing
sweat sweat sweat sweats sweating
sweep swept swept sweeps sweeping
swell swelled swollen swells swelling
swim swam swum swims swimming
swing swung swung swings swinging
take took taken takes taking
teach taught taught teaches teaching
tear tore torn tears tearing
tell told told tells telling
think thought thought thinks thinking
thrive throve thriven thrives thriving
throw threw thrown throws throwing
thrust thrust thrust thrusts thrusting
tread trod trodden treads treading
understand understood understood understands understanding
wake woke woken wakes waking
way-lay way-laid way-laid way-lays way-laying
wear wore worn wears wearing
weave wove woven weaves weaving
wed wed wed weds wedding
weep wept wept weeps weeping
welcome welcomed welcomed welcomes welcoming
wend went went wends wending
wet wet wet wets wetting
win won won wins winning
wind wound wound winds winding
withdraw withdrew withdrawn withdraws withdrawing
wring wrung wrung wrings wringing
write wrote written writes writing
There is no formula to predict how an irregular verb will form its past-tense and past-participle forms.
There are over 250 irregular verbs in English. Although they do not follow a formula, there are some
fairly common irregular forms. Some of these forms are:
Phrasal Verb
Abide by
Account for
Ache for
Act on /Act upon
Act on /Act upon
Act out
Act out
Act up
Add on
Add up
Add up
Add up to
Add up to
Agree with
Aim at
Aim at
Allow for
Allow of
Angle for
Answer back
Answer for
Answer for
Argue down
Argue down
Argue down
Ask about
Ask after
Ask around
Ask around
Ask for
Ask for
Ask in
Ask out
Ask over
Ask round
Auction off
Back away
Bail out of
Bail out on
Bail up
Bail up
Ball up
Ball up
Balls up
Bang about
Back down
Back into
Back off
Back out
Back out of
Back out of
Back up
Back up
Back up
Bag out
Bail out
Bail out
Bail out
Bang around
Bang on
Bang on about
Bang out
Bang up
Bang up
Bargain down
Bargain on
Barge in / into
Bash about
Bash in
Bash out
Bash up
Bawl out
Bawl out
Be after
Be along
Be away
Be cut out for
Be cut up
Be down
Be down
Be down on
Be down with
Be fed up
Be in
Be in
Be in on
Be not on
Be off
Be off
Be on
Be on
Be on
Be on
Be on about
Be on to
Be out
Be out to
Be snowed under
Be taken aback
Be taken with
Be up
Be up
Be up
Be up for
Be up to
Be up to
Bear down on
Bear on
Bear out
Beat down
Beat out
Beat up
Beaver away
Beaver away at
Bear up
Bear up under
Bear with
Bed down
Bed down
Bed out
Beef up
Belong to
Belong to
Belong with
Belt out
Belt up
Belt up
Bend down
Bend over
Bend over backwards
Big up
Big up
Bitch up
Black out
Black out
Black out
Black out
Blare out
Blast off
Blaze away
Bleed out
Bliss out
Block in
Block in
Block off
Block out
Block up
Blow away
Blow away
Blow away
Blow away
Blow down
Blow in
Blow off
Blow off
Blow off
Blow out
Blow over
Blow up
Blow up
Blow up
Blow up
Blow up
Blurt out
Board out
Board up
Bog down
Bog in / into
Bog off!
Boil down
Boil down to
Boil over
Boil up
Bolster up
Bone up
Book in
Book into
Book out
Book up
Boot up
Border on
Boss about / around
Botch up
Bottle away
Bottle out
Bottle up
Bottom out
Bounce into
Bounce back
Bounce off
Bowl out
Bowl over
Bowl over
Box in
Box up
Brace up
Branch out
Break away
Break down
Break down
Break down
Break down
Break in
Break in
Break in
Break in
Break off
Break out
Break out in
Break out of
Break through
Break up
Break up
Break up / off
Break up
Breeze along
Breeze into / in
Breeze through
Brick in / up
Brighten up
Brighten up
Bring about
Bring along
Bring around
Bring around
Bring around
Bring back
Bring back
Bring down
Bring forth
Bring forward
Bring in
Bring off
Bring on
Bring on
Bring out
Bring out
Bring out in
Bring round
Bring Up
Bring Up
Bring Up
Brush off
Brush up
Bubble over
Buck up
Buck up
Bucket down
Buckle down
Buckle under
Buckle up
Budge up
Buff up
Buff up
Buff up on
Bug off!
Bug out
Bug out
Build up
Build up
Bulk out
Bulk up
Bump into
Bump off
Bump up
Bundle off
Bundle out
Bundle up
Bundle up
Bunk off
Buoy up
Buoy up
Burn down
Burn off
Burn out
Burn up
Burn up
Burn up
Burst into
Burst into
Bust up
Butt in
Butt out
Butter up
Buy in
Buy into
Buy off
Buy out
Buy up
Buzz around
Buzz off
Buzz off!
Meaning
Accept or follow a decision or rule
To explain
Want something or someone a lot
To take action because of something like information received.
Affect
Perform something with actions and gestures
Express an emotion in your behaviour
Behave badly or strangely
Include in a calculation
To make a mathematical total
Be a satisfactory explanation for something
Have a certain result
Come to a certain amount or figure
Affect- usually used in the negative to show that something has had a negative effect, especially is it makes you feel bad.
To target
Intend to achieve
Include something in a plan or calculation
Make possible, permit
Try to get something indirectly by hinting or suggesting
To reply rudely to someone in authority
Be held responsible for a problem
Speak on behalf of someone or from knowing them
Beat someone in a debate, discussion or argument
Persuade someone to drop the price of something they're selling.
Argue about a problem to find a solution.
Ask how someone is doing, especially professionally and in terms of a health
Enquire about someone's health, how life is going.
Ask a number of people for information of help.
Invite someone.
To provoke a negative reaction
Request to have or be given.
To invite somebody into your house
To invite someone for a date.
Invite
Invite someone.
Sell something in an auction.
Retreat or go backwards.
Pay a bond to release someone from jail.
Stop supporting someone when they are in trouble.
Talk to someone and delay them.
Rob someone at gunpoint.
Confuse or make things complicated.
Roll or form into a round shape.
Spoil, ruin.
Move in a place making a lot of noise.
Retract or withdraw your position or proposal in an argument.
Enter a parking area in reverse gear
Retreat.
Fail to keep an arrangement or promise.
Fail to keep an agreement, arrangement.
Exit a parking area in reverse gear.
Make a copy of computer data.
Support.
Drive a vehicle backwards.
Criticise.
Save, rescue.
Remove water from something that is flooded.
Jump out of a plane because it is going to crash.
Move in a place making a lot of noise.
Talk at great length.
Keep talking about something.
Play a musical instrument loudly.
Put someone in prison.
Damage badly.
Persuade someone to drop the price of something they're selling.
Expect something to happen (usually negative).
Enter a place and interrupt people rudely.
Mistreat physically.
Break, damage or injure by hitting.
Write something quickly without much preparation.
Break, damage or hurt by hitting.
Scold, shout at someone.
Sing or shout unpleasantly loudly.
Try to find or get.
Arrive.
Be elsewhere; on holiday, etc..
Be suitable, have the necessary qualities.
Be upset.
Be depressed.
Be reduced or less.
Have negative feelings toward someone.
Be ill.
Be bored, upset or sick of something.
Be at home or at work.
Be submitted, arrive.
Be involved in.
Be unacceptable.
Be bad (of food).
Depart, leave.
Be functioning (of machines).
Take place.
Take medication or drugs, especially when they affect the person badly.
Be at the top of one’s game, performing very well.
Mean, try to say.
Pursue, be aware of someone's true nature.
Be absent from a place.
Have no more left or Attempt.
Have too much work.
Be shocked or surprised.
Like something.
Be out of bed.
Have increased or risen.
When the time for something finishes or expires.
Be enthusiastic about an upcoming event.
Be good enough.
Doing something naughty or wrong.
Move towards.
Influence, affect.
Confirm that something is correct.
Get someone to lower the price of something.
Narrowly win in competition.
Attack violently.
Work hard.
Work hard doing something.
Resist pressure.
Cope with something difficult or stressful.
Be patient.
Sleep somewhere less comfortable than normal.
Become established or successful over time.
Move a plant outside.
Make something stronger or more solid.
Be a member.
Be connected to a time, place, belief, thing, etc.
Be in the correct or appropriate location with other items.
Sing something loudly.
Be quiet.
Fasten your seatbelt.
Lower the top half of your body.
Lower the top part of your body.
Do a lot to try to help or please someone.
Exaggerate the importance.
Increase the size of muscles by exercise.
Spoil or ruin something.
Fall unconscious.
Lose light.
Censor text so that words cannot be read.
Have a temporary memory failure.
A loud sound or music.
Leave the ground- spaceship or rocket.
Fire a gun repeatedly.
Cause sufficient blood loss to result in death.
Be extremely relaxed and happy.
Park a car and obstruct another car.
Shade or fill in.
Obstruct an exit to prevent people from leaving.
Try not think about or feel something because it is upsetting or painful.
Fill a space so that nothing can pass.
Kill
Beat rivals or competitors by a large margin.
Impress greatly.
When the wind moves something from a place.
When the wind forces something to fall.
Arrive, sometimes suddenly or unexpectedly.
Not keep an appointment.
Ignore, not do something.
Expel gas from the anus.
Defeat decisively.
When a scandal gets forgotten.
Explode.
Inflate.
Enlarge (e.g., photograph)..
The beginning of a storm.
Lose your temper, become angry.
Say something quickly without thinking, especially if you shouldn't.
Arrange for pets to stay somewhere while you're away.
Cover windows or doors with wood, metal, etc.
Slow make progress.
Eat something enthusiastically.
Get lost.
Simplify, reduce to the essentials.
Amount to.
When people lose their tempers and things get nasty.
Feel a negative emotion strongly.
Give support, reinforce, strengthen.
Study hard for a reason.
Check in at a hotel.
Make a reservation in advance.
Leave a place in a hurry.
Reserve.
Start a computer.
Be very nearly something.
Use excessive authority to control people.
Ruin or spoil something.
Store up.
Lack of courage to do something.
Not express your feelings.
Pass the lowest point and start rising.
Force someone.
Recover.
Test ideas.
Hit someone's wicket in cricket with the ball.
Surprise someone greatly.
Knock someone to the ground.
Prevent something from moving, especially vehicles.
Pack things in boxes to move them.
Feel more confident or optimistic about something.
Move into a different area of business, etc..
Leave an organisation, usually to form a new one.
End negotiations unsuccessfully.
Start crying.
Stop working.
Remove a barrier or obstacle.
Go into a building to steal something.
Interrupt something.
Train a horse to be ridden.
Carefully use new products until they are fully functional..
Break a piece from something.
Start (war, conflict).
Sweat heavily, develop skin sores or irritation.
Escape.
Pass a barrier or obstacle.
Break into many pieces.
Close an educational institution for the holidays.
To Finish or End a relationship.
Become inaudible over the telephone because of interference.
Move easily and quickly.
Enter a place quickly.
Pass easily, succeed.
Close or fill a space with bricks.
Improve (weather).
Become happier. or Make something more attractive or pleasant.
Make something happen.
Bring someone or something to certain place. Or Help someone improve
Persuade or convince someone.
Bring something with you when you visit.
Get someone talking about something.
Cause someone to remember.
Return
Make something cheaper.
Produce something, make it known or visible.
Make something happen earlier than originally planned.
Earn.
Succeed with something difficult.
Cause something to happen or speed up
Make something appear.
Release or publish.
Elicit a response.
Cause a health problem or reaction.
Make someone wake up from unconsciousness or an anaesthetic.
Mention.
Raise a child.
Be officially charged with a crime.
Ignore, pay little attention.
Improve a skill quickly.
Become very excited.
Hurry (either transitive or reflexive).
Smarten up, improve.
Rain heavily.
Start working hard, apply yourself.
Accept something under pressure, against your will.
Fasten a seatbelt.
Move to make space for someone.
Clear, clean or make something shine.
Improve.
Improve your knowledge quickly.
Go away.
Open your eyes wide in surprise.
Leave somewhere in a hurry.
Develop a company.
Increase.
Make something bigger or thicker.
Gain weight, develop bigger muscles.
Meet by chance.
Kill.
Increase.
Send someone somewhere.
Expel.
Put on warm clothing.
Wrap or tie things together.
Not go to school when you should.
Make someone feel more positive.
Keep afloat.
Burn completely.
Remove by burning or similar process.
Lose enthusiasm and energy to continue in a demanding job.
Destroy completely by fire.
Drive at high speed.
To be or cause to be highly annoyed.
Catch fire very quickly.
Laugh, cry or clap loudly.
End a relationship, usually angrily or after arguing.
Interrupt
Not be involved in other people's business.
Praise or flatter someone excessively.
Force
Accept an idea.
Pay someone to stop them causing trouble.
Buy somebody's share in a company.
Buy all of something.
Move quickly around a place.
Leave somewhere
Go away (imperative).
Sentence
Auxiliaries
These are divided on two categories:

Primary Auxiliaries: Which can be used as helping verbs as well as principal verbs.
Am, Is, Are, Was, Were, Do, Does, Did, Have, Has, Had

Examples
Am
I am a software professional.
I am working for Wipro.

Is
He is a doctor.
He is performing a surgery at the movement.

Are
We are students of Hansraj College.
We are participating in a football tournament here.

Was
Kalidasa was a great poet.
Gopal was riding a bi-cycle when he was hit by a scooter.

Were
They were my classmates in Dehradun.
They were going to Goa when their train met with an accident.

Have
I have many grammar books at home.
I have read all of them.

Has
He has a laptop with him.
He has put it in his briefcase.

Had
I had a beautiful pen.
I had bought it in 2004.
Do
They do their work sincerely.
They do not go home before 8 pm.

Does
He does his work efficiently.
He does not waste even a single minute.

Did
She did her job.
Did she come to office yesterday?
Modal Auxiliaries: Which are always used as helping verbs. In other words they cannot be used as Principal verbs.
Will, Shall, Would, Should, Can, Could, May, Might, Ought to, Must, Need.

Examples
Will – It is used to express intention. It is normally used in future tense.
We will go to Jaisalmer next week.
They will visit our place in February.
Will they accompany you for lunch?

Would – It is the past form of will.


He would complete his work by this time tomorrow.
She would be going for her dance classes from next week.
Would you like to have a glass of water?

Shall
Shall I take leave tomorrow?
Shall we go on a picnic next week?
Shall we have coffee in CP?

Should
You should pay attention in the class.
Should I accompany her to her house?
You should drink two glasses of water daily in the morning.

May – It is used to indicate possibility.


I may come to your house tomorrow.
It may rain in the evening.
Government may hike the price of petrol and diesel.
May I borrow your book for a couple of days?

Might – It is the past form of may and is used to express less certain situations.
I might take a leave tomorrow.
Dad might come to office the day after tomorrow.
Mid term elections might be announced in mid March.
ADVERBS
Are used to modify a verb, an adjective, or another adverb.

They are divided on:


Adverbs of Manner, Adverbs of Place, Adverbs of Time, Adverbs of Number, Adverbs of Degree, Interrogative Adverbs.

Adverbs of Manner: Show how (or the manner in which) an action is done. Adverbs of place answer the question -'How'?
Some examples are: Wisely, Foolishly, Well, Fast, Slowly, Bravely .

Adverbs of Place: Show where an action is done. Adverbs of place answer the question -'Where'?
Some examples are: Outside, Everywhere, Here, There, Hither, Thither, Out, Forward.

Adverbs of Time: Show when an action is done. Adverbs of time answer the question -'When'?
Some examples are: Yesterday, Tomorrow, Daily, Early, Presently, Immediately.

Adverbs of Number: The Adverbs of number show how often an action is done. Adverbs of number answer the question -'How
Some examples are: Twice, Always, Seldom.

Adverbs of Degree: Show how much or to what extent a thing is done


Some examples are: Extremely, Partially, Totally.

Interrogative Adverbs: These are used for asking questions


Some examples are: When, Why.
ADJECTIVES
Adjectives give more specific information about a noun or pronoun.
They may answer any of three specific questions about the noun(s) or pronoun(s) : What kind?, Which one(s)? or How many?
They are also called modifiers because they modify the image of a noun or pronoun that we have in mind.
Example: If we say Car (which is a noun) its a very general term and we can imagine any Car. But, if we say 'White Car' it gives a

Adjectives can be divided on: Proper Adjectives, Possessive Adjectives, Demonstrative Adjectives, Interrogative Adjectives and

Proper Adjectives: They tend to look like proper nouns because they are capitalized, BUT they are always modifying nouns. Th
For Example: Darjeeling Tea is very famous around the world.
Now, the kind of Tea is Darjeeling (which is a place in India).

Possessive Adjectives: They are pretty similar, almost identical, to a possessive pronoun. But, these are used as an adjective an
Some examples are: My, Your, His, Her, Its, Our, Their.

Demonstrative Adjectives: They are identical to the demonstrative pronouns, but these are used as adjectives to modify nouns
Some examples are: This, These, That, Those and What.

Interrogative Adjective: Is like an interrogative pronoun, however, it modifies a noun or noun phrase instead of standing on its
Some examples are: Which or What.

Indefinite Adjective: Similar to indefinite pronouns, but these modify a noun, pronoun or noun phrase.
Some examples are: None, Any.

ADJECTIVES : Can also show degrees of comparison and they change their forms when they show comparison.

Positive Degree: An adjective is said to be in the positive degree when there is no comparison.
Comparative Degree: An adjective is said to be in the comparitive degree when it is used to compare two nouns/pronouns.
Superlative Degree: An adjective is in superlative degree when it is used to compare more than two nouns/pronouns. We use

Formation of Comparative & Superlative Degrees of Adjectives

Adjectives usually form their comparative and superlative degrees:

By addition of '-er' and '-est' to the positive degree


Positive Comparative Superlative
bright brighter brightest
black blacker blackest
bold bolder boldest
clever cleverer cleverest
cold colder coldest
fast faster fastest
great greater greatest
high higher highest
kind kinder kindest
long longer longest
rich richer richest
small smaller smallest
strong stronger strongest
sweet sweeter sweetest
tall taller tallest
thick thicker thickest
young younger youngest

By addition of '-r' and '-st' to the positive degree ending in 'e'

Positive Comparative Superlative


brave braver bravest
fine finer finest
large larger largest
nice nicer nicest
noble nobler noblest
pale paler palest
simple simpler simplest
wise wiser wisest
white whiter whitest

3) When the positive ends in 'y' and has a consonant before it, we change 'y' into 'i' and then add 'er' and 'est'.

By deletin

PO

costly
dry
easy
happy
heavy
lazy
mercy
wealthy

4) when the positive degree ends in a consonant with a vowel before it, we double the consonant & then add '-er' and '-est'

PO

big
dim
fat
hot
thin
5) by addition of '-er' and '-est' to the positive degree when it ends in '-y'

PO

gay
grey

5) by placing 'more' and 'most' before the positive form

PO

active

attractive

beautiful

brilliant

careful

courageous

cunning

difficult

famous

faithful

important

proper

popular

splendid

suitable

Some adjectives do not follow any of the rules explained earlier. They are compared irregularly. Here are the different forms of
PO

bad
evil
good
ill
far
well

late

late
little
much
many
near
old
old
COMPARATI SUPERLATIV
VE E
costlier costliest
drier driest
easier easiest
happier happiest
heavier heaviest
lasier lasiest
mercier merciest
wealthier wealthiest

COMPARATI SUPERLATIV
VE E
bigger biggest
dimmer dimmest
fatter fattest
hotter hottest
thinner thinnest
COMPARATI SUPERLATIV
VE E
gayer gayest
greyer greyest

COMPARATI SUPERLATIV
VE E
more active most active
more most
attractive attractive
more most
beautiful beautiful
more most
brilliant brilliant
more
careful most careful
more most
courageous courageous
more most
cunning cunning
more most
difficult difficult
more most
famous famous
more most
faithful faithful
more most
important important
more
proper most proper
more most
popular popular
more most
splendid splendid
more most
suitable suitable
COMPARATI SUPERLATIV
VE E
worse worst
worse worst
better best
worse worst
farther farthest
better best

later latest (time)


last
later (position)
less least
more most
more most
nearer nearest
older oldest
elder eldest
English - Verbs
Words used to express an action, the condition of the subject or what is possessed by the subject.
Verbs can be divided on Transitive, Intransitive and Incomplete Predication.

Transitive verbs are verbs that require an object to "make sense".


Intrasitive Verb are the opposite from transitive ones, they do not require an object to "make sense". They make good sense b
Incomplete Predication are transitive or intransitive verbs that need help of some other word (or words) to complete the sense

Object of a Verb
If we ask what or whom after the verb, the answer we get is the object of the verb.
Plural Nouns: Regular or Irregular
Regular Nouns:
For their plural form of most nouns, add s.

bottle – bottles
cup – cups
elephant - elephants
pencil – pencils
desk – desks
sticker – stickers
table - tables
truck - trucks
window – windows

For nouns ending in o, change to oes.

echo – echoes
hero – heroes
tomato – tomatoes
Irregular Nouns
For nouns ending in ch, x, s, is or s sounds, add es.

box – boxes
cross - crosses
loss - losses
watch – watches
mass – masses
bus – buses
analysis - analyses
crisis - crises

But o change to os

auto - autos
kangaroo - kangaroos
kilo - kilos
memo - memos
photo - photos
piano - pianos
pimento - pimentos
pro - pros
For nouns ending in f or fe, change f to v and add es.

wolf – wolves
wife – wives
leaf – leaves
life – lives
thief - thieves
shelf - shelves

Some nouns have different plural forms.

child – children
woman – women
man – men
mouse – mice
goose – geese
Nouns ending in vowels like y or o do not have definite rules.

baby – babies
toy – toys
kidney – kidneys
potato – potatoes
memo – memos
stereo – stereos
criterion - criteria
phenomenon - phenomena

A few nouns have the same singular and plural forms.

sheep – sheep
deer – deer
series – series
species – species
PRONOUN
It takes the place of, or refer to, a specific noun in a sentence. These can be divided into 7 major categories:
Personal pronouns, Reflexive Pronouns, Demonstrative Pronouns, Indefinite Pronouns, Distributive Pronouns
Interrogative Pronouns and Relative Pronouns.

Personal Pronouns:
Can refer to the speaker/speakers (first person) or those being spoken to (second person), or those who
are spoken about (third person).

Subjective Case Personal Pronouns, used when the pronoun is the subject of a verb.
First Person Second Person Third Person
Singular I You He, She, It
Plural We You They

Objective case pronouns, these are used as objects in a sentence.


First Person Second Person Third Person
Singular Me You Him, Her, It
Plural Us You Them

Personal pronouns can also show possession - to whom something belongs.

Possessive Case Personal Pronouns


First Person Second Person Third Person
Singular My, Mine Your, Yours His, Her, Hers, Its
Plural Our, Ours Your, Yours Their, Theirs

Reflexive Pronouns:
Used to show a subject performing some kind of action upon itself. Can act only as objects in a sentence never as subjects.

Reflexive Case Personal Pronouns


First Person Second Person Third Person
Singular Myself Yourself Himself, Herself, Itself
Plural Ourselves Yourselves Themselves

Demonstrative Pronouns
Demonstrative pronouns refer to things in relation to number and distance.

Demonstrative Case Personal Pronouns


Singular Near This Far That
Plural These Those
Indefinite Pronouns:
Indefinite Pronouns can refer to unspecified people, places or things.

Singular Both ( Singluar/Plural) Plural

Another, Anyone, No one, Anybody, Anything All, Most, Either Both, Few, Many
Nobody, Everyone, Everybody, One
Either, Somebody, Something

Distributive Pronouns: Refer to the members of the representative group and are called distributive forms.
Each, everyone, either and neither are the distributive forms.

Interrogative Pronouns: Are pronouns that begin questions : who, whom, whose, which and what.

Relative Pronouns: These are that, which, who and whom. They relate to another noun that precedes it in the sentence.
ADJECTIVES
ADJECTIVES : Degree of Comparison

Adjective change in form when they show comparison.

Positive Degree: An adjective is said to be in the positive degree when there is no comparison.

Comparative Degree: An adjective is said to be in the comparitive degree when it is used to compare two nouns/pronouns.

Superlative Degree: An adjective is in superlative degree when it is used to compare more than two nouns/pronouns. We use t

Formation of Comparative & Superlative Degrees of Adjectives

Adjectives usually form their comparative and superlative degrees:

1) by addition of '-er' and '-est' to the positive degree

POSITIVE

bright
black
bold
clever
cold
fast
great
high
kind
long
rich
small
strong
sweet
tall
thick
young

2) by addition of '-r' and '-st' to the positive degree ending in 'e'

POSITIVE

brave
fine
large
nice
noble
pale
simple
wise
white

3) When the positive ends in 'y' and has a consonant before it, we change 'y' into 'i' and then add 'er' and 'est'.

By deleting the final ‘y’ and adding ‘ier’ a

POSITIVE

costly
dry
easy
happy
heavy
lazy
mercy
wealthy

4) when the positive degree ends in a consonant with a vowel before it, we double the consonant & then add '-er' and '-est'

POSITIVE

big
dim
fat
hot
thin

5) by addition of '-er' and '-est' to the positive degree when it ends in '-y'

POSITIVE

gay
grey

5) by placing 'more' and 'most' before the positive form

POSITIVE
active

attractive

beautiful

brilliant

careful

courageous

cunning

difficult

famous

faithful

important

proper

popular

splendid

suitable

Some adjectives do not follow any of the rules explained earlier. They are compared irregularly. Here are the different forms of

POSITIVE

bad
evil
good
ill
far
well

late
late
little
much
many
near
old
old
COMPARATI SUPERLATIV
VE E
brighter brightest
blacker blackest
bolder boldest
cleverer cleverest
colder coldest
faster fastest
greater greatest
higher highest
kinder kindest
longer longest
richer richest
smaller smallest
stronger strongest
sweeter sweetest
taller tallest
thicker thickest
younger youngest

COMPARATI SUPERLATIV
VE E
braver bravest
finer finest
larger largest
nicer nicest
nobler noblest
paler palest
simpler simplest
wiser wisest
whiter whitest

COMPARATI SUPERLATIV
VE E
costlier costliest
drier driest
easier easiest
happier happiest
heavier heaviest
lasier lasiest
mercier merciest
wealthier wealthiest

COMPARATI SUPERLATIV
VE E
bigger biggest
dimmer dimmest
fatter fattest
hotter hottest
thinner thinnest

COMPARATI SUPERLATIV
VE E
gayer gayest
greyer greyest

COMPARATI SUPERLATIV
VE E
more active most active
more most
attractive attractive
more most
beautiful beautiful
more most
brilliant brilliant
more
careful most careful
more most
courageous courageous
more most
cunning cunning
more most
difficult difficult
more most
famous famous
more most
faithful faithful
more most
important important
more
proper most proper
more most
popular popular
more most
splendid splendid
more most
suitable suitable

COMPARATI SUPERLATIV
VE E
worse worst
worse worst
better best
worse worst
farther farthest
better best

later latest (time)


last
later (position)
less least
more most
more most
nearer nearest
older oldest
elder eldest
CONJUNCTIONS (revisar las de la Yasmi hace eones)
Definition of Conjunctions

A conjunction is a linking word such as and, or, but. Conjuctions are used to connect words, phrases, clauses or sentences.

Conjuctions of Time:

Before, after, as, when, while, until, since are also conjuctions of time because they tell when something has happen.

Remember the acronym FANBOYS: For-And-Nor-But-Or-Yet-So.

Types of Conjunctions

a) Co-ordinative

b) Subordinative

c) Corelative Conjunctions

a) Co- ordinative Conjunctions : join sentences of equal rank.

Co-ordinative Conjunctions

And

But

Else

Or

b) Sub- ordinative Conjuctions : join sentences of unequal parts.


Co-ordinative Conjunctions
after
although
as
because
before
but that
if
in order that
lest
no matter
how
since
so that
supposing
than
that
though
till
unless
until
what
when
whenever
where
whereas
wherever
whether
which
while
who
why
even though

b) Corelative Conjunctions : are used in pairs

Not only - but also


Neither - nor
Both - and
Though - yet
Whether - or
Either - or
Sprouts and
juice is
healthy
breakfast.

He is good
person but
he is short
tempered.

Take
precautions
else you will
fell ill.

Would you
like to have
coffee or
tea?
INTERJECTIONS
An Interjection is a word that expresses a sudden feeling such as anger, fear, worry, joy, happiness, surprise, pain or pleasure or
They have no grammatical relation to the rest of the sentence.

Often exclamation point (!) is used after interjections.


For Example :-
Cheers!
Ssh!
Ouch!
Hooray!
Aah!
Wow!

The term inteere' which means 'to cast'. Thus ,the word interjection means 'thrown among' the words in a sentence.

List of Interjections
A
Ack
Ah

A: aah, aha, ahem, ahh, ahoy, alas, arg, aw


B: bam, bingo, blah, boo, bravo, brrr
C: cheers, congratulations
D: dang, drat, darn, duh
E: eek, eh, encore, eureka
F: fie, fiddlesticks
G: gadzooks, gee, gee whiz, golly, goodbye, goodness, good grief, gosh
H: ha-ha, hallelujah, hello, hey, hmm, holy buckets, holy cow,
O: oh, oh dear, oh my, oh well, oops, ouch, ow
P: phew, phooey, pooh, pow
R: rats
S: shh, shoo
T: thanks, there, tut-tut
U: uh-huh, uh-oh, ugh
W: wahoo, well, whew, whoa, whoops, wow
Y: yay, yeah, yes, yikes, yippee, yo, yuck

Interjection Examples
Ah, there you are!
Bravo! we won the match.
Oh dear! You must take care of yourself.
Whew, that was close.
Shh! It's a library.
Emotion
disgust, dismissal
triumph, surprise, ridicule
DETERMINERS
Determiners, or noun signals, are special adjectives used before nouns.
There are different kinds of determiners.

The Articles are "the" (definite article) "a", "and" "an" (indefinite articles).
Articles define a noun as specific or unspecific.

The: Refers to a specific thing or quantity. It should be placed before the noun, or before the adjective which directly modifies

A, AN, AND: The indefinite articles are used when we are referring to an unspecified thing or quantity. We use them when we d

Demonstrative Determiners
The words this, that, these and those are also special pronouns called determiners. They are used to point out which thing or p

Quantifying Determiners
Words such as many, much and several tell about quantity without giving an exact number. They are called quantifying determ

Interrogative Determiners
The words what, which and whose are used before nouns to ask questions. Interrogative determiners appear just before nouns

Possessive Determiners
The words my, your, his, her, its, our and their are used before nouns to show ownership. They are called possessive determine
Sentences
What is a Sentence?
A Sentence is a group of words that makes a complete sense.
A sentence must have a subject and a verb, but it may or may not have an object.

For Example:

a) He is reading

In this sentence He = Subject & is reading = verb

Four Kinds of Sentences :-

1) Declarative / Assertive Sentence


A declarative sentence makes a statement.

2) Interrogative Sentence
An interrogative sentence asks a question.

3) Exclamatory Sentence
An exclamatory sentence makes a very strong called an exclamation. It shows a strong feeling sucha as surprise or anger.

4) Imperative Sentence
An imperative sentence gives an order.

The Subject & The Object

The Subject of a sentence sometimes does something to someone or something else.


The person or thing that receives the action is called the object
sucha as surprise or anger.
Punctuation
Punctuation is the correct use of the various stops or marks in writing so as to make the meaning of a sentence or a passage

The Principal stops are :-

1. Comma (,)

2. Semi-colon (;)

3. Colon (:)

4. Full Stop / Period (.)

5. Note of Interrogation (?)

6. Note of Exclamation (!)

7. Inverted Commas (" ")

8. Apostrophe (')
aning of a sentence or a passage clear.
Power of Punctuation
Punctuation is the correct use of the various stops or marks in writing so as to make the meaning of a sentence or a passage

“I want to eat Mom”


“I want to eat, Mom”

Use a comma to save a life

An English professor wrote the words:

"A woman without her man is nothing"

on chalkboard and asked his students to punctuate it correctly.

All the males in the class wrote:


"A woman, without her man, is nothing."

All the females in the class wrote:


"A woman: without her, man is nothing."

SAVED FROM DEATH BY A COMMA!

Czarina Maria Fyodorovna once saved the life of a man by transposing a single comma in a warrant signed by her husband, Ale

"Pardon impossible, to be sent to Siberia."

Maria Fyodorovna changed the punctuation so that her husband's instructions read:

"Pardon, impossible to be sent to Siberia."

The criminal was set free.


aning of a sentence or a passage clear.

arrant signed by her husband, Alexander III, which exiled a criminal to imprisonment and death in Siberia. On the bottom of the warrant th
On the bottom of the warrant the czar had written:
Esta wea hay que hacerla de 0

PUNK, PUNK, PUNCTUATION


PUNK, PUNK, PUNCTUATION

I am a QUESTION MARK, what do I do?


I'm at the end of questions, like Where? What? or Who?

PUNK, PUNK, PUNCTUATION


PUNK, PUNK, PUNCTUATION

I am a PERIOD, that means full stop,


At the end of a sentence, just make a dot.

PUNK, PUNK, PUNCTUATION


PUNK, PUNK, PUNCTUATION

I am a COMMA, if you see me just pause,


So hang back, Jack, and think of what was.

PUNK, PUNK, PUNCTUATION


PUNK, PUNK, PUNCTUATION

QUOTATION MARKS hold the talking within,


So if somebody speaks, just look for the twins.

PUNK, PUNK, PUNCTUATION


PUNK, PUNK, PUNCTUATION

I am a COLON, I am two dots,


I'm the introducer, I express your thoughts.

PUNK, PUNK, PUNCTUATION


PUNK, PUNK, PUNCTUATION

An EXCLAMATION POINT is so like "wow,"


If you're writin' so excitin' then put me in now!

PUNK, PUNK, PUNCTUATION


PUNK, PUNK, PUNCTUATION

The APOSTROPHE . . . it shows possession,


Team up with an "s" . . . that's my obsession.
PUNK, PUNK, PUNCTUATION
PUNK, PUNK, PUNCTUATION
PUNK, PUNK, PUNCTUATION
PUNK, PUNK, PUNCTUATION
English - Tenses
We express our ideas mostly in terms of time. Tenses come to the aid of communicator in this regard.

There are three type of Tenses :

I) Present Tense
II) Past Tense
III) Future Tense

Each Tense has four sub categories. They are :

I) Present Tense
a) Simple Present
b) Present Continuous
c) Present Perfect
d) Present Perfect Continuous

Click for details of Present Tense

II) Past Tense


a) Simple Past
b) Past Continuous
c) Past Perfect
d) Past Perfect Continuous

Click for details of Past Tense

III) Future Tense


a) Simple Future
b) Future Continuous
c) Future Perfect
d) Future Perfect Continuous

Click for details of Future Tense

And English grammar has classified human beings, animals and things into 7 categories.

They are : I, We, You, He, She, It and They.

‘I’ is called First Person Singular.


‘We’ is called First Person Plural.
‘You’ is called Second Person Singular / Plural.
‘He’ is called Third Person Singular.
‘She’ is called Third Person Singular.
‘It’ is called Third Person Singular.
‘They’ is called Third Person Plural.

One should be extremely careful in the use of third person singular especially in Simple Present and Present Perfect Tenses.
ent and Present Perfect Tenses.
English - Articles
‘a’, ‘an’ and ‘the’ are the three articles used in English language. ‘a’ and ‘an’ are called indefinite Articles and ‘the’ is called the d

‘a’ and ‘an’ are used in the sense of ‘one’. The indefinite Article ‘a’ is used before words beginning with consonants or consona

Eg. :

Ragu ate a banana.


The young boy saw a tiger.
The Principal declared a holiday for the college tomorrow.

In all the above three examples the article ‘a’ was used in the sense of one.

Sita ate an apple in the morning.


Ravi saw an elephant in the circus.
An old man was walking across the street.
Eating an orange everyday is also good for health.
Raghu lost an umbrella in class.
Gita wanted an ink-stand.

In all the above three examples the article ‘an’ was used in the sense of one.

Here it has to be emphasized that students should be careful in noticing the vowel sound. In certain cases the word may begin

Eg. :

He gave the beggar a one-rupee coin.


I met a European in Karol-Bagh.
Screwdriver is a useful instrument.
This is a University.

Similarly, in other cases the word may begin with a consonant but it may have a vowel sound. In such a case the indefinite artic

Eg. :

He is an honest officer.
There are 60 minutes in an hour.
He is an heir to crores of property.

The definite article ‘the’ is used before the names of rivers, mountain ranges and things which are unique in the world.

Eg. :

The Ganges is a polluted river now.


The Yamuna flows through Delhi.
The Himalayas are the highest mountain ranges in the world.
The Sun rises in the east.
The Moon has a cycle of one month.

The definite article ‘the’ is used before superlatives.

Eg. :

Kumar is the cleverest boy in the class.


Geeta is the tallest girl in the class.
Cheeta is the fastest animal.

The definite article ‘the’ is used to refer to a particular person or thing.

Eg. :

The patient who was admitted in the hospital yesterday, died today morning.
The apple which was kept on the table is rotten.
The computer we bought last month is infected by virus.

The definite article ‘the’ is used before Holy books.

The Ramayana, The Mahabharta


The Quran, The Bible, The Bhagwatgita

It is also used in comparison :

Eg :

Mumbai is considered the Manchester of India.


Kalidasa is the Shakespeare of India.
te Articles and ‘the’ is called the definite article.

ning with consonants or consonantal sound. The indefinite Article ‘an’ is used before words beginning with vowels or vowel sound.

ertain cases the word may begin with a vowel but it may have a consonantal sound. In such a case the indefinite article ‘a’ should be used.

In such a case the indefinite article ‘an’ should be used.

h are unique in the world.


th vowels or vowel sound.

definite article ‘a’ should be used.


English - Active & Passive Voice
The most famous sentence, most of us are familiar is:

Ram killed Ravana. - Active Voice


Ravana was killed by Ram. - Passive Voice

Here the first sentence is said to be in Active Voice and the second sentence in Passive Voice.

A sentence is said to be in Active Voice when the subject does something. Similarly, a sentence is said to be in Passive Voice wh

In the above sentence Ram is the ‘subject’ and Ravana is the ‘object’. In the active voice sentence Ram i.e., the subject has kill

Eg. :

Raghu kicked the ball.

In this sentence Raghu is the ‘subject’ and ball is the ' object'. The word kicked is the verb.

Here it must be noted that:

‘I’ becomes ‘me’ in Passive voice


‘We’ becomes ‘us’
‘You’ remains ‘you’
‘He’ becomes ‘him’
‘She’ becomes ‘her’
‘It’ remains ‘it’
‘They’ becomes ‘them.’

Here also the active voice and passive voice are expressed in different tenses.

I) Present Tense

a) Simple Present

I watch movies every week. - Active Voice


Movies are watched by me every week. - Passive Voice

We watch movies every week.


Movies are watched by us every week.

You watch movies every week.


Movies are watched by you every week.
He watches movies every week.
Movies are watched by him every week.

She watches movies every week.


Movies are watched by her every week.

It watches movies every week.


Movies are watched by it every week.

They watch movies every week.


Movies are watched by them every week.

b) Present Continuous

I am watching a movie now.


A movie is being watched by me now.

We are watching a movie now.


A movie is being watched by us now.

You are watching a movie now.


A movie is being watched by you now.

He is watching a movie now.


A movie is being watched by him now.

She is watching a movie now.


A movie is being watched by her now.

It is watching a movie now.


A movie is being watched by it now.

They are watching a movie now.


A movie is being watched by them now.

c) Present Perfect

I have watched a movie today.


A movie has been watched by me today.

We have watched a movie today.


A movie has been watched by us today.

You have watched a movie today.


A movie has been watched by you today.

He has watched a movie today.


A movie has been watched by him today.

She has watched a movie today.


A movie has been watched by her today.

It has watched a movie today.


A movie has been watched by it today.

They have watched a movie today.


A movie has been watched by them today.

d) Present Perfect Continuous

Normally ideas are not expressed in Passive Voice in this tense. Therefore it is better to avoid attempting a Passive Voice in any

II) Past Tense

a) Simple Past

I watched a movie yesterday.


A movie was watched by me yesterday.

We watched a movie yesterday.


A movie was watched by us yesterday.

You watched a movie yesterday.


A movie was watched by you yesterday.

He watched a movie yesterday.


A movie was watched by him yesterday.

She watched a movie yesterday.


A movie was watched by you yesterday.

It watched a movie yesterday.


A movie was watched by it yesterday.

They watched a movie yesterday.


A movie was watched by them yesterday.

b) Past Continuous
I was watching a movie yesterday.
A movie was being watched by me yesterday.

We were watching a movie yesterday.


A movie was being watched by me yesterday.

You were watching a movie yesterday.


A movie was being watched by you yesterday.

He was watching a movie yesterday.


A movie was being watched by him yesterday.

She was watching a movie yesterday.


A movie was being watched by her yesterday.

It was watching a movie yesterday.


A movie was being watched by it yesterday.

They were watching a movie yesterday.


A movie was being watched by them yesterday.

c) Past Perfect

I had watched a movie three years ago.


A movie had been watched by me three years ago.

We had watched a movie three years ago.


A movie had been watched by us three years ago.

You had watched a movie three years ago.


A movie had been watched by me three years ago.

He had watched a movie three years ago.


A movie had been watched by him three years ago.

She had watched a movie three years ago.


A movie had been watched by her three years ago.

It had watched a movie three years ago.


A movie had been watched by it three years ago.

They had watched a movie three years ago.


A movie had been watched by them three years ago.

d) Past Perfect Continuous


As we indicated earlier, ideas are normally not expressed in Passive Voice in this tense. Therefore it is better to avoid attemptin

III) Future Tense

a) Simple Future

I will watch a movie tomorrow.


A movie will be watched by me tomorrow.

We will watch a movie tomorrow.


A movie will be watched by us tomorrow.

You will watch a movie tomorrow.


A movie will be watched by you tomorrow.

He will watch a movie tomorrow.


A movie will be watched by him tomorrow.

She will watch a movie tomorrow.


A movie will be watched by her tomorrow.

It will watch a movie tomorrow.


A movie will be watched by it tomorrow.

They will watch a movie tomorrow.


A movie will be watched by them tomorrow.

b) Future Continuous

I will be watching a movie at this time tomorrow.


A movie will be being watched by me at this time tomorrow.

We will be watching a movie at this time tomorrow.


A movie will be being watched by us at this time tomorrow.

You will be watching a movie at this time tomorrow.


A movie will be being watched by you at this time tomorrow.

He will be watching a movie at this time tomorrow.


A movie will be being watched by him at this time tomorrow.

She will be watching a movie at this time tomorrow.


A movie will be being watched by her at this time tomorrow.
It will be watching a movie at this time tomorrow.
A movie will be being watched by it at this time tomorrow.

They will be watching a movie at this time tomorrow.


A movie will be being watched by them at this time tomorrow.

c) Future Perfect

I will have watched a movie by 6 pm tomorrow.


A movie will have been watched by me by 6 pm tomorrow.

We will have watched a movie by 6 pm tomorrow.


A movie will have been watched by us by 6 pm tomorrow.

You will have watched a movie by 6 pm tomorrow.


A movie will have been watched by you by 6 pm tomorrow.

He will have watched a movie by 6 pm tomorrow.


A movie will have been watched by him by 6 pm tomorrow.

She will have watched a movie by 6 pm tomorrow.


A movie will have been watched by her by 6 pm tomorrow.

It will have watched a movie by 6 pm tomorrow.


A movie will have been watched by it by 6 pm tomorrow.

They will have watched a movie by 6 pm tomorrow.


A movie will have been watched by them by 6 pm tomorrow.

d) Future Perfect Continuous

Normally ideas are not expressed in Passive Voice in this tense. Therefore it is better to avoid attempting a Passive Voice in any

All sentences cannot be made into Passive Voice. Only the sentences with an object in them can be made into Passive Voice. A

For Example, the following sentence cannot be converted into Passive Voice for the simple reason that the verb ‘go’ does not ta

I go for a walk everyday.

In the above sentence the verb ‘go’ is an Intransitive Verb. Such sentences which do not have an object cannot be converted in

More examples of sentences with Intransitive Verbs:

Raju jumped 10 feet.


David ran fast.
Sita drove rashly.

A case of double object.

Certain sentences contain two objects. In such a case two passive sentences can be made using one object in each case.

The principal sent a telegram to Gopi.


A telegram was sent by the Principal to Gopi.
e is said to be in Passive Voice when something is done to the subject.

ence Ram i.e., the subject has killed the object Ravana. In the second sentence Ravana is the subject but he allowed himself to be killed by
attempting a Passive Voice in any Perfect Continuous Tense.
ore it is better to avoid attempting a Passive Voice in any Perfect Continuous Tense.
attempting a Passive Voice in any Perfect Continuous Tense.

can be made into Passive Voice. All verbs are not transitive. A verb which takes an object is said to be a Transitive Verb and a Verb which do

ason that the verb ‘go’ does not take an object.

e an object cannot be converted into Passive Voice.


ng one object in each case.
he allowed himself to be killed by subject Ram. Here the subject is Passive. Therefore, it is called Passive voice.
ansitive Verb and a Verb which does not take an object is said to be Intransitive.
Common Errors in English Usage
ALL OF THE SUDDEN / ALL OF A SUDDEN

An unexpected event happens is "All of a sudden" & not "All of the sudden".

ADVANCE/ADVANCED
Advance : When we hear about something in advance, earlier than other people, you get advance notice or information.

"Advanced" means "complex, sophisticated" and doesn't necessarily


have anything to do with the revealing of secrets.

for or fore
The most common word “for,” is not a problem for most people.

& “Fore” always has to do with the front of something (it’s what you shout to warn people when you’ve sent a ball their way). …

unpleased or displeased
“Unpleased” is considered archaic; the standard modern word for your reaction to something you don’t like is “displeased.”

However “unpleasing” is still current to describe something that fails to please: “the arrangement of ‘Silent Night’ for truck air
ance notice or information.

hen you’ve sent a ball their way). …

you don’t like is “displeased.”

ment of ‘Silent Night’ for truck air horns was unpleasing.” But “displeasing” is more common.
IDIOMS

What are Idioms?

A sentence whose meaning is not clear from the meaning of its individual words and which must be learnt as a whole unit.

For Example: Barking up on the wrong tree means that you have understand something totally wrong.

For Complete collection of Idioms and meanings visit

Idioms in Alphabetical Order

C|D|E|F|G|H|I|J|K|L|M|N|

|P|Q|R|S|T|U|V|W|X|Y|Z

Idioms by Themes

Frequently Used Idioms:-

To rob Peter to pay Paul

Meaning: Taking money from one person in order to pay another.

Sentence: I am not going to ask my neighbour for some money in order to pay you. It would be like robbing Peter to pay Paul.

Feeling Blue

Meaning:

Sentence:

A bird in the hand is better than two in the bush.

Meaning:

Sentence:
A duck to water

Meaning:

Sentence:

A lame duck

Meaning:

Sentence:

A little bird told me.

Meaning:

Sentence:

A piece of cake

Meaning:

Sentence:

A pig in a poke

Meaning:

Sentence:

a real peach

Meaning:

Sentence:

A rotten apple
Meaning:

Sentence:

A sitting duck

Meaning:

Sentence:

A tree is known by its fruit

Meaning:

Sentence:

All ears.

Meaning:

Sentence:

All eyes on me.

Meaning:

Sentence:

All hell broke loose.

Meaning:

Sentence:

All in a day's work.

Meaning:

Sentence:
All in your head.

Meaning:

Sentence:

All over the map.

Meaning:

Sentence:

All your eggs in one basket.

Meaning:

Sentence:

another bite of the cherry

Meaning:

Sentence:

As gentle as a lamb

Meaning:

Sentence:

as good as a chocolate tea pot

Meaning:

Sentence:

bear fruits
Meaning:

Sentence:

Beef about

Meaning:

Sentence:

Beef up

Meaning:

Sentence:

bend over backwards

Meaning:

Sentence:

blood is thicker than water

Meaning:

Sentence:

Bowl of cherries

Meaning:

Sentence:

bread and butter

Meaning:

Sentence:
break a leg

Meaning:

Sentence:

Bring home the bacon

Meaning:

Sentence:

Brown as berry

Meaning:

Sentence:

butterflies in one's stomach

Meaning:

Sentence:

Cat get your tongue

Meaning:

Sentence:

Chicken feed

Meaning:

Sentence:

Chicken out

Meaning:

Sentence:

Chicken-hearted

Meaning:
Sentence:

Chickens will come home to roost.

Meaning:

Sentence:

Chip on his shoulder

Meaning:

Sentence:

Cold turkey

Meaning:

Sentence:

Count my chickens before they're hatched.

Meaning:

Sentence:

cup of tea

Meaning:

Sentence:

end of the road

Meaning:

Sentence:

Fishy

Meaning: suspecting

Sentence: Something is fishy about the accident.


for all the tea in China

Meaning:

Sentence:

Forbidden fruit

Meaning:

Sentence:

Fruit of labour

Meaning:

Sentence:

Grouse about

Meaning:

Sentence:

Ham it up

Meaning:

Sentence:

Ham-fisted

Meaning:

Sentence:

Hang in there

Meaning:

Sentence:

Have a beef with

Meaning:
Sentence:

Hold my ground.

Meaning:

Sentence:

Hold my own.

Meaning:

Sentence:

Hold on

Meaning:

Sentence:

Hold up.

Meaning:

Sentence:

Hold your horses.

Meaning:

Sentence:

Hold your peace.

Meaning:

Sentence:

Hold your tongue.

Meaning:

Sentence:
Hung for a sheep as a lamb

Meaning:

Sentence:

if something's a lemon

Meaning:

Sentence:

in the same boat

Meaning:

Sentence:

keep your chin up

Meaning:

Sentence:

Like water of a duck's back

Meaning:

Sentence:

Looks like mutton dressed as lamb

Meaning:

Sentence:

Make a pig's ear of things

Meaning:

Sentence:

Make a silk purse from a sow's ear

Meaning:
Sentence:

Meat and potatoes

Meaning:

Sentence:

Money burns a hole in pocket

Meaning:

Sentence:

Money makes the world go around

Meaning:

Sentence:

Money talks

Meaning:

Sentence:

No spring chicken

Meaning:

Sentence:

One man's meat is another man's poison

Meaning:

Sentence:

Our for a duck

Meaning:

Sentence:
Out of the blue

Meaning:

Sentence:

place for sour grapes

Meaning:

Sentence:

Put the cat among the piegons


Meaning:

Sentence:

Put your money where your mouth is


Meaning:

Sentence:

Racing against the clock


Meaning:

Sentence:

Rise & shine


Meaning:

Sentence:

Running around like a headless chicken


Meaning:

Sentence:

Save your bacon


Meaning:

Sentence:

Sheepishly
Meaning:
Sentence:

shooting mouth off


Meaning:

Sentence:

Spills the beans


Meaning:

Sentence:

Squeal like a stuck pig


Meaning:

Sentence:

Start from scratch


Meaning:

Sentence:

Talk turkey
Meaning:

Sentence:

The apple of eye


Meaning:

Sentence:

the big cheese


Meaning:

Sentence:

The early bird gets the worm.


Meaning:

Sentence:
tickled pink

Meaning:

Sentence:

Time is money

Meaning:

Sentence:

To go banana

Meaning:

Sentence:

To kill 2 birds with 1 stone

Meaning:

Sentence:

To smell a rat

Meaning: to suspect

Sentence:

To upset the applecart

Meaning:

Sentence:

tongue in cheek

Meaning:

Sentence:

Two shakes of a lamb's tail


Meaning:

Sentence:

Under the weather

Meaning: Not well

Sentence:

You are what you eat.

Meaning:

Sentence:

You can't judge a book by its cover.

Meaning:

Sentence:

You eat like a bird.

Meaning:

Sentence:
ust be learnt as a whole unit.

e like robbing Peter to pay Paul.


Proverb
What are Proverb?

A short well-known saying that states a general truth or gives advice.

All cats are gray in the dark.

When in the dark, appearances are meaningless, since everything is hard to see or unseen.

All good things must (come to an) end.

all experiences even pleasant eventually ends

All roads lead to Rome.

There are many different routes to the same goal.

All that glitters is not gold.


Just because something looks attractive does not mean it is genuine or valuable

All's well that ends well.

All's fair in love and war.

All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.

Appearances can be deceiving.

An apple a day keeps the doctor away.

April showers bring May flowers.

An army marches on its stomach.


Art is long and life is short.

As the twig is bent, so is the tree inclined.

As you make your bed, so must you lie in it.

As you sow, so shall you reap.

A bad excuse is better than none.

Absolute power corrupts absolutely.

Accidents will happen.

Bad money drives out good.

Bad news travels fast.

Beauty is in the eye of the beholder

He Who Hesitates Is Lost


Meaning: If we wait too long, we can not accomplish our goals.

New Broom Sweeps Well


Meaning: Young people, brought in place of old, work efficiently and enthusiastically
Academic / Business Vocabulary
abandon v. go away from (a person or thing or place) not intending to return; forsake; desert

abstract adj. existing in thought or as an idea but not having a physical or practical existence

academy n. school for special training

access n. ~ means of approaching or entering (a place); way in

accommodate v. provide lodging or room for

accompany v. walk or travel with (sb) as a companion or helper; escort

accumulate v. gradually get or gather together an increasing number or quantity of get (sth) in this way

accurate adj. free from error

achieve v. gain or reach (sth), usu by effort, skill, courage, etc

acknowledge v. accept the truth of admit (sth)

acquire v. gain (sth) by one's own ability, efforts or behaviour

adapt v. ~ sth (for sth) make sth suitable for a new use, situation, etc; modify sth

adequate adj. ~ satisfactory in quantity or quality; sufficient

adjacent having a common endpoint or border also immediately preceding or following

adjust v. put (sth) into the correct order or position; arrange

administrate v. to administer

adult adj. grown to full size or strength

advocate v. speak publicly in favour of (sth); recommend; support

affect v. have an influence on (sb/sth); produce an effect on

aggregate v. ~ sb (fml ) be formed or bring sb into an assembled group or amount

aid n. help

albeit conj although


allocate v. ~ sth allot or assign sth (to sb/sth) for a special purpose

alter v. become different; change in character, position, size, shape, etc

alternative adj. available in place of sth else; other

ambiguous adj. having more than one possible meaning

amend v. correct an error in (sth); make minor improvements in; change slightly

analogy n. ~ partial similarity between two things that are compared

analyse v. separate into its parts in order to study its nature or structure

annual adj. happening every year

anticipate v. expect

apparent adj. clearly seen or understood; obvious

append v. ~ sth (fml ) attach or add sth (esp in writing)

appreciate v. understand and enjoy (sth); value highly

approach v. come near or nearer to in space or time

appropriate adj. ~ suitable; right and proper

approximate adj. almost correct or exact but not completely so

arbitrary adj. based on personal opinion or impulse, not on reason

area n. extent or measurement of a surface

aspect n. particular part or feature of sth being considered

assemble v. come together; collect

assess v. ~ sth decide or fix the amount of sth

assign v. ~ sth to sb give sth to sb as a share of work to be done or of things to be used

assist v. ~ in/with sth; ~ (sb) in doing sth (fml ) help


assume v. accept as true before there is proof

assure v. tell (sb) positively or confidently

attach v. ~ sth fasten or join sth (to sth)

attain v. succeed in getting (sth); achieve

attitude n. ~ way of thinking or behaving

attribute v. ~ sth to sb/sth regard sth as belonging to, caused by or produced by sb/sth

author n. writer of a book, play, etc

authority n. power to give orders and make others obey

automate v. cause to operate by automation

available adj. that can be used or obtained

aware adj. ~ of sb/sth; ~ that... having knowledge or realization of sb/sth

behalf n. on behalf of sb/on sb's behalf; US in behalf of sb/in sb's behalf as the representative of or spokesman for sb; in

benefit n. profit; gain; future good (used esp with the vs and preps shown)

bias n. opinion or feeling that strongly favours one side in an argument or one item in a group orseries; predisposition;

bond n. written agreement or promise that has legal force; covenant

brief adj. lasting only a short time; short

bulk n. size, quantity or volume, esp when great

capable adj. having ability; able; competent

capacity n. ability to hold or contain sth

category n. class or group of things in a complete system of grouping

cease v. come or bring (sth) to an end; stop

challenge n. ~ (to do sth) invitation or call (to sb) to take part in a game, contest, fight etc to prove who is better, stronger,

channel n. sunken bed of a river, stream or canal


chapter n. (usu numbered) division of a book

chart n. detailed map used to help navigation at sea, showing coasts, rocks, the depth of the sea, etc

chemical adj. of or relating to chemistry

circumstance n. condition or fact connected with an event or action

cite quote; commend

civil adj. of or relating to the citizens of a country

clarify v. (cause sth to) become clear or easier to understand

classic adj. having a high quality that is recognized and unquestioned; of lasting value and importance

clause n. group of words that includes a subject1(4a) and a verb, forming a sentence or part of a sentence

code n. (system of) words, letters, symbols, etc that represent others, used for secret messages or for presenting or rec

coherent adj. connected logically or consistent; easy to understand; clear

coincide v. ~ (of events) occur at the same time or occupy the same period of time as sth else

collapse v. fall down or in suddenly

colleague n. person with whom one works, esp in a profession or business

commence v. begin (sth); start

comment n. ~ written or spoken remark giving an opinion on, explaining or criticizing (an event, a person, a situation, etc

commission n. ~ action, task or piece of work given to sb to do

commit v. do (sth illegal, wrong or foolish)

commodity n. thing bought in a shop and put to use, esp in the home

communicate v. ~ sth make sth known; convey sth

community n. the community the people living in one place, district or country, considered as a whole

compatible adj. ~ (of people, ideas, arguments, principles, etc) suited; that can exist together
compensate v. ~ for sth give (sb) sth good to balance or lessen the bad effect of damage, loss, injury,etc;

compile v. ~ sth (for/from sth) collect (information) and arrange it in a book, list, report, etc

complement n. ~ thing that goes well or suitably with sth else, or makes it complete

complex adj. made up of (usu several) closely connected parts

component n. any of the parts of which sth is made

compound n. thing made up of two or more separate things combined together

comprehensive adj. that includes everything

comprise v. have as parts or members; be made up of

compute v. ~ sth calculate sth with a computer

conceive v. become pregnant

concentrate v. ~ (sth) (on sth/doing sth) focus (one's attention, effort, etc) exclusively and intensely on sth, not thinking abo

concept n. ~ idea underlying sth; general notion

conclude v. ~ (with sth) (usu fml ) come or bring (sth) to an end

concurrent adj. ~ existing, happening or done at the same time

conduct n. person's behaviour

confer v. ~ (with sb) (on/about sth) have discussions (esp in order to exchange opinions or get advice)

confine v. ~ sb/sth keep (a person or an animal) in a restricted space

confirm v. provide evidence for the truth or correctness of (a report, an opinion, etc); establish the truth of

conflict n. struggle; fight

conform v. ~ keep to or comply with (generally accepted rules, standards, etc)

consent v. ~ give agreement or permission

consequent adj. ~ (fml ) following sth as a result or an effect

considerable adj. great in amount or size


consist v. (phr v) consist of sth be composed or made up of sth

constant adj. going on all the time; happening again and again

constitute v. (fml ) make up or form (a whole); be the components of

constrain v. make (sb) do sth by strong (moral) persuasion or by force

construct v. build (sth); put or fit together; form

consult v. ~ sb/sth go to (a person, book, etc) for information, advice, etc

consume v. use (sth) up

contact n. ~ state of touching (used esp with the vs shown)

contemporary adj. ~ of the time or period being referred to; belonging to the same time

context writings preceding and following passage quoted

contract n. ~ (for sth/to do sth) legally binding agreement, usu in writing

contradict v. say sth that conflicts with by (sb), suggesting that the person is mistaken or not telling the truth

contrary adj. opposite in nature, tendency or direction

contrast v. ~ A and/with B compare so that differences are made clear

contribute v. ~ (to/towards sth) give one's share of (money, help, advice, etc) to help a joint cause

controversy n. ~ public discussion or argument, often rather angry, about sth which many people disagreewith

convene v. summon to come together; arrange (a meeting, etc)

converse v. ~ (about sth); ~ (together) (fml ) talk

convert v. ~ (sth) (from sth) (into/to sth) change (sth) from one form or use to another

convince v. ~ sb make sb feel certain; cause sb to realize

cooperate to work or act together

coordinate vt. to organize or integrate (diverse elements) in a harmonious operation


core n. centre of such fruits as the apple and pear, containing the seeds

corporate adj. of or shared by all the members of a group; collective

correspond v. ~ be in agreement; not contradict sth or each other

couple n. two people or things that are seen together or associated, esp a man and woman together

create v. cause to exist; make (sth new or original)

credit n. permission to delay payment for goods and services until after they have been received; system of paying in thi

criteria n. (pl of criterion) standard by which sth is judged

crucial adj. ~ very important; decisive

culture n. refined understanding and appreciation of art, literature, etc

currency n. money system in use in a country

cycle n. series of events that are regularly repeated in the same order

data n. facts or information used in deciding or discussing sth

debate n. formal argument or discussion of a question, eg at a public meeting or in Parliament, with two or more opposi

decade n. period of ten years

decline v. say `no' to (sth); refuse (sth offered), usu politely

deduce v. ~ sth arrive at (facts, a theory, etc) by reasoning; infer sth

define v. ~ sth state precisely the meaning of (eg words)

definite adj. clear; not doubtful

demonstrate v. ~ sth (to sb) show sth clearly by giving proof or evidence

denote v. be the name, sign or symbol of (sth); refer to

deny v. say that (sth) is not true

depress v. make sad and without enthusiasm

derive v. ~ sth from sth obtain sth from sth; get sth from sth
design n. ~ (for sth) drawing or outline from which sth may be made

despite prep without being affected by

detect v. discover or recognize that (sth) is present

deviate v. ~ from sth stop following

device n. thing made or adapted for a special purpose

devote v. ~ oneself/sth to sb/sth give to sb/sth; dedicate ;

differentiate v. ~ between A and B; ~ A (from B) see or show (two things) to be different; show sth to be different (from sth

dimension n. measurement of any sort

diminish v. become smaller or less; decrease

discrete adj. separate; distinct

discriminate v. ~ ~ A from B see or make a difference (between two things)

displace v. move from the usual or correct place

display v. ~ sth put sth on show

dispose v. place(sb/sth) in a suitable way; arrange

distinct adj. easily heard, seen, felt or understood; definite

distort v. pull or twist out of its usual shape

distribute v. ~ sth separate sth into parts and give a share to each person or thing

diverse adj. of different kinds; varied

document n. paper, form, book, etc giving information about sth, evidence or proof of sth

domain n. lands owned or ruled by a nobleman, government, etc

domestic adj. of the home, household or family

dominate v. have control of or a very strong influence on (people, events, etc)


draft n. rough preliminary written version of sth

drama n. play for the theatre, radio or TV

duration n. time during which sth lasts or continues

dynamic adj. of power or forces that produce movement

economy n. avoidance of waste (of money, strength, time, resources, etc)

edit v. prepare for publication, eg in a book, newspaper, or magazine

element n. ~ necessary or characteristic part of sth

eliminate v. ~ sb/sth remove (esp sb/sth that is not wanted or needed)

emerge v. ~ come out or up (from water, etc)

emphasis n. force or stress given to a word or words when spoken, to make the meaning clear or to show importance

empirical adj. based on observation or experiment, not on theory

enable v. make able to do sth by giving him the necessary authority or means

encounter v. meet or find oneself faced by (sth/sb unpleasant, dangerous, difficult, etc)

energy n. ability to act or work with strength and eagerness

enforce v. ~ sth force people to obey (a law, etc); make sth effective

enhance v. increase make (sb/sth) look better

enormous adj. very large; immense

ensure v. make sure; guarantee

entity n. thing with distinct and real existence

environment n. conditions, circumstances, etc affecting people's lives

equate v. ~ sth consider sth as equal or equivalent (to sth else)

equip v. ~ sb/sth (with sth) supply sb/sth (with what is needed, for a particular purpose)

equivalent adj. ~ equal in value, amount, meaning, importance, etc


erode v. destroy or wear (sth) away gradually

error n. thing done wrongly; mistake

establish v. set up on a firm or permanent basis

estate n. area of land, esp in the country, with one owner

estimate n. judgement or calculation of the approximate size, cost, value, etc of sth

ethic n. system of moral principles; rules of conduct

ethnic adj. of a national, racial or tribal group that has a common cultural tradition

evaluate v. find out or form an idea of the amount or value of (sb/sth); assess

eventual adj. happening at last as a result; ultimate

evident adj. ~ (that...) obvious (to the eye or mind); clear

evolve v. (cause to) develop naturally and (usu) gradually

exceed v. be greater or more numerous than (esp a quantity)

exclude v. ~ sb/sth prevent sb from entering somewhere, taking part in sth, etc; keep sb out

exhibit n. object or collection of objects displayed for the public, eg in a museum

expand v. ~ (into sth) (cause sth to) become greater in size, number or importance

expert n. ~ person with special knowledge, skill or training in a particular field

explicit adj. (of a statement, etc) clearly and fully expressed

exploit n. brave or adventurous deed or action

export n. exporting

expose v. uncover or make (sth) visible; display

external adj. outside; situated on the outside of sth (esp the body)

extract v. ~ sth take or get sth out, usu with effort or by force
facilitate v. (of an object, a process, etc but not of a person) make (sth) easy or less difficult

factor n. fact, circumstance, etc that helps to produce a result

feature n. one of the named parts of the face (eg nose, mouth, eyes) which together form its appearance

federal of or relating to a form of government or a country in which power is divided between one central and several reg

fee n. (usu pl ) amount paid for professional advice or service, eg to private teachers, doctors, etc

file n. metal tool with a rough surface for cutting, smoothing or shaping hard substances

final adj. of the end; coming last

finance n. management of money

finite adj. having bounds; limited; not infinite

flexible adj. that can bend easily without breaking

fluctuate v. ~ (of a price, number, rate, etc) rise and fall; change irregularly

focus n. =>Usage at data data. point at which rays (of light, sound, etc) meet or from which theyappear to come

format n. shape, size, binding, etc of a book

formula n. (chemistry ) set of symbols showing the elements that a substance is made of

forthcoming adj. about to happen or appear in the near future

foundation n. act of founding

founded [ find: ] to meet with or discover by chance

framework n. structure giving shape and support

function n. special activity or purpose of a person or thing

fund n. sum of money saved or made available for a particular purpose

fundamental adj. of or forming the basis or foundation of sth; essential

furthermore adv. in addition; moreover ;

gender n. (in certain languages) classification of a noun or pronoun as masculine or feminine


generate v. cause to exist or occur; produce

generation n. production

globe n. small spherical model of the earth showing the continents and usu also countries, rivers, cities, etc

goal n. (in football, hockey, etc) pair of posts with a crossbar, between which the ball has to be kicked, hit, etc in order t

grade n. step, stage or degree of rank, quality, etc; level of classification

grant v. agree to give or allow (what is asked for)

guarantee n. ~ (against sth) promise (usu in writing) that certain conditions agreed to in a transaction will be fulfilled

guideline a principle put forward to set standards or determine a course of actio

hence adv. from this time

hierarchy n. system with grades of authority or status from the lowest to the highest

highlight n. best, most interesting or most exciting part of something

hypothesis n. idea or suggestion that is based on known facts and is used as a basis for reasoning or further investigation

identical adj. the ~ the same

identify v. ~ sb/sth as sb/sth show, prove, etc who or what sb/sth is; recognize sb/sth (as being the specified person or thi

ideology n. ideas that form the basis of an economic or political theory or that are held by a particular group or person

ignorant adj. ~ (of sth)knowing little or nothing; lacking education or information; unaware

illustrate v. supply with pictures, diagrams, etc

image n. copy of the shape of a person or thing, esp one made in stone or wood; statue

immigrate v. ~ enter a foreign country in order to live there permanently

impact n. hitting of one object against another

implement n. tool or instrument

implicate v. ~ sb show that sb is involved in sth, esp a crime


implicit adj. ~ implied, but not expressed directly; not explicit

imply v. suggest (sth) indirectly rather than state it directly; hint

impose v. ~ sth place (a penalty, tax, etc) officially on sb/sth

incentive n. ~ thing that encourages sb to do sth; stimulus

incidence n. ~ of sth extent to which sth happens or has an effect

incline v. ~ towards sth lean or slope in the direction of sth

income n. money received over a certain period, esp as payment for work or as interest on investments

incorporate v. ~ sth (in/into sth) make sth part of a whole; include

index n. list of names or topics referred to in a book, etc, usu arranged at the end in alphabetical order

indicate v. ~ sth (to sb) show sth, esp by pointing

individual adj. single; separate

induce v. persuade or influence (sb) to do sth

inevitable adj. that cannot be avoided; that is sure to happen

infer v. ~ sth (from sth) reach (an opinion) from facts or reasoning; conclude sth

infrastructure n. subordinate parts, installations, etc that form the basis of a system, an organization oran enterprise (eg of an

inherent adj. ~ existing as a natural or permanent feature or quality of sb/sth

inhibit v. ~ sb prevent sb from doing sth that should be natural or easy to do

initial adj. of or at the beginning; first

initiate v. put (a scheme, etc) into operation; cause (sth) to begin

injure v. hurt (sb); harm

innovate v. make changes; introduce new things

input n. ~ action of putting sth in

insert v. ~ sth put, fit, place sth into sth or between two things
insight n. ~ (approv ) ability to see into the true nature (of sth); deep understanding

inspect v. examine (sth) closely

instance n. ~ particular occurrence of sth that happens generally or several times; example; case

institute n. society or organization for a special (usu social, professional or educational) purpose

instruct to direct to do something; order

integral adj. ~ necessary for completeness

integrate v. ~ sth (into sth); ~ A and B/~ A with B combine sth in such a way that it becomes fully a part of sth else

integrity n. quality of being honest and morally upright

intelligence n. power of learning, understanding and reasoning; mental ability

intense adj. (of sensations) very great or severe; extreme

interact v. ~ act or have an effect on each other

intermediate adj. ~ situated or coming between two people, things, etc in time, space, degree, etc

internal adj. of or on the inside

interpret v. explain (sth which is not easily understandable)

interval n. ~ time between two events

intervene v. (of time) come or be between

intrinsic adj. belonging naturally; existing within, not coming from outside

invest v. ~ (in sth/with sb) use (money) to buy shares, property, etc, in order to earn interest or bring profit

investigate v. find out and examine in order to obtain the truth

invoke v. use (sth) as a reason for one's action

involve v. make necessary as a condition or result; entail

isolate v. ~sb/sth put or keep sb/sth entirely apart from other people or things; separate sb/sth ;
issue n. outgoing; outflow

item n. single article or unit in a list, etc

job n. the patience of job

journal n. newspaper or periodical, esp one that is serious and deals with a specialized subject

justify v. show that (sb/sth) is right, reasonable or just

label n. piece of paper, cloth, metal, etc on or beside an object and describing its nature, name, owner, destination, etc

labour n. physicalor mental work

layer n. thickness of material laid over a surface or forming a horizontal division

lecture n. ~ (on sth) talk giving information about a subject to an audience or a class, often as part of a teaching program

legal adj. of or based on the law

legislate v. ~ make laws

levy v. ~ sth (on sb) collect (a payment, etc) by authority or force; impose sth

liberal adj. tolerant and open-minded; free from prejudice

licence n. official document showing that permission has been given to own, use or do sth

likewise adv. similarly

link n. one ring or loop of a chain

locate v. discover the exact position or place of

logic n. science of reasoning

maintain v. ~ sth cause sth to continue; keep sth in existence at the same level, standard, etc

major adj. important; great(er)

manipulate v. control or handle with skill

manual adj. of, done with or controlled by the hands

margin n. blank space round the written or printed matter on a page


mature adj. fully grown or developed mentally or physically; having achieved one's full potential

maximise [ maximize: ] vt. to make as high or great as possible; increase to a maximum

mechanism n. working parts of a machine, etc

media n. the media means of mass communication, eg TV, radio, newspapers

mediate v. ~ act as a peacemaker or go-between for two or more people, groups, etc who disagree

medical adj. of the art of medicine; of curing disease

medium n. (pl usu media) means by which sth is expressed or communicated

mental adj. of, in or to the mind

method n. way

migrate v. ~ (to...) move from one place to go to live or work in another

military adj. of or for soldiers or an army; of or for armed forces

minimal adj. smallest in amount or degree

minimise [ minimize: ] to reduce to or estimate at the least possible degree or amount

minimum n. least or smallest amount, degree, etc possible

ministry n. (buildings containing a) government department

minor adj. smaller, less serious, less important, etc

mode n. ~ (fml ) way or manner in which sth is done

modify v. change (sth) slightly, esp to make it less extreme or to improve it

monitor n. device used to observe, record or test sth

motive n. ~ that which causes sb to act in a particular way; reason

mutual adj. felt or done by each towards the other

negate v. deny or disprove the existence of (sb/sth)


network n. complex system of roads, etc crossingeach other

neutral adj. not supporting or helping either side in a dispute, contest,war, etc; impartial

nevertheless adv, conj in spite of this; however; still

nonetheless adv. nevertheless; however

norm n. standard or pattern that is typical (of a group, etc)

normal adj. in accordance with what is typical, usual or regular

notion n. ~ idea or belief; concept

notwithstanding prep (can also follow the n to which it refers ) without being affected by (sth); in spite of

nuclear adj. of a nucleus, esp of an atom

objective adj. not influenced by personal feelings or opinions; unbiased; fair

obtain v. ~ sth et sth; come to own or possess sth (by buying, borrowing, taking, etc)

obvious adj. easily seen, recognized or understood; clear

occupy v. live in or have possession of (a house, land, etc)

occur v. come into being as an event or a process; happen

odd adj. strange; unusual; peculiar

offset v. ~ sth (by sth/doing sth) compensate for sth; balance sth

ongoing adj. continuing to exist or progress

option n. power or freedom of choosing; choice

orient n. the Orient countries of the (Far) East (eg Japan, China)

outcome n. effect or result (of an event, circumstances, etc)

output n. quantity of goods, etc produced

overall adj. including everything; total

overlap v. partly cover (sth) by extending over its edge


overseas adj. across the sea; foreign

panel n. separate, usu rectangular, part of the surface of a door, wall, ceiling, etc, usu raisedaboveor sunk below the sur

paradigm n. set of all the different forms of a word

paragraph n. distinct section of a written or printed text, usu consisting of several sentences dealingwith a single theme a

parallel adj. (of two or more lines) having the same distance between each other at every point

parameter n. quantity that does not vary in a particular case but does vary in other cases

participate v. ~ take part or become involved (in an activity)

partner n. person who takes part in an activity with another or others, esp one of several owners of a business

passive adj. not active; submissive

perceive v. become aware of (sb/sth); notice; observe

percent

period n. length or portion of time

persist v. ~ continue to do sth, esp in an obstinate and determined way and in spite of opposition, argument or failure

perspective n. art of drawing solid objects on a flat surface so as to give the right impression of their height, width, depth a

phase n. stage in a process of change or development

phenomenon n. fact or occurrence, esp in nature or society, that can be perceived by the senses

philosophy n. search for knowledge and understanding of the nature and meaning of the universe and of human life

physical adj. of or concerning material things

plus prep with the addition of

policy n. ~ plan of action, statement of ideals, etc proposed or adopted by a government, politicalparty, business, etc

portion n. part or share into which sth is divided

pose v. ~ (for sb) sit or stand in a particular position in order to be painted, drawn or photographed
positive adj. with no possibility of doubt; clear and definite

potential adj. that can or may come into existence; possible

practitioner n. person who practises a skill or an art

precede v. come or go before in time, order, rank, etc

precise adj. stated clearly andaccurately

predict v. say in advance that will happen; forecast

predominant adj. having more power or influence than others

preliminary adj. ~ coming before a more important action or event; preparatory

presume v. suppose to be true; take (sth) for granted

previous adj. coming before in time or order

primary adj. earliest in time or order of development

prime adj. most important; chief; fundamental

principal adj. first in rank or importance; chief; main

principle n. basic general truth that underlies sth

prior adj. coming before in time, order or importance

priority n. ~ (state of) being more important (in rank)

proceed v. ~ (to sth) go to a further or the next stage; go on

process n. series of actions or operations performed in order to do, make or achieve sth

professional adj. of or belonging to a profession

prohibit v. ~ sth/sb (from doing sth) forbid sth or sb from doing sth esp by laws, rules or regulations

project n. scheme or undertaking

promote to contribute to the growth or prosperity of:FURTHER

proportion n. comparative part or share of a whole; fraction


prospect n. (dated ) wide view of a landscape, etc

protocol n. system of rules governing formal occasions, eg meetings between governments, diplomats, etc; official etique

psychology n. science or study of the mind and how it functions

publication n. action of making a book or periodical, available to the public

publish v. prepare, have printed and distribute to the public (a book, periodical, etc)

purchase n. (action of) buying sth

pursue v. follow (sb/sth), esp in order to catch or kill; chase ,

qualitative adj. of or concerned with quality

quote v. ~ (from sb/sth) repeat in speech or writing (words previously said or written by anotherperson)

radical adj. of or from the root or base; fundamental

random adj. done, chosen, etc without method or conscious choice; haphazard

range n. connected line or row of mountains, hills, etc

ratio n. relation between two amounts determined by the number of times one contains the other

rational adj. able to reason

react v. ~ behave differently or change as a result of sth; respond

recover v. ~ sth find again (sth stolen, lost, etc); regain possession of sth

refine v. remove impurities from (sth); purify

regime n. method or system of government

region n. part of a surface or bodyor space with or without definite boundaries or characteristicfeatures

register n. official list or record of names, items, attendances, etc

regulate v. control or direct by means of rules and restrictions

reinforce v. make stronger by adding material, etc


reject v. refuse to accept

relax v. (make sth) become less tight, stiff, etc

release v. ~ sb/sth (from sth) allow (a person or an animal) to go; set free or liberate sb/sth ;

relevant adj. ~ (to sth/sb)connected with what is being discussed, what is happening,what is being done, etc

reluctance Unwillingness.

rely v. (pt, pp relied) ~ on/upon sb/sth (to do sth) count or depend on sb/sth

remove v. ~ sth/sb (from sth) take sth/sb away from one place to another

require v. depend on (sb/sth) for success, fulfilment, etc; need

research n. ~ (on sb) careful study or investigation, esp in order to discover new facts or information

reside v. ~ (in/at...) have one's home (in a certain place); live

resolve v. ~ on/upon/against sth/doing sth decide firmly; determine

resource n. supply of raw materials, etc which bring a country, person, etc wealth

respond v. ~ (with sth) give a verbal or written answer

restore v. ~ sth (fml ) give back (sth lost, etc) to its owner

restrain v. ~ sb/sthhold back sb/sth from movementor action; keep sb/sth under control or in check

restrict v. ~ sb/sth (to sth) put a limit on sb/sth

retain v. keep (sth) in one's possession or use

reveal v. ~ sth make (facts, etc) known

revenue n. income, esp the total annual income of the State from taxes, etc

reverse adj. ~ contrary or opposite to what is expected

revise v. re-examine (sth), esp in order to correct or improve it

revolution n. overthrow of a system of government, esp by force

rigid adj. stiff; not bending or yielding


role n. actor's part in a play

route n. way taken or planned to get from one place to another

scenario n. written outline of a film, play, etc with details of the scenes and plot

schedule n. programme of work to be done or of planned events

scheme n. ~ plan for doing or organizing sth

scope n. ~ opportunity to do or achieve sth

section n. any of the parts into which sth may be or has been divided

sector n. part of a circle lying between two straight lines drawn from the centre to the circumference .

secure adj. ~ not feeling worry, doubt, etc

seek v. ~ (after/for sth) look (for sth); try to find or obtain (sth)

select v. ~ sb/sth choose sb/sth, esp as being the best or most suitable

sequence n. set of events, numbers, actions, etc with each following the one before continuously or in a particular order

series n. number of things, events, etc of a similar kind, esp. placed or occurring one after another

sex n. condition of being male or female; gender

shift v. ~ (sth/sb/oneself) (from.../to...); ~ (sth/sb/oneself) (about/around) (cause sth/sb/oneself to) change or move fro

significant adj. having a meaning, esp one that is immediately obvious

similar adj. ~ resembling sb/sth but not the same; alike

simulate v. pretend to have or feel

site n. place where a building, town, etc was, is, or will be situated

so-called adj. (used to suggest that the words used to describe sb/sth are not appropriate )

sole n. flat sea-fish that is eaten as food

somewhat indef adv to some degree; rather


source n. starting-point of a river

specific adj. detailed, precise and exact

specify v. (esp fml ) state or name clearly and definitely (details, materials, etc)

sphere n. solid figure that is entirely round (ie with every point on the surface at an equal distance from the centre)

stable adj. firmly established or fixed; not likely to move or change

statistic n. item of information expressed in numbers

status n. person's social, legal or professional position or rank in relation to others

straightforward adj. honest and frank, without evasion

strategy n. planning and directing an operation in a war or campaign

stress n. mental or physical distress, difficult circumstances, etc

structure n. way in which sth is put together, organized, built, etc

style n. manner of writing or speaking, esp contrasted with what is actually written or said

submit v. ~ (to sb/sth) accept the control, superior strength, etc (of sb/sth); yield (to sb/sth) ;

subordinate adj. ~ (to sb) lower in rank or position

subsequent adj. later; following

subsidy n. money paid, esp by a government, to help an industry, to support the arts, to keep pricesdown, etc

substitute n. ~ person or thing that replaces, acts for or serves as sb or sth else

successor n. ~ person or thing that comes after and takes the place of (sb/sth)

sufficient adj. ~ enough

sum n. arithmetical calculation

summary n. brief statement of themain points of sth

supplement n. ~ thing added to sth else to improve or complete it

survey v. look carefully at all of (sth/sb), esp from a distance


survive v. ~ ~ (on sth) continue to live or exist

suspend v. ~ sth (fml ) hang sth up

sustain v. bear (weight) without breaking or falling

symbol n. ~ image, object, etc that suggests or refers to sth else; emblem

tape n. narrow strip of material used for tying, fastening or labelling things

target n. object or mark that a person tries to hit in shooting, etc; disc marked with concentric circles for this purpose in

task n. piece of work that has to be done

team n. group of players forming one side in certain games and sports

technical adj. of or involving the mechanical arts and applied sciences

technique n. method of doing or performing sth, esp in the arts or sciences

technology n. scientificstudy and use of mechanical arts and applied sciences, eg engineering

temporary adj. lasting or meant to last for a limited time only; notpermanent

tense adj. stretched tightly; taut ;

terminate v. come to an end or bring (sth) to an end

text n. main written or printed part of a book or page

theme n. subject of a talk, a piece of writing or a person's thoughts; topic

theory n. set of reasoned ideas intended to explain facts or events

thereby adv. by that means

thesis n. statement or theory put forward and supported by arguments

topic n. subject of a discussion, talk, programme, written work, etc

trace n. mark, track, sign, etc showing what has existed or happened

tradition n. passing of beliefs or customs from one generation to the next, esp without writing
transfer v. ~ sth/sb (from...) (to...) move sth/sb from one place to another

transform v. ~ sth/sb (into sth) completely change the appearance or character of sth/sb

transit n. process of going or being taken or transported from one place to another

transmit To send trough or across.

transport v. ~ sth/sb (to...) take sth/sb from one place to another in a vehicle

trend n. general tendency or direction

trigger n. lever that releases a spring, esp so as to fire a gun

ultimate adj. beyond which no other exists or is possible; last or final

undergo v. experience or endure (sth unpleasant or painful)

underlie v. lie or exist beneath (sth)

undertake v. (fml ) (start to) make oneself responsible for (sth)

uniform adj. not changing in form or character; unvarying

unify v. form (sth) into a single unit or make uniform

unique adj. being the only one of its type

utilise vt. (=utilize) to put to use, especially to find a profitable or practical use for

valid adj. legally effective because made or done with the correct formalities

vary v. ~ (in sth) be different in size, volume, strength, etc

vehicle n. conveyance such as a car, lorry or cart used for transporting goods or passengers on land

version n. account of an event, etc from the point of view of one person

via prep by way of (sth); through

violate v. break or be contrary to

virtual adj. being or acting as what is described, but not accepted as such in name or officially

visible adj. ~ that can be seen; in sight


vision n. power of seeing; sight

visual adj. concerned with or used in seeing

volume n. book, esp one of a matching set or a series

voluntary adj. acting,done or given willingly

welfare n. good health, happiness, prosperity, etc of a person or group

whereas conj taking into consideration the fact that ...

whereby rel adv by which

widespread extending over a wide area


th) in this way
ntative of or spokesman for sb; in the interest of sb

a group orseries; predisposition; prejudice

c to prove who is better, stronger, more able, etc


of the sea, etc

nd importance

r part of a sentence

messages or for presenting or recording information briefly

n event, a person, a situation, etc)

red as a whole
oss, injury,etc;

intensely on sth, not thinking about other less important things

s or get advice)

stablish the truth of


not telling the truth

people disagreewith
man together

n received; system of paying in this way

iament, with two or more opposing speakers, and often ending in a vote
how sth to be different (from sth else)
clear or to show importance
rm its appearance

tween one central and several regional government

doctors, etc

which theyappear to come


ries, rivers, cities, etc

has to be kicked, hit, etc in order to score

a transaction will be fulfilled

asoning or further investigation

being the specified person or thing)

by a particular group or person


on investments

phabetical order

anization oran enterprise (eg of an army) ,


es fully a part of sth else

erest or bring profit


re, name, owner, destination, etc

ften as part of a teaching programme


h); in spite of
raisedaboveor sunk below the surrounding area

ces dealingwith a single theme and starting on a new line

al owners of a business

pposition, argument or failure

on of their height, width, depth and position in relation to each other

e universe and of human life

nt, politicalparty, business, etc

hotographed
nts, diplomats, etc; official etiquette

y anotherperson)

ns the other

acteristicfeatures
at is being done, etc

nformation
circumference .

tinuously or in a particular order

b/oneself to) change or move from one position or direction to another [/]
ual distance from the centre)

keep pricesdown, etc


ncentric circles for this purpose in archery ; .
One Word Substitution
More than 1000 One Word Substitution

One Word Substitution : A


One Word Sentence
Abdurate Unmouable - stubborn - unyeilding
Aborigines The original inhabitants of a country
Abridge To condense
Absolute The standing point of absolute
Zero temperature
Accelerate Cause to move faster
Acerose Needle shaped
Acoustics Relating to sound
Acrophobia Pathological fear of high places
Acumen Superior mental acuteness
Adhoc For the purpose
A stage of growth between boyhood
Adolscence and youth.
Adulation Excessive devotion
Aerial Living in air

Aeronautics Science of flight of aeroplanes


Aesthetic A love of beauty
Affidavit A written statement given on oath
Affinity Having a natural attention to
Aggravate To make worse
Aglophoble A person who hates England

One who thinks that everything is


Agonostic know through god only.

Money giving to a woman who


Alimony divorses his husband.

Description of a subject with


Allegory symbolical representation to another.

Allusive Having reference to something

Alluvial Sandy soil deposited by running water

Alpinism Mountain climbing


Instrument used for measuring
Altimeter altitudes in aircraft.

Altruist One who works for the good of others.

Amateur One who learns a subject as a hobby.

Instrument used for measuring the


Ammeter electrical currents in amperes.

General pardon of the offenses against


Amnesty gout.

Amoyan Strong and powerful woman.

Amphibian Living/ Operating on land and water.

Animals that can be live on land and


Amphibious water.

Adequate or more than dequate - in


Ample extent, size etc.

Anachronis Comparing modern persons with


m ancient persons

Anachronis
m Something out of its proper time.

Anachronis A word which can be interpreted in


tic any way.

Anachronis
tic Set in wrong time or period.

Anaesthetic Drugs causing unconciousness such as


s chloroform.

Anaesthetis One who gives chloroform to a


t patient.

Analogy Relation - Relationship


Anarchist One who is out to destroy government

Anarchist One who provokes disorder in a state.

One who describes the parts of the


Anatomist human body.

Study of sciences relating to the bodily


Anatomy structure of human.

Anile Like a weak old woman.

Animomete Instrument used for measuring the


r force and velocity of winds.

Annihilate Destroy utterely

Yearly grant - beings - animals and


Annuity plants by way of disection.
Annular Ring shaped
Anodyne Pain reliever
Anonymus That which is written without name.
Antagonist Enemy - Antagonism

One who studies history relating to the


Anthropolo development of man from premetive
gist ages.
Drugs which completely destroys
Antibiotics bacteria.
A person who is interested in
Antiquarian antiquities.
The point in a planet's orbit that tis
Aphelion farthest from the sun.
Apiary a bee house (Contains several hives).
A point as above that is nearest to
Apirigee earth.
One who says sorry (Sorrow) for his
Apologist mistakes.
Aporhtegm Words spoken by great men.
Apostasy To renounce one's faith or religion.
One who deserts his religion or
Apostate principles.
Aqauntie Relating to water
Aquarium A thing where fishes are kept.
Aquatic Living in water
One who is appointed by two parties
Arbitrator & decide their difference.
Arboreal Living in trees
Arboricultur
e Cultivation of trees and vegetables.
Archaeologi
st One who studies human antiquities.
Archaism Using ancient Languages.
Archeologis One who make a scientific study of
t human antiquities.
See which has number of small
Archipeloge islands.
Archive That what is not in current use.
Aristocracy The rule by nobels.
A place where weapons are
Arsenal manufactured and stored.
Articulate To pronounce Clearly.
Astronomy Study of heavenly bodies.
Atheist One who has no belief in god.

Atmosphere The air surrounding the earths.


Audible That which can be heard.
Instrument used for measuring the
Audiometer intensity of sound.
Instrument used for improving
Audiophone imperfect sense of hearing.
Aurora
Australis Southern lights
Aurura
Borealis Northern lights.
Autocracy Absolute rule by one person.
Autocrat Who exercises absolute power.
A building for keeping - rearing and
Avairy breeding of birds.
A heavy mass of snow falling down a
Avalanche hill with great noise.
Greed - Inordinate desire to gain and
Avarice hoard wealth.

One Word Substitution : B


One Word Sentence
A short narrative poem - adopted for
Ballad writing and sighning.
Science dealing with the motion of
Ballistics projectile like rockets bombs & shells.
Balmaccan A type of man's overcoat.
Barbarism Mixed Language
An apparatus used for measuring the
Barometer atmospheric pressure.
Bellicose Ready to fight.
Kindly helper. One who makes a
Benefactor request or endowment.
Benevolent Kind hearted
Group of girls or women larks. Flocks
Bevy of quail.
Bibliograph
er One who writes big books.
Bibliograph A list of books with details of
y authorship, editions, subject etc.
Bibliophile A lover book
Biblophile One who loves the study of books.
Bifurcate Divided into two branches.
The crime of having two life partners
Bigamy at a time.
Bilingual Spoken or written in two languages.
Biography Life of a person written by somebody.
One who studies the science of
Biologist animals and plants.
Animal and plant life of a religion or
Biota period.

An apparatus which records the fight


data of an aeroplane and is also a
Black Box voice recorder.
Blackbindin
g Kidnapping for selling into slavery.

One who speakes evil - Impcous one -


Blasphemer irrevirent one.

The process the transfusing blood of


Blood one person into blood stream of
Transfusion another person.

Boat
Wrighter Wagon maker
Large single - adged military knife -
Bolo Machete

Botanist One who studies the science of plants

Boycott To obstain from buying or using


Unite to punish a person from
Boycott association.
Brettle Easily broken
Of the check of the sides of the
Buccal mouth.
A gout in which the whole power is
Bureaucracy vested in officials.
One whose business to a slaughter
Butcher cattle for food.
Bygamist One who has two wives.

One Word Substitution : C


One Word Sentence
Cacophono
us Harsh or discordant sound.
Cadaver Dead body
Emblem of medical profession and US
Caduceus army medical corps.
Diameter of bore of gun - degree of
Caliber merit.
Calligraphy Beautiful writing
An instrument used for measuring
Calorimeter quantities of heat.
Canon Church law body of principles.

An apparatus used in an internal


combustion engine for charging air
Carburator with petrol
Cardiac Pertaining to the heart
Cardinal Of prime importance
A medical instrument for tracing heat
Cardiograph movements.
Caries Dental decay
Describe the habits, merits and
demerits of a man by seeing his skull
Carniology carniologist.
Carnivore Flesh eater - dogs - cats - lions etc

Carnivorous An animal tht eats human flesh.


Carrion Dead and putrifying flesh

Catastrophe Denotes the last stage of a tradegy.


Celibate One who resolved not to marry.
Centipede An insect with many legs.
Cervine Of deers or the deer family - Deerlike.
Vexation from humiliation or
Chagrien disappointment.
Candle maker - Merchant - Dealer in
Chandlier supplies and provisions.
Chemothera
py Controls of infections by chemicals.
Distribution of light and shade in a
Chiarascuro picture.

Chiromanch Fortune telling through palm reading -


y palmistry.
Choronolog Arrangements of events according to
y dates or times of occurance.
One who writes the details of
Chronologer transactions which made in a country.
Chronomet An instrument kept on boardship for
er measuring accurate time.

It contains a series of lenses arranged


Cinematogr to throw on screen an enlarged image
aph of photography
Circumlocu
tion A round about way of speaking.
Clarify Make clear.
That which is acclaimed as an
Classic excellent work.
Clio Greek muse of history.
Coalesce Grow into one - Blend - unite - fuse.
Intimidation by threat or duress -
Coercion forceful - compulsion.
Of the same age or duration -
Coeval Contemporary with.
Cognomen Surname or nickname.
Those who work in the same
Collegues department.
Complete with buildings and work -
Colleiny Caolmines.
Comatose In a coma - Lacking energy - Lethargic.
Comely Pleasing in appearance - fair - pretty.
Commutato Device for reversing direction of
r electrical current.
Compensati Money given for requisitioned
on property.

Concatinate Linked together


Concetric Having the same centre.
Conflagrativ Combustible - flammable -
e inflammable

Me who is well versed in any subject a


critical judge of any art particularly
Connisseur fine arts.

Connoisseur Expert in art - the fine arts.


Contagious
Disease A disease which spreads by contact.
Contempora A man living in the same age with
ry another.
Contempora One who lives at the same time of
ry another
Restrained in regard to desires or
Continent passion - especially to sexual desires.
Convalescen
ce The gradual recovery from illness.
Converge To meet in a point (Rays & illness).
Cooper Maker of casks or barrels.
Copy-right Exclusive right to publish a book.

A chain of rocks laying at or near the


Coral reef sea.

Cosmopolit One who is free from national


an limitations.

Costegate Correct by punishing.

Creditor One to whom a debt is owing.


Trust without proper evidence
Credulity readiness to believe.

Credulous A person who readily believes others.


Credulous Too ready to believe
Instrument used for measuring the
Crescograph growth of plants.
Gradual increase in force - volume -
Cresendo loudness.
Crisis Turning point of danger or disease.
Branch of physics dealing with very
Cryogenies low temparature.

Cryptograph Secret writing.


Crystallogra
phy Science of crystallization.
Cul-De-Sac Dead end
Cygnet Young swan.

Centre of interest - something that


strongly attracts attention by its
Cynosore brilliance.
Cytogenetic
s Cell formation.
Cytology Dealing with cells.

One Word Substitution : D


One Word Sentence
Sudden collapse - general break-up -
Debacle violent rush.
Debtor One who owes money to another.
Decalogue Ten commandments.
Decelerate Slow down.
Defendant One who is sued by the plaintiff.

Got birth and followed principles in a


particular caste but telling, he is not
Deism god.
One who believes in the existence of
Deist god.
Delettante An admirer by the people
Become liquide by absorbing moisture
Deliquisic from the air - Melt away.
One who takes up an art - dabbler - a
Delittante lover of fine arts.
Anything that overwhelms like a flood
Deluge - great flood - rain.
Democracy The gout formed by the people.
Demograph
y Science of vital and social statistics.
Demonolog Ralating to devils - ghost and other
y terror things.
Depilate Remove hair from.
Dermotolog
ist One who treates skin diseases.
Dry throughly - Remove moisture
Desiceate from.
High - Spirited - Overflowing with
Despondent enthusiasm - boiling up.

Is a form of government in which a


single entity rules with absolute
Despotism power.
Detenu One who detained in custody.
Dislectical
(s) Logical argumentation.
The process for flood purification
Dialysis when the kidneys malfunction.

A state of a person, who is asked to


choose one of the two infavourable
Dilemna things.

Situation requiring a choice between


equally undesirable alternatives -
Dilemna perplexing problem.
Diminish Make or become smaller.

Diminuendo Gradual increase in force.


Dipsomania Irristible craving for alcoholic drinks.
Dissuade Persuade not to do something.
Sum payable as profit to an individual
Dividend by a joint stock company.
Domicile A place where one lives permanently.
Dorsal Situated on bank.
Drinker's Instrument used to help breathing in
apparatus infantile paralysis.

The origin of electricity in a dynamo is


the transformation of machanical
Dynamo energy into energy.
One Word Substitution : E
One Word Sentence

Earth's Is covering of air which surrounds of


Atmosphere earth.
Ebullient Situated on the abdominal side.
Eccentric That which is not placed centrally.
Ecclisiologis One who studies the science relating
t to the church.
Persons with unusual or odd
Eclectric personality.
Eclogue A pastoral poem.

Study of plants or of animal or of


people or of institutions in relation to
Ecology environment.
Edible That which is fit to be eaten.
A person who is a womanish in his
Effiminate habit.
One who possess the quantities of
Effiminate woman.
Egoeism Selfishness - opposed to altruism.
Egoism Speaking too much of one self.
One who speaks using I and me
Egoist always.

One which rescemes its normal shape


Elastic and size after the stress is releases.
Electromete Instrument used for measuring
r electricity.
Elegiac Expressing sorrow or lamentation.
Elegy A lament for the dead.
Elixir Not clerical.

The ommission from a sentence of a


work or words that would comple the
Ellipsis construction.
Science relating to the formation and
Elymology development of words.
Which discribes the birth of a
Elymology particular word.
Divert money fraudulently to one's
Embeyyle own use.
Emeritus Honourably discharged from service.
Inducing vomiting - something that
Emetic induces vomiting.
Emollient Soothing to living tissue.
Belief based on experience or
Empericism observation.
Formal expression of high praise -
Encomuim eulogy.
Encroach Make inroads on others property.

A disease which becomes prevalent in


a particular area on account of its
Endemic surroundings conditions.
Enduring Long lasting.
Direct or order someone to do
Enjoin something.
One who studies the science of the
Enthologist variatees of human race.
Entomologis
t One who studies about insects.
Transitory - short lived - lasting a very
Ephemeral short time.
(Of Earch Quack) is the point at which
Epicentre earthquake breakout.
A person who is very fond of sensous
Epicure enjoyments.

Epicure One who prefers sensual pleasures.

A disease which attackes many people


Epidemic in a particular area in one time.
A poem of speech at the end of the
Epilogue play.
Epilogue A short speech at the end.
Epiphangi An appearance or manifestation.
Equanimity Evenness of mind or temper.
Equigravisp A point in space where the gravity is
here constant.
Equine Of horses - horselike - a horse.
When days and nights are equal
Equinox (March21 - September).
Esoteric Known only a few - Reconcile.

Spend a hot or dry period in a


prolonged state of torpor or
Estivate dormancy.
A broad channel formed by joining of
Estuary the sea and river water.
One who studies the science of
Ethologist character.
Study of causation. The study of the
Etiology cause of disease.
One who studies derivations of words
Etymologist - history of linguistic change.
Speech or writing that praises - High
Eulogy praise - Encomium.
Euphimism Soften expression.
Euphony Melodious Music
Euphony Pleasant sound.
Mercy killing painless death to relieve
Euthanasia suffering.

Euthenics Science of improving the environment.


Describe a thing beyond limits of
Exaggerate truth.

This is a outer most zone of the


atmosphere and beings at about 40
Exasphere miles above earth.

Science dealing with life or


possibilities of life existing beyond the
Exbiology earth.
Exegesis Critical explanation or interpretation.
Exemplary Fit to be
Slogan to derive or get out of the
Exercism dragon.
Departure - Emigration (Usually of a
Exodus large number of people).
Exonerate Free from blame - Exculpate.
Explicit Fully and clearly expressed.
Speech delivered without any
Extempore preparation.
Extinguish To put an end to.
One who studies the science and
Eymologist origin of words.

One Word Substitution : F


One Word Sentence
Fanatic One who passes interest in religion.
Religion that which believes that god
Fatalism is everything.
Understand fully - unit of length equal
Fathom to six feet.
Instrument used for measuring the
Fathometer depth of the ocean.
Fauna Animals of a given region or period.
Fealthy Sworn allegance to a lord.
Of the relationship between a trustee
Feduciary and his principal.
Fertile That which is productive.
Amulet object believed to have magic
Fetish power.
Filly A young female horse.
Fission Cleaving or splitting into parts.

Animals such as birds, sheep and goats


Flock keeping together in large number.
Flora Plants of a particular region or period.
The thing which comes out from sea
Flotsom (Cannot stay in water).
Fluctuating Moving to & fro.
Continuous change - instability -
Flux fusion.
Footedpad Robber, who goes on foot.
Formidable That which is heard tobe resisted.
Fortissimo Very loud.
Fragile That which can be easily broken.

Funambulist A rope dancer - who walks on thread.


A class of plants which have no
Funge chlorophyll.
Fussion Uniting by metting together.

One Word Substitution : G


One Word Sentence
Startle into sudden activity - to coat
Galvanize with zinc.
A glass tube for measuring volume
Galvanomet changes in chemical reactions
er between glasses.
Gambrel Type of roof.

Gastronomy Relating to taste (Food taste).


Gender Male goose
One who traces the history of the
Genealogist descent of families.
Geneology Heredity, Hereditary
international distriuction of racial
Genocide groups.
Genuine Authentic - free from pretense.
One who studies the internal structure
Geologist of the earth (crust).
Germicide Medicine that kills germs.

Geysers There are natural hot water springs.


A huge mass of snow moving slowly
Glacier down the valley and stopes.

Mass of lic. Formed by snow on


Glaciers mountains moving slowly along valley.
Gnosticism A type of yoga (Gymnastics).
Governmen
t Connoisseur of choice food.
Graminuior Animals that feed on grass.Animals
ous that feed on grass.
Gregarious Animals living in flocks.
Gynaecologi
st One who treates femal diseases

One Word Substitution : H


One Word Sentence
Haemorrha Escape of blood to the ruptures of
ge blood vessels inside the body.
Hagiology Relating to kings Hagiographic.
Herbivore Plant eater - hoofed mammals.

Herbivorous Animals eating herbs.

Hedonist One who devotes himself to pleasure.


Gap - Missing part - Break in
Hiatus continuity - lacuna.
To spend the winter in a dormant
Hibernate state.
Condition of sleep during certain parts
Hibernation of the year.
Any system of persons or things
Hierarchy passed on to other.
Hieroglyphi
c Pictographic script.
Acting - Artificial behaviour or speech
Histrionics done for effect.
Hodge-
Podge Heterogeneous mixture - Jumble.

A sacrifice totally concerned by fire -


Holocaust Devastation.
Making of true - three dimensional
Holography photographs by use of laser beams.
Homely Not beautiful - unattractive - plain.
Homogenou Things which are of the same kind and
s of the same dimensions.
Homologou Corresponding having same or similar
s relation.

Word pronounced the same as, but


Homophon different in meaning spelled the same
e wayhood.
One who studies the art of clock
Horologist making.

Horticulture An art of garden cultivation.


Hostage Persons given to another as pledge.
Clamorous noise or disturbance -
Hullabaloo Uproar.
Anything derived from heterogeneous
Hybrid sources.
Study of water or other liquid in
Hydraulics Motion.
Hydrograph One who knows the positions of lands
er and draws the maps.
Hydrograph Description of oceans and lands and
y the oceans.
Instrument used for measuring the
Hydrometer specific gravity of liquids.
Hydrophobi It is usually caused by the bite of mad
a dog.
Hydrophobi Rabies disease (Dog's bite) disease of
a water.
Hydrophon Instrument used for recording sound
e under water.

Culture of plants without soil, with the


Hydroponic help of chemical solutions containing
s nutrients.

Hydrostatics Relating to water.


Turning towards or away from
Hydrotropic moisture.
Instrument used for measuring
Hygrometer humidity in air.
Hymn Song in praise of god.
Curve with two distinct and similar
Hyperbola branches.
Hypercritici
sm Deep criticism.

One Word Substitution : I


One Word Sentence
Ichthyologis
t An expert in fishes.
Ichthyology Study of fishes.
Destroyer of images attached on
Iconoclast traditions.

Iconography Teaching by pictures and models.


Iconolater Worshipper of idols or images.
Favorite - Any person or thing
Idol devotedly or excessively admired.
Eskimo home shaped hut or native
Igloo house.
Of or about fire produced under
Igneous intense heat.
Ill-o·mened Ill fated - Unlucky
Illegible That which is incapable of being read.
Illicit Unlicensed - unlawful
an insect in its sexually mature adult
Imago state
Immiscible Incapable of being mined.
Unchangeable - unalterable -
Immutable changeless.
Not fully and clearly expressed
Implicit implied.
Imply Indicate without express statement.
Impregnabl
e That which cannot be taken by force.
Improbable That which is not likely to happen.
Made or done without previous
Impromptu preparation - Extemporaneous.
Impenetrabl
e impossible to pass through or enter.
Inattentive Not giving proper attention.
Inaudible That which cannot be heard.
Incarcerate imprison or confine.
Blood red - crimson - flesh coloured -
Incarnadine pale pink.
Incinerate Burn - Reduce to ashes.
Travelling under a name other than
Incognito one's own.
Incombustib
le Not inflammable
Incompatibl Persons who cannot work or live
e together in harmony.
Incomprehe
nsible That which cannot be understood.
Iconoclast A destroyer of images.
Incorrigible Incapable of being corrected.
Incorruptibl very honest : incapable of being
e corrupted
Incredible That which cannot be believed.
Incriminate Change with a crime or fault.
Incumbent Holding of an office - obligatory.
Indescribabl That which is impossible to describe
e adequately.

Inescapable That which cannot escaped from.


Sometimes which cannot fail to come
Inevitable to pass.

Inexplicable That which cannot be explained.


Infallible Incable of making mistakes
Infanticide Murder or infants.
That (disease) which is liable to
Infections spread.
Inflammabl
e That which sets on fire easily.
Inimitable That which cannot be.
Insolation The sun's energy
That which cannot be dissolved in
Insoluble liquid.
Insomnia Loss of sleep.
Inhalation taking air into lungs - stimulus.
Insurmount
able too great to be overcome.
Prohibition prevention from
Interdiction participation in certain sacred acts.
Interjection A word exclamation
Medical student receiving training in a
Internist hospital.
That which cannot be controlled
Intractable easily.
Without a backbone - without
Invertebrate strength of characters.
Invincible That which cannot be defeated.
Invulnerabl
e Incapable of being wounded.

The layer of the earth's atmosphere


which contains a high concentration of
Ionosphere ions and free electrons.
A decision on which one cannot go
Irrevocable back.
Isobel Is a contour lines of equal rainfall.

A line on a map connecting points


having the same amount of rainfall in
Isohyets a given period.
A narrow strip of land connecting two
Isthmus larger land masses.

Itinerate One who journeys from place to place.


4000 Most Common English Words

dialogue language rhythm


a diamond lap
abandon diary large rib
ability dictate largely ribbon
able die laser rice
abortion diet last rich
about differ late rid
above difference lately ride
abroad different later rider
absence differently Latin ridge
absolute difficult latter ridiculous
absolutely difficulty laugh rifle
absorb dig laughter right
abstract digital launch rim
abuse dignity law ring
academic dilemma lawmaker riot
accelerate dimension lawn rip
accent diminish lawsuit rise
accept dining lawyer risk
acceptable dinner lay risky
acceptance dip layer ritual
access diplomat lead rival
accessible diplomatic leader river
accident direct leadership road
accommoda
te direction leading robot
accompany directly leaf rock
accomplish director league rocket
accomplish
ment dirt lean rod
according dirty leap role
account disability learn roll
accountabili
ty disabled learning rolling
accounting disagree least Roman
accuracy disappear leather romance
disappointe
accurate d leave romantic
disappointm
accurately ent lecture roof
accusation disaster left room
accuse disc leg root
achieve discipline legacy rope
achievemen
t disclose legal rose
acid discount legally rough
acknowledg
e discourage legend roughly
acquire discourse legislation round
acquisition discover legislative route
across discovery legislator routine
discriminati
act on legislature routinely
action discuss legitimate row
active discussion lemon royal
actively disease lend rub
activist dish length rubber
activity disk lens ruin
actor dismiss less rule
actress disorder lesson ruling
actual display let rumor
actually dispute letter run
ad dissolve level runner
adapt distance liability running
add distant liberal rural
added distinct liberty rush
addition distinction library Russian
additional distinctive license sack
address distinguish lid sacred
adequate distract lie sacrifice
adjust distribute life sad
adjustment distribution lifestyle safe
administer district lifetime safely
administrati
on disturb lift safety
administrati
ve disturbing light sail
administrato
r diverse lighting sake
admire diversity lightly salad
admission divide lightning salary
admit divine like sale
adolescent division likelihood sales
adopt divorce likely salmon
adoption DNA likewise salt
adult do limb same
advance dock limit sample
advanced doctor limitation sanction
advantage doctrine limited sand
adventure document line sandwich
documentar
advertising y link satellite
advice dog lion satisfaction
advise doll lip satisfy
adviser domain liquid sauce
advocate domestic list save
aesthetic dominant listen saving
affair dominate listener say
affect donate literally scale
afford donation literary scan
afraid donor literature scandal
African door little scare
African-
American doorway live scared
after dose liver scary
afternoon dot living scatter
afterward double load scenario
again doubt loan scene
against dough lobby scent
age down local schedule
agency downtown locate scheme
agenda dozen location scholar
agent draft lock scholarship
aggression drag log school
aggressive drain logic science
ago drama logical scientific
agree dramatic lonely scientist

agreement dramatically long scope


agricultural draw long-term score
agriculture drawer longtime scramble
ah drawing look scratch
ahead dream loop scream
aid dress loose screen
aide dried lose screening
AIDS drift loss screw
aim drill lost script
air drink lot sculpture
aircraft drinking lots sea
airline drive loud seal
airplane driver love search
airport driveway lovely season
aisle driving lover seat
alarm drop low second
album drown lower secondary
alcohol drug loyal secret
alien drum loyalty secretary
alike drunk luck section
alive dry lucky sector
all duck lunch secular
allegation due lung secure
alleged dumb machine security
allegedly dump mad see
alley during magazine seed
alliance dust magic seek
allow Dutch magnetic seem
ally duty magnitude seemingly
almost dying mail segment
alone dynamic main seize
along dynamics mainly seldom

alongside each mainstream select


already eager maintain selected
maintenanc
also ear e selection
alter early major self

alternative earn majority self-esteem


although earnings make sell
altogether earth maker seller
aluminum earthquake makeup seminar
always ease male Senate
AM easily mall senator
amazing east man send

ambassador eastern manage senior


managemen
ambition easy t sensation
ambitious eat manager sense

amendment eating managing sensitive


American echo mandate sensitivity
amid ecological manipulate sentence
among economic manner sentiment
economicall
amount y mansion separate
manufactur
analysis economics er separation
manufacturi
analyst economist ng sequence
analyze economy many series
ancestor ecosystem map serious
ancient edge marble seriously
and edit march servant
and/or edition margin serve
angel editor marine service
anger educate mark serving
angle education marker session
angry educational market set
animal educator marketing setting

ankle effect marketplace settle


anniversary effective marriage settlement
announce effectively married seven
announcem effectivenes
ent s marry seventh
annual efficiency mask several
annually efficient mass severe
anonymous effort massive severely
another egg master sex
answer ego match sexual
anticipate eight mate sexuality

anxiety eighth material sexually


anxious either math sexy
mathematic
any elaborate s shade
anybody elbow matter shadow
anymore elder maximum shake
anyone elderly may shall
anything elect maybe shallow
anyway election mayor shame
anywhere electric me shape
apart electrical meal share
apartment electricity mean shared

apologize electronic meaning shareholder


apparent electronics meaningful shark
apparently elegant meantime sharp
appeal element meanwhile sharply
appear elementary measure she
measureme
appearance elephant nt shed
apple elevator meat sheep
application eleven mechanic sheer
apply eligible mechanical sheet
appoint eliminate mechanism shelf
appointmen
t elite medal shell
appreciate else media shelter

appreciation elsewhere medical shift


approach e-mail medication shine
embarrasse
appropriate d medicine ship
approval embrace medium shirt
approve emerge meet shit
approximate
ly emergency meeting shock
Arab emerging melt shoe
architect emission member shoot

architecture emotion membership shooting


area emotional memory shop

arena emotionally mental shopping


argue emphasis mentally shore
argument emphasize mention short
arise empire mentor shortage
arm employ menu shortly
armed employee merchant shorts
army employer mere short-term
employmen
around t merely shot
arrange empty merit should
arrangemen
t enable mess shoulder
array enact message shout
arrest encounter metal shove
arrival encourage metaphor show

arrive encouraging meter shower


arrow end method shrimp
metropolita
art endless n shrink
article endorse Mexican shrug
articulate endure middle shut
artifact enemy midnight shuttle
artificial energy midst shy
artist enforce might sibling
enforcemen
artistic t migration sick
as engage mild side

ash engagement military sidewalk


Asian engine milk sigh
aside engineer mill sight

ask engineering million sign


asleep English mind signal
aspect enhance mine signature
ass enjoy mineral significance
assault enormous minimal significant

assemble enough minimize significantly


assembly enroll minimum silence
assert ensure minister silent
assess enter ministry silk
assessment enterprise minor silly
entertainme
asset nt minority silver
assign enthusiasm minute similar
assignment entire miracle similarity
assist entirely mirror similarly
assistance entitle miss simple
assistant entity missile simply
simultaneou
associate entrance missing sly
entrepreneu
associated r mission sin
association entry missionary since
assume envelope mistake sing
environmen
assumption t mix singer
environmen
assure tal mixed single
astronomer envision mixture sink
at epidemic mm-hmm sir
athlete episode mobile sister
athletic equal mode sit
atmosphere equality model site
atop equally moderate situation
attach equation modern six
attack equip modest sixth
attempt equipment modify size
attend equity molecule ski
attendance equivalent mom skill
attention era moment skilled
attitude error momentum skin
attorney escape money skip
attract especially monitor skirt
attraction essay monkey skull
attractive essence monster sky
attribute essential month slam
auction essentially monthly slap
audience establish monument slave
establishme
aunt nt mood slavery
author estate moon sleep
authority estimate moral sleeve
authorize estimated more slice
auto etc moreover slide
automatic ethical morning slight
automaticall
y ethics mortality slightly
automobile ethnic mortgage slip
autonomy European most slope
availability evaluate mostly slot
available evaluation mother slow
average even motion slowly
avoid evening motivate small
await event motivation smart
awake eventually motive smell
award ever motor smile
aware every mount smoke
awareness everybody mountain smooth
away everyday mouse snake
awful everyone mouth snap
baby everything move sneak

back everywhere movement snow


background evidence movie so
backyard evident Mr soak
bacteria evil Mrs soap
bad evolution Ms soar
badly evolve much so-called
bag exact mud soccer
bake exactly multiple social
balance exam municipal socially

balanced examination murder society


ball examine muscle sock
balloon example museum sodium
ballot exceed mushroom sofa
ban excellent music soft
banana except musical soften
band exception musician softly
bank excessive Muslim software
banker exchange must soil
banking excited mutter solar
bankruptcy excitement mutual soldier
bar exciting my sole
bare exclude myself solely
barely exclusive mysterious solid
barn exclusively mystery solution
barrel excuse myth solve
barrier execute nail some
base execution naked somebody
baseball executive name someday
basement exercise narrative somehow
basic exhaust narrow someone
basically exhibit nasty something
basis exhibition nation sometime
basket exist national sometimes
basketball existence nationwide somewhat

bat existing native somewhere


bath exit natural son
bathroom exotic naturally song
battery expand nature soon
sophisticate
battle expansion near d
bay expect nearby sorry

be expectation nearly sort


beach expected neat soul
beam expedition necessarily sound
bean expense necessary soup
bear expensive necessity source
beard experience neck south

beast experienced need southeast


beat experiment needle southern
experimenta
beautiful l negative southwest
beauty expert negotiate sovereignty
because expertise negotiation Soviet
become explain neighbor space
neighborho
bed explanation od Spanish

bedroom explicit neighboring spare


bee explode neither spark
beef exploit nerve speak
beer exploration nervous speaker
before explore nest special
beg explosion net specialist
begin export network specialize
beginning expose neutral specialty
behalf exposure never species
nevertheles
behave express s specific
behavior expression new specifically
behavioral extend newly specify
behind extended news spectacular
being extension newspaper spectrum
belief extensive next speculate
believe extent nice speculation
bell external night speech
belly extra nightmare speed
extraordinar
belong y nine spell
below extreme no spend
belt extremely nobody spending
bench eye nod sphere
bend eyebrow noise spill
beneath fabric nomination spin
benefit face nominee spine
beside facilitate none spirit

besides facility nonetheless spiritual


best fact nonprofit spit
bet factor noon spite
better factory nor split
between faculty norm spokesman
beyond fade normal sponsor
bias fail normally spoon
Bible failure north sport
bicycle faint northeast spot
bid fair northern spouse
big fairly northwest spray
bike faith nose spread
bill fall not spring
billion false note sprinkle
bind fame notebook spy
biography familiar nothing squad
biological family notice square
biology famous notion squeeze
bird fan novel stability
birth fantastic now stable
birthday fantasy nowhere stack
bishop far nuclear stadium
bit fare number staff
bite farm numerous stage
bitter farmer nurse stair
black fascinating nut stake
blade fashion nutrient stance
blame fast oak stand
blank faster object standard
blanket fat objection standing
blast fatal objective star
blend fate obligation stare

bless father observation start


blessing fatigue observe starter
blind fault observer starting
blink favor obstacle state
block favorable obtain statement
blond favorite obvious station
blood fear obviously statistical
bloody feather occasion statistics
blow feature occasional statue

blue federal occasionally status


board fee occupation statute
boast feed occupy stay
boat feedback occur steadily
body feel ocean steady
boil feeling o'clock steak
bold fellow odd steal
bolt female odds steam
bomb feminist of steel
bombing fence off steep
bond festival offender steer
bone fever offense stem
bonus few offensive step
book fewer offer stick
boom fiber offering stiff
boost fiction office still
boot field officer stimulate
booth fierce official stimulus
border fifteen officially stir
boring fifth often stock
born fifty oh stomach
borrow fight oil stone
boss fighter ok stop
both fighting okay storage
bother figure old store
old-
bottle file fashioned storm
bottom fill Olympic story
bounce film Olympics stove
boundary filter on straight
bow final once straighten
bowl finally one strain
box finance one-third strange
boy financial ongoing stranger
boyfriend find onion strategic
brain finding online strategy
brake fine only straw
branch finger onto streak
brand finish open stream
brave fire opening street
bread firm openly strength
break firmly opera strengthen
breakfast first operate stress
breast fiscal operating stretch
breath fish operation strict
breathe fisherman operator strictly
breathing fishing opinion strike
breeze fist opponent striking

brick fit opportunity string


bride fitness oppose strip
bridge five opposed stroke
brief fix opposite strong
briefly fixed opposition strongly
bright flag opt structural
brilliant flame optimistic structure
bring flash option struggle
British flat or student
broad flavor oral studio
broadcast flee orange study
broken fleet orbit stuff
broker flesh order stumble
bronze flexibility ordinary stupid
brother flexible organ style
brown flight organic subject
brush flip organism submit

brutal float organization subsequent


organization
bubble flood al subsidy
buck floor organize substance
bucket flour organized substantial

buddy flow orientation substantially


budget flower origin subtle
bug fluid original suburb
build fly originally suburban
builder flying other succeed
building focus others success
bulb fog otherwise successful

bulk fold ought successfully


bull folk our such
bullet follow ours suck
bunch following ourselves sudden
burden food out suddenly
bureau fool outcome sue
burn foot outdoor suffer
burning football outer suffering
bury for outfit sufficient
bus forbid outlet sugar
bush force outline suggest
business forehead output suggestion
businessma
n foreign outside suicide
busy foreigner outsider suit
but forest outstanding suitable
butt forever oven suite
butter forget over sum
butterfly forgive overall summary
button fork overcome summer
buy form overlook summit
buyer formal overnight sun
by format oversee sunlight
cab formation overwhelm sunny
overwhelmi
cabin former ng super
cabinet formerly owe superior
supermarke
cable formula own t
cage forth owner supervisor
cake fortunately ownership supplier
calculate fortune oxygen supply
calculation forty pace support
calendar forum pack supporter
call forward package supportive
calm foster pad suppose
camera found page supposed
camp foundation pain supposedly
campaign founder painful Supreme
campus four paint sure
can fourth painter surely
Canadian fraction painting surface
cancel fragile pair surgeon
cancer fragment palace surgery
candidate frame pale surprise
candle framework Palestinian surprised
candy franchise palm surprising
canvas frankly pan surprisingly
cap fraud panel surround

capability free panic surrounding

capable freedom pant surveillance


capacity freely paper survey
capital freeze parade survival
captain French parent survive
capture frequency parental survivor
car frequent parish suspect
carbohydrat
e frequently park suspend
carbon fresh parking suspicion
card freshman part suspicious
care friend partial sustain
career friendly partially sustainable
careful friendship participant swallow
carefully from participate swear
participatio
cargo front n sweat
carpet frontier particle sweater
carrier frown particular sweep
carrot frozen particularly sweet
carry fruit partly swell
cart frustrate partner swim
cartoon frustration partnership swimming
carve fucking party swing
case fuel pass switch
cash full passage sword
casino full-time passenger symbol
cast fully passing symbolic
casual fun passion sympathy
casualty function past symptom
cat functional pasta syndrome
catalog fund pastor system
fundamenta
catch l pat table
category funding patch tablespoon
Catholic funeral patent tackle
cattle funny path tactic
cause fur patience tag
cave furniture patient tail

cease furthermore patrol take


ceiling future patron tale
celebrate gain pattern talent
celebration galaxy pause talented
celebrity gallery pay talk
cell game payment tall
cemetery gang PC tank
center gap peace tap
central garage peaceful tape
century garbage peak target
CEO garden peanut task
ceremony garlic peasant taste
certain gas peel tax
certainly gasoline peer taxpayer
chain gate pen tea
chair gather penalty teach
chairman gathering pencil teacher
challenge gay pension teaching
chamber gaze people team
champion gear pepper teammate
championsh
ip gender per tear
chance gene perceive teaspoon
change general perceived technical
changing generally percentage technician
channel generate perception technique
technologic
chaos generation perfect al
chapter generous perfectly technology
character genetic perform teen
characteristi performanc
c genius e teenage

characterize genre performer teenager


charge gentle perhaps telephone
charity gentleman period telescope
charm gently permanent television
chart genuine permission tell

charter German permit temperature


chase gesture Persian temple
cheap get persist temporary
cheat ghost person ten
check giant personal tend
cheek gift personality tendency
cheer gifted personally tender
cheese girl personnel tennis
chef girlfriend perspective tension
chemical give persuade tent
chemistry given pet term
chest glad phase terms
phenomeno
chew glance n terrain
philosophic
chicken glass al terrible
chief glimpse philosophy terribly
child global phone terrific
childhood globe photo territory
chill glory photograph terror
photograph
chin glove er terrorism
photograph
Chinese go y terrorist
chip goal phrase test
chocolate goat physical testify
choice God physically testimony
cholesterol gold physician testing
choose golden physics text
chop golf piano textbook
Christian good pick texture
Christianity govern pickup than

Christmas government picture thank


chronic governor pie thanks
Thanksgivin
chunk grab piece g
church grace pig that
cigarette grade pile the
circle gradually pill theater
circuit graduate pillow their
circumstanc
e graduation pilot them
cite grain pin theme
citizen grand pine themselves
citizenship grandchild pink then
city grandfather pioneer theological
grandmothe
civic r pipe theology

civil grandparent pit theoretical


civilian grant pitch theory
civilization grape pitcher therapist
claim grasp pizza therapy
class grass place there
classic grateful placement thereby
classical grave plain therefore
classify gravity plan these
classroom gray plane they
clay great planet thick
clean greatest planner thigh
clear greatly planning thin
clearly Greek plant thing
clerk green plastic think
click greet plate thinking
client grief platform third
cliff grin play thirty
climate grip player this
climb grocery playoff thoroughly
cling gross plea those
clinic ground plead though
clinical group pleasant thought
clip grow please thousand
clock growing pleased thread
close growth pleasure threat
closed guarantee plenty threaten
closely guard plot three
closer guess plunge threshold
closest guest plus thrive
closet guidance PM throat
cloth guide pocket through
clothes guideline poem throughout
clothing guilt poet throw
cloud guilty poetry thumb
club guitar point thus
clue gun poke ticket
cluster gut pole tide
coach guy police tie
coal gym policeman tight
coalition ha policy tighten
coast habit political tightly
coastal habitat politically tile
coat hair politician till
cocaine half politics timber
code halfway poll time
coffee hall pollution timing
cognitive hallway pond tiny
coin hand pool tip
cold handful poor tire
collaboratio
n handle pop tired
collapse handsome popular tissue
collar hang popularity title
colleague happen population to
collect happily porch tobacco
collection happiness pork today
collective happy port toe
collector harassment portfolio together
college hard portion toilet
colonial hardly portrait tolerance
colony hardware portray tolerate
color harm pose toll
colorful harmony position tomato
column harsh positive tomorrow
columnist harvest possess tone
combat hat possession tongue

combination hate possibility tonight


combine haul possible too
combined have possibly tool
come hay post tooth
comedy hazard poster top
comfort he pot topic

comfortable head potato toss


coming headache potential total
command headline potentially totally
headquarter
commander s pound touch
comment heal pour touchdown
commercial health poverty tough

commission health-care powder tour


commission
er healthy power tourism
commit hear powerful tourist
commitmen
t hearing practical tournament
committee heart practically toward
commodity heat practice towards
common heaven practitioner towel
commonly heavily praise tower
communicat
e heavy pray town
communica
tion heel prayer toxic
community height preach toy
companion helicopter precious trace
company hell precise track
comparable hello precisely trade
compare helmet predator trading
comparison help predict tradition
compel helpful prediction traditional
compelling hence prefer traditionally
compensati
on her preference traffic
compete herb pregnancy tragedy

competition here pregnant tragic

competitive heritage preliminary trail


competitor hero premise trailer
complain hers premium train
complaint herself preparation trainer
complete hesitate prepare training

completely hey prescription trait


complex hi presence transaction
complexity hidden present transfer
presentatio
compliance hide n transform
transformati
complicated high preserve on
comply highlight presidency transit
component highly president transition

compose high-tech presidential translate

composition highway press translation


transmissio
compound hike pressure n
comprehens
ive hill presumably transmit
comprise him pretend transport
transportati
compromise himself pretty on
computer hint prevail trap
concede hip prevent trash
conceive hire prevention trauma

concentrate his previous travel


concentratio
n Hispanic previously traveler
concept historian price tray
conception historic pride treasure
concern historical priest treat
concerned historically primarily treatment
concerning history primary treaty
concert hit prime tree

conclude hockey principal tremendous


conclusion hold principle trend
concrete hole print trial
condemn holiday prior tribal
condition holy priority tribe
conduct home prison trick
conference homeland prisoner trigger
confess homeless privacy trim
confession homework private trip
confidence honest privately triumph
confident honestly privilege troop
confirm honey prize tropical
conflict honor pro trouble
confront hook probably troubled
confrontatio
n hope problem truck
confuse hopefully procedure truly
confusion horizon proceed trunk
Congress hormone process trust
congression
al horn processing true
connect horrible processor truth
connection horror proclaim try
conscience horse produce T-shirt
conscious hospital producer tube
consciousne
ss host product tuck

consecutive hostage production tumor


consensus hostile productive tune

consent hot productivity tunnel


consequenc
e hotel profession turkey
consequentl
y hour professional turn
conservatio
n house professor TV

conservative household profile twelve


consider housing profit twentieth
considerabl
e how profound twenty

considerably however program twice


consideratio programmin
n hug g twin
consist huge progress twist
consistent huh progressive two

consistently human prohibit two-thirds


conspiracy humanity project type
constant humor projection typical
constantly hundred prominent typically
constitute hunger promise ugly

constitution hungry promising uh


constitution
al hunt promote ultimate
constraint hunter promotion ultimately
construct hunting prompt unable

construction hurricane proof uncertain


consult hurry proper uncertainty
consultant hurt properly uncle
uncomforta
consume husband property ble
consumer hypothesis proportion uncover
consumptio
n I proposal under
contact ice propose undergo
undergradu
contain icon proposed ate

container idea prosecution underlying

contemplate ideal prosecutor undermine


contempora
ry identical prospect understand
identificatio understandi
contend n protect ng
content identify protection undertake
unemploym
contest identity protective ent

context ideological protein unexpected


continent ideology protest unfair
continue ie protocol unfold
unfortunatel
continued if proud y
continuing ignore prove unhappy
continuous ill provide uniform
contract illegal provided union
contractor illness provider unique
contrast illusion province unit
contribute illustrate provision unite

contribution image provoke United


psychologic
contributor imagination al unity

control imagine psychologist universal


controversia
l immediate psychology universe

controversy immediately public university

convenience immigrant publication unknown

convention immigration publicity unless


conventiona
l immune publicly unlike
conversatio
n impact publish unlikely
unpreceden
conversion implement publisher ted
implementa
convert tion pull until
convey implication pulse unusual
convict imply pump up
conviction import punch update
convince importance punish upon

convinced important punishment upper


cook importantly purchase upset
cookie impose pure upstairs
cooking impossible purple urban
cool impress purpose urge
cooperate impression purse us

cooperation impressive pursue use


cooperative improve pursuit used
coordinate improved push useful
improveme
coordinator nt put user
cop impulse puzzle usual
cope in qualify usually
copy incentive quality utility
cord incident quantity utilize
core include quarter vacation

corn including quarterback vaccine


corner income queen vacuum
corporate incorporate quest valid
corporation increase question validity
questionnair
correct increased e valley
correctly increasing quick valuable

correlation increasingly quickly value


corresponde
nt incredible quiet van
corridor incredibly quietly vanish
corruption indeed quit variable
independen
cost ce quite variation
independen
costly t quote variety
costume index rabbit various
cottage Indian race vary
cotton indicate racial vast
couch indication racism vegetable
could indicator rack vehicle
council indigenous radar vendor
counsel individual radiation venture
counseling industrial radical verbal
counselor industry radio verdict
count inevitable rage version
counter inevitably rail versus
counterpart infant railroad vertical
country infection rain very
county inflation raise vessel
coup influence rally veteran
couple influential ranch via
courage inform random victim
course informal range victory

court information rank video


infrastructur
courtroom e rape view
cousin ingredient rapid viewer
cover inherent rapidly village
coverage inherit rare violate
cow initial rarely violation
crack initially rat violence
craft initiate rate violent
crash initiative rather virtual
crawl injure rating virtually
crazy injury ratio virtue
cream inmate rational virus
create inner raw visible
creation innocent re vision
creative innovation reach visit
creativity innovative react visitor
creature input reaction visual
credibility inquiry read vital
credit insect reader vitamin
crew insert readily vocal
crime inside reading voice
criminal insight ready volume
crisis insist real voluntary
criteria inspection realistic volunteer
critic inspector reality vote
critical inspiration realize voter
criticism inspire really voting
criticize install realm vs
crop installation rear vulnerable
cross instance reason wage
crowd instant reasonable wagon
crowded instantly rebel waist
crucial instead rebuild wait
cruel instinct recall wake
cruise institution receive walk

crush institutional receiver walking


cry instruct recent wall
crystal instruction recently wander

Cuban instructional reception want


cue instructor recession war
cultural instrument recipe warehouse
culture insurance recipient warm
cup intact recognition warmth
cure integrate recognize warn

curiosity integrated recommend warning


recommend
curious integration ation warrior
currency integrity record wash
current intellectual recording waste

currently intelligence recover watch


curriculum intelligent recovery water
curtain intend recruit wave
curve intense red way
custody intensity reduce we
custom intent reduction weak
customer intention refer weaken
cut interact reference weakness
cute interaction reflect wealth
cycle interest reflection wealthy
dad interested reform weapon
daily interesting refrigerator wear
dam interfere refuge weather
damage interior refugee weave
damn internal refuse web
internationa
dance l regain wedding
dancer Internet regard weed
dancing interpret regarding week
interpretatio
danger n regardless weekend
dangerous interrupt regime weekly
dare interval region weigh

dark intervention regional weight


darkness interview register weird
data intimate regret welcome
database into regular welfare
date introduce regularly well

daughter introduction regulate well-being

dawn invade regulation well-known


day invasion regulator west
dead invent regulatory western
rehabilitatio
deadline invention n wet
deadly inventory reinforce whale
deal invest reject what
dealer investigate relate whatever

dear investigation related wheat

death investigator relation wheel

debate investment relationship wheelchair


debris investor relative when
debt invisible relatively whenever
debut invitation relax where
decade invite release whereas
decent involve relevant wherever
decide involved reliability whether

decision involvement reliable which


deck Iraqi relief while
declare Irish relieve whip
decline iron religion whisper
decorate ironically religious white
decrease irony reluctant who
dedicate Islam rely whoever
deem Islamic remain whole
deep island remaining whom
deeply isolate remark whose
deer isolated remarkable why
defeat isolation remember wide
defend Israeli remind widely
defendant issue reminder widespread
defender it remote widow
defense Italian removal wife
defensive item remove wild
deficit its render wilderness
define itself rent wildlife
definitely jacket rental will
definition jail repair willing
degree Japanese repeat willingness
delay jar repeatedly win

deliberately jaw replace wind


replacemen
delicate jazz t window
delight jeans reply wine
deliver jet report wing
delivery Jew reportedly winner
demand jewelry reporter winter
democracy Jewish reporting wipe
Democrat job represent wire
representati
democratic join on wisdom
demographi representati
c joint ve wise
demonstrat
e joke republic wish
demonstrati
on journal Republican with
denial journalism reputation withdraw
dense journalist request withdrawal
density journey require within
deny joy required without

depart judge requirement witness

department judgment rescue wolf


departure judicial research woman
depend juice researcher wonder
dependent jump resemble wonderful
depending jungle reservation wood
depict junior reserve wooden
deploy jurisdiction residence word
deposit juror resident work
depressed jury residential worker
depression just resign working
depth justice resist workout
deputy justify resistance workplace
derive keep resolution works
descend key resolve workshop
describe kick resort world
description kid resource worldwide
desert kill respect worried

deserve killer respectively worry


design killing respond worth
designer kind respondent would
desire king response wound
responsibilit
desk kingdom y wow
desperate kiss responsible wrap

desperately kit rest wrist


despite kitchen restaurant write
dessert knee restore writer
destination kneel restrict writing
destroy knife restriction written
destruction knock result wrong
detail know resume yard
detailed knowledge retail yeah
detect known retailer year
detective Korean retain yell
determinati
on lab retire yellow
determine label retired yes
devastating labor retirement yesterday
develop laboratory retreat yet
developer lack return yield
developing ladder reveal you
developmen
t lady revelation young
developmen
tal lake revenue youngster
device lamp reverse your
devil land review yours
devote landing revolution yourself
revolutionar
diabetes landmark y youth
diagnose landscape reward zone
diagnosis lane rhetoric
List of Abbreviations

Automated
Teller
ATM Machine

Hypertext
Markup
HTML Language
World Wide
WWW Web

Central
Processing
CPU Unit

Unidentified
Flying
UFO Object
Over the
OTT top

Information
IT Technology

Performanc
e related
Pay / Profit
PRP related pay

repetitive
RSI strain injury

Universal
resource
URL locator
British English / American English
British and American Spelling variants

British American
English English
behaviour behavior
colour color
favourite favorite
humour humor
labour labor
-our / -or neighbour neighbor

centre center
fibre fiber
theatre theater
litre liter
-re / -er metre meter

analogue analog
catalogue catalog
-ogue / -og dialogue dialog

anaemia anemia

anaesthesia anesthesia
diarrhoea diarrhea
foetus fetus
haemorrhag
ae, oe / e e hemorrhage

defence defense
-ence / offence offense
-ense pretence pretense

aluminium aluminum
cheque check
jewellery jewelry
kerb curb
manoeuvre maneuver
mould mold
plough plow
tyre tire
Exceptions sulphur sulfur
E|F|G|H|I|J|K|L|M|N|O|P|Q|R|S

|T|U

British English American


English
A
aerial (radio/TV) antenna
American football football
anorak parka
articulated lorry trailer
truck/semi
trailer

aubergine eggplant
autumn fall
B
bank holiday legal holiday

bank note bill


bap hamburger
bun
bat (ping pong) paddle
bath bathtub
bath (v.) bathe
bathroom bathroom/r
estroom/wa
shroom

big dipper roller


coaster
bill check
(restaurant)

bill/account account
billion = million million billion =
thousand
million

biscuit (sweet) cookie


black or white?(coffee) with or
without?
blackleg/scab scab
black treacle molasses
blind (window) shade
block of flats apartment
house
block of flats apartment
building
blue jeans dungarees/j
eans
bomb (success) bomb
(disaster)
bonnet (car) hood
book (v.) make
reservation
boot (car) trunk
bootlace/shoelace shoestring
bowler/hard hat derby
braces suspenders
break (school) recess
briefs/underpants shorts/jocke
y shorts
broad bean lima bean
bureau de change currency
exchange
butter muslin/cheese cheese cloth
cloth
C
candyfloss cotton
candy
caravan trailer
caretaker/porter janitor
car park parking lot
catapult slingshot
cattle grid Texas gate
centre (city/business) downtown
central reservation median
strip/divider

chairman (business) president


chemist druggist
chemist’s shop pharmacy/d
rugstore
chest of drawers dresser/bur
eau
chips French fries
cinema movie
house/theat
er

class/form (school) grade


cloakroom check room
cloakroom attendant hat check
girl
clothes peg clothes pin
conscription draft
contraceptive/condom rubber
convoy caravan
cooker stove
corn flour corn starch
corporation/local city/municip
authority al
government

cot/crib crib
cotton thread
cotton reel spool
cotton wool cotton
batting
courgette zucchini
court shoe pump
cream cracker soda cracker

crisps chips/potat
o chips
cul-de-sac dead end
cupboard closet
curtains drapes
D

desiccated (coconut) shredded


director (company) manager
directory enquiries information
assistance

directory enquiries directory


assistance
district precinct
diversion detour
drain (indoors) sewer pipe
draper drygoods
store
draught excluder weather
stripping
draughts checkers
drawing pin thumb tack
dressing-gown bathrobe
dual carriageway divided
highway
dummy pacifier
dungarees overalls
dustbin/bin garbage
can/trash
can

dynamo generator
E
eiderdown comforter
state agent realtor
estate car station
wagon
F
fair (fun) carnival
filling station / petrol gas station
station
film movie
first floor second floor

fish slice spatula/egg


lifter
fitted carpet wall to wall
carpet
flannel wash cloth
flat apartment
flex electric
cord/wire
fly-over overpass
football/soccer soccer
fortnight two weeks
foyer lobby/foyer

full stop (punctuation) period


funny bone crazy bone
G
gallery (theatre) balcony
gangway aisle
gaol jail
garden yard
gear lever gear shift
giddy dizzy
give a bell(to phone) give a buzz
goods truck (railway) freight truck
goose pimples goose
bumps
gramophone/record phonograph
player /record
player

greenfingers green
thumb
grill (v.) broil
guard (railway) conductor
gym shoes/plimsolls sneakers/te
nnis shoes
tennis shoes/trainers sneakers/te
nnis shoes
H
hair grip/kirby grip bobbie pin
handbag purse/pocke
t book
hardware housewares

headmaster/mistress principal
hire purchase installment
plan
holiday vacation
homely (=pleasant) homely
(=ugly)
hoover (n.) vacuum
cleaner
hoover (v.) vacuum
housing estate sub-division

I
ice/sorbet sherbet
iced lolly popsicle
icing sugar powdered
sugar
icing sugar confectione
r’s sugar
identification parade line-up
immersion water
heater(electric) heater
interval intermission

ironmonger hardware
store
J
jab (injection) shot
joint (meat) roast
jug pitcher
jumper/sweater/pullover sweater/pull
over
K
kiosk/box (telephone) telephone
booth
kipper smoked
herring
knickers (girl’s) underwear/
panties
knock up (tennis) warm up
knock up (call from sleep) in American
slang this

means to
get a
woman
pregnant

L
label tag
larder pantry
lavatory/toilet/w.c./loo john/bathro
om/washro
om

lay-by pull-off
leader editorial
(leading article in
newspaper)
leader(1st violin in concert
orchestra) master
left luggage office baggage
room
let lease/rent
level crossing (railway) grade
crossing
lift elevator
limited (company) incorporate
d
lodger roomer
lorry truck
lost property lost and
found
M
mackintosh raincoat
made to measure custom
made
managing director/MD general
manager
marrow squash
methylated spirits denatured
alcohol
mileometer odometer
motorway freeway/thr
oughway
motorway super
highway
N
nappy diaper
neat (drink) straight
net curtains sheers/unde
r drapes
newsagent news
dealer/news
stand

nought zero
noughts and crosses tic-tac-toe
number plate license plate

O
off license/wine liquor store
merchant
oven cloth/gloves pot
holder/oven
mitt

overtake (vehicle) pass


P
pack (of cards) deck
packed lunch sack
lunch/bag
lunch

panel beater body shop


pants (boy’s underwear) shorts/unde
rwear
paraffin kerosene
parcel package
pavement/footpath sidewalk
personal call person-to-
person call
petrol gas/gasoline

pillar box/letter box mail box


plaster/elastoplast bandaid
point/power point/socket outlet/socke
t
post mail
postal code zip code
postman mailman/po
stman
postponement raincheck
pram baby
carriage/ba
by buggy

prison penitentiary

public convenience bathroom/r


estroom/wa
shroom

public school private


school
pudding dessert
purse change
purse
pushchair stroller
put bought/char
down/entered(goods) ged
put through (telephone) connect
Q
queue (n.) line
queue (v.) stand in
line/line up
R
rasher (bacon) slice
reception (hotel) front desk
receptionist desk clerk
return ticket round trip
ticket
reverse charges call collect
reversing lights back up
lights
ring up/phone call/phone
roof/hood (car) top
roundabout (road) traffic circle
rubber eraser
rubbish garbage/tra
sh
S
saloon car sedan
scribbling pad/block scratch pad
sellotape scotch tape
semi-detached duplex
semolina cream of
wheat
shattered exhausted
shop assistant sales
clerk/sales
girl

sideboard buffet
sideboards (hair) sideburns
silencer (car) muffler
single ticket one way
ticket
sitting room living room
living room living room
lounge living room
drawing room living room
skipping rope jump rope
skirting board baseboard
sledge/toboggan sled
smalls (washing) underwear
sofa davenport/c
ouch
solicitor lawyer/attor
ney
sorbet sherbet
spanner monkey
wrench
spirits (drink) liquor
spring onion scallion/gre
en onion
staff (academic) faculty
stalls (theatre) orchestra
seats
stand (for public office) run
standard lamp floor lamp
state school public
school
sellotape adhesive
tape
stone (fruit) pit
sultana raisin
surgery(doctor’s/dentist’s office
)
surgical spirit rubbing
alcohol
suspender belt garter belt
suspenders garters
swede turnip/rutab
aga
sweet corn corn
sweet shop/confectioner candy store

sweets/chocolate candy
Swiss roll jelly roll
T
tadpole pollywog
tap faucet
teat (baby’s bottle) nipple
tea trolley tea cart
telegram wire
telephone phone booth
box
term semester(2 in a year)
academic (3
in a year)

tights pantyhose
time-table schedule
tin can
tip (n. and dump
v.)
torch flashlight
traffic lights stop lights

traffic lights traffic signals

traffic lights stop signals

trousers pants/slacks
truncheon night stick
(police)
trunk long distance call
call/long
distance
tube/under subway
ground
turnover sales/revenue
turn-ups cuffs (pants)
(trousers)
U
undergradu undergraduates:
ates:
- 1st year - freshman
- 2nd year - sophomore
- 3rd year - junior
- 4th year - senior
unit trust mutual fund
English Collocations
Collocations – is a pair or group of words commonly used together. These combinations sound natural to native speakers but st
d natural to native speakers but students of English language need to make special effort to learn them as they are often difficult to guess.
they are often difficult to guess.
PHONETICS
Present
Past Past 3rd Person Participle /
Base Form Simple Participle Singular Gerund
Abide

(vtr. tolerar, soportar) (vi. seguir, permanecer,


quedar, continuar, vivir) (abide by Abode/Abi
sth=obedecer, acatar, cumplir, atenerse a algo Abode/Abi ded/Abidde
por e.g las reglas) ded n Abides Abiding
Alit/Alight Alit/Alight
ed o prender
Alight (vi. bajarse, descender, posarse, set alight=incendiar ed fuego) Alights Alighting

Arose
Arise (vi. surgir, presentarse levantarse, pararse, arise Arisen
from sth and arise out ofArises Arising
sth = as a result)

Awoke
Awake (vi. despertar, awake to sth = darse cuenta de, awake toAwoken
= despertar a,Awakes Awaking despierto o evitar dorm
kep awake=mantenerse
Be (v.i ser, haber, estar, tener, etc) Was/Were Been Is Being
Born/Born
Bore e
Bear (vtr. Soportar, aguantar, resistir, empujar, bear yourself=comportarse, bearBears Bearing
sb =parir, bear sth = producir, dar algo de fruta

Beat (beat sb= batir, latir, vencer a alguien o golpear aBeat Beaten
alguien, beat the rhytm Beats Beating
=marcar el ritmo, beat or flog a dead horse = per
Become Became Become Becomes Becoming
Begin Began Begun Begins Beginning
Behold Beheld Beheld Beholds Beholding
Bend Bent Bent Bends Bending
Bet Bet Bet Bets Betting
Bid Bade Bidden Bids Bidding
Bid Bid Bid Bids Bidding
Bind Bound Bound Binds Binding
Bite Bit Bitten Bites Biting
Bleed Bled Bled Bleeds Bleeding
Blow Blew Blown Blows Blowing
Break Broke Broken Breaks Breaking
Breed Bred Bred Breeds Breeding
Bring Brought Brought Brings Bringing
Broadcast/ Broadcast/
Broadcaste Broadcaste Broadcasti
Broadcast d d Broadcasts ng
Build Built Built Builds Building
Burnt/Burn Burnt/Burn
Burn ed ed Burns Burning
Burst Burst Burst Bursts Bursting
Bust Bust Bust Busts Busting
Buy Bought Bought Buys Buying
Cast Cast Cast Casts Casting
Catch Caught Caught Catches Catching
Choose Chose Chosen Chooses Choosing
Clapped/Cl Clapped/Cl
Clap apt apt Claps Clapping
Cling Clung Clung Clings Clinging
Clad/Cloth Clad/Cloth
Clothe ed ed Clothes Clothing
Come Came Come Comes Coming
Cost Cost Cost Costs Costing
Creep Crept Crept Creeps Creeping
Cut Cut Cut Cuts Cutting
Dared/Durs
Dare t Dared Dares Daring
Deal Dealt Dealt Deals Dealing
Dig Dug
Dived/Dov Dug Digs Digging
Dive e Dived Dives Diving
Do Did Done Does Doing
Draw Drew Drawn Draws Drawing
Dreamt/Dr Dreamt/Dr
Dream eamed eamed Dreams Dreaming
Drink Drank Drunk Drinks Drinking
Drive Drove Driven Drives Driving
Dwell Dwelt Dwelt Dwells Dwelling
Eat Ate Eaten Eats Eating
Fall Fell Fallen Falls Falling
Feed Fed Fed Feeds Feeding
Feel Felt Felt Feels Feeling
Fight Fought Fought Fights Fighting
Find Found Found Finds Finding
Fit Fit/Fitted Fit/Fitted Fits Fitting
Flee Fled Fled Flees Fleeing
Fling Flung Flung Flings Flinging
Fly Flew Flown Flies Flying
Forbade/Fo
Forbid rbad Forbidden Forbids Forbidding
Forecast/F Forecast/F
Forecast orecasted orecasted Forecasts Forecasting
Foresee Foresaw Foreseen Foresees Foreseeing
Foretell Foretold Foretold Foretells Foretelling
Forget Forgot Forgotten Forgets Foregetting
Forgive Forgave Forgiven Forgives Forgiving
Forsake Forsook Forsaken Forsakes Forsaking
Freeze Froze Frozen Freezes Freezing
Frostbite Frostbit Frostbitten Frostbites Frostbiting
Get Got Got/Gotten Gets Getting
Give Gave Given Gives Giving
Go Went Gone/Been Goes Going
Grind Ground Ground Grinds Grinding
Grow Grew Grown Grows Growing
Handwritte Handwritin
Handwrite Handwrote n Handwrites g
Hung/Hang Hung/Hang
Hang ed ed Hangs Hanging
Have Had Had Has Having
Hear Heard Heard Hears Hearing
Hide Hid Hidden Hides Hiding
Hit Hit Hit Hits Hitting
Hold Held Held Holds Holding
Hurt Hurt Hurt Hurts Hurting
Inlay Inlaid Inlaid Inlays Inlaying
Input/Input Input/Input
Input ted ted Inputs Inputting
Interlay Interlaid Interlaid Interlays Interlaying
Keep Kept Kept Keeps Keeping
Knelt/Knee Knelt/Knee
Kneel led led Kneels Kneeling
Knit/Knitte Knit/Knitte
Knit d d Knits Knitting
Know Knew Known Knows Knowing
Lay Laid Laid Lays laying
Lead Led Led Leads Leading
Leant/Lean Leant/Lean
Lean ed ed Leans Leaning
Leapt/Leap Leapt/Leap
Leap ed ed Leaps Leaping
Learnt/Lear Learnt/Lear
Learn ned ned Learns Learning
Leave Left Left Leaves Leaving
Lend Lent Lent Lends Lending
Let Let Let Lets Letting
Lie Lay Lain Lies Lying
Light Lit Lit Lights Lighting
Lose Lost Lost Loses Losing
Make Made Made Makes Making
Mean Meant Meant Means Meaning
Meet Met Met Meets Meeting
Molten/Me
Melt Melted lted Melts Melting
Mislead Misled Misled Misleads Misleading
Mistake Mistook Mistaken Mistakes Mistaking
Misunderst Misunderst Misunderst Misunderst
Misunderstand ood ood ands anding
Miswed/Mi Miswed/Mi Misweddin
Miswed swedded swedded Misweds g
Mow Mowed Mown Mows Mowing
Overdrawi
Overdraw Overdrew Overdrawn Overdraws ng
Overhearin
Overhear Overheard Overheard Overhears g
Overtake Overtook Overtaken Overtakes Overtaking
Pay Paid Paid Pays Paying
Preset Preset Preset Presets Presetting
Proven/Pro
Prove Proved ved Proves Proving
Put Put Put Puts Putting
Quit Quit Quit Quits Quitting
Re-
proven/Re-
Re-prove Re-proved proved Re-proves Re-proving
Read Read Read Reads Reading
Rid Rid/Ridded Rid/Ridded Rids Ridding
Ride Rode Ridden Rides Riding
Ring Rang Rung Rings Ringing
Rise Rose Risen
Riven/Rive Rises Rising
Rive Rived d Rives Riving
Run Ran Run Runs Running
Sawn/Sawe
Saw Sawed d Saws Sawing
Say Said Said Says Saying
See Saw Seen Sees Seeing
Seek Sought Sought Seeks Seeking
Sell Sold Sold Sells Selling
Send Sent Sent Sends Sending
Set Set Set Sets Setting
Sewn/Sewe
Sew Sewed d Sews Sewing
Shake Shook Shaken Shakes Shaking
Shaven/Sh
Shave Shaved aved Shaves Shaving
Shore/Shea Shorn/Shea
Shear red red Shears Shearing
Shed Shed Shed Sheds Shedding
Shine Shone Shone Shines Shining
Shoe Shod Shod Shoes Shoeing
Shoot Shot Shot Shoots Shooting
Show Showed Shown Shows Showing
Shrink Shrank Shrunk Shrinks Shrinking
Shut Shut Shut Shuts Shutting
Sing Sang Sung Sings Singing
Sink Sank Sunk Sinks Sinking
Sit Sat Sat Sits Sitting
Slay Slew Slain Slays Slaying
Sleep Slept Slept
Slid/Slidde Sleeps Sleeping
Slide Slid n Slides Sliding
Sling Slung Slung Slings Slinging
Slink Slunk Slunk Slinks Slinking
Slit Slit Slit Slits Slitting
Smelt/Smel Smelt/Smel
Smell led led Smells Smelling
Sneaked/S Sneaked/S
Sneak nuck nuck Sneaks Soothsayin
Sneaking
Soothsay Soothsaid Soothsaid Soothsays g
Sow Sowed Sown Sows Sowing
Speak Spoke Spoken Speaks Speaking
Sped/Spee Sped/Spee
Speed ded ded Speeds Speeding
Spelt/Spell Spelt/Spell
Spell ed ed Spells Spelling
Spend Spent Spilt/Spille
Spilt/Spille Spent Spends Spending
Spill d d Spills Spilling
Spin Span/Spun Spun Spins Spinning
Spit Spat/Spit Spat/Spit Spits Spitting
Split Split Split Splits Splitting
Spoilt/Spoi Spoilt/Spoi
Spoil led led Spoils Spoiling
Spread Spread Spread Spreads Spreading
Spring Sprang Sprung Springs Springing
Stand Stood Stood Stands Standing
Steal Stole Stolen Steals Stealing
Stick Stuck Stuck Sticks Sticking
Sting Stung Stung Stings Stinging
Stink Stank Stunk Stinks Stinking
Strode/Stri
Stride ded Stridden Strides Striding
Struck/Stri
Strike Struck cken Strikes Striking
String Strung Strung Strings Stringing
Stript/Strip Stript/Strip
Strip ped ped Strips Stripping
Strive Strove Striven Strives Striving
Sublet Sublet Sublet Sublets Subletting
Sunburned/ Sunburned/
Sunburn Sunburnt Sunburnt Sunburns Sunburning
Swear Swore Sworn Swears Swearing
Sweat/Swe Sweat/Swe
Sweat ated ated Sweats Sweating
Swept/Swe Swept/Swe
Sweep eped eped Sweeps Sweeping
Swell Swelled Swollen Swells Swelling
Swim Swam Swum Swims Swimming
Swing Swung Swung Swings Swinging
Take Took Taken Takes Taking
Teach Taught Taught Teaches Teaching
Tear Tore Torn Tears Tearing
Tell Told Told Tells Telling
Think Thought Thought Thinks Thinking
Throve/Thr Thriven/Th
Thrive ived rived Thrives Thriving
Throw Threw Thrown Throws Throwing
Thrust Thrust Thrust Thrusts Thrusting
Tread Trod Trodden Treads Treading
Undergoin
Undergo Underwent Undergone Undergoes g
Understand Understand
Understand Understood Understood s ing
Undertakin
Undertake Undertook Undertaken Undertakes g
Upset Upset Upset Upsets Upsetting
Vex Vext/Vexed Vext/Vexed Vexes Vexing
Wake Woke Woken Wakes Waking
Wear Wore Worn Wears Wearing
Weave Wove Woven Weaves Weaving
Wed/Wedd Wed/Wedd
Wed ed ed Weds Wedding
Weep Wept Wept Weeps Weeping
Wended/W Wended/W
Wend ent ent Wends Wending

Wet Wet/Wetted Wet/Wetted Wets Wetting


Win Won Won Wins Winning
Wind Wound Wound Winds Winding
Withdrawi
Withdraw Withdrew Withdrawn Withdraws ng
Withholdin
Withhold Withheld Withheld Withholds g
Withstandi
Withstand Withstood Withstood Withstands ng
Wring Wrung Wrung Wrings Wringing
Write Wrote Written Writes Writing
Zinced/Zin Zinced/Zin
Zinc cked cked Zincs Zincking

23370071
Geordie Words

Aye - yes Bairn - child


Nar - no Bait - dinner, packed lunch
Nee - no Hinny - female
Wor - our Hyem / yem - home
Gan - going Hoose - house
Yee - you Canny - good
Doon - down Propa - significant
Neet - night Belta - really good
Owa - over Gob - mouth
Reet - right Snout - cigarette
Nowt - nothing Doylem - idiot (insult)
Wrang - wrong Charva - chav
Lang - long Mortal - drunk
Howk - Pick or scratch Nappa - head
Divvent - don't Knackered - tired
Toon - town, Newcastle United Laddie - boy
Geet - no real translation - descriptive word Lassie - girl
Alang - along Smerking - smoking
Radgie - chav Haddaway - term for disbelief
Radge - mad Clamming - hungry
Class - good Deek - look
Bonny - beautiful Nebby - nosey
Gadgie - old man Deed - dead

Geordie Pronunciation

What is Geordie
Geordie Sayings

Whey Aye Man - yes


a luv yee pet - I love you (talking to your partner not your dog)
Cheers pet - thanks
Wor lass - my girlfriend
Wor lad - my boyfriend
Am gan hyem Pronounced 'yem' - i'm going home
Howay man - come on!
Clamming for me bait - hungry for my food.
Giz a snout mate - Can I have a cigarette
Here man, he's giving is hackies - he's looking at me funny
Shy bairns get nowt - shy children get nothing
Divvent get is wrang pet - don't get me wrong
Areet wor kid? - slang term for hello
Giz a deek at that - let me have a look at that (Please is frowned upon)
Haddaway & sh*te - Said in disbelief

http://www.bl.uk/learning/langlit/sounds/case-studies/geordie/connected-speech/
https://www.bl.uk/learning/langlit/sounds/case-studies/geordie/vowel-sounds/
http://www.wikihow.com/Talk-Like-a-Geordie
https://youtu.be/Qpa__sQG7qc

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geordie
oo he was gan propa radge - He was really angry
She's geet lush - she's very good looking
Calm doon - calm down
A right nebby bugga - a nosey person
was anly ten pund - it was only ten pound
Canny good like - good
Purely belta - really good
He's geet canny as oot - He's a really nice person
Are yee daft - are you stupid
Dee as ya telt - do as your told
Areet bonny lad - a polite way of saying hello
Me ma said - My mam said
Shooting and bawling - Arguing with someone
am gan to the toon - i'm going to Newcastle city centre
I'm propa paggered - i'm really tired
Acceptance: aceptación
Account: cuenta
Accountant: contador
Accounting: contabilidad
Accounts payable: cuentas por pagar
Accounts receivable: cuentas por cobrar
Accrued assets: activos acumulados
Accrued: causado
Acquisition costs: costos de adquisición
Acquisition: adquisición o compra
Actives: activos
ADR: American depository receipt
Advising bank: banco avisor
Amortization, paying off: amortización
Amount: monto de una deuda
Analysis: análisis
Anti trust laws: leyes antimonopólicas
Article: artículo
Assembly: asamblea
Assets: activos
At sight: a la vista
Auction: subasta pública
Auditory: auditoría
Aunvity: anvalidar
Automatic cash: cajero automático
Automatic cashing: cobro automatizado
Average price: precio promedio
AWL: airway lading: conocimiento de embarque aéreo

[Arriba]

B/L: bill of lading: conocimiento de embarque


Back to back: crédito documentario
Balance of payments: balanza de pagos
Balance of payments: balanza de pagos
Balance of trade: balanza comercial
Balance sheet: balance general
Balance: saldo
Balanced fore card: cuadro integrado de costo
Balloon payment: pago al final
Banker's acceptance: aceptacion bancaria
Bankruptcy: banca rota
Banning: banca
Barter: trueque
Basis of assessment: base gravable
Be in debt: estar en deuda, adeudar
Bear market: mercado bursátil en declinación
Bench mark: punto de comparación
Bench marking: proceso de comparar continuamente una organización con líderes del
mundo.
Bias: sesgo, tendencia
Bid: oferta
Bill of change: letra de cambio
Bill: cuenta
Blue chip company: gran compañía
Bond: bono
Book keeping: contabilidad
Borrowing: préstamo
Bottom price: precio mínimo
Brand: marca de fabrica
Breadwinner: asalariado
Break down: análisis
Break even point: punto de equilibrio
Breakage: rotura
Budget: presupuesto
Bulk: masa, volumen
Bull market: mercado bursátil en alza
Business card: tarjeta de negocios
Buyer: comprador
Buying power: poder adquisitivo

[Arriba]

C&F: valor incluyendo costo y flete


Capital flight: fuga de capital
Capital gains: utilidades de capital
Capital goods: bienes de capital
Capital market: mercado de capital
Capital rationing: racionamiento de capital
Capital stock: acciones de capital
Capital: capital
Carnings: ganancias
Carrier: transportador marítimo
Cash balance: saldo de caja
Cash cows: vacas lecheras
Cash flow audience: flujo de caja del inversionista
Cash flow: flujo de caja
Cash on hand: efectivo en caja
Cash payment: pago al contado
Cash: contado
Ceiling price: precio tope
CEO: chief executive officer: presidente
Change: cambio
Check: cheque
CIF: valor incluyendo costo, seguro y flete
Circulating capital: capital circulante
Claim: reclamo
Clean credit: crédito sin necesidad de garantías
Clearing: compensación
Client: cliente
Coaching: asesoría personal
COD: cash on deliver: pago contra entrega
COD: Cash on delivery : entrega contra reembolso
Collateral: activo dado en prenda
Collect: cobro en el destino
Comissions: comisiones
Commitment fee: comisión de compromiso
Commodity: mercadería
Company: compañía
Competition: competencia
Competitiveness: competitividad
Compound interest: interés compuesto
Concern: compañía
Conciliation: conciliación
Consolidated debt: deuda consolidada
Consultation: consulta
Consumer goods: bienes de consumo
Consumer price index: índice de precios al consumo
Consumer: consumidor
Consumption: consumo
Contribution founds: aportación de fondos
Convertibility: convertibilidad
Cost benefit ratio: razón beneficio costo
Cost of living adjustment: ajustes por inflación
Cost price: precio de costo
Cost volume profit analysis: análisis de sensibilidad
Cost: costo
Counter trade: comercio
Counter trade: trueque
Coupon: desprendible
Credit card: tarjeta de crédito
Credit: crédito
Creditor: acreedor
Currency: circulante
Currency: moneda
Current account: cuenta corriente
Current account: cuenta corriente
Custom house: aduana
Customer: cliente
Customers duty: derechos arancelarios

[Arriba]

Data business: comercio electrónico


Data cash: banca electrónica
Deal: negocio
Dealer: vendedor
Debt limit: nivel de endeudamiento
Debt: débito
Decision: decisión
Deck load: carga en cubierta
Deck: cubierta
Default: incumplimiento
Deferred payment: pago a plazos
Deferred: diferido
Deficit: déficit
Deflaction: deflación
Delivery: entrega
Demand: demanda
Deposit: deposito
Depreciation: depreciación
Devaluation: devaluación
Devise: divisas
Disbursement : desembolso
Discount: descuento
Dividend: dividendo
Down payment: pago inicial
Draft: letra de cambio
Drawing: giro
Duty: arancel

[Arriba]

Earning report: estado de resultados


EBIT
Economic profit: valor económico
Economic trend: coyuntura económica
Economy: economía
Efective rate per annuu: tasa efectiva anual
Effective rate: tasa efectiva
Effective: efectivo
Empowerment: empoderamiento
Enterprice: empresa
Entrepreneur: empresario
EPS: ganancias por acción
Escision: particion de una sociedad en dos o entregar de parte a otras existentes
EVA: economic valúe added
Exchange adjustment: ajuste de cambio
Exchange rate: tasa de cambio, tipo de cambio
Expenditure: desembolso
Expense: desembolso
Expenses: gastos
Exporter: exportador
Exposure: exposición, riesgo

[Arriba]

Face value: valor nominal


Face value: valor nominal
Factory: fabrica
Fair price: precio justo
FASB: normas contables
Fee: comisión inicial
Finance evaluation: evaluación financiera
Financial backing: apoyo financiero
Financial ratios: razones financieras
Financing evaluation method: método de evaluación financiera
Financing: financiación
Firm: compañía
Fixed assets: activos fijos
Fixed price: precio fijo
Float, floating: cheques girados y no cobrados
Floating debt: deuda flotante
FOB: franco a bordo
Foreign exchange: divisas
Forward: cobertura en moneda extranjera
Forwarder: despachador
Forwards: mecanismo de protección ( en garantía en el exterior)
Free cash flow: flujo libre de efectivo
Freight: flete
Fund transfer: translado de fondos
Fund: fondo
Future worth: valor futuro

[Arriba]

Gambling: apuesta
Golden parachute: "paracaídas dorado" indemnización
Good will: buena imagen
Goods: bienes
Gross benefit: beneficio bruto
Gross income: ingreso bruto

[Arriba]

Hard currency: moneda dura


Harvesting strategy: sacar el efectivo producido
Hedge: cobertura
Hedging: cobertura
High income housing: vivienda suntuaria
Hire purchase: venta a plazos
Hurdle rate: tasa de corte

[Arriba]

IBF : international banking facility: transacciones en eurodolares en Estados Unidos


Importation: importación
In land freight: flete terrestre
Income : renta
Income policy: política de ingresos
Income statement: estado de ganancias y perdidas
Income tax: impuesto sobre renta
Income yield capacity: rentabilidad
Increase: incremento
Inflation: inflación
Inherited audience: flujo de caja del proyecto futuro
Initial investment: inversión inicial
Input: insumo
Installment: crédito
Insurance: seguro
Interchange: intercambios
Interest rate: tasa de interés
Internal rate of return: tasa interna de retorno
Inventory: inventarios
Investment: cartera
Investment: inversión
Invoice : factura
IOU: I owe you: le debo
IRR : international rate of return: tasa internacional de retorno
Issuing company: compañía emisora
Item: partida

[Arriba]

Join- venture: acuerdo de cooperacion entre empresas de dos paises


Joint venture: actividad empresarial conjunta entre socios de países diferentes
Junk bond: bono basura

[Arriba]

Label : etiqueta
Labor: mano de obra
Lakeover: adquisición hostil
Lend: prestar
Letter of credit: carta de crédito
Leverage rate: índice de apalancamiento
Levy: gravamen
Liabilities: pasivo
Liquidity ratios: razón de liquidez
Liquidity: liquidez
Listed securities: acción cotizada en bolsa
Load: cargamento
Loan: prestamo
Long term capital flows: flujo de capital a largo plazo
Long term debt: deuda a largo plazo
Long term loan: préstamo a largo plazo
Loss: perdida
Low income housing: vivienda popular
Lump sum: pago global

[Arriba]

M&A: mergers and acquisitions: fusiones y adquisiciones


Manager: gerente
Manufacturer: fabricante
Manufactures products: productos manufacturados
Market price: precio de mercado
Market research: estudio de mercado
Market: mercado
Matched timing: tiempo apareado
Meeting: asamblea
Merger: fusión
Monetary adjustment monetary correction: corrección monetaria
Money growth: crecimiento del dinero
Money received: ingresos
Money: dinero
Monthly payment: mensualidad
Mortage: hipoteca
Most favored nation treatment: tratamiento de nación mas favorecida
Movement: movimientos

[Arriba]

National income: ingreso nacional


Net cash flow: flujos netos de efectivo
Net present value: valor presente neto
Net price : precio neto
Net worth: valor neto ( patrimonio)
Net: red
NF: no founds: sin fondos
Nominal rate: tasa nominal
Non profit corporation: empresa no lucrativa
NPV: Net present value: valor presente neto
Number, turnover: cifra

[Arriba]

Offer: oferta
Open market: mercado libre
Operation costs: costos de operación
Operation expenses: gastos de operación
Operation: operación
Ordinary shares: acciones comunes
Output, production: producción
Outstanding shares: acciones en circulación

[Arriba]

Pay in cash: pagar en efectivo


Payback period: periodo de recuperación
Payment advance: avance
Payment in arrears: pago atrasado
Payment: pago
Payroll: nomina
Period: período
PIB: gross national product
Planing: planificación
Political economy: economía política
Pre investment: pre inversión
Preference shares: acciones preferentes
Preferential trading system: sistema de comercio preferencial
Price control: control de precios
Price earning rate: relación precio ganancia
Price elasticity: elasticidad del precio
Price fall: caída de precios
Price freeze: congelación de precios
Prive list: tarifas
Price: precio
Prime rate: tasa preferencial
Profit margin: margen de beneficio
Profit: beneficio
Profit: ganancia
Profit: utilidad
Project life cycle: ciclo de vida del proyecto
Promissory note: pagare
Promissory quota: pagare
Providers: proveedores
Proyect evaluation: evaluación de proyectos
Proyection: proyección
Purchase: compra
Purchasing power: poder adquisitivo

[Arriba]

Quota: cupo

[Arriba]

Rate of growth: rata de crecimiento


Rate of interest: rata de interés
Rate of return: tasa de rentabilidad
Rate: índice
Raw material: materia prima
Real interest: interés real
Receipt: recibo
Recession: desaceleracion
Reciprocal trade: acuerdo comercial
Redemption: amortización
Repayment: reembolso
Refund: reembolso
Rentability: rentabilidad
Required return: retorno sobre la inversión
Return on assets: retorno sobre activos
Return on equity: retorno sobre el patrimonio
Revolving found: fondo de rotación
Roucher: comprobante
Runaway inflation: inflación galopante
[Arriba]

Sale: venta
Security: seguridad
Set back: contratiempo
Settlement: saldos
Share turnover: movimiento accionario
Share: acción
Shareholder: accionista
Shares of stock: acciones
Shares outstanding: acción en circulación
Short term loan: préstamo a corto plazo
Simple interest: interés simple
Sinking found: fondo de amortización
Speculation: especulación
Statement of accounts: estado de cuentas
Stock company: compañía anónima
Stock corporation: compañía anónima
Stock exchange: bolsa de valores
Stock holder: accionista
Stock holders: patrimonio
Stock index: indicador bursátil
Stock market: bolsa de valores
Stock pile: acumulación de inventarios
Stock: capital
Stockbroker: corredor de bolsa
Storing: almacenamiento
Sum: suma
Supply: oferta
Surcharge: recargo
Surrender value: valor de salvamento
Surtax: sobretasa
Swap: cambalache

[Arriba]

Tax: impuesto
Technical study: estudio técnico
To debit: adeudar
To go into debt: contraer deuda
To owe: adeudar
Trade: comercio
Trading year: ejercicio económico
Transaction: operación
Transport: transporte
Turn over: rotación

[Arriba]

Unemployment: desempleo
Up turn: alza

[Arriba]

Valorization: valorización
Value added network: red de valor agregado
Value engineering: generación de valor
Venture capital: capital de riesgo

[Arriba]

Wholesaler: mayorista
Winery: bodega
Winset on line: bolsa electrónica
Working capital: capital de trabajo
WORD SOUNDS LIKE MEANING https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Russian/Useful_Words_and_Expression
SUKA SHUKA BITCH
Здраавствуйте Zdravstvuyte Hi (formal)
девушка dye-vushka miss (15< yo)
Bozhe moi Voshi-moi xpr. Oh my god
Chort Vozmi Chort Vozmi when sth goes wrong
Chyort Kay-ort Damn
ostano-vís
seful_Words_and_Expressions
Common Pronouns, Verbs and Prepositions

thou = you (subject, singular, informal) e.g. "Thou wast in the next room."

ye = you (subject, plural) e.g. "Ye all came forth from the room."

thee = you (object... "to you" ) e.g. "I saw thee in the other room."

thine or thy = your (possessive, singular) e.g. "That is thy room."

art = are hence =


from here

dost = do oft = often

doth = yea =
does even

'ere = ay = yes
before

hast = aught =
have anything

'tis = it is yon,
yonder =
that one
there

'twas = it would (he


was were) = I
wish (he
were)

wast = marry = (a
were mild
swear
word)
whence = nay = no
from
where

wherefore hie =
= why hurry

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