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Microsoft Disk Operating System

MS-DOS stands for Microsoft Disk Operating System. Ms- DOS is a single user and single tasking
operating system. An operating system is collection of system programs, used for controlling
input/output operation. It is also known as interface between hardware and user. An operating system
may be considered as the language translator which converts the user’s readable codes into machine
readable codes, means machine level language or binary digits.
It was developed by Microsoft Corporation for IBM PC compatible personal computers during 1980s to
the mid-1990s, until it was gradually superseded by operating systems offering a graphical user
interface (GUI), in particular by various generations of the Microsoft Windows operating system.

Internal Commands

These commands are automatic loaded into the memory when operating system is loaded into the
memory. Thus these are also called memory-resident commands. The commands available are all
combined together and are stored in Command.com file, which is a executable command file. These
internal commands are further grouped according to their properties. These are as follows.
a) General purpose commands b) File related commands c) Directory related commands

1. CLS 2. DIR 3. VER

4. VOL 5. DATE 6. TIME

7. COPY CON 8. TYPE 9. COPY

10. REN 11. DEL 12. MD

13. CD 14. RD

External Commands
External commands are known as Disk residence commands. Because they can be store with DOS
directory or any disk which is used for getting these commands. Theses commands help to perform
some specific task. These are stored in a secondary storage device. Some important external
commands are given below-

MORE ATTRIB FIND XCOPY

SORT TREE MOVE DISKCOPY
SYS CHKDSK LABEL FORMAT
FC

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I​ nternal Commands

a) General purpose commands

1. ​CLS:​- (Clear the screen) This command is used to clear the screen or wipe out everything written on the scree
​Syntax:- C:\> CLS and press Enter

2. ​DIR:-​ (Directory) Dir command is used for listing files and directories present in the current disk.
Syntax:- C:\> DIR [/switches]

3.​ VER:-​(Version) Version numbers indicates that which edition of DOS we are working on.
Syntax:- C:\> VER press enter

4. ​VOL:-(​Volume) Displays the disk volume label and serial number, if it exist.
Syntax:- C:\> VOL press enter

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5. ​DATE:-​ Display the current Date

Syntax:- C:\> DATE

6. ​TIME:-​ Display current time

Syntax:- C:\> TIME

b) File related commands:

Creating a new file
Viewing the existing file
Copying one file to another
Renaming a file
Deleting a file

7. ​COPY CON:-​ This command gives the facility to create a new text file.

Syntax:- C:\> COPY CON Filename

8. ​TYPE:-​ This command is used to display the contents or text of any file to the display device.

Syntax:- C:\> TYPE Filename

9. ​COPY:-​ Copy command is used for copy any file to another location or to copy the files to another
directory. This command may also be used for copying any file to another disk with different file name.

Syntax:- C:\> COPY Source_filename Target_file name

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10​. REN:-​ (Rename) This command is used to change the name of any file or directory.

Syntax:- C:\> REN Source_filename Target_filename

11. ​DEL:-​ This command is used for erasing any file from the disk.

Syntax:- C:\> DEL <Filename>

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c) Directory related commands

Making or creating a new directory
Change Directory
Rename Directory
Remove directory
Going to one directory back
Going to the root directory

12. ​MD:- (Make Directory)-​ This command allows to create a new directory.
Syntax:- C:\> MD <Dirname>
OR
MKDIR <Dirname>

13. ​CD:- (Change Directory):-​ We can enter or exit from any directory using this command.
Syntax:- CD <Dirname>
OR
CHDIR <Dirname>

14. ​RD:-(Remove directory):-​ This command is used when we want to remove any unusable directory
from our disk.

Syntax:- C:\> RD Directory_name

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External Commands

1. MORE:-​Using TYPE command we can see the content of any file. But if length of file is greater
than 25 lines then remaining lines will scroll up. To overcome through this problem we uses MORE
command. Using this command we can pause the display after each 25 lines.

Syntax:- C:\> MORE filename

Or
C:\> TYPE <File name> | MORE
Or
C:\> COMMAND | MORE

2. ATTRIB:-​ Sets the various type of attribute to a file. Like Read only, Archive, Hidden and System attribute.

Syntax:- C:\> ATTRIB [± r] [± a] [± h] <File name>

3. XCOPY:-​ When we need to copy a directory instant of a file from one location to another the we
uses xcopy command. This command is much faster than copy command.

Syntax:- C:\> XCOPY Source_dirname Target_dirname

4. MOVE:-​ Move command is used for moving one file or multiple files from one location to another
location or from one disk to another disk.

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Syntax:- C:\> MOVE <file name> <path name>

5. SORT:-​ This command is useful when we want to sort a file. When we run this command the
result can be get to display device or file.
​Syntax:- C:\> SORT /R < Input file name> <output file name>

6. CHKDSK:​-(Check disk) - This command is used to check the status of a disk and show the report of result sta
​Syntax:- C:\> CHKDSK

7. FIND:-​ The FIND command is used to search a file for a text string.

Syntax:- C:\> FIND "String to search" <File name>

8. TREE:- ​This command used to show subdirectories in a tree form.

Syntax:- C:\> TREE

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9. DISKCOPY:- ​Makes an exact copy of a diskette.

Syntax:- ​C:>DISKCOPY a: b:

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