Volume roc ear enginee

27 No. 7 k th ring University Vol.27 No.7

2005 July Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering July, 2005

Experimental study on mechanical effects of

loading rates on limestone
Yang Shi teach 1,2, Zeng Sheng 1, Wang and Long 3
(1. School of Civil Engineering and Environmental Resources, Nanhua University, Hengyang 421001, China; 2. School of
Resources and Safety Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China;

3. China Building Materials Industry geological exploration Corps Center Hunan Zhuzhou,
Hunan 412000)

Abstract: RMT-150B Electrohydraulic rigid mechanics servo control system test specimens were standard
limestone 4 Under uniaxial loading rate stage compression chamber test, quantitative analysis of the
loading rate on limestone uniaxial compressive strength test pieces, and the corresponding peak intensity
strain, after the destructive state, the form of cracking and stress - strain relationship physical on
the mechanical behavior of. The limestone specimens obtained uniaxial compression curve of the whole
process and the destruction of some important characteristics and parameters, provide an important basis
for the mining design.
Keywords: loading rate; mechanics; complete stress - strain curve; limestone
CLC:TU 458 Document code:A Article ID:1000-4548 (2005) 07-0786-03
About the author: YANG Shi teach(1964- )Male, Liuyang in Hunan Province, South China University associate
professor, Dr. Research in mining engineering and geological disaster prediction and reliability is
mainly engaged in geotechnical engineering.

Experimental analysis on mechanical effects of loading rates on limestone

YANG Shi-jiao1, 2, ZENG Sheng1, WANG He-long3

(1. School of Architecture Resources and Environment Engineering, Nanhua University, Hengyang 421001, China; 2. School of Resources and Safety Engineering,

Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; 3. Hunan Brigade of Geological Surveying Center for Chinese Building Material Industry , Zhuzhou 412000,

China)

Abstract: The experimental tests for limestone specimens in uniaxial compression were carried out to study the mechanical
effects of loading rates on limestone using electro-hydraulic and servo-controlled testing machine (RMT-150B), in which loading
rate was treated as a variable. Mechanical characteristics of rock influenced by the loading rates, such as a uniaxial compressive
strength, deformation, mode of failure as well as the post-failure behaviour and complete stress-strain curve, were analyzed
quantitatively. The complete uniaxial compression failure curve and some important characteristics and parameters of the
limestone were obtained and offered on important basis for the exploitation and design of the mine.
Key words: loading rates; rock mechanics; complete stress-strain curve; limestone
of rock blasting mechanism, failure criterion as
well as the theoretical basis for optimization of
0 lead Speech
parameters of rock mass[1]. Loading rate change is
Theoretical and experimental proof, rock
a large range of parameters, in general rock
subjected to dynamic and static load when its
engineering, such as mining blasting unloading
constitutive relation and mechanical properties
rate of one per second, a fraction of the order,
are very different. Currently in the field of
but for the underground mining and tunnel pillar,
rock mechanics, the study of rock failure under
Deformation increment is only a year 0.10 ~ 0.15
static load more, and especially of rock at
mm. In such a large difference in loading,
different strain rates under dynamic loading
mechanical properties of rock material not only
destroy the lack of research, which is the study
in quantity, but also changes in quality, and
therefore the mechanical effects associated with
rock material under different strain rate effect
Varying the rate of increase of the strain rate
analysis has been regarded as the basic rock
increases and higher peak after unloading the
mechanics research one. In China, Caiyue Jun, Chen
rock stiffness significantly less than the
Sheng and strong relevant tests have done, and
lower strain rate condition conclusions. In
the peak intensity derived rock strain, with the other countries,Bien-
elastic modulus should iawshi,Peng,Okubo,Lajtai,Chong Et al.
Studies on the deeper rock mechanical properties
at different strain rates of loading. Such as
Okubo The second type of rocks and other tests at
different strain rates, offered peak intensity
increases with strain rate of
Empirical formula.Lajtai Like extension study
the effect of strain rate to facilitate
observation and analysis of the ductile
brittle limestone rock salt and the like[2].
Select herein integrity and relatively good
uniformity, good post mining Zhejiang Fuyang ash
cement material limestone mine moderate
intensity, for 28 Standard specimens were uniaxial
compression test, observing the whole process
stress - strain curve, by analysis to explore the
loading rate on rock strength, deformation
behavior after the peak, and the influence of the
failure mode, gray
───────

Received Date: 2004-09-21

The first 7 period Yang Shi teach, etc.. Experimental study on mechanical effects of loading rates
on limestone 787
图 1 Is loaded with different rates
Liang Gang mine limestone mining provide the corresponding to the stress - strain curves,
basis for the design.
each curve are due to the same group by loading
rates 7 After finishing specimens averaged
1 Rock specimen in Test Method observations obtained curve drawing, thus it
The diameter of the test is provided by the has a representative.
Hunan Institute of China Building Materials From Fig. 1 Visible, rock stress - strain
Industry Corps test center for the geological curve is substantially similar shape, generally
survey 42 mm The core, according to the can be divided into compacted, elastic and
"physical and mechanical properties of test plastic deformation in the transition until
specification", according to the requirements failure which 3 Stages. Initial loading, an
Testing Institute, respectively increased amount of axial stress with
ZK1301,ZK1302,ZK31,ZK32 4 Drill bits with a increasing axial strain increases, the curve
layer of limestone as the core processing high goes to a concave shape, which is due in Rocks
100 mm The uniaxial compression test specimens. microcracks or compaction joint plane
Objective To test a single observation rock generated. Subsequently, cracks, weak joint
material is to exclude the influence of plane closed, the stress-strain relationship of
lithology discrete as possible due to the elastic properties similar lines, since the
difference, the results obtained can be rock fractures, and other joint plane
conveniently used.
Good gray cement raw material mining
limestone post mainly in mining C2h3
和 C2h4 Two seam. The test rock samples taken
from C2h4 Layer, the seam was northeast -
southwest cloth ore to the upper portion of the
show, a generally gray rock - light gray, dark
gray limestone local folder small amount of
dolomitic limestone. The main micrite -
microcrystalline structure, secondary biological
crumb structure, dense block structure, the
suture structure is developed. Mineral
composition LoSS42.98%,
CaO54.61%,SiO20.92%,Al2O30.17%,Fe2O30.12%,MgO0.47%Wait.

use RMT-150B Rock mechanics testing machine

test, plus shaft
The maximum pressure 1000 kN, The maximum
confining pressure 50 MPa. The uniaxial
compression test uses displacement control mode,
sub 0.0005,0.001,0.002,0.005
mm / s 4 Loadings, and the stress - strain
curve.

2 Experimental results and

analysis
2.1 Effects of strain curves - loading rate on
stress
 则为光滑、陡峭和连续曲线。这一现象可以解释为加
The width is not the same, the degree of closing 载速率的减缓使得试件组构来得及重新组合并形成一
are different, therefore, the length of each 定的后继抗力，在下次跌落之前吸收一定的变形能量
linear portion of the curve is different; when 。 2.2 加载速率对峰值强度的影响
the axial strain continues to increase, and the
峰值强度即为岩石的单轴抗压强度。按表 1 所示
rock stress exceeding its maximum capacity, the
的 4 种不同速率加载测试，然后对同组试样所得峰值
specimen started to break, stress - strain
强度值进行平均，得出相应加载速率下的平均峰值强
curve steering decline, which is characterized
度。从总体上看，当加载速率从 0.0005 mm/s 增大至
specimen remains constant intensity in the
0.005 mm/s 时，峰值强度从约 90 MPa 增大至约 120
early destruction. Some specimens after
destruction, there are some stress rebound MPa，增长的幅度约为 33.33％，即峰值强度受加载速
phenomenon, since the rupture process, the pore 率影响较为敏感，在试验加载速率区段中峰值强度呈
crystalline landslides closed fracture of 跳跃性增长，图 2 可知加载速率与峰值强度的关系。
certain reason. 图中每一个点子表示某一速率分组的平均值。由试验
数据统计，灰良岗矿区水泥原料矿山石灰岩的抗压强
岩石材料力学性能受加载速率的影响主要表现在
度集中在 90~120 MPa。
试件达到峰值强度前后的向塑性变形过渡直到破坏这
2.3 加载速率对峰值强度对应的应变的影响
个阶段，在压密阶段和弹性变形阶段各曲线基本按相
同斜率线性增长。石灰岩是一种结构致密的脆弹性体 峰值强度对应的应变是隧洞、坝基和边坡工程设计和
，缓慢的加载速率使得材料内初始损伤和增生的裂纹 施工中直接量测和加以控制的物理量。图 2 可知石灰
具有充分的时间进一步地演化和发展，导致材料的峰 岩在不同加载速率作用下测得的峰值强度对应的应变
值强度下降和破坏后变形曲线的陡峭跌落。从破坏后 关系。从测试结果看，岩石到达峰值强度所产生的应
应力–应变的曲线形式看，缓慢应变速率下的试件往 变与加载速率基本成线性关系。
往出现台阶型分段跌落状，而较快应变速率下的试件

图 1 不同加载速率的应力–应变曲线
Fig. 1 The stress-strain curve with different loading rates
788 岩 土 工 程 学 报 2005 年

表 1 不同加载速率作用下的力学参数
Table 1 The mechanical parameters of limeston under different loading rates
与峰值强度对应的应变/（ 10 ）
-1 -3
组号 加载速率/（mm·s ） 弹性模量/GPa 峰值强度/MPa 泊松比
1 0.0005 39.54 86.963 2.611 0.248
2 0.001 45.10 97.030 2.704 0.235
3 0.002 45.82 103.33 2.751 0.319
4 0.005 46.49 116.88 2.876 0.265
strength of the crystal grains and the initial
defect factors,

图 2 加载速率与峰值强度对应的关系
Fig. 2 Relation between the loading rates and the peak strength
2.4 加载速率对峰值后性态的影响
RMT-150B 多功能岩石力学电液刚性伺服机试验
可观测到岩石试件达到峰值强度至试件破坏时残余强
度间的变形过程。将到达峰值强度所产生的应变和到
达残余强度所产生的应变连成一直线，该直线斜率的
绝对值即可定义为描述试件峰值后变形性态的后期割
线模量。由图 1 应力–应变曲线可知：在峰值点后的
曲线斜率的绝对值随加载速率的增大而增大。即加载
速率的增大使岩样的后期变形与破坏过程更为迅速。
2.5 加载速率对破坏形式的影响
不同加载速率作用下观测得到的试件破坏形式可
以大致区分为以下 3 种类型：①单向剪切破坏，破坏面
沿与轴线成 45°-  / 2 的角度开展，破裂面相邻区
域存在较细的垂直分布裂缝；②双向剪切破坏，破坏
面为由两个与轴线成 45°-  / 2 的对称面交汇切割
而成，试件中段交叉面以外介质呈剥落状；③轴向劈
裂破坏，破坏面沿与轴线平行方向展开。石灰岩在不
同加载速率下的破坏形式如图 3 所示。

图 3 单轴压缩试验下的石灰岩破坏形式
Fig. 3 The failure of the limestones in the uniaxial compresses test

Known from the test: loading rate of the

failure mode and limestone ore absence clear
correlation, indicating that the failure mode
of rock material itself depends mainly on the
But also related to the loading plate and rock rock sample loading end plate, there is no
samples constraints. clear correlation between the rate of loading.
This study is limited to the limestone
3 Knot language material, with the changes in rock types,
(1) Rock uniaxial compression test results material relevance to the loading rate must be
show: the stress - strain curve generally very great change. Even for the same material,
speaking can be divided into compacted, to limestone, and since the test specimen discrete
plastically and elastically deformed until parts processing in physical properties, and
failure this transition 3 Stages. Loaded with the lack of the number of specimens, such
different rates of mechanical effects of results also difficult to grasp the whole
limestone mainly in the strength of the picture of the study.
material and its subsequent peak deformation
behavior. Specimen before compaction and references:
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