ANSYS Fluid Dynamics Verification Manual

ANSYS Fluid Dynamics Verification Manual
ANSYS, Inc. Release 15.0

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Table of Contents
I. Verification Test Case Descriptions .......................................................................................................... 1
1. Introduction ...................................................................................................................................... 3
1.1. Expected Results ........................................................................................................................ 3
1.2. References .................................................................................................................................. 4
1.3. Using the Verification Manual and Test Cases ............................................................................... 4
1.4. Quality Assurance Services .......................................................................................................... 5
1.5. CFX Supported Test Cases ........................................................................................................... 5
1.6. Index of ANSYS Fluid Dynamics Test Cases ................................................................................... 5
01. VMFL001: Flow Between Rotating and Stationary Concentric Cylinders ............................................... 9
02. VMFL002: Laminar Flow Through a Pipe with Uniform Heat Flux ........................................................ 11
03. VMFL003: Pressure Drop in Turbulent Flow Through a Pipe ............................................................... 13
04. VMFL004: Plain Couette Flow with Pressure Gradient ........................................................................ 15
05. VMFL005: Poiseuille Flow in a Pipe .................................................................................................... 19
06. VMFL006: Multicomponent Species Transport in Pipe Flow ............................................................... 21
07. VMFL007: Non-Newtonian Flow in a Pipe .......................................................................................... 23
08. VMFL008: Flow Inside a Rotating Cavity ............................................................................................ 25
09. VMFL009: Natural Convection in a Concentric Annulus ..................................................................... 29
10. VMFL010: Laminar Flow in a 90° Tee-Junction. .................................................................................. 33
11. VMFL011: Laminar Flow in a Triangular Cavity ................................................................................... 37
12. VMFL012: Turbulent Flow in a Wavy Channel .................................................................................... 41
13. VMFL013: Turbulent Flow with Heat Transfer in a Backward-Facing Step ............................................ 45
14. VMFL014: Species Mixing in Co-axial Turbulent Jets .......................................................................... 47
15. VMFL015: Flow Through an Engine Inlet Valve ................................................................................... 51
16. VMFL016: Turbulent Flow in a Transition Duct ................................................................................... 55
17. VMFL017: Transonic Flow over an RAE 2822 Airfoil ............................................................................ 59
18. VMFL018: Shock Reflection in Supersonic Flow ................................................................................. 61
19. VMFL019: Transient Flow Near a Wall Set in Motion ........................................................................... 65
20. VMFL020: Adiabatic Compression of Air in Cylinder by a Reciprocating Piston ................................... 67
21. VMFL021: Cavitation Over a Sharp-Edged Orifice Case A: High Inlet Pressure ..................................... 71
22. VMFL022: Cavitation Over a Sharp-Edged Orifice Case B: Low Inlet Pressure ....................................... 75
23. VMFL023: Oscillating Laminar Flow Around a Circular Cylinder .......................................................... 77
24. VMFL024: Interface of Two Immiscible Liquids in a Rotating Cylinder ................................................. 79
25. VMFL025: Turbulent Non-Premixed Methane Combustion with Swirling Air ....................................... 81
26. VMFL026: Supersonic Flow with Real Gas Effects inside a Shock Tube ................................................ 87
27. VMFL027: Turbulent Flow Over a Backward-Facing Step .................................................................... 89
28. VMFL028: Turbulent Heat Transfer in a Pipe Expansion ...................................................................... 91
29. VMFL029: Anisotropic Conduction Heat Transfer ............................................................................... 93
30. VMFL030: Turbulent Flow in a 90° Pipe-Bend ..................................................................................... 95
31. VMFL031: Turbulent Flow Behind an Open-Slit V Gutter .................................................................... 97
32. VMFL032: Turbulent Flow with Separation Along an Axisymmetric Afterbody .................................. 101
33. VMFL033: Viscous Heating in an Annulus ........................................................................................ 105
34. VMFL034: Particle Aggregation inside a Turbulent Stirred Tank ........................................................ 109
35. VMFL035: 3-Dimensional Single-Stage Axial Compressor ................................................................ 111
36. VMFL036: Turbulent Round Jet ....................................................................................................... 113
37. VMFL037: Turbulent Flow Over a Forward Facing Step ..................................................................... 115
38. VMFL038: Falling Film Over an Inclined Plane .................................................................................. 119
39. VMFL039: Boiling in a Pipe with Heated Wall ................................................................................... 121
40. VMFL040: Separated Turbulent Flow in a Diffuser ............................................................................ 123
41. VMFL041: Transonic Flow Over an Airfoil ......................................................................................... 127
42. VMFL042: Turbulent Mixing of Two Streams with Different Densities ............................................... 129
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Mechanical APDL Verification Manual
43. VMFL043: Laminar to Turbulent Transition of Boundary Layer over a Flat Plate ................................. 133
44. VMFL044: Supersonic Nozzle Flow .................................................................................................. 135
45. VMFL045: Oblique Shock Over an Inclined Ramp ............................................................................ 137
46. VMFL046: Supersonic Flow with Normal Shock in a Converging Diverging Nozzle ............................ 139
47. VMFL047: Turbulent Flow with Separation in an Asymmetric Diffuser .............................................. 141
48. VMFL048: Turbulent flow in a 180° Pipe Bend ................................................................................. 143
49. VMFL049: Combustion in an Axisymmetric Natural Gas Furnace ...................................................... 145
50. VMFL050: Transient Heat Conduction in a Semi-Infinite Slab ............................................................ 147
51. VMFL051: Isentropic Expansion of Supersonic Flow Over a Convex Corner ....................................... 149
52. VMFL052: Turbulent Natural Convection Inside a Tall Cavity ............................................................. 151
53. VMFL053: Compressible Turbulent Mixing Layer ............................................................................. 155
38. VMFL054: Laminar flow in a Trapezoidal Cavity ............................................................................... 157
55. VMFL055: Transitional Recirculatory Flow inside a Ventilation Enclosure .......................................... 159
56. VMFL056: Combined Conduction and Radiation in a Square Cavity ................................................. 161
57. VMFL057: Radiation and Conduction in Composite Solid Layers ...................................................... 163
58. VMFL058: Turbulent Flow in an Axisymmetric Diffuser ..................................................................... 165
59. VMFL059: Conduction in a Composite Solid Block .......................................................................... 167
60. VMFL060: Transitional Supersonic Flow Over a Rearward Facing Step .............................................. 169
61. VMFL061: Surface to Surface Radiative Heat Transfer Between Two Concentric Cylinders ................. 171
62. VMFL062: Fully Developed Turbulent Flow Over a “Hill” ................................................................... 173
63. VMFL063: Separated Laminar Flow Over a Blunt Plate ..................................................................... 175
64. VMFL064: Low Reynolds Number Flow in a Channel with Sudden Asymmetric Expansion ................ 177
65. VMFL065: Swirling Turbulent Flow Inside a Diffuser ......................................................................... 179
66. VMFL066: Radiative Heat Transfer in a Rectangular Enclosure with Participating Medium ................. 181
67. VMFL067: Boiling in a Pipe-Critical Heat Flux .................................................................................. 183
68. VMFL068: Axial Flow in an Eccentric Annulus ................................................................................. 185
69. VMFL069: Two Phase Poiseulle Flow ............................................................................................... 187
70. VMFL070: Radiation Between Two Parallel Surfaces ......................................................................... 189
iv of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
Part I: Verification Test Case Descriptions
Chapter 1: Introduction
The Fluid Dynamics Verification Manual presents a collection of test cases that demonstrate a represent-
ative set of the capabilities of the ANSYS Fluid Dynamics product suite. The primary purpose of this
manual is to demonstrate a wide range of capabilities in straightforward problems that have "classical"
or readily-obtainable theoretical solutions and in some cases have experimental data for comparison.
The close agreement of the ANSYS solutions to the theoretical or experimental results in this manual
is intended to provide user confidence in the ANSYS solutions. These problems may then serve as the
basis for your additional validation and qualification of ANSYS capabilities for specific applications that
may be of interest to you.
Although these test cases allow comparison against theoretical solutions and experimental data, we
have selected relatively simple problems that run quickly and can be conveniently used to test for
consistency across multiple platforms. They are not intended to provide a rigorous validation of the
model, which generally requires a greater number of much longer running problems. This manual rep-
resents a small subset of the Quality Assurance test case library that is used in full when testing new
versions of ANSYS Fluent and ANSYS CFX. Furthermore, because ANSYS Fluent and ANSYS CFX are
programs capable of solving very complicated practical engineering problems having no closed-form
theoretical solutions, the problems solved in this manual do not illustrate their full capability.
The ANSYS software suite is continually being verified by the developers at ANSYS as new capabilities
are added to the software. Verification of ANSYS products is conducted in accordance with written
procedures that form a part of an overall Quality Assurance program at ANSYS, Inc.
Note
In order to solve test cases, you will require product licenses: ANSYS CFD, ANSYS Fluent, or
ANSYS CFX.
1.1. Expected Results

The test cases in this manual have been modeled to give reasonably accurate comparisons with a low
number of elements and iterations. In some cases, even fewer elements and/or iterations will still yield
an acceptable accuracy. The test cases employ a balance between accuracy and solution time. An attempt
has been made to present a test case and results that are grid-independent. If test results are not grid-
independent, it is due to the need to limit the run time for the test to be in the manual. Improved results
can be obtained in some cases by refining the mesh, but this requires longer solution times.
The ANSYS solutions in this manual are compared with solutions or experimental data from textbooks
or technical publications. In some cases, the target (theoretical) answers reported in this manual may
differ from those shown in the reference. In several fluid flow simulation problems where experimental
results are available in the form of plots of the relevant parameters, the simulation results are also
presented as plots so that the corresponding values can be compared on the same graph.
Many of the fluid-dynamics simulation methods have to make use of data available from experimental
measurements for their verification primarily because closed-form theoretical solutions are not available
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates. 3
Introduction
for modeling the related phenomena. In this manual several test cases for ANSYS Fluent and ANSYS
CFX make use of experimental data published in reputed journals or conference proceedings for verific-
ation of the computational results. The experimental measurements for fluid-flow systems are often
presented in the form of plots of the relevant parameters. Hence the published experimental data for
those cases and the corresponding simulation results are presented in graphical format to facilitate
comparison.
Experimental data represent the "real world" physics reproduced in a controlled manner and provides
more complex details of the flow field than theoretical solutions. The test cases in this manual have
been modeled to give reasonably accurate comparisons with experimental data wherever applicable,
with a low number of elements and iterations.
Different computers and operating systems may yield slightly different results for some of the test cases
in this manual due to numerical precision variation from machine to machine. Solutions that are non-
linear, iterative, or have convergence options activated are among the most likely to exhibit machine-
dependent numerical differences. Because of this, an effort has been made to report an appropriate
and consistent number of significant digits in both the target and the ANSYS solution. If you run these
test cases on your own computer hardware, be advised that an ANSYS result reported in this manual
as 0.01234 may very well show up in your printout as 0.012335271.
1.2. References
The goal for the test cases contained in this manual was to have results accuracy within 3% of the target
solution. The solutions for the test cases have been verified; however, certain differences may exist with
regard to the references. These differences have been examined and are considered acceptable.
It should be noted that only those items corresponding to the given theoretical solution values are re-
ported for each problem. In most cases the same solution also contains a considerable amount of other
useful numerical solution data.
Different computers and different operating systems may yield slightly different results for some of the
test cases in this manual, since numerical precision varies from machine to machine. Because of this,
an effort has been made to report an appropriate and consistent number of significant digits in both
the target and the ANSYS solution. These results reported in this manual are from runs on an Intel Xeon
processor using Microsoft Windows XP Professional. Slightly different results may be obtained when
different processor types or operating systems are used.
1.3. Using the Verification Manual and Test Cases

You are encouraged to use these tests as starting points when exploring features in these products.
Geometries, material properties, loads, and output results can easily be changed and the solution re-
peated. As a result, the tests offer a quick introduction to new features with which you may be unfamil-
iar.
The test cases in this manual are primarily intended for verification of the ANSYS programs. An attempt
has been made to include most significant analysis capabilities of the ANSYS products in this manual.
Although they are valuable as demonstration problems, the test cases are not presented as step-by-
step examples with lengthy data input instructions and printouts. The reader should refer to the online
help for complete input data instructions.
Users desiring more detailed instructions for solving problems or in-depth treatment of specific topics
should refer to the ANSYS Fluent documentation. ANSYS Fluent tutorials and ANSYS CFX tutorials are
also available for various specific topics. These publications focus on particular features or program
4 of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
Index of ANSYS Fluid Dynamics Test Cases
areas, supplementing other ANSYS reference documents with theory, procedures, guidelines, examples,
and references.
1.4. Quality Assurance Services

For customers who may have further need for formal verification of the ANSYS products on their com-
puters, ANSYS, Inc. offers the Quality Assurance Testing Agreement. You are provided with input data,
output data, comparator software, and software tools for automating the testing and reporting process.
If you are interested in contracting for such services, contact the ANSYS, Inc. Quality Assurance Group.
1.5. CFX Supported Test Cases

Due to differences between the Fluent and CFX solvers, only a subset of the test cases in this manual
are supported by CFX. The following is a list of test cases which are supported by CFX:
VMFL001 - Flow Between Rotating and Stationary Concentric Cylinders

VMFL002 - Laminar Flow Through a Pipe with Uniform Heat Flux
VMFL003 - Pressure Drop in Turbulent Flow Through a Pipe
VMFL004 - Plain Couette Flow with Pressure Gradient
VMFL005 - Poiseuille Flow in a Pipe
VMFL007 - Non-Newtonian Flow in a Pipe
VMFL008 - Flow Inside a Rotating Cavity
VMFL009 - Natural Convection in a Concentric Annulus
VMFL010 - Laminar Flow in a 90° Tee-Junction
VMFL011 - Laminar Flow in a Triangular Cavity
VMFL012 - Turbulent Flow in a Wavy Channel
VMFL019 - Transient Flow Near a Wall Set in Motion
VMFL021 - Cavitation over a Sharp-Edged Orifice Case A: High Inlet Pressure
VMFL023 - Oscillating Laminar Flow Around a Circular Cylinder
VMFL032 - Turbulent Flow with Separation Along an Axisymmetric Afterbody
VMFL037 - Turbulent Flow Over a Forward Facing Step
VMFL040 - Separated Turbulent Flow in a Diffuser
VMFL042 - Turbulent Mixing of Two Streams with Different Densities
VMFL045 - Oblique Shock Over an Inclined Ramp
1.6. Index of ANSYS Fluid Dynamics Test Cases

Dimensionality Column Key:
• 2: 2D
• 3: 3D
• A: 2D Axisymmetric
VMFL001 2
Introduction
VMFL002 A X
VMFL003 A X
VMFL004 2
VMFL005 A
VMFL006 A X
VMFL007 A
VMFL008 A X
VMFL009 2 X X
VMFL010 2
VMFL011 2
VMFL012 2 X
VMFL013 2 X X
VMFL014 A X X
VMFL015 3 X
VMFL016 3 X
VMFL017 2 X X X
VMFL018 2 X X X
VMFL019 2 X
VMFL020 2 X X X
VMFL021 A X X X
VMFL022 A X X X
VMFL023 2 X
VMFL024 A X X X
VMFL025 A X X X X
VMFL026 3 X X X X
VMFL027 2 X
VMFL028 A X X
VMFL029 2 X X
VMFL030 3 X
VMFL031 2 X
VMFL032 A X
VMFL033 2 X
VMFL034 2 X X
VMFL035 3 X X X X
Index of ANSYS Fluid Dynamics Test Cases
VMFL036 A X
VMFL037 2 X
VMFL038 2 X X
VMFL039 A X X X X X
VMFL040 A X
VMFL041 2 X X X
VMFL042 2 X X X
VMFL043 2 X X
VMFL044 A X X X
VMFL045 2 X X
VMFL046 2 X X X
VMFL047 2 X
VMFL048 3 X
VMFL049 A X X X X
VMFL050 2 X X
VMFL051 2 X X X
VMFL052 2 X X
VMFL053 2 X X X
VMFL054 2
VMFL055 2 X X X
VMFL056 2 X X
VMFL057 2 X X
VMFL058 A X
VMFL059 2 X
VMFL060 2 X X X X
VMFL061 2 X X
VMFL062 2 X
VMFL063 2
VMFL064 2
VMFL065 A X
VMFL066 2 X X
VMFL001: Flow Between Rotating and Stationary Concentric Cylinders
Overview
Reference F. M. White. Viscous Fluid Flow. Section 3-2.3. McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc.. New York,
NY. 1991.
Solver ANSYS Fluent, ANSYS CFX
Physics/Models Laminar flow, rotating wall
Input Files rot_conc_cyl.cas for ANSYS Fluent
rotating_cylinder.def for ANSYS CFX
Test Case
Steady laminar flow between two concentric cylinders is modeled. The flow is induced by rotation of
the inner cylinder with a constant angular velocity, while the outer cylinder is held stationary. Due to
periodicity only a section of the domain needs to be modeled. In the present simulation a 180° segment
(half of the domain shown in Figure 01.1: Flow Domain (p. 9)) is modeled. The sketch is not to scale.
Figure 01.1: Flow Domain
Outer Cylinder
r2
x
r1
Inner Cylinder
Material Properties Geometry Boundary Conditions

Density = 1 kg/m3 Radius of the Inner Cylinder = Angular velocity of the inner wall
17.8 mm = 1 rad/s
Viscosity = 0.0002
kg/m-s Radius of the Outer Cylinder =
46.28 mm
Analysis Assumptions and Modeling Notes

The flow is steady. The tangential velocity at various sections can be calculated using analytical equations
for laminar flow. These values are used for comparison with simulation results.
VMFL001
Results Comparison for ANSYS Fluent

Table 01.1: Comparison of Tangential Velocity in the Annulus at Various Radial Locations
Tangential Velocity at Target, m/s ANSYS Fluent, m/s Ratio

r = 20 mm 0.0151 0.0151 1.000
r = 25 mm 0.0105 0.0105 1.000
r = 30 mm 0.0072 0.0072 1.000
r = 35 mm 0.0046 0.0045 0.978
Results Comparison for ANSYS CFX

Table 01.2: Comparison of Tangential Velocity in the Annulus at Various Radial Locations
Location Target, m/s ANSYS CFX, m/s Ratio

r = 20 mm 0.0151 0.0150 0.991
r = 25 mm 0.0105 0.0105 0.998
r = 30 mm 0.0072 0.0071 0.988
r = 35 mm 0.0046 0.0045 0.976
VMFL002: Laminar Flow Through a Pipe with Uniform Heat Flux
Overview
Reference F.M. White. Fluid Mechanics . 3rd Edition. McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York,
NY. 1994.
F.P. Incropera and D.P. DeWitt. Fundamentals of Heat Transfer. John Wiley
& Sons. 1981.
Physics/Models Laminar flow with heat transfer
Input File laminar-pipe-hotflow.cas for ANSYS Fluent
VMFL002B_VV002CFX.def for ANSYS CFX
Test Case
Laminar flow of Mercury through a circular pipe is modeled, with uniform heat flux across the wall. A
fully developed laminar velocity profile is prescribed at the inlet. The resulting pressure drop and exit
temperature are compared with analytical calculations for Laminar flow. Only half of the 2–D domain
is modeled due to symmetry.
r=R τw
r τ (r)
Pi Po
Vx (r)

Fluid: Mercury Length of the pipe = 0.1 m Fully developed velocity profile at
inlet.
Density = 13529 Radius of the pipe = 0.0025
kg/m 3 m Inlet temperature = 300 K
Viscosity = 0.001523 Heat Flux across wall = 5000 W/m2

kg/m-s
Specific Heat = 139.3

J/kg-K
Thermal Conductivity
= 8.54 W/m-K

The flow is steady and incompressible. Pressure drop can be calculated from the theoretical expression
for laminar flow given in Ref. 1. Correlations for temperature calculations are given in Ref. 2.
VMFL002

Table 02.1: Comparison of Pressure Drop and Outlet Temperature
Target ANSYS Fluent Ratio

Pressure Drop, Pa 1.000 0.999 0.999
Centerline Temperature 341.00 340.50 0.999
at the Outlet, K

Table 02.2: Comparison of Pressure Drop and Outlet Temperature
Target ANSYS CFX Ratio

Pressure Drop, Pa 1.000 1.019 1.019
Centerline Temperature 341.00 340.8 0.9994
at the Outlet, K
VMFL003: Pressure Drop in Turbulent Flow Through a Pipe
Overview
Reference F.M. White. Fluid Mechanics. 3rd Edition. McGraw-Hill Co., New York, NY. 1994.
Physics/Models Turbulent flow, standard k-ε Model
Input File turb_pipe_flow.cas for ANSYS Fluent
Test Case
Air flows through a horizontal pipe with smooth walls. The flow Reynolds number is 1.37 X 104. Only
half of the axisymmetrical domain is modeled.
P1 P2
v
Inlet Outlet
ℓ
The figure is not to scale.

Density = 1.225 kg/m3 Length of the pipe = Inlet velocity = 50 m/s
2m
Outlet pressure = 0 Pa
Viscosity = 1.7894 X 10-5 kg/m-s
Radius of the pipe =
0.002 m

The flow is steady. Pressure drop can be calculated from analytical formula using friction factor f which
can be determined for the given Reynolds number from Moody chart. The calculated pressure drop is
compared with the simulation results (pressure difference between inlet and outlet).

Table 03.1: Comparison of Pressure Drop in the Pipe

Pressure Drop, Pa 21744 21480 0.988
VMFL003


Pressure Drop, Pa 21744 21740 1.000
VMFL004: Plain Couette Flow with Pressure Gradient
Overview
Reference B.R. Munson, T.H. Okiishi, W.W. Huebsch, Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics, 5th
Edition, Wiley, 2006
Physics/Models Laminar flow, moving wall, periodic boundaries
Input Files couette_flow.cas for ANSYS Fluent
Couette_Flow.def for ANSYS CFX
Test Case
Viscous flow between two parallel plates is modeled. The top plate moves with a uniform velocity while
the lower plate is fixed. A pressure gradient is imposed in a direction parallel to the plates.
Moving Wall
Periodic Boundaries
Stationary Wall

Density = 1 kg/m3 Length of the domain = Velocity of the moving wall = 3
1.5 m m/s in X-direction
Viscosity = 1 kg/m-s
Width of the domain = 1 For ANSYS Fluent, pressure
m gradient across periodic
boundaries = -12 Pa/m
For ANSYS CFX, pressure gradi-

ent across periodic boundaries
= -12 Pa/m (pressure change =
–18 Pa)
VMFL004

The flow is steady and laminar. Periodic conditions with specified pressure drop are applied across the
flux boundaries.

Figure 04.2: Comparison of X-Velocity (m/s) at a Section Where X = 0.75 m
VMFL004

Figure 04.3: Comparison of X-Velocity (m/s) at a Section Where X = 0.75 m
VMFL005: Poiseuille Flow in a Pipe
Overview
Reference F.M. White. Fluid Mechanics. 3rd Edition. McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, NY. 1994.
Physics/Models Steady laminar flow
Input File poiseuille-flow.cas for ANSYS Fluent
Test Case
Fully developed laminar flow in a circular tube is modeled. Reynolds number based on the tube diameter
is 500. Only half of the axisymmetric domain is modeled.
Pipe Wall
Inlet Axis
Outlet

Density = 1 kg/m3 Length of the pipe = 0.1 Fully developed laminar velocity
m profile at inlet with an average ve-
Viscosity = 1e-5 kg/m-s locity of 2.00 m/s
0.00125 m

The flow is steady. A fully developed laminar velocity profile is prescribed at the inlet. Hagen-Poiseuille
equation is used to determine the pressure drop analytically.

Tar- ANSYS Flu- Ra-

get ent tio
Pressure Drop, 10. 10.22 0.998
Pa 24
VMFL005

Tar- ANSYS Ra-

get CFX tio
Pressure Drop, 10. 10.49 1.024
Pa 24
VMFL006: Multicomponent Species Transport in Pipe Flow
Overview
Reference W.M. Kays and M.E. Crawford. Convective Heat and Mass Transfer. 3rd Edition. Mc-
Graw-Hill Book Co., Inc., New York, NY. 126-134. 1993.
Solver ANSYS Fluent
Physics/Models Steady laminar flow, species transport
Input File Species-diffusion.cas
Test Case
Fully developed laminar flow in a circular tube, with two species is modeled. Species A enters at the
inlet and species B enters from the wall. Uniform and dissimilar mass fractions are specified at the pipe
inlet and wall. Fluid properties are assumed to be the same for both species, so that computed results
can be compared with analytical solution.
Pipe Wall
Inlet Axis
Outlet

Species A Length of the pipe = 0.1 Fully developed laminar velocity
m profile at inlet with an average
Density = 1 kg/m3 velocity of 1 m/s
Viscosity = 1.0 x 10 Pa-s-5 0.0025 m Mass fraction of species A at pipe
inlet = 1.0
Diffusivity BA = 1.43 x 10–5 Mass fraction of species B at pipe
m2/s inlet = 0.0
Species B Mass fraction of species A at pipe

wall = 0.0
Density = 1 kg/m3
Mass fraction of species B at pipe
Viscosity = 1.0 x 10 Pa-s-5 wall = 1.0
Diffusivity AB = 1.43 x 10-5

m2/s

The flow is steady. A fully developed laminar velocity profile is prescribed at the inlet. Species transport
model is used.
VMFL006
Results Comparison
Table 06.1: Comparison of Mass Fraction of Species A Along the Axis
Axial location Tar- ANSYS Flu- Ra-

(m) get ent tio
0.01 0.8225 0.8223 1.000
0.02 0.7308 0.7307 1.000
0.03 0.6593 0.6592 1.000
0.04 0.5992 0.5991 1.000
0.05 0.5469 0.5469 1.000
0.06 0.5006 0.5006 1.000
0.07 0.4589 0.4591 1.000
0.08 0.4212 0.4214 1.000
0.09 0.3869 0.3871 1.001
0.10 0.3555 0.3558 1.001
VMFL007: Non-Newtonian Flow in a Pipe
Overview
Reference W.F. Hughes and J.A. Brighton. Schaum's Outline of Theory and Problems of Fluid
Dynamics. McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., New York, NY. 1991.
Physics/Models Steady laminar flow, power law for viscosity
Input File powerlaw-visc.cas for ANSYS Fluent
VMFL007B_vv007CFX.def for ANSYS CFX
Test Case
Flow of a non-Newtonian fluid in a circular pipe is modeled. Viscosity is specified by power law equation.
Pipe Wall
Inlet Axis
Outlet

Density = 1000 kg/m3 Pipe length = 0.1 m Fully developed velocity profile at
inlet with an average velocity of 2
Viscosity: Power law Pipe diameter = 0.0025 m m/s
Parameters:
k = 10
n = 0.4

The flow is steady. Viscosity is specified using non-Newtonian power law equation.

Tar- ANSYS Flu- Ra-

get ent tio
Pressure Drop, 60.52 60.37 0.998
kPa
VMFL007

Tar- ANSYS Ra-

get CFX tio
Pressure Drop, 60.52 61.52 1.0165
kPa
VMFL008: Flow Inside a Rotating Cavity
Overview
Reference J.A. Michelsen. “Modeling of Laminar Incompressible Rotating Fluid Flow”. AFM
86-05., Ph.D. thesis. Department of Fluid Mechanics, Technical University of Den-
mark. 1986.
Physics/Models Laminar flow, Rotating reference frame
Input File rotcv_RRF.cas for ANSYS Fluent
VMFL008B_rot_cyl.def for ANSYS CFX
Test Case
Flow in a cylindrical cavity enclosed with a lid that spins at Ω = 1.0 rad/s. The flow field is 2–D
axisymmetric, so only the region bounded by the dashed lines in Figure 08.1: Flow Domain (p. 25)needs
to be modeled. The Reynolds number of the flow based on the cavity radius R and the tip-speed of the
disk is 1800.
Rotating Cover
L = 1.0 m
R = 1.0 m
Ω= 1.0 rad/s Region to
be modeled
L
y
R

Density = 1 kg/m3 Height of the cavity = 1m Speed of rotation of the moving
wall = 1rad/s
Viscosity: 0.000556 kg/m- Radius of cavity = 1m
s Rotational velocity for cell zone =
-1rad/s

The flow is laminar. The problem is solved using rotating reference frame.
VMFL008

Figure 08.2: Comparison of Distribution of Radial Velocity Along a Section at X= 0.6 m
VMFL008
Figure 08.3: Comparison of Distribution of Swirl Velocity Along a Section at X= 0.6 m
VMFL008

Figure 08.4: Comparison of Distribution of Radial Velocity Along a Section at X= 0.6 m
Figure 08.5: Comparison of Distribution of Swirl Velocity Along a Section at X= 0.6 m
VMFL009: Natural Convection in a Concentric Annulus
Overview
Reference T.H. Kuehn, R.J. Goldstein, “An Experimental Study of Natural Convection Heat
Transfer in Concentric and Eccentric Horizontal Cylindrical Annuli”, Journal of Heat
Transfer, Vol 100, pp. 635-640, 1978.
Physics/Models Heat transfer, natural convection, laminar flow
Input Files concn.cas for ANSYS Fluent
ecc_cfx.def for ANSYS CFX
Test Case
Natural convection inside a concentric annular domain. The inner wall is maintained at a higher temper-
ature than the outer wall, thereby causing buoyancy induced circulation.
Top Plane of Symmetry
Bottom Plane of Symmetry
Only half of the domain is modeled due to symmetry.

Density: Incompressible Radius of outer cylinder = Inner wall temperature = 373 K
ideal gas 46.25 mm
Outer wall temperature = 327 K
Viscosity: 2.081 X 10 -5 Radius of inner cylinder =
kg/m-s 17.8 mm
Specific Heat: 1008 J/kg-K
VMFL009

Thermal Conductivity:
0.02967 W/m-K

The flow is symmetric and only half of the domain is modeled. Density is calculated based on incom-
pressible ideal gas assumption. The flow is laminar.

Figure 09.2: Comparison of Static Temperature Distribution on the Bottom Wall of Symmetry
VMFL009
Figure 09.3: Comparison of Static Temperature Distribution on the Top Wall of Symmetry
VMFL009

Figure 09.4: Comparison of Static Temperature Distribution on the Bottom Wall of Symmetry
VMFL010: Laminar Flow in a 90° Tee-Junction.
Overview
Reference R.E. Hayes, K. Nandkumar, H. Nasr-El-Din, “Steady Laminar Flow in a 90 Degree
Planar Branch”. Computers and Fluids, Vol 17, pp. 537-553, 1989.
Physics/Models Laminar flow
Input File plarb_r4.cas for ANSYS Fluent
VMFL010B_plarb.def for ANSYS CFX
Test Case
The purpose of this test is to compare prediction of the fractional flow in a dividing tee-junction with
experimental results. The fluid enters through the bottom branch and divides into the two channels
whose exit planes are held at the same static pressure.
VMFL010
Ps= 0
w Ps= 0
w 2/3 L
Table 10.1: Comparison of Flow Split from Tee
Material Properties Geo- Boundary Conditions

metry
Fluid: Air L=3.0
m Fully developed inlet velocity profile for: = =

Density : 1 kg/m3 where is the inlet centerline velocity.
W=1.0
Viscosity: 0.003333 m
=
kg/m-s

The flow is steady and incompressible. Pressure based solver is used. It is seen that with increasing flow
rate in the main channel, less fluid escapes through the secondary (right) branch. For analysis of results,
we calculate and compare the fractional flow in the upper branch.

Tar- ANSYS Flu- Ra-

get ent tio
Flow 0.887 0.884 0.997
split
VMFL010

Tar- ANSYS Ra-

get CFX tio
Flow 0.887 0.8837 0.9962
split
VMFL011: Laminar Flow in a Triangular Cavity
Overview
Reference R. Jyotsna, S.P. Vanka. “Multigrid Calculation of Steady, Viscous Flow in a Triangular
Cavity”. J. Comp. Phys., Vol 122, pp. 107-117, 1995.
Physics/Models Viscous flow, driven by a moving wall
Input Files driv.cas for FLUENT
driven_cavity.def for ANSYS CFX
Test Case
Laminar flow induced by the motion of the top wall of a triangular cavity (Figure 11.1: Flow Domain
(p. 37)). The side walls are stationary.
2m
U wall = 2 m/s
h=4m

Density = 1 Height of the triangular cavity Velocity of the top (base) wall
kg/m 3 =4m = 2 m/s
Viscosity = 0.01 Width of the base = 2 m Other walls are stationary

kg/m-s

The flow is steady. Pressure based solver is used. A hybrid mesh with triangular and quadrilateral cells
is used to discretize the domain.
VMFL011
Results Comparison for FLUENT

Figure 11.2: Comparison of Distribution of Normalized X-Velocity Along a Vertical Line that
Bisects the Base of the Cavity
In this figure, X-velocity is normalized by the velocity of the moving wall.
VMFL011

Figure 11.3: Comparison of Distribution of Normalized X-Velocity Along a Vertical Line that
Bisects the Base of the Cavity
In this figure also the X-velocity is normalized by the velocity of the moving wall.
VMFL012: Turbulent Flow in a Wavy Channel
Overview
Reference J.D. Kuzan, “Velocity Measurements for Turbulent Separated and Near-Separated
Flows Over Solid Waves”. Ph.D. thesis. Department of Chemical Engineering, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 1986.
Physics/Models Turbulent internal flow with separation and recirculation, periodic boundaries
Input File wavy.cas for ANSYS Fluent
VMFL012B_VV012.def for ANSYS CFX
Test Case
A periodic flow domain bounded on one side by a sinusoidal wavy wall and with a straight wall on the
other side. Due to periodicity only a part of the channel needs to modeled. Figure 12.1: Flow Domain
(p. 41) depicts the channel geometry. Flow direction is from left to right.
1m
Periodic Boundaries
D=1m h = 0.9 m H = 1.1 m
0.25 m
0.75 m

Density = 1 kg/m 3 Amplitude of the sinusoidal Periodic Conditions:
wave = 0. 1m
Viscosity = 0.0001 kg/m-s Mass flow rate = 0.816 kg/s
Wave length = 1 m
Pressure Gradient = -
Length of the periodic seg- 0.01687141 Pa/m
ment = 1 m
VMFL012

The flow is steady. Pressure based solver is used. Periodic boundaries are used. For analysis of results,
velocity in the x –direction is normalized by the mean mainstream velocity, U = 0.816 m/s, at mean
channel height. Turbulence model used is Realizable k-E in Fluent and Shear Stress Transport in CFX.

Figure 12.2: Comparison of Distribution of Normalized X-Velocity along Transverse Direction at
the Wave Crest
VMFL012
Figure 12.3: Comparison of Predicted Normalized X-Velocity along Transverse Direction at the
Wave Trough

Figure 12.4: Comparison of Distribution of Normalized X-Velocity along Transverse Direction at
the Wave Crest
VMFL012
Figure 12.5: Comparison of Predicted Normalized X-Velocity along Transverse Direction at the
Wave Trough
VMFL013: Turbulent Flow with Heat Transfer in a Backward-Facing Step
Overview
Reference J.C. Vogel, J.K. Eaton, “Combined Heat Transfer and Fluid Dynamic Measurements
Downstream of a Backward-Facing Step”. Journal of Heat Transfer, Vol. 107, pp.
922-929, 1985.
Solver ANSYS Fluent
Physics/Models Incompressible, turbulent flow with heat convection and reattachment.
Input File step_ve.cas
Test Case
The fluid flow and convective heat transfer over a 2–D backward-facing step is modeled. A constant
heat-flux surface behind the sudden expansion leads to a separated and reattaching boundary layer
that disturbs local heat transfer. Measured values of the distribution of the local Nusselt number along
the heated wall are used to validate the CFD simulation.
adiabatic walls
4H .
Q (heated wall)
H
3.8 H 30 H
Material Properties for Dry Air Geometry Boundary Conditions

Density = 1 kg/m3 H=1m Velocity profile at inlet corres-
ponding to ReH = 28,000
Viscosity = 0.0001 kg/m-s
Wall heat transfer, Q ˙= 1,000
Conductivity = 1.408 W/m-K W/m2
Specific Heat = 10,000 J/kg-
K

A Cartesian non-uniform 121 x 61 mesh is used. The flow is steady and incompressible. Fluid properties
are considered constant. Pressure based solver is used. The inlet boundary conditions are specified using
the fully-developed profiles for the U-velocity, k, and epsilon. The incoming boundary layer thickness
is 1.1 H. Under the given pressure conditions, the Reynolds number, ReH is about 28,000 The RNG k-ε
model with standard wall functions is used for accounting turbulence.
VMFL013

Figure 13.2: Comparison of Predicted Local Nusselt Number Distribution Along the Heated Wall
with Experimental Data
VMFL014: Species Mixing in Co-axial Turbulent Jets
Overview
Reference R.W. Schefer, R.W. Dibble, “Simultaneous Measurements of Velocity and
Density in a Turbulent Non-premixed Flame”. AIAA Journal, Vol 23, pp.
1070-1078, 1985.
R.W., Schefer, “Data Base for a Turbulent, Nonpremixed, Nonreacting
Propane-Jet Flow”. http://www.sandia.gov/TNF/DataArch/ProJet.html
Solver ANSYS Fluent
Physics/Models Multi-Species flow, turbulent, jet mixing
Input File san_jet.cas
Test Case
A propane jet issues into a co-axial stream of air. There is turbulent mixing between the species in the
axisymmetric tunnel. Only half of the domain is considered due to axial symmetry.
D = 0.3 m
L=2m
C3 H8
air air
d o = 11 mm
d i = 5.2 mm

Density: Incompressible ideal Tunnel length = 2 m Inlet velocity of air = 9.2 m/s
gas law
VMFL014

Viscosity: 1.72X10–5 kg/m-s Tunnel diameter = 0.3 m Inlet velocity of Propane –
Specified as fully developed
Propane jet tube: profile
Inner diameter = 5.2 mm Inlet temperature (both

streams) = 300 K
Outer diameter = 11 mm
Temperature at the wall =
300 K

The flow is steady. Species mixing is modeled with the three species; propane, oxygen, and nitrogen.
There is no reaction.

Figure 14.2: Comparison of Distribution of Propane Along Axis of the Jets
VMFL014
Figure 14.3: Comparison of Distribution of X-Velocity Along Axis of the Jets
VMFL015: Flow Through an Engine Inlet Valve
Overview
Reference A. Chen, K.C. Lee, M. Yianneskis, G. Ganti, “Velocity Characteristics of Steady Flow
Through a Straight Generic Inlet Port”. International Journal for Numerical Methods
in Fluids, Vol 21, pp. 571-590, 1995.
Solver ANSYS Fluent
Physics/Models 3–D turbulent flow
Input File valve10.cas
Test Case
Flow in an idealized engine cylinder with a straight inlet port and a valve lift of 10 mm (the distance
from the top of the cylinder to the bottom of the valve). The configuration of the inlet port, valve, and
cylinder is shown in Figure 15.1: Flow Domain (p. 51).
flow inlet
1.379 kg/s
Z
.0
46
o
40 φ 39.5
y
10
43.0
562
φ 93.65
flow exit
VMFL015

Density : 894 kg/m3 All dimensions shown in Fig- Inlet velocity = 0.9282 m/s
ure 15.1: Flow Domain (p. 51) are
Viscosity: 0.001529 in mm. Inlet turbulent intensity = 10%
kg/m-s
Inlet turbulent length scale =
0.046m
Outlet gauge pressure = 0 Pa

The flow is steady, isothermal and incompressible. The standard k-ε model with standard wall functions
is used. The length of the cylinder is chosen to be large enough that it will not affect the flow in the
cylinder.

Figure 15.2: Z-Velocity Component at Z= -5mm (p. 52) and Figure 15.3: Z-Velocity Component at Z =
+10mm (p. 53) compare ANSYS Fluent's results with the experimental data (z-component of velocity
at different heights).
Figure 15.2: Z-Velocity Component at Z= -5mm
VMFL015
Figure 15.3: Z-Velocity Component at Z = +10mm
VMFL016: Turbulent Flow in a Transition Duct
Overview
Reference D.O. Davis, F.B. Gessner, “Experimental Investigation of Turbulent Flow Through a
Circular-to-Rectangular Transition Duct”. AIAA Journal, Vol 30, pp. 367-375, 1992
Solver ANSYS Fluent
Physics/Models 3–D Turbulent flow with separation, Reynolds stress model
Input Files tranduct-rsm-1.cas
Test Case
Turbulent flow through a circular-to-rectangular transition duct having the same inlet and outlet cross-
sectional areas is modeled. The curvature of the duct walls induces a strong pressure-driven cross-flow
that develops into a counter-rotating vortex pair near the short side walls of the duct. Due to symmetry
of the flow field, only one fourth of the duct is modeled (as shown in Figure 16.1: Flow Domain (p. 55)).
Station 5 is located 23 m downstream of the inlet.
Station 5
Outlet
Inlet
Material Properties Geometry Boundary Condi-

tions
Density: 1 kg/m3 Inlet radius = 1 Inlet velocity: 1
m m/s
Viscosity: 5.13X10–6
Length of duct
kg/m-s
= 35 m

The flow is steady. Reynolds Stress Model (RSM) is used to model turbulence.
VMFL016

Figure 16.2: Comparison of Pressure Coefficient at Station 5
VMFL016
Figure 16.3: Comparison of Pressure Coefficient Along Centerline of the Duct
VMFL017: Transonic Flow over an RAE 2822 Airfoil
Overview
Reference P.H. Cook, M.A. McDonald, M.C.P. Firmin, “AEROFOIL RAE 2822 Pressure
Distribution and Boundary Layer and Wake Measurements”. AGARD Advisory
Report. No. 138. 1979.
S.J. Kline, B.J. Cantwell, G.M. Lilley, “1980-81 AFOSR-HTTM-Stanford Con-
ference on Complex Turbulent Flows: Comparison of Computation and
Experiment”, Stanford University, Stanford, Calif., 1982.
Solver ANSYS Fluent
Physics/Models Compressible, turbulent flow
Input File r2822.cas
Test Case
Flow over an RAE 2822 airfoil at a free-stream Mach number of 0.73. The angle of attack is 2.79°. The
flow field is 2D, compressible (transonic), and turbulent. The geometry of the RAE 2822 airfoil is shown
in Figure 17.1: Geometry of the RAE 2822 Airfoil (p. 59). It is a thick airfoil with a chord length, c, of
1.00 m and a maximum thickness, d, of 0.121 m. The flow domain spans over 100 Chord lengths in both
streamwise and transverse directions, so that the presence of the airfoil is not felt at the outer boundary.
Figure 17.1: Geometry of the RAE 2822 Airfoil
0.121 m
1.00 m
Mach Number = 0.73
Re = 6.5 x 10^6
Angle of Attack = 2.79 degrees
Static Pressure = 43765
Inlet Temperature = 300 K
Turbulent Intensity =0.05%
Turbulent Viscosity Ratio = 10

Fluid: Air Chord length = 1 m The inlet conditions are:
• Density: Ideal Gas Maximum thickness = Mach number = 0.73

0.121 m
• Viscosity: 1.983x10-5 kg/m-s Re = 6.5 x 106
• Thermal conductivity: 0.0242 W/m-K Static pressure = 43765

Pa
• Molecular Weight: 28.966 g/mol
VMFL017

• Specific Heat: 1006.43 J/kg-K Inlet temperature = 300
K
Turbulent intensity =
0.05 %
Turbulent viscosity ratio

= 10

The implicit formulation of the density-based solver is used. The SST k-ω turbulence model is used to
account for turbulence effects. The problem is solved in steady state mode. The experimental procedure
included uses a transition trip to fix the boundary layer transition.

Table 17.1: Comparison of Coefficients
Coeffi- Tar- ANSYS Flu- Ra-

cients get ent tio
Drag 0.0168 0.0165 0.982
Lift 0.803 0.783 0.975
VMFL018: Shock Reflection in Supersonic Flow
Overview
Reference H.B. Hopkins, W. Konopka, J. Leng, “Validation of scramjet exhaust simulation
technique at Mach 6”, NASA Contractor Report 3003, 1979.
Solver ANSYS Fluent
Physics/Models Reflecting shocks in supersonic flow; Compressible turbulent flow
Input File scram-nozzle-flow.cas
Test Case
Supersonic flow from a nozzle that represents the exhaust nozzle of a supersonic combustion ramjet
(SCRAMJET) is modeled. Jet from the nozzle is issued into a domain which is bounded on one side by
an afterbody wall which is parallel to the centerline of the nozzle. Shocks propagating from the nozzle
exit reflect from the afterbody. Measured values of (i) the distribution of wall pressure and (ii) heat
transfer rate along the afterbody are used to validate the CFD simulation.
cowl wall
M=1.66
D=1.524 cm P=Pe afterbody
To=477.8 K
Tw=328 K

Density: Ideal Gas D = 1.524 cm Inlet Total Pressure (gauge) =
551600 Pa
Molecular Weight: 113.2 Length of cowl
= 3.5 D Inlet Static Pressure (gauge) =
-5
Viscosity: 1.7894 X 10 kg/m-s 127100 Pa
Thermal Conductivity: 0.0242 Inlet Total Temperature = 477.8 K

w/m-K
Inlet Turbulent Intensity = 2 %
Specific Heat: Temperature De-
pendent Wall temperature = 328 K
Outlet Pressure (gauge) = 2780 Pa
VMFL018

The flow is steady. Specific heat is defined as a linear function of temperature. Density based solver is
used. Under the given pressure conditions, the inlet Mach number is about 1.66.

Figure 18.2: Comparison of Predicted Static Pressure Distribution on the Afterbody with
Experimental Data
VMFL018
Figure 18.3: Comparison of Predicted Total Heat Flux Along the Afterbody with Experimental
Data
VMFL019: Transient Flow Near a Wall Set in Motion
Overview
Reference H. Schlichting, K. Gersten, Boundary Layer Theory, 8th Edition, pp. 126-127,
2000
Physics/Models Unsteady flow, moving wall
Input File VMFL019_FLUENT.cas for ANSYS Fluent
VMFL019_CFX.def for ANSYS CFX
Test Case
Flow near a wall suddenly set into motion is modeled. The start up flow is modeled as a transient
problem with a constant wall-velocity at t (time) > 0. The flow is highly viscous and the velocity is 0 at
t= 0.
Fixed Wall
Inlet Outlet
Moving Wall

Density = 1000 kg/m3 Dimensions of the do- Velocity of the moving wall =
main: 0.75 m X 0.3 m 0.01 m/s
Viscosity = 1 kg/m-s
Gauge Pressure at Inlet = 0
N/m2
Gauge Pressure at Outlet = 0

N/m2

The pressure based solver is used in ANSYS Fluent. Pressure boundaries are specified to model the
driving head in the direction of flow. The fluid is at rest initially (t = 0). The similarity parameter is defined
as:
η( )= ( ν )
VMFL019
Where ν is the kinematic viscosity.
Results Comparison using ANSYS Fluent

Figure 19.2: Comparison of Velocity Profile Near the Wall at Outlet
Results Comparison using ANSYS CFX

Figure 19.3: Comparison of Velocity Profile Near the Wall at Outlet
VMFL020: Adiabatic Compression of Air in Cylinder by a Reciprocating Piston
Overview
Reference L.D. Russell, G.A. Adebiyi, Classical Thermodynamics, Saunders College Publishing,
Philadelphia, PA, 1993
Solver ANSYS Fluent
Physics/Models Dynamic Mesh, Transient flow with ideal gas effects
Input File box2d_remesh.cas
Test Case
Air undergoes adiabatic compression due to the movement of a piston inside a rectangular box, repres-
enting a cylinder geometry in 2–D as shown in Figure 20.1: In-Cylinder Piston Description (p. 67). The
Top Dead Center (TDC) corresponds to a crank angle of 360°. The piston moves back after reaching
TDC.
Figure 20.1: In-Cylinder Piston Description
ϑ
crank angle
VMFL020
8m
TDC
10 m
8m
BDC
PISTON

Ideal gas law for density Length of the block Movement of the piston is modeled
= 10 m using deforming mesh
Viscosity = 1.7894 X 10–5
kg/m-s Width of the block =
8m

The compression within the cylinder is assumed to be adiabatic. The spring-based smoothing method
with local remeshing is used for modeling the dynamic mesh motion.
VMFL020
Results Comparison
Figure 20.3: Comparison of Static Temperature Variation with Time
Figure 20.4: Comparison of Static Pressure Variation with Time
VMFL021: Cavitation Over a Sharp-Edged Orifice Case A: High Inlet Pressure
Overview
Reference W.H. Nurick, “Orifice Cavitation and Its Effects on Spray Mixing”. Journal of Fluids
Engineering, Vol.98, pp. 681-687, 1976
Physics/Models Turbulent multiphase flow with cavitation and phase change
Input File cav_orifice_HP.cas for ANSYS Fluent
VMFL021B_VV021.def for ANSYS CFX
Test Case
A steady, axisymmetric, multiphase (water/steam) flow, with phase change taking place. Due to sudden
contraction a low pressure region occurs near the sharp edge which results in cavitation. Figure 21.1: Flow
Domain (p. 71) depicts the orifice geometry. Flow direction is from left to right.
L1 L2
P1 vapor
P2
liquid jet
r2
r1

tions
Liquid: Water L1 = P1 =
1.60 250,000,000 Pa
Density : 1000 cm
kg/m3 P2 = 95,000 Pa
L2 =
Viscosity: 0.001 3.20 T = 300 K
kg/m-s cm
Pvapor = 3,540
Gas: Water-Vapor r1 = Pa
1.15
Density: 0.02558
cm
kg/m3
VMFL021

tions
Viscosity: 1.26x10-6 r2 =
kg/m-s 0.40
cm

The flow is steady and incompressible. Pressure based solver is used. Fluent uses standard k-ε model
with standard wall functions for the turbulence model while CFX uses SST. The Zwart-Gerber-Belamri
cavitation model is applied together with mixture multiphase model.
For analysis of results, we calculate and compare the discharge coefficient with the experimental data.
The coefficient of discharge, , is the ratio of the mass flow rate through the nozzle to the theoretical
maximum mass flow rate:
=
−
In the above equation,

is the mass flow rate as calculated by the CFD solver.

Table 21.1: Comparison of Discharge Coefficient
Tar- ANSYS Flu- Ra-

get ent tio
Coefficient of Dis- 0.620 0.631 1.018
charge
VMFL021
Figure 21.2: Contours of Liquid (Water) Volume Fraction

Tar- ANSYS Ra-

get CFX tio
Coefficient of Dis- 0.620 0.637 1.03
charge
VMFL022: Cavitation Over a Sharp-Edged Orifice Case B: Low Inlet Pressure
Overview
Reference W.H. Nurick, “Orifice Cavitation and Its Effects on Spray Mixing”, Journal of Fluids
Engineering, Vol 98, pp. 681-687, 1976
Solver ANSYS Fluent
Physics/Models Turbulent multiphase flow with cavitation and phase change
Input File cav_orifice_LP.cas
Test Case
A steady, axisymmetric, multiphase (water/steam) flow, with phase change taking place. Due to sudden
contraction a low pressure region occurs near the sharp edge which results in a weak cavitation. Fig-
ure 22.1: Flow Domain (p. 75) depicts the orifice geometry. Flow direction is from left to right.
L1 L2
P1 vapor
P2
liquid jet
r2
r1

tions
Liquid: Water L1 = P1 = 250,000 Pa
1.60
Density: 1000 cm P2 = 95,000 Pa
3
kg/m
L2 = T = 300 K
Viscosity: 0.001 3.20
kg/m-s cm Pvapor = 3,540
Pa
Gas: Water-Vapor r1 =
1.15
Density: 0.02558
cm
kg/m3
r2 =
Viscosity: 1.26x10-6 0.40
kg/m-s cm
VMFL022

The flow is steady and incompressible. Pressure based solver is used. Standard k-ε model with standard
wall functions is used for turbulence. The Zwart-Gerber-Belamri cavitation model is applied together
with mixture multiphase model.
For analysis of results, we calculate and compare the discharge coefficient with the experimental data.
The coefficient of discharge, , is the ratio of the mass flow rate through the nozzle to the theoretical
maximum mass flow rate:
=
−
In the above equation,

is the mass flow rate as calculated by the CFD solver.


Coefficient of Discharge 0.780 0.777 0.996
Figure 22.2: Contours of Liquid (Water) Volume Fraction
VMFL023: Oscillating Laminar Flow Around a Circular Cylinder
Overview
Reference F.M. White,Fluid Mechanics, 3rd Edition. McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York,
NY. 1994
S.J. Kim, C.M. Lee, “Numerical Investigation of Cross-Flow Around a Circular
Cylinder at a Low-Reynolds Number Flow Under an Electromagnetic Force”.
KSME International Journal. Vol 16, pp. 363-375, 2002
Physics/Models Laminar, transient flow
Input File cyl_2d.cas for ANSYS Fluent
VMFL023B_osc_cyl.def for ANSYS CFX
Test Case
The purpose of this case is to validate the ability of ANSYS Fluent and ANSYS CFX to predict the flow
structure as well as the reattachment length and Strouhal number against experimental results. The
present calculations are confined to the low-Reynolds-number regime (Re = 100), which encompasses
unsteady asymmetric flow.
Flow 10D
y U∞ = 1 m/s
20D
Table 23.1: Materials, Geometry, and Boundary Conditions
Material Proper- Geometry Boundary Condi-

ties tions
Density: 1 Diameter of the cylinder U ∞ = 1 m/s
kg/m 3 =2m
Viscosity: 0.02
kg/m-s
VMFL023

The flow is laminar, and unsteady. An FFT analysis of the lift coefficient on the cylinder wall is presented
to determine the frequency of oscillations. The Strouhal number corresponding to the maximum mag-
nitude of oscillations is presented in the Table below. The formula for the Strouhal number is S = (N *
D)/U∞, where N is the frequency, D is the diameter of the cylinder, and U∞ is the freestream velocity.
CFX time duration was chosen to accommodate FFT calculations. These were chosen based on
= , where is the size of the frequency bins and is an even divisor of 720720, as de-
⋅
scribed in FFT documentation.

Table 23.2: Predicted Strouhal Number for Re = 100

Strouhal Number 0.165 0.173 1.05

Table 23.3: Predicted Strouhal Number for Re = 100

Strouhal Number 0.165 0.167 1.01
VMFL024: Interface of Two Immiscible Liquids in a Rotating Cylinder
Overview
Reference T. Sugimoto, M. Iguchi, “Behavior of Immiscible Two Liquid Layers Contained in
Cylindrical Vessel Suddenly Set in Rotation”. ISIJ International, Vol 42, pp. 338-343,
2002
Solver ANSYS Fluent
Physics/Models Multiphase (Volume of Fluid), transient flow, body force
Input File rot-cyl_2liq_vof.cas
Test Case
Laminar interface between two immiscible liquids, water and silicon oil, inside a vertical cylinder which
is set in rotation starting from a state of rest. The silicone oil layer rests on top of the water due to its
lower density. The cylinder is sealed at the top. The vessel is set to rotate with a constant angular velocity.
Hso Silicone Oil
120 mm
Hw Water
g
φ 46 mm

Water : Diameter of the cylinder = All walls are set up at rotational speed
46mm of 2.39577 rad/s
VMFL024

Density: 1030 Height of the cylinder =
kg/m 3 120 mm
Viscosity: 0.00103
kg/m-s
Silicon Oil:
Density: 935
kg/m3
Viscosity: 0.0103
kg/m-s

The flow is laminar, unsteady and axisymmetric. Non-dimensionalized swirl velocity, defined as Swirl
velocity / (Rotational speed X Cylinder radius) is used to validate the results.

Table 24.2: Comparison of the Non-Dimensional Swirl Velocity at Various Radial Locations (for a
Given Axial Location, X = 20mm) at Time t = 80 s
Radial locations (at x = 20 Tar- ANSYS Flu- Ra-

mm) get ent tio
4.83 mm 0.21 0.2093 0.997
9.43 mm 0.41 0.4109 1.002
14.26 mm 0.62 0.6221 1.003
VMFL025: Turbulent Non-Premixed Methane Combustion with Swirling Air
Overview
Reference P.A.M. Kalt, Y.M. Al-Abdeli, A.R. Masri, R.S. Barlow, “Swirling turbulent non-
premixed flames of methane: Flow field and compositional structure”.
Proceedings of the Combustion Institute, Vol 29, pp. 1913-1919, 2002
Y.M. Al-Abdeli, A.R. Masri, “Stability Characteristics and Flow Fields of
Turbulent Swirling Jet Flows”. Combustion Theory and Modeling, Vol 7, pp.
731-766, 2003
Solver ANSYS Fluent
Physics/Models Turbulent swirling flow with reaction, non-premixed combustion model, Radiation
heat transfer, Discrete ordinates method
Input File non-premix_17k-final.cas
Test Case
Air and Methane enter as separate streams into an annular chamber. Air issues as a swirling jet and
also as a separate co-flowing stream with axial velocity. Both the air streams are free of methane. Species
mixing and combustion take place in the axisymmetric chamber. Radiative heat transfer is taken into
account.
co-flowing air inlet

outlet
swirling air inlet
axis
methane inlet

Species mixture proper- The fuel (methane only) inlet has Methane inlet velocity: 32.7
ties specified through a diameter of 3.6 mm. m/s
PDF file
The air inlet for the annular Axial velocity of swirling air:
Viscosity: 1.72 x 10 -05 shroud has an inner diameter of 38.2 m/s
kg/m-s 50mm and an outer diameter of
60 mm. Swirl velocity of air: 19.1 m/s
Refractive Index = 1
Co-flowi ng air inlet has an outer Co-flowing air velocity: 20
diameter of 310 mm. m/s
Walls are adiabatic
VMFL025

The flow is steady. Realizable k-ε is used to model turbulence. Discrete ordinates method used to
model radiation. The walls are treated as adiabatic. Non-premixed combustion model is used to model
reactions.
Results Comparison ANSYS Fluent

Figure 25.2: Comparison of Axial Velocity at X = 40mm
VMFL025
Figure 25.3: Comparison of Swirl Velocity at X = 40mm
VMFL025
Figure 25.4: Comparison of Temperature at X = 40mm
VMFL025
Figure 25.5: Comparison of Mass Fraction of CO at X = 40mm
VMFL026: Supersonic Flow with Real Gas Effects inside a Shock Tube
Overview
Reference K. Mohamed, M. Paraschivoiu, “Real Gas Numerical Simulation of Hydrogen Flow”.
2nd International Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, Providence, Rhode Is-
land, Aug. 16-19, 2004
Solver ANSYS Fluent
Physics/Models Transient Compressible flow, Real Gas effects, Shock
Input File realgas_shock-tube.cas
Test Case
Transient flow inside a hydrogen filled shock tube is modeled. A diaphragm separating regions of high
and low pressures ruptures at t = 0 thereby creating a shock wave in the tube.
L = 1.0 m 2
Area = 0.01 m

Density is specified using Length of the tube = 1 Cell zone conditions are specified
the Aungier-Redlich-Kwong m with high pressure and low pres-
real gas model sure properties of hydrogen
Area of cross section =
0.01 m2

The flow is compressible and unsteady by nature. Real gas effects are significant in the pressure range
considered here.
VMFL026

Figure 26.2: Comparison of Static Temperature Along Centerline of the Tube
Figure 26.3: Comparison of Static Pressure Along Centerline of the Tube
VMFL027: Turbulent Flow Over a Backward-Facing Step
Overview
Reference D.M. Driver, H.L. Seegmiller, "Features of a Reattaching Turbulent Shear Layer in
Divergent Channel Flow". AIAA Journal,Vol 23, pp. 163-171, 1985
Solver ANSYS Fluent
Physics/Models 2-D turbulent flow with separation and reattachment, realizable k-ε model
Input File drivseeg-rke-neqwf.cas
Test Case
Turbulent flow over a backward facing step is modeled. The flow separates at the step and reattaches
on the wall downstream, enclosing a region of recirculation. The inlet is at 4 H upstream and the outlet
at 30 H downstream from the location of the step, where H is the step height. Reynolds number based
on the step-height is about 37,400.
Inlet Outlet
Step

Density : 1 kg/m3 Step height = 1m Inlet velocity specified as fully de-
veloped turbulent velocity profile
Viscosity: 0.0001 Total length of the channel
kg/m-s = 34 m
Height of the channel = 9 m

The flow is steady. Realizable k-ε model was used to model turbulence.
VMFL027

Figure 27.2: Comparison of Skin Friction Coefficient Along the Wall
VMFL028: Turbulent Heat Transfer in a Pipe Expansion
Overview
Reference J.W. Baughn, B.E. Launder, M.A. Hoffman, R.K. Takahashi, “Local Heat Transfer
Downstream of an Abrupt Expansion in a Circular Channel With Constant Wall
Heat Flux”, Journal of Heat Transfer, Vol 106, pp. 789-796, 1984
Solver ANSYS Fluent
Physics/Models Heat transfer, turbulent flow with recirculation and reattachment
Input File bghnexp.cas
Test Case
Fully developed turbulent flow through an axisymmetric pipe expansion is modeled. The flow reattaches
to the pipe wall downstream of the expansion, enclosing a zone of recirculation. The pipe wall down-
stream of the expansion is heated at a constant rate. Inlet to the computational domain is placed at 1
step height upstream of the expansion and the outlet at 40 step-heights downstream.
q” = 0 W/m 2 q” = 0.3 W/m 2
H=1m
pressure
R
outlet
velocity r
inlet axis
H 40 H
x

Density: 1.225 kg/m3 Pipe radius before ex- Inlet velocity: Specified by fully
pansion = 0.667 m developed turbulent velocity pro-
Viscosity: 1.68318e-5kg/m-s file
Pipe radius after expan-
Specific Heat: 1006.43 J/kg-K sion = 1.6667 m Inlet temperature = 273 K
Thermal Conductivity: 0.0242 Heat flux across the wall after ex-
W/m-K pansion = 0.3 W/m2

Steady flow in axisymmetric domain. The wall upstream of expansion is adiabatic.
VMFL028

Figure 28.2: Nusselts Number Variation along the Heated Wall
VMFL029: Anisotropic Conduction Heat Transfer
Overview
Reference
Solver ANSYS Fluent
Physics/Models Heat conduction, anisotropic conductivity
Input File aniso.cas
Test Case
Heat conduction in a solid with anisotropic thermal conductivity is modeled. A square domain is con-
sidered. Two opposite walls are maintained at uniform temperatures. Conductivity of the solid material
is specified using matrix components to account for the anisotropy. The simulation results are compared
with analytical solution for temperature distribution.
Figure 29.1: Domain

Density of solid = 2719 Dimensions of the Fixed wall temperatures = 100 K and
kg/m 3 domain: 1m X 1 m 200K respectively
Specific heat = 871 J/kg-K User-defined profile for temperature

distribution on the other two walls
Thermal conductivity: Aniso-
tropic

Steady state conduction. Anisotropic conductivity modeled by specified matrix components for the
solid conductivity.
VMFL029
Results Comparison
Figure 29.2: Comparison of Temperature Distribution at X = 0.5 m
VMFL030: Turbulent Flow in a 90° Pipe-Bend
Overview
Reference M.M. Enayet, M.M. Gibson, A.M.K.P. Taylor, M. Yianneskis, “Laser-Doppler
Measurements of Laminar and Turbulent Flow in a Pipe Bend”. Znt. J. Heat &
Fluid Flow, Vol 3. pp. 213-219, 1982
Solver ANSYS Fluent
Physics/Models 3-D Turbulent flow with separation, RNG k-ε model with non-equilibrium wall
functions
Input File pipebnd-rng-noneq.cas
Test Case
Turbulent flow through a 90° circular pipe bend is modeled. The flow separates and reattaches around
the bend. Due to symmetry of the flow field only half of the domain is modeled. Velocity profile at an
angle of 75° (as measured from the inlet) is used to validate the simulation.
plane at 75 deg
symmetry plane
outlet
inlet
Z Y
X

Density: 1 kg/m3 Radius of the pipe Inlet velocity: Fully developed turbulent
= 0.5 m profile for z-velocity.
Viscosity: 2.3256 x 10-05
Non components in other directions
kg/m-s

The flow is steady. RNG k-ε is used to model turbulence along with non-equilibrium wall functions.
VMFL030

Figure 30.2: Comparison of Velocity Magnitude (m/s) at 75° Along the Bend
VMFL031: Turbulent Flow Behind an Open-Slit V Gutter
Overview
Reference J.T. Yang, G.L. Tsai, “Near-wake flow of a v-gutter with slit bleed”. Journal of
Fluid Engineering. Vol 115. pp. 13-20, 1993
Solver ANSYS Fluent
Physics/Models Turbulent flow
Input File spltvee.cas
Test Case
The near-wake flow structure behind an open-slit V gutter at airflow speed of 20 m/s is modeled. The
interaction between the flow penetrating through the open slit and the shear layer results in an asym-
metric wake flow structure. The size of the entire recirculation zone shifts toward one of the two wings
due to the Coand effect.
H φ b
Material Properties Geo- Boundary Condi-

metry tions
Density: 1 kg/m3 L= uinlet = 20 m/s
40
Viscosity: 1.8333 X 10-05 cm kinlet = 0.04335
kg/m-s m2/s2
H=
10 εinlet = 0.2119
cm
m2/s3
a=
2
mm
VMFL031

metry tions
b=
22
mm
ø=
45°

Steady, turbulent, incompressible flow. The standard k-ε model is used for turbulence.

The x-velocity at x = 22 mm downstream of the split-V-gutter, is compared with experimental data.
Figure 31.2: X-Velocity at x = 22 mm Downstream of the V-Gutter
VMFL031
Figure 31.3: The Coand Effect
VMFL032: Turbulent Flow with Separation Along an Axisymmetric Afterbody
Overview
Reference T.T. Huang, N.C. Groves, “Propeller/stern boundary layer interaction on
axisymmetric bodies: Theory and experiment”. David W. Taylor Naval Ship Re-
search and Development Center Report. 76-0113. 1976.
Input File axiaft.cas for ANSYS Fluent
VMFL032B_afterbody.def for ANSYS CFX
Test Case
Flow past an axisymmetric afterbody, representing the hull of ship. The flow separates on the rear face
of the body.
Inlet Outlet
Axis
Afterbody (wall)

Density: 1 kg/m 3 Length of the afterbody = Fully developed turbulent velocity
1.0 m profile on the inlet normal to axis
Viscosity: 1 X 10–6
Maximum radius of the after- Axial velocity = 5.9 m/s on the inlet
kg/m-s
body = 0.04556 m parallel to axis

The far-field boundary of the domain is set parallel to the axis and is modeled as velocity inlet. Fully
developed profile is specified at the transverse velocity inlet.
VMFL032

Figure 32.2: Comparison of Pressure Coefficient Along the Afterbody Wall
Figure 32.3: Comparison of Skin Friction Coefficient Along the Afterbody Wall
VMFL032

Figure 32.4: Comparison of Pressure Coefficient Along the Afterbody Wall
Figure 32.5: Comparison of Skin Friction Coefficient Along the Afterbody Wall
VMFL033: Viscous Heating in an Annulus
Overview
Reference R.B. Bird, W.E. Stewart, E.N. Lightfoot, Transport phenomena, John Wiley and Sons,
New York, 1960
Solver ANSYS Fluent
Physics/Models Viscous flow and heating driven by a moving wall
Input File plate_polar.cas
Test Case
In this problem, we model the viscous heating and mass flow in a 2-D annulus induced by the rotation
of one of the two walls (Figure 33.1: Geometry (p. 105)). This problem can be solved analytically.
Figure 33.1: Geometry
r1
r2
Ω1
Ω2

metry tions
Density: 1 kg/m3 r1= Ω1 = 0.0 rad/s
1m
Specific heat: 1 J/kg-K Ω2 = 0.5 rad/s
r2 =
Thermal conductivity: 1 2m T1 = 273 K
W/m-K
T2 = 274 K
Viscosity: 300 kg/m-s

The flow is laminar and steady. Pressure based solver is used. A 2-D mesh with quadrilateral cells is
used to discretize the domain.
VMFL033

Normalized velocity and temperature profiles are compared with the analytical solution provided by
Bird et al (1960).
Figure 33.2: Comparison of Velocity Profile
VMFL033
Figure 33.3: Comparison of Temperature Profile
VMFL034: Particle Aggregation inside a Turbulent Stirred Tank
Overview
Reference B. Wan, T.A. Ring, K. Dhanasekharan, J. Sanyal, “Comparison of Analytical Solutions
for CMSMPR Crystallizer with QMOM Population Balance Modeling in ANSYS Fluent”.
China Particuology, Vol. 3, pp. 213-218, 2005
Solver ANSYS Fluent
Physics/Models Multi-phase, Population balance model, turbulent flow
Input File agglomeration.cas
Test Case
A 2-D approximation of a stirred tank is simulated in order to verify the population balance model that
operates in conjunction with its multiphase calculations to predict the particle size distribution within
the flow field. The flow rate at the inlet is equal to that at the outlet, allowing the mean residence time
to be calculated from the inlet flow rate (velocity x inlet area) and the “volume” (box area x unit depth)
of the box. To simulate the agitation in the tank the top and bottom walls are assumed to move in the
direction of the outlet. The flow is turbulent, steady, and incompressible. Multi-phase, with QMOM
population balance model is used for particle aggregation. The standard k-ε model is used for turbulence.

Density: 998.2 Square box side = 0.1 m Top wall velocity: 101
kg/m 3 m/s
Inlet/Outlet openings =
Viscosity: 0.00103 0.02 m Bottom wall velocity:
kg/m-s 100 m/s
Inlet velocity = 0.005

m/s
VMFL034

Outlet gauge pressure
= 0 Pa

The results of the ANSYS Fluent simulation are compared to steady state analytical solution for the
population balance in a stirred tank where aggregation takes place.
Results Comparison
In this table, moment of PBE for ANSYS Fluent turbulent simulations is compared with analytical solution
for aggregation alone at the outlet of the tank.
Table 34.1: Comparison of Moment of PBE
Mo- Tar- ANSYS Flu- Ra-

ment get ent tio
m0 0.132 0.132 1.000
m1 0.225 0.226 1.004
m2 0.547 0.548 1.002
m3 1.910 1.910 1.000
m4 9.073 9.133 1.007
m5 53.797 53.816 1.000
VMFL035: 3-Dimensional Single-Stage Axial Compressor
Overview
Reference Density-based solver (ANSYS Fluent)
Solver ANSYS Fluent
Physics/Models Compressible (transonic), turbulent flow, moving reference frame
Input File axial-compressor.cas
Test Case
A 3-D model of a single-stage axial compressor is simulated. The flow through the rotor blades is
computed in a rotating reference frame, while the flow in the stator blades in a stationary frame. The
purpose of this case is to validate the performance of the pressure-based coupled solver for a compress-
ible turbomachinery problem with a mixing plane. The flow is compressible, turbulent and steady.
Material Properties (for Geometry Boundary Conditions

Air)
Density = Ideal – Gas Geometry is as shown in in Fig- Rotational speed = 37,500
ure 34.1: Flow Domain (p. 109) rpm
Molecular weight =
28.966 Number of rotor blades = 16 For Inlet:
Specific heat = 1006.43 Number of stator blades = 40 • Ptotal = 1 atm

J/kg-K
• Ttotal = 288 K
Viscosity - Sutherland’s
law
VMFL035
Material Properties (for Geometry Boundary Conditions

Air)
Conductivity - Kinetic
theory

Steady, turbulent, compressible flow. Ideal-gas law is used for density calculations and kinetic theory
for fluid viscosity and thermal conductivity. The standard k-ε model is used for turbulence. Pressure-
based coupled solver with a mixing plane at the rotor-outlet/stator-inlet interface.

The results of the pressure-based ANSYS Fluent simulation are compared to the steady state solution
from the density-based solver.
Table 35.1: Comparison of Pressure and Mass Flow Rate
Tar- ANSYS Flu- Ra-

get ent tio
Pressure at Stator-Outlet (atm) 1.4725 1.48 1.005
Mass-Flow Rate at Stator-Outlet 0.1049 0.1076 1.026
(kg/s)
VMFL036: Turbulent Round Jet
Overview
Reference D.C. Wilcox. Turbulence Modeling for CFD. DCW Industries, Inc.. 1993.
Solver ANSYS Fluent
Target File axjet.cas
Test Case
A turbulent round jet is defined by a velocity inlet adjacent to a symmetry boundary, and exhausts into
a rectangular domain or plenum. The domain is chosen large enough and the boundary does not interfere
with the jet. The flow is turbulent and steady. The purpose of this case is to validate the performance
of the Reynolds Stress Model for turbulence.
Figure 36.1: Round Jet Geometry
um /2
U0 U0 um Computational Domain
H
Shear
Layer
Core
y
D
x

metry tions
Density = 1 kg/m3 D= Inlet:
1m
Viscosity = 1e-05 U0 = 1
kg/m-s L= m/s
50 k=
m 0.00375
m2/s2
H=
e=
20
0.00054
m
m2/s3
Outlet:
VMFL036

metry tions
pout =
1 atm

Steady, turbulent, incompressible flow. The Reynolds Stress Model (RSM) is used for turbulence.

The jet’s spreading rate is compared to the Wilcox (1998) data for round jets. The scattering of the data
is due to the coarse triangular grid that has been used in this study. A finer grid would have produced
a much smoother computational curve.
Figure 36.2: Comparison of Results for ANSYS Fluent
VMFL037: Turbulent Flow Over a Forward Facing Step
Overview
Reference S. Baker. “Regions of Recirculating Flow Associated with Two-Dimensional Steps”.
Ph.D. Thesis. Department of Civil Engineering, University of Surrey. UK. 1977.
Physics/Models SST model, turbulent flow with separation and reattachment
Input File VMFL037_ffstep.cas for ANSYS Fluent
ffstep.def for ANSYS CFX
Test Case
Turbulent flow over a forward facing step is modeled. The flow undergoes separation and reattachment.
Free Slip Wall
Pref 7.3H U ref

INLET 10H
y
5.9H
0 x No Slip Wall
H
14H 19H

Density = 1.02 kg/m3 Step height H = Inlet Velocity = 9.7 m/s
0.0758 m
Outer boundary (in transverse direction) is
Viscosity = 1.5 X 10-5
modeled as slip wall
kg/m-s

The flow is steady. Pressure coefficient, Cp on the wall is calculated with reference to the pressure at
point upstream of the step at coordinates as indicated in Figure 37.1: Flow Domain (p. 115).
VMFL037

Figure 37.2: Comparison of Pressure Coefficient Along the Wall
VMFL037

Figure 37.3: Comparison of Pressure Coefficient Along the Wall
VMFL038: Falling Film Over an Inclined Plane
Overview
Reference R.B. Bird, W.E. Steward, E.N. Lightfoot, Transport Phenomena. John Wiley and Sons,
Inc., New York, NY, pg. 45, 2005
Solver ANSYS Fluent
Physics/Models Laminar Flow, Coupled solver
Input File VMFL038_FLUENT.cas
Test Case
Laminar flow of a fluid over an inclined plane, driven by the pressure difference due to gravity head is
modeled. The flow channel is inclined at an angle β = 30° with the horizontal direction.
Sym
m etr
y
Wa
ll
Material Proper- Geometry Boundary Conditions

ties
Density = 800 Dimensions of the Gauge Pressure at Inlet = 0 N/m2
kg/m 3 domain:
Gauge Pressure at Outlet = -706.32
Viscosity = 1 1 m X 18 m
N/m2
kg/m-s Angle with X-axis
= 30°

The density based solver is used in ANSYS Fluent. Pressure boundaries are specified to model the driving
head in the direction of flow.
VMFL038

Figure 38.2: Comparison of Velocity Profile at Outlet
VMFL039: Boiling in a Pipe with Heated Wall
Overview
Reference G.G. Bartolomej, V.G. Brantov, Y.S. Molochnikov, Y.V. Kharitonov, V.A. Solodkii, G.N.
Batashova, V.N. Mikhailov. “An experimental investigation of the true volumetric
vapour content with subcooled boiling tubes”. Thermal Engineering. Vol. 29, pp.
20-22, 1982.
Solver ANSYS Fluent
Physics/Models Multiphase flow, phase change, RPI Wall boiling Model
Input File wall-boiling.def
Test Case
Bubble formation and boiling near the heated wall of a vertical pipe are modeled. Outer wall of the
pipe is heated with a constant heat flux.
Z q
Mass Flow

Steam-Water 2-phase Flow: Radius of the pipe Mass flux at inlet = 900
= 7.7 mm kg/m2/s
• Water: continuous phase
Height of the pipe
Inlet pressure = 4.5 X 106 N/m2
=2m
VMFL039

• Water Steam: dispersed bubbles Heat transfer at the wall =
570000 W/m2
Bubble diameter dependent on
fluid temperature

The flow is steady. SST model is used for turbulence. RPI model for wall boiling is used with a value of
0.8 for the wall area fraction affected by vapor.
Results Comparison
Figure 39.2: ANSYS FLUENT Comparison of Temperature Along the Pipe Wall
VMFL040: Separated Turbulent Flow in a Diffuser
Overview
Reference D.M. Driver. “Reynolds shear stress measurements in a separated boundary layer
flow”. AIAA-91-1787. 1991.
Solver ANSYS CFX, ANSYS Fluent
Physics/Models SST model, Adverse pressure gradient, flow separation
Input Files diffuser-sep.def for ANSYS CFX
VMFL040A_diffuser-sep.cas for ANSYS Fluent
Test Case
The test case geometry is shown in Figure 40.1: Sketch of Flow Domain (p. 123). It consists of an
axisymmetric diffuser with an internally mounted cylinder along the centre line. The curvature of the
diffuser wall results in an adverse pressure gradient. A relatively short separation region was detected
in the experiment.
Figure 40.1: Sketch of Flow Domain
Diffuser
Streamline
y
0 mm Separation
250 mm
140 mm
x
cylinder
This figure is not to scale.

Density: 1 kg/m3 Diameter of the cylinder = Velocity profile at inlet with average
140 mm velocity = 29 m/s
Viscosity: 1.5 X 10-5
Length of the domain = 1100 Outer wall modeled as a slip (invis-
kg/m-s
mm cid) wall

The flow is steady. SST model is used for turbulence.
VMFL040

Figure 40.2: Comparison of Skin Friction Coefficient on the Cylinder Wall
VMFL040

Figure 40.3: Comparison of Skin Friction Coefficient on the Cylinder Wall
VMFL041: Transonic Flow Over an Airfoil
Overview
Reference P.H. Cook, M.A. McDonald, M.C.P. Firmin. “AEROFOIL RAE 2822 - PRESSURE DISTRI-
BUTIONS, AND BOUNDARY LAYER AND WAKE MEASUREMENTS.” AGARD Advisory
Report No. 138.
Solver ANSYS Fluent
Physics/Models Transonic flow, shock, SST model
Input File VMFL041_transonic.cas
Test Case
Transonic flow over air foil RAE 2822 is modeled for an angle of attack of 3.19°. The flow domain spans
over 100 Chord lengths in both stream-wise and transverse directions.

Density: Ideal gas law Chord length of the airfoil Velocity profile at inlet with an aver-
for Air =1m age velocity of 218 m/s

kg/m-s

The flow is steady. The inlet flow Mach number is close to transonic range. Walls are assumed to be
adiabatic.
VMFL041

Figure 41.2: Comparison of Pressure Coefficient on the Airfoil
VMFL042: Turbulent Mixing of Two Streams with Different Densities
Overview
Reference R.E. Uittenbogaard. “Stably Stratified Mixing Layer”. Data Report for the
14th meeting of the IAHR Working Group on Refined Flow Modeling. 1989.
R.E. Uittenbogaard. “The Importance of Internal Waves for Mixing in a
Stratified Estaurine Tidal Flow”. Manuscript, Delft University of Technology,
1995.
Physics/Models SST model, mixing layer, density difference, buoyancy
Input File VMFL042_mixing.cas for ANSYS Fluent
saline-mixing_layer.def for ANSYS CFX
Test Case
Mixing of two turbulent streams of fresh water and saline water is modeled. The two streams are parallel
at the inlet and mixing proceeds downstream.
Fresh water
y
x 0.56 m
Saline
0.323 m
40 m

Density of fresh water: 1015 kg/m3 Length of the mix- Fresh water inlet velocity =
ing duct = 40 m 0.52 m/s
Density of saline water: 1030 kg/m3
Salt water inlet velocity = 0.32
m/s
Mixture kinematic diffusivity: 1 X 10-9
m2/s

The flow is steady. SST model is used. Buoyancy turbulence production option is used.
VMFL042

Figure 42.2: Comparison of Mass Fraction of Salt Water Across the Mixing Layer at x = 10m
VMFL042

Figure 42.3: Comparison of Mass Fraction of Salt Water Across the Mixing Layer at x = 10m
VMFL043: Laminar to Turbulent Transition of Boundary Layer over a Flat Plate
Overview
Reference A. M. Savill. “Some recent progress in the turbulence modeling of bypass
transition”. Near-Wall Turbulent Flows. Elsevier Science Publishers, pp. 829-
848,1993.
P.E. Roach, D.H. Brierley. “The influence of a turbulent free stream on zero
pressure gradient transitional boundary layer development. Part I: Test
Cases T3A and T3B”. Simulation of Unsteady and Transition to Turbulence.
Cambridge University Press. Cambridge, pp. 319-347, 1992.
Solver ANSYS Fluent
Physics/Models SST model, transitional flow
Input File VMFL043_transition.cas
Test Case
Laminar to turbulent transition of a boundary layer over a flat plate is modeled. The free stream turbu-
lence intensity is 3.3%.
Leading edge

Density: 1.2 kg/m3 Length of the flat plate Inlet Velocity = 5.3 m/s
= 2m
Inlet eddy viscosity ra-
tio = 9.7
kg/m-s

The flow is steady. SST model with Gamma Theta model for transitional turbulence is used. Langry
Menter correlation was used for transition onset.
VMFL043

Figure 43.2: Comparison of Skin Friction Coefficient on the Plate
VMFL044: Supersonic Nozzle Flow
Overview
Reference L.H. Back, P.F. Massier, H.L. Gier. “Convective Heat Transfer in a Convergent-Diver-
gent Nozzle”. Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, Vol. 7, pp. 549-568, 1964
Solver ANSYS Fluent
Physics/Models Compressible flow in supersonic regime, SST Model
Input File VMFL044_nozzleflow.cas
Test Case
Supersonic flow in a convergent-divergent nozzle is modeled. The flow is supersonic in the entire diver-
gent section of the nozzle.
Outlet
Cooled wall
Constant wall temperature
(~0.5 x Tt )
Nozzle
Cooled-approach section

Density: Ideal Gas Length of the nozzle = Inlet Relative Pressure = 1 X
0.1594 m 106 Pa
-5
Viscosity: 1.831 X 10
kg/m-s Exit-to-throat area ratio = Inlet Total Temperature =
2.68 825 K
Half angle of divergence Wall temperature = 413 K
= 15°

The flow is steady. The walls are assumed to be at constant temperature. Only a 3° sector of the domain
is modeled due to symmetry.
VMFL044

Figure 44.2: Comparison of Pressure Ratio Along the Nozzle Wall with Experimental Data
VMFL045: Oblique Shock Over an Inclined Ramp
Overview
Reference F. M. White. Fluid Mechanics. 3rd Edition. McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, NY. 560-
567. 1994.
Physics/Models Compressible flow in supersonic regime, Oblique shock
Input File VMFL045_obliqueshock.cas for ANSYS Fluent
ramp_supersonic_tet.def for ANSYS CFX
Test Case
Supersonic flow over a 15° ramp is modeled. The ramp leads to the formation of an oblique shock. Inlet
Mach number is about 2.5. The flow is laminar. Inlet density is 1.22 kg/m3 and inlet temperature is 289
K. The simulation values are taken at a Point 1 (x=0.38 m, y=0.14 m).
Outlet
Supersonic
Inlet
Ramp

Density: Ideal Gas Angle of the Inlet velocity = 852.68
ramp = 15° m/s
Viscosity: 1 X 10-8
kg/m-s Length = 0.4572 Inlet temperature =
m 289 K
MW: 0.02896
kg/mol Inlet pressure =
101226.4 Pa
Wall: Adiabatic
VMFL045

The flow is steady and laminar. The walls are assumed to be adiabatic.

Table 45.1: Comparison of Properties Downstream of the Oblique Shock
Tar- ANSYS Flu- Ratio

get ent
Mach Num- 1.874 1.902 1.015
ber
Temperature, 382.0 377.6 0.9885
K
Density, 2.277 2.233 0.9807
kg/m3

Table 45.2: Comparison of Properties Downstream of the Oblique Shock
Tar- ANSYS Ratio

get CFX
Mach Num- 1.874 1.871 0.9984
ber
Temperature, 382.0 382.8 1.002
K
Density, 2.277 2.278 1.000
kg/m3
VMFL046: Supersonic Flow with Normal Shock in a Converging Diverging Nozzle
Overview
Reference F. M. White. Fluid Mechanics. 3rd Edition. McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, NY. 518-
531. 1994.
Solver ANSYS Fluent
Physics/Models Compressible flow in supersonic regime, Normal shock
Input File VMFL046_supersonic.cas
Test Case
Supersonic flow in a CD nozzle is modeled. The maximum Mach number is 2.2. A normal shock is formed
in the divergent section. Mach number distribution in the nozzle is compared with analytical solution
for nozzle flow.
Figure 46.1: Flow domain

Density: Ideal Gas Length of the nozzle Inlet Relative Pressure 200 kPa
= 2m
Viscosity: 1.7894 X 10-5 Inlet Total Temperature = 500 K
kg/m-s Exit-to-throat area ra-
tio = 3 Wall temperature = 328 K
Outlet Relative Pressure (gauge) =

75 kPa

The flow is steady. The walls are assumed to be adiabatic. The flow is modeled as laminar.
VMFL046

Figure 46.2: Comparison of Mach Number Along Center Line of the Nozzle With Analytical Solution
VMFL047: Turbulent Flow with Separation in an Asymmetric Diffuser
Overview
Reference C. U. Buice, J. K. Eaton. “Experimental Investigation of Flow Through an
Asymmetric Plane Diffuser”. Journal of Fluids Engineering. Vol. 122, pp. 433-
435, 2000
Solver ANSYS Fluent
Physics/Models Turbulent separation, standard k-ω model
Test Case
Turbulent flow with gradual separation and reattachment is modeled in an asymmetric 2-D diffuser.
The lower wall of the diffuser is divergent with an angle of 10° and expands to about 4.7 times the inlet
height.
Flow Direction
Inlet
Outlet

Density: 1 kg/m3 Inlet height H = 2 M Fully developed turbulent pro-
file for velocity at inlet with an
Viscosity: 0.0001 Outlet height = 4.7 H average velocity = 0.7041 m/s
kg/m-s
Angle of the divergent section = 10°
Length of the straight section after

divergence = 21 H

Steady turbulent flow.
VMFL047

Figure 47.2: Comparison of X-Velocity at X = 24.4 m
VMFL048: Turbulent flow in a 180° Pipe Bend
Overview
Reference T. Takamasa, A. Tomiyama. “Three-dimensional gas-liquid two-phase bubbly flow
in a C-shaped tube”. NURETH-9. San Francisco, USA. pp. 1-17. 1999.
Solver ANSYS Fluent
Physics/Models SST model, turbulent flow with separation and reattachment
Input File VMFL048_pipebend.cas
Test Case
Flow in a 3-D pipe bend as shown in Figure 48.1: Flow Domain (p. 143).

Density: 997 kg/m3 Radius of the pipe = 14 mm Velocity profile at inlet with an
average velocity of 1.42 m/s
Radius of the pipe bend =
125 mm
kg/m-s

The flow is steady. Symmetry condition is applied on one side of the pipe.
VMFL048

Figure 48.2: Comparison of Velocity in the Axial Direction at a Section 1.555 m upstream of the
Outlet (after the bend)
VMFL049: Combustion in an Axisymmetric Natural Gas Furnace
Overview
Reference K.C. Westbrook, L.F. Dryer, “Simplified reaction mechanism for the oxidation
of hydrocarbon fuels in flames”, Combustion Science and Technology, Vol 27,
pp. 31-43, 1981
T.P. Coffee, “A Lumped Parameter Code for Regenerative Liquid Propellant

Guns”, BRL-TR-2703, U.S. Army Ballistic Research Laboratory, 1985
Solver ANSYS Fluent
Physics/Models Turbulent non-premixed combustion, Eddy dissipation model, k-ε model
Target File VMFL049_combustion.cas
Test Case
Non-premixed combustion in a natural gas fired furnace is modeled. The axisymmetric flow field is
modeled by a 3° cylindrical domain. Fuel jet consists of natural gas modeled as 90% Methane and 10%
Nitrogen by mass.
Air
Natural Gas
Air
Geometry Boundary Conditions

Inner diameter of air annulus = 60 mm Air velocity at inlet = 34
m/s
Outer diameter of air annulus = 100
mm Fuel velocity at inlet = 7.1
m/s
Diameter of combustion chamber =
500 mm Wall temperature = 120
°C
Length of chamber = 1700 mm
CH4 Mass fraction at inlet
= 0.90
VMFL049

The flow is steady. Reactions modeled using Eddy Dissipation Model. The domain is axisymmetric.

Figure 49.2: Comparison of the Mole Fraction of CH4 Along the Axis
Figure 49.3: Comparison of Temperature Along the Axis
VMFL050: Transient Heat Conduction in a Semi-Infinite Slab
Overview
Reference F.P. Incropera, D.P. Dewitt, T.L. Bergman, A.S. Lavine, Introduction to Heat Transfer,
5th Edition, Wiley & Sons, p. 287, 2007
Solver ANSYS Fluent
Physics/Models Transient heat transfer, Conduction
Test Case
Unsteady heat conduction in a thick copper plate is modeled. Initially (at t = 0) the plate is at a uniform
temperature of 293 K. It is suddenly exposed to a heat transfer at one surface with a constant heat flux
of 3 X 105 W/m2. The temperature distribution after 2 minutes is considered for verification.
Heat Flux at T>0
Conduction

Density = 8995.67 Dimensions of Heat Flux = 3 x 105 W/m2 on one wall. The op-
kg/m3 the slab: posite wall is adiabatic.
Specific Heat = 381 750 mm X Lateral boundaries are modeled as planes of

J/kg-K 300 mm symmetry.
Conductivity = 401
W/m-K

The flow is transient. The dimensions considered here are adequate for the semi-infinite slab assumption.
The domain is initialized with a uniform temperature of 293 K corresponding to the condition at time
= 0 sec.
VMFL050

Table 50.1: Comparison of Temperature after 2 Minutes

Temperature of the wall exposed to 393 392.95 0.9998
heat flux at t = 120 sec, K
Temperature at a point 150 mm 318.4 318.41 1.0000
from the heat flux wall at t = 120
sec, K
VMFL051: Isentropic Expansion of Supersonic Flow Over a Convex Corner
Overview
Reference John Anderson. Modern Compressible Flow: With Historical Perspective. McGraw-
Hill Science/Engineering/Math, 2002
Solver ANSYS Fluent
Physics/Models Compressible, inviscid flow
Test Case
Centered expansion of inviscid supersonic flow around a corner is modeled. The expansion results in a
change in direction of the flow, a drop in static pressure, and increase in Mach number. The approaching
flow is supersonic, with a Mach number of 2.5. The expansion process is reversible and adiabatic.
Incoming flow, M>1

Ø = 195º
Flow after expansion, M>>1
adiabatic wall

Density: Ideal Gas law Angle round the Inlet:
corner = 195°
Specific Heat = 1006.43 Pressure = 202636.9 Pa
J/kg-K Mach number = 2.5,
Static temperature = 300 K (In CFX, the
Molecular weight = corresponding velocity is specified).
28.966
Wall is adiabatic.

The flow is steady, inviscid, and incompressible. Analytic expressions for isentropic expansion can be
used to calculate the Mach number downstream of the corner.
VMFL051

Table 51.1: Comparison of Mach Number Downstream of the Corner, after Expansion
Tar- ANSYS Flu- Ra-

get ent tio
Mach number after expan- 3.2370 3.2316 0.9980
sion
VMFL052: Turbulent Natural Convection Inside a Tall Cavity
Overview
Reference P.L. Betts, I.H. Bokhari. "Experiments on turbulent natural convection in an
enclosed tall cavity". International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow, Vol. 21, pp.
675-683, 2000
Solver ANSYS Fluent
Physics/Models Turbulent flow, buoyancy effects, Boussinesq approximation
Test Case
Natural convection in the turbulent flow field of an enclosed cavity with a length-to-width ratio of 28.6
is modeled. The Rayleigh number is in the turbulent range. The two vertical walls are kept at different
temperatures, while the horizontal walls are adiabatic.
Figure 52.1: Flow Domain (not to scale)
Hot Wall
Cold Wall
g = 9.81m/sec 2
VMFL052

Density : Boussinesq approx- Length of the cavity = Temperature of Cold wall =
imation 2.18 m 288.25 K
Specific Heat = 1005 J/kg-K Width of the cavity = Temperature of Hot wall =
0.0762 m 307.85 K
Viscosity = 1.81X 10-5 kg/m-
sec Top and bottom walls are
adiabatic
Molecular weight = 28.966

The flow is steady and is induced by natural convective heat transfer.

Figure 52.2: Comparison of Vertical Velocity at Y/h = 0.05
VMFL052
Figure 52.3: Comparison of Temperature at Y/h = 0.05
VMFL053: Compressible Turbulent Mixing Layer
Overview
Reference S.G. Goebel, J.C. Dutton. “Experimental Study of Compressible Turbulent
Mixing Layers”. AIAA Journal, Vol. 29, pp. 538-546, 1991
Solver ANSYS Fluent
Physics/Models Turbulence: RNG k-ε model, compressible, energy equation
Test Case
Two streams of air are mixed in a rectangular tunnel. The length of the computational domain is chosen
such that the local Reynolds number at the exit of the test section, which is based on the velocity dif-
ference between the streams and the mixing layer thickness, is greater than 100,000. This is the Reynolds
number needed for the complete development of the mixing layer.
Inlet Symmetry Outlet
U_1 = 616 m/s
72 mm
U_2 = 100 m/s Outlet
Symmetry
300 mm

Air: Dimensions of the Primary Stream (1):
domain:
Density: Ideal Gas Total Pressure = 487 kPa
Specific Heat: 1006.43 300mm X 72 mm Static Pressure = 36 kPa
J/kg-K Total Temperature = 360 K
Thermal Conductivity: Mach Number = 2.35
0.0242 W/m-K Turbulent Kinetic Energy =
Viscosity: 1.4399e-05 74 m2/s2
kg/m-s Turbulent Dissipation Rate
= 62,300 m2/s3
Secondary Stream (2):
Total Pressure = 37.6 kPa

Static Pressure = 36 kPa
Total Temperature = 290 K
Mach Number = 0.36
VMFL053

Turbulent Kinetic Energy =
226 m2/s2
Turbulent Dissipation Rate
= 332,000 m2/s3

The flow is steady, turbulent, and compressible. The RNG k-ε model is used for turbulence.
Results Comparison
The velocity profiles as the mixing layer evolves are compared with the experimental data.
Figure 53.2: X Velocity Profiles at x = 50 mm
VMFL054: Laminar flow in a Trapezoidal Cavity
Overview
Reference J.H. Darr, S.P. Vanka. “Separated Flow in a Driven Trapezoidal Cavity”. Phys.
Fluids A, Vol. 3, pp. 385-392, 1991.
Solver ANSYS Fluent
Physics/Models Viscous flow, driven by a moving walls
Test Case
Laminar flow induced by the motion of the top wall of a trapezoidal cavity. The top and bottom walls
move but the side walls are stationary. The height of the cavity h is 1 m. The widths of the top and
bottom walls are 1 m and 2 m, respectively (Figure 38.1: Flow Domain (p. 157)).
1m
U wall = 400 m/s
1m
U wall = 400 m/s
2 mm
Material Proper- Geometry Boundary Conditions

ties
Density = 1 Height of cavity = 1 m Velocity of the base walls =
kg/m 3 400 m/s
Width of the bottom base
Viscosity = 1 =2m Other walls are stationary
kg/m-s
Width of the top base = 1
m

The flow is steady. A pressure based solver is used. A triangular mesh of 4016 cells is used to discretize
the domain.
VMFL054

The u-velocity profile at the vertical centerline of the cavity and the ν-velocity profile at the horizontal
centerline of the cavity are compared to Darr and Vanka results. Velocity is normalized by velocity of
the moving wall.
Figure 38.2: Normalized u-Velocity at the Horizontal Centerline of the Cavity
Figure 38.3: Normalized v-Velocity at the Vertical Centerline of the Cavity
VMFL055: Transitional Recirculatory Flow inside a Ventilation Enclosure
Overview
Reference A. Restivo, Turbulent Flow in Ventilated Rooms, Ph.D. Thesis, University of
London, UK, 1979.
Solver ANSYS Fluent
Physics/Models Transitional turbulence modeling (k-kl model)
Test Case
Flow inside an enclosure similar to a ventilated room is modeled. The flow field is transitional and
dominated by recirculation. Reynolds number is based on the inlet dimension and is around 5000.
Inlet
H = 3m
Outlet

Density : 1.225 kg/m3 Height of the enclosure (H) = Inlet velocity =
3m 0.45 m/S
Viscosity = 1.7894 X 10-5
Length of the enclosure = 9 m
kg/m-sec
(3 H)
Inlet : 0.056 H
Outlet : 0.16 H

The flow is modeled using transitional turbulence models.
VMFL055

Figure 55.2: Comparison of X-Velocity at Y = 2.916 m
VMFL056: Combined Conduction and Radiation in a Square Cavity
Overview
Reference D.R. Rousse, G. Gautier, J.F. Sacadura. “Numerical predictions of two-dimen-
sional conduction, convection, and radiation heat transfer. II. Validation”, In-
ternational Journal of Thermal Sciences, Vol 39, pp. 332-353, 2000
Solver ANSYS Fluent
Physics/Models Radiation modeling; discrete ordinate model
Test Case
Coupled conduction and radiation is modeled in a square enclosure. The material properties are set to
model a condition corresponding to the Conduction-Radiation parameter N = 1.0. Scattering coefficient
of the medium is 0. Steady state heat transfer is modeled. One wall of the square cavity is kept at a
higher temperature than the other 3 walls.
Cold Walls
Hot Wall

Thermal Conductivity = 1 Dimensions of the domain: Temperature of the hot wall =
W/m-K 1mX1m 100 K
Absorption Coefficient = Temperature of the cold walls

0.228/m = 50 K
VMFL056

The material properties are set to model the desired conduction-radiation fraction. Radiative heat flux
is only a small fraction of the total heat flux.

Figure 56.2: Comparison of Non-Dimensional Temperature at X = 0.5 m
VMFL057: Radiation and Conduction in Composite Solid Layers
Overview
Reference C.M. Spuckler, R. Siegel. “Two-Flux and Diffusion Methods for Radiative
Transfer in Composite Layers”. Journal of Heat Transfer, Vol 118, pp. 218-222,
1996
Solver ANSYS Fluent
Physics/Models Radiation modeling with DO model, participating medium with gray-band
absorption
Test Case
Heat transfer by conduction and radiation is modeled in a composite solid domain consisting of two
layers. Both the layers participate in radiation. The two layers are separated by a semi-transparent wall.
The upstream and downstream sides of the domain are subjected to convective as well as radiative
heat transfer.
Symmetry
Wall lid1 lid

2 Wall
So So
Symmetry

Solid 1: Dimensions of the do- Left-most wall:
main: 2 m X 1 m (the
Density = 2719 kg/m3 two solid zones are of Convective
Specific Heat = 871 J/kg-k equal length) Heat Transfer Coefficient =
Thermal Conductivity = 56.7 W/m2 K
5.67 W/m-K free stream temperature =
Absorption Coefficient: 1000K
gray-band Semi-transparent
Refractive Index = 1.5
Right-most wall:
Solid 2:
Convective
VMFL057

Density = 2719 kg/m3 Heat Transfer Coefficient =
Specific Heat = 871 J/kg-k 56.7 W/m2 K
Thermal Conductivity = free stream temperature =
5.67 W/m-K 250K
Absorption Coefficient: Semi-transparent
gray-band
Refractive Index = 3

Transverse boundaries of the domain are modeled as planes of symmetry.

Figure 57.2: Comparison temperature distribution along Y = 0.5 m
VMFL058: Turbulent Flow in an Axisymmetric Diffuser
Overview
Reference R. S. Azad, S. Z. Kassab. “Turbulent Flow in a Conical Diffuser: Overview and
Implications”. Phys. Fluids A Vol 1, pg. 564, 1989
Solver ANSYS Fluent
Physics/Models Turbulent flow with adverse pressure gradient
Test Case
Fully developed turbulent flow is modeled in an axisymmetric diffuser. The flow is fully developed at
the inlet to the diffuser.
Wall
Axis

Density = 1 kg/m3 Included angle for the divergent Fully developed turbulent
section = 8 0 profile at inlet with an aver-
Viscosity = 1.64 X 10 -5 age velocity = 1 m/s
kg/m-s Length of Inlet section (straight) =
6m
Inlet radius = 1m
Outlet radius = 2m

Steady turbulent flow.
VMFL058

Figure 58.2: Comparison of Pressure Coefficient along the Divergent Diffuser Wall
VMFL059: Conduction in a Composite Solid Block
Overview
Reference F.P. Incropera, D.P. Dewitt. Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer. 5th Edition,
pg. 117, 2006.
Solver ANSYS Fluent
Physics/Models Conduction with heat source
Test Case
Heat conduction in a plane wall formed as composite of two materials is modeled. One of the materials
has a uniform volumetric heat generation source while the other material has an outer surface exposed
to convective cooling.
i al 1 i al 2
ter ter
Ma Ma
Heat Source

Material 1: Dimensions of the Left-most wall: Adiabatic
domain:
Density = 2719 Right-most wall: Convective, with
kg/m 3 0.07 m X Heat Transfer Coefficient = 1000
Specific Heat = 871 0.08 m W/m2 K and free stream temperature
J/kg-k Thickness = 303 K
Thermal Conductiv- of slab 1
ity = 75W/m-K (material 1) Other boundaries are adiabatic walls.
= 0.05 m
Material 2:
VMFL059

Density = 8978
kg/m3
Specific Heat = 381
J/kg-k
Thermal Conductiv-
ity = 150 W/m-K

Contact resistance between the slabs is neglected.
Results Comparison
Table 59.1: Comparison Temperatures on the Side Walls
Tar- ANSYS Flu- Ra-

get ent tio
Temperature of the cooled wall, K 378 378.16 1.0004
Temperature of the adiabatic wall on extreme left side, 413 413.12 1.0003
K
VMFL060: Transitional Supersonic Flow Over a Rearward Facing Step
Overview
Reference H.E. Smith. “The Flow Field and Heat Transfer Downstream of a Rearward Fa-
cing Step in Supersonic Flow”. ARL 67-0056, Aerospace Research Laboratories.
Ohio, USA.
Solver ANSYS Fluent
Physics/Models Compressible Flow, Transitional turbulence modeling (Transition SST model)
Test Case
Supersonic flow with an inlet Mach number 2.5 past a backward facing step is modeled. Key features
of the flow field include sudden expansion, free shear layer, recirculation zone, and oblique shock.
Reynolds number of the flow (based on step height) is in the transitional range.
Traverse boundary
Supersonic Flow (M = 2.5)
Step (h = 0.443”)

Density: Ideal gas Step Height = 0.443 in Total pressure at inlet = 227527 Pa
Viscosity = 1.7894 Inlet: 4 in upstream of the step Static Pressure at Inlet = 13316.6
-5
X 10 kg/m-sec
Outlet: 12 in downstream of the Total temperature at inlet = 344.44
step K
Transverse (top) boundary: 6.25 Transverse boundary modeled as

in above the step. farfield
Walls are modeled as adiabatic

The flow is modeled using transitional turbulence models.
VMFL060

Figure 60.2: Comparison of Non-Dimensionalized Static Pressure along the Stepped Wall
Downstream of the Corner
VMFL061: Surface to Surface Radiative Heat Transfer Between Two Concentric
Cylinders
Overview
Reference F.P. Incropera, D.P. Dewitt. Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer. 4th Edition,
John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, New York, 1996.
Solver ANSYS Fluent
Physics/Models Radiation Modeling (S2S Model)
Test Case
Radiative heat transfer between two cylindrical surfaces forming a concentric annulus is modeled. There
is no participating medium. Due to symmetry only the shaded portion of the domain in Figure 61.1: Flow
Domain (p. 171) is modeled.
Cold outer wall
Hot inner
wall
Geometry Boundary Conditions

Radius of outer wall = Temperature of inner wall =
0.04625 m 700 K
Radius of inner wall = Temperature of outer wall

0.0178 m = 300 K
VMFL061

Because there is no flow of mass, only the energy equation is solved. Radiation models are used for the
simulation. Heat transfer is purely due to radiation between the two surfaces.

Figure 61.2: Comparison of Temperature Variation along Radius
VMFL062: Fully Developed Turbulent Flow Over a “Hill”
Overview
Reference V. Baskaran, A.J. Smits, P.N. Joubert, "A turbulent flow over a curved hill Part 1.
Growth of an internal boundary layer". Journal of Fluid Mechanics, Vol. 182, pp. 47-
83, 1987
Solver ANSYS Fluent
Physics/Models Low Re k-e Model
Test Case
Flow over a “hill” geometry with separation and reattachment is modeled. Fully developed turbulent
profile is specified at the inlet.
Flow Direction
Hill

Density : 1 kg/m3 Height of the hill Fully developed profiles are specified at the
= 20.5 mm inlet for (i) Velocity, (ii) Turbulent kinetic En-
Viscosity = 7.5188e-07 ergy, and (iii) Eddy dissipation rate.
kg/m-s
Average velocity at inlet = 1 m/s
VMFL062

Figure 62.2: Comparison of Skin Friction along the Wall
VMFL063: Separated Laminar Flow Over a Blunt Plate
Overview
Reference J.C. Lane, R.I. Loehrke, “Leading Edge Separation from a Blunt Plate at Low
Reynolds Number”, Transactions of ASME, Vol. 102, pp. 494-496, 1980
Solver ANSYS Fluent
Physics/Models Laminar flow, high resolution numerical models
Test Case
The flow separation over a blunt leading edge in laminar flow is modeled. The flow separates and
reattaches along the plate. The reattachment length predicted by the solvers is validated against exper-
imental results. Due to symmetry, only half of the domain shown in Figure 63.1: Flow Domain (p. 175)
is modeled. The Reynolds number based on plate thickness is 227.
Flow Direction
Reattachment
Plane of Symmetry
Blunt plate

Density: 1 kg/m3 Thickness of the plate, 2t = Velocity at inlet = 0.045133
90 mm m/s
Length of the plate = 1500
kg/m-s
mm
VMFL063

Table 63.1: Comparison of Reattachment Length
Tar- ANSYS Flu- Ra-

get ent tio
Non-dimensionalized Reattachment length (LR/2t) 4.0 3.87 0.97
VMFL064: Low Reynolds Number Flow in a Channel with Sudden Asymmetric
Expansion
Overview
Reference B. Armaly, F. Durst, J. Pereira, B. Schönung. “Experimental and theoretical in-
vestigation of a backward-facing step”. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, Vol 127,
pg. 473, 1983
C.J. Freitas. “Perspective: Selected Benchmarks from Commercial CFD Codes”.

Journal of Fluids Engineering. Vol. 117, pg. 208, 1995
Solver ANSYS Fluent
Physics/Models Laminar flow, Separation, and Reattachment
Test Case
Laminar flow in a channel with a backward facing step expansion is modeled. The channel section up-
stream of the expansion is long enough to ensure fully developed laminar profile. The reattachment
length predicted by the solvers is validated against experimental results. Reynolds number based on D
(equal to twice the channel height at inlet) is 200. The domain extends to about 40 times the step-
height upstream and over 20 times the step-height downstream.
Flow Direction

Density: 1 kg/m3 Step height, s = 4.9 mm Velocity at inlet =
0.288462 m/s
Channel height at inlet = 5.2 mm
No-slip condition at the
kg/m-s Length of inlet section = 200 mm walls
Length downstream of the step =

100 mm

The flow is fully developed before the step. Reattachment length is measured from the reversal of the
sign of the wall shear along the flow direction.
VMFL064

Table 64.1: Comparison of Reattachment Length
Tar- ANSYS Flu- Ra-

get ent tio
Non-dimensionalized Reattachment length (LR/Step-height) 5.0 4.91 0.982
VMFL065: Swirling Turbulent Flow Inside a Diffuser
Overview
Reference P.D. Clausen, S.G. Koh, D.H. Wood. “Measurements of a Swirling Turbulent Boundary
Layer Developing in a Conical Diffuser.” Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science.
Vol. 6, pg. 39-48, 1993
Solver ANSYS Fluent
Physics/Models Turbulent flow, swirl velocity, Reynolds stress model for turbulence
Test Case
Turbulent flow with a strong swirl component is modeled in an axisysmmetric diffuser. The swirl com-
ponent of the velocity has a dominant effect on the flow field inside the diffuser.
Flow

Density: 1 kg/m3 Length of the straight inlet sec- Fully developed turbulent profile
tion = 25 mm for velocity, k and ε at inlet (with
Viscosity: 1.293 X average axial inlet velocity = 1
Length of the diffuser (divergent m/s)
10-6 kg/m-s
section) = 510 mm
No-slip condition at the walls
Inlet Diameter = 260 mm
Outlet Diameter = 440 mm

RS model is used for turbulence due to the strong swirl component.
VMFL065

Figure 65.2: Comparison of Swirl Velocity at X = 0.175 m
VMFL066: Radiative Heat Transfer in a Rectangular Enclosure with Participating
Medium
Overview
Reference G.D Raithby, E.H. Chui. “A Finite Volume Method for Predicting a Radiant Heat
Transfer in Enclosoures with Participating Media”. Journal of Heat Transfer.
Volume 112, pp. 415-423, 1990
Solver ANSYS Fluent
Physics/Models Radiation modeling, discrete ordinate model
Test Case
Two dimensional radiative heat transfer in an enclosure with one hot wall and three cold walls at equal
temperature is modeled. The enclosure is a rectangular cavity with a length-to-width ratio of 5. For the
problem being considered, σsLy = 1.0, where σs is the scattering coefficient and Ly is the normal distance
between the hot wall and the cold wall opposite to it.
Cold Walls
Hot Wall

Scattering coefficient = Dimensions of the domain: 10 Temperature of the hot wall =
0.5/m mx2m 200 K
Temperature of the cold walls

= 100 K

Isotropic scattering and radiative equilibrium are assumed.
VMFL066

Figure 66.2: Comparison of Non-Dimensional Heat Flux along the Hot Wall
VMFL067: Boiling in a Pipe-Critical Heat Flux
Overview
Reference N. Hoyer, “Calculation of dryout and post-dryout heat transfer for tube geo-
metry”, International Journal of Multiphase Flow, Vol 24, pp. 319-334, 1998
Solver ANSYS Fluent
Physics/Models Multiphase, heat and mass transfer, boiling
Test Case
This test case considers boiling near a heated wall of a vertical pipe. The effects of critical heat flux and
post-dryout heat transfer are modeled in a vertical circular pipe. The outer wall of the pipe is heated
with a constant heat flux.

Steam-Water 2-phase Radius of the pipe = Mass flux at inlet = 1495 kg/m2/s
Flow: 5 mm
Heat transfer at the wall = 797000
• Water: continuous Height of the pipe =
W/m2
phase 7m
• Water Steam: dispersed

bubbles
VMFL067

The flow is steady. RNG k-epsilon model is used for turbulence.

Figure 67.2: Comparison of Wall Temperature
VMFL068: Axial Flow in an Eccentric Annulus
Overview
Reference J.L.V. Neto, A.L. Martins, A.S. Neto, C.H. Ataide, M.A.S. Barrozo, “Simulated Ve-
locity Profiles for Eccentric Annular Flow with Inner Rotation”, Manuscript,
Federal University of Uberlandia, Brazil
Solver ANSYS Fluent
Physics/Models Steady flow, periodic, turbulence, RSM
Test Case
This test case considers axial flow in an eccentric annulus without rotation of the inner cylinder. Eccent-
ricity of the channel is 0.5. The Reynolds number is 26,600.

Density = 896 kg/m3 Diameter, outer cylinder = Periodic Boundary is used with
40.3 mm a Mass Flow Rate =1.8368 kg/s.
Viscosity = 0.00146048
kg/m-s Diameter, inner cylinder =
20.1 mm
Eccentricity = 0.5

The flow is steady. The velocity profile at the inlet is fully developed.
VMFL068

Figure 68.2: Comparison of Normalized Axial Velocity at Plane 2
Figure 68.3: Comparison of Normalized Axial Velocity at Plane 3
VMFL069: Two Phase Poiseulle Flow
Overview
Reference E. Marchandise, J.F. Remacle, “A stabilized finite element method using a dis-
continuous level set approach for solving two phase incompressible flows”,
Journal of Computational Physics, Vol 219, pp. 780-800, 2006
Solver ANSYS Fluent
Physics/Models Steady flow, laminar, two phase
Test Case
This test case considers the horizontal stratified Poiseulle flow of two fluids between parallel walls. The
interface between the two phases is located at half of the height of the channel.

The two fluids have the same Dimensions of the Periodic Boundary is used with
density. domain: 2 m X 4 m a Pressure Gradient =-0.5 Pa/m.
Kinematic Viscosity
Fluid-1 = 0.1
Fluid-2 = 0.02

The flow is steady. Deformation of the interface is not modeled.
VMFL069

Figure 69.2: Comparison of Velocity Profile for Two Phase Flow
VMFL070: Radiation Between Two Parallel Surfaces
Overview
Reference F.P. Incropera, D.P. Dewitt, Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer. 4th Edition.
New York City, New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1996.
Solver ANSYS Fluent
Physics/Models Heat Transfer, radiation
Test Case
This test case considers radiation heat transfer between two parallel surfaces. The surfaces are modeled
as a rectangle with a length-to-gap aspect ratio of 5 to minimize the edge effect near the mid span.
The gap thickness between the upper and lower surfaces is 0.5 m.

Material does not participate in Dimensions of the domain: Top Wall Temperature =
the energy transfer. 2.5 m X 0.5 m 400K
Bottom Wall Temperature

= 300K

Because there is no flow of mass, only the energy equation is solved. Heat transfer is purely due to ra-
diation between the two surfaces.
VMFL070

Figure 70.2: Comparison of Normalized Temperature with Analytical Result

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What is the purpose of the verification manual?

What is the purpose of the verification manual?

What types of test cases are included in the manual?

What types of test cases are included in the manual?

ANSYS Fluid Dynamics Verification Manual

ANSYS, Inc. Release 15.0

ANSYS, Inc. is certified to ISO 9001:2008.

U.S. Government Rights

Published in the U.S.A.

1.1. Expected Results

1.3. Using the Verification Manual and Test Cases

1.4. Quality Assurance Services

1.5. CFX Supported Test Cases

VMFL001 - Flow Between Rotating and Stationary Concentric Cylinders

1.6. Index of ANSYS Fluid Dynamics Test Cases

rotating_cylinder.def for ANSYS CFX

Figure 01.1: Flow Domain

Material Properties Geometry Boundary Conditions

Analysis Assumptions and Modeling Notes

Results Comparison for ANSYS Fluent

Tangential Velocity at Target, m/s ANSYS Fluent, m/s Ratio

Results Comparison for ANSYS CFX

Location Target, m/s ANSYS CFX, m/s Ratio

Figure 02.1: Flow Domain

Material Properties Geometry Boundary Conditions

Viscosity = 0.001523 Heat Flux across wall = 5000 W/m2

Specific Heat = 139.3

Analysis Assumptions and Modeling Notes

Results Comparison for ANSYS Fluent

Target ANSYS Fluent Ratio

Results Comparison for ANSYS CFX

Target ANSYS CFX Ratio

Figure 03.1: Flow Domain

The figure is not to scale.

Material Properties Geometry Boundary Conditions

Analysis Assumptions and Modeling Notes

Results Comparison for ANSYS Fluent

Target ANSYS Fluent Ratio

Results Comparison for ANSYS CFX

Target ANSYS CFX Ratio

Figure 04.1: Flow Domain

Material Properties Geometry Boundary Conditions

For ANSYS CFX, pressure gradi-

Analysis Assumptions and Modeling Notes

Results Comparison for ANSYS Fluent

Results Comparison for ANSYS CFX

Figure 05.1: Flow Domain

Material Properties Geometry Boundary Conditions

Analysis Assumptions and Modeling Notes

Results Comparison for ANSYS Fluent

Tar- ANSYS Flu- Ra-

Results Comparison for ANSYS CFX

Tar- ANSYS Ra-

Figure 06.1: Flow Domain

Material Properties Geometry Boundary Conditions

Species B Mass fraction of species A at pipe

Diffusivity AB = 1.43 x 10-5

Analysis Assumptions and Modeling Notes

Axial location Tar- ANSYS Flu- Ra-

Figure 07.1: Flow Domain