Urdu Turkish Words

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COMMON VOCABULARY IN URDU AND TURKISH LANGUAGES. A CASE OF

HISTORICAL ONOMASIOLOGY.
Article · July 2014
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Journal of Pakistan Vision Vol. 15. Issue 1. 2014
____________________________________________________________________________________
Common Vocabulary in Urdu and Turkish Language: A Case of
Historical Onomasiology
___________________María Isabel Maldonado García

___________________Mustafa Yapici
Abstract: The current study must be framed within the discipline of applied and historical linguistics
and historical onomasiology. One hundred and fifty apparent cognates in Turkish and Urdu languages will
be analyzed in order to confirm their origin as well as lexical similarity through their distance. This
research work has the purpose of distinguishing whether the similar terms analized in this study are cognates
or rather loanwords that Turkish and Urdu have borrowed from different languages. In addition, the level
of similarity through etymological, lexical and semantic comparative analysis will be revealed with the same
purpose.
Keywords: Turkish, Urdu, loanwords, etymology, language contact, linguistic similarities, bilingualism,
lexical distance, historical onomasiology, historical linguistics.
*We thank the Directorate of Research, the Institute of Languages and the Vice-Chancellor,
University of the Punjab, Lahore, for providing financial support for this research. The
funder had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or
preparation of the manuscript.
1. INTRODUCTION
This study is based on the phenomena of historical onomasiology. The purpose of this research is to analyze
150 sets of terms which Turkish and Urdu languages share. The sets present phonetic similarities as well as
common meaning. The rationale behind the comparison is to assist students of both languages with language
acquisition and to figure out whether the terms are cognates or loanwords.
TURKISH LANGUAGE
193
Turkish is a member of the Altaic family of languages. According to Ethnologue its classification is Altaic,
Turkic, Southern, Turkish and it is spoken by approximately 50 million people, not only in Turkey, where
it is the national language, but also in Greece and the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia.1
TABLE 1. ALTAIC LANGUAGES- TURKISH2
During the Ottoman Empire which lasted more than 600 years, the Turkish language flourished as the
language of the administration, receiving loanwords from Arabic and Persian. The language was then
named Ottoman Turkish, actually a formal version of the everyday spoken Turkish of the time. Some of
Ataturk’s reforms included a new Turkish alphabet. However, “the aim of the Turkish language reform was to
eliminate the Arabic and Persian grammatical features and the many thousands of Arabic and Persian borrowings that
had long been a part of the language.” (1999, 2)3. The borrowing of Persian words was without any doubt of a
considerable paramount. Arabic on the other hand had a larger infiltration, due to two main factors; a
religious factor since it is the language of the Quran and the other because Persian language had itself
borrowed innumerable terms from Arabic and when an Arabic term was borrowed it brought with it the
194
complete family of that very term (1999, 6)4. The new Turkish as proposed by Atatürk, aimed to eliminate
the Persian and Arabic borrowings from the Turkish language. In this manner, Suleyman Pasha was the first
to publish a grammar of the new Turkish language which was titled Ilm-I Sarf-i Türki in 1874. Turkish
language also stoped being called Ottoman by virtue of the Constitution of 1876 and retained its official
status as Turkish language. The first dictionary of Turkish Language Kamus-i-Türki (1900) of two volumes
was written by Şemseddin Sami which was an attempt to rid Turkish language of its Arabic and Persian
elements.
Turkish had utilized a Perso-Arabic script for thousands of years. Şemseddin Sami with Abdul Bey, his
brother, created an alphabet composed by 36 letters from Latin and Greek. After this move, an Alphabet
Commission was created which took several steps for ridding all remains of Persian and Arabic from the
Turkish language by changing the pronunciation of the Arabic sounds. Another step taken by Atatürk was
to propose Turkish substitutes for the Arabic and Persian terms on the newspapers and let the public
comment on them. A Language Society was created in 1931 as well, following the wishes of Atatürk, and
its purpose was not only ridding the Turkish language from the Persian and Arabic influence it had enjoyed
until then. The aftermath of this linguistic reform was a modernization effort. The aim of this effort
included the thought that at some point in the future, when the new generations learnt the new script they
would be unable to read the old script and the works in the new script would be controlled by the
government. At the same time, since the old script would not be read, the old Islamic works in Arabic and
Persian would progressively lose their influence, achieving the modernization Atatürk so much craved. The
Language Society was to remain even after Ataturk’s government and for this reason, it was made a non-
governmental entity.
As the language reform achieved a substantial amount of objectives in a short span of time, it cannot be said
that it was not a successful attempt. However, a large number of terms from Arabic and Persian have
remained an essential part of the Turkish language and a considerable part of the rich Ottoman linguistic
heritage has forever been lost. It is perhaps due to this contradiction that Geoffrey termed the reform a
catastrophic success (1999).
195
URDU LANGUAGE
Urdu is a South Asian language from the Indo-European family, and within the central zone’s Indo-Iranian
branch. Ethnologue classifies it as Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Central zone, Western Hindi,
Hindustani5. It has 193, 238, 868 speakers in Pakistan where it is
the official language along with English, although other languages and dialects are spoken in the country
such as Punjabi, Sindhi, Saraiki, Pashto, Balochi, etc.6 Because of the neighborhood relationship in these
geographies, Turkish has lots of similar words with Urdu, Chinese, Persian, Arabic, and other languages.
In fact, the evolution of Urdu language started with contact with Persian and Arabic due to the invasions by
Persian and Turkic armies in the 11th century and afterwards. It continued from the Delhi Sultanate (1206
to 1526) and later on during the Mughal Empire (1526 to 1858). Already in 1908 Dowson said “Urdu
abounds with Arabic derivatives which have brought with them the grammatical powers of their original language”
(1908, 18)7.
Interestingly enough, the word Urdu, derives from the Turkish ordu, which means army. Urdu language is
written in utilizing the Persian alphabet, Nastaliq style.Both languages have received
Persian loanwords due to the closeness among the countries. Iran shares borders with Pakistan as well as
Turkey which facilitated the expansion of the Farsi terminology.
TABLE 2. INDOEUROPEAN LANGUAGES -URDU8
196
The expansion of Islam and Saudi Arabia’s proximity to both countries facilitated the spread of Arabic as the
language of Quran and a new form of life which included innumerable words for the new realities which
could only be named using the original term in Arabic.
Like in Turkish, there have been purists attempts which tried to rid Urdu of Persian and Sanskrit
loanwords. According to Maldonado (2013)9, the new vocabulary of Urdu is derived mainly from Persian,
Arabic and Sanskrit, although also from Prakrit with a minimum influence from other languages.
197
This map illustrates the closeness among Pakistan, Iran, Turkey and Saudi Arabia.
Cognates or loanwords?
The main purpose of this study is to figure out whether the sets which will be analyzed in this study are
cognates or loanwords. For Whitley, “a given word W from Language X and a word W from Language Y are termed
cognates if and only if they have been inherited from the same ancestor language of X and Y”, and if their similarity is
a coincidence they are not considered true cognates (2002, 305)i. Holmes & Ramos define cognates as
“ítems of vocabulary in two languages which have the same roots and can be recognized as such” (1993, 88)ii.
On the other hand, “The best-known generalization about lexical borrowing is the constraint that core vocabulary is
very rarely (or never) borrowed”. (2009, 36)iii Of the same opinion are Hock & Joseph (1996)iv as well as
Thomason (2001)v. Loanwords can be recognized if their
form and meaning has considerable similarities with the form and meaning of a word in another language
from which it could have been received due to a possible historical possibility and scenario having in
consideration the exclusion the chance for descent from a common ancestor and if there is a source word to
which it can be traced or linked. (Haspelmath & Tadmor, 2009)vi. Thurgood (1999)vii adds to the equation
the similarity of the phonemes through which they can be recognized. Language contact does not require
complete bilingualism, or multilingualism either, rather, the utilization or presence of two languages in one
198
location, at the same time. For Maldonado (2013)10 one of the relevant aspects of semantic relations or
lexical solidarities apart from etymology is synonymy. Synonymy will play a vital role in the identification
process. In this case we will have to reveal whether the sets have a common origin or not and if they do,
whether they actually belong to the language itself or are in fact borrowings from the same language. At this
point we will proceed to the analysis of the Turkish-Urdu term sets.
2. METHODOLOGY
The sample object of our investigation consists of 150 sets of Turkish and Urdu terms. The degree of
similarity with reference to different aspects of linguistics will be assessed. These aspects include:
1. IDENTIFICATION OF THE TURKISH-URDU SETS.
2. ETYMOLOGICAL ASPECTS. The etymology of each word in Turkish language will be extracted and
compared with its counterpart in Urdu language in order to contrast the origins of both terms and verify
whether, in fact, they are loanwords received from the same language directly, they have been received
through another language or rather, the terms are cognates.
3. INTERLINGUAL SYNONYMY RELATED ASPECTS.
3.1 Semantic analysis. Definitions will be compared in order to find out if the loanwords are synonymic or
not.
3.2 Phonetic analysis. The phonetics of the word pairs will be compared under the following parameters:
a. There is no difference in phonetics.

b. The difference is one or two sounds, usually at the end.
c. The difference is found in two or more different sounds, sometimes at the initial position.
d. The difference is more than half of sounds.
e. The difference is based on that most of the sounds are different and have an uneven layout.
f. The Levenshtein distance will also be used as a factor to determine the level of phonetic similarity
among the loanwords.
199
3. RESULTS
1. IDENTIFICATION OF THE TURKISH-URDU SETS.
The identification of the 150 sets of terms was performed during our interaction with Pakistani individuals
as well as students of Turkish language. One hundred and fifty pairs of terms were identified and selected
due to the fact thay they presented similarity in terms of semantics and phonetics in both languages.
The list of terms is as follows:
TABLE 3. LIST OF TERMS WITH PHONETIC EQUIVALENCE
Turkish Urdu Turkish Urdu Phonetics

Phonetics
1 aciz ‫عاجز‬ [ɑ:dʒɪz] [ɑ:dʒɪz]
2 adi ‫عادی‬ [ɑ:dɪ] [ɑ:dɪ]
3 adil ‫عدل‬ [ɑ:dɪl] [ɑ:dəl]
4 afiyet ‫عافیت‬ [ɑ:fɪyɛt] [ɑ:fɪyət]
5 afitap ‫آفتاب‬ [ɑ:fɪtʌp] [ɑ:ftʌb]
6 agah ‫آگاہ‬ [ɑ:gɒh] [ɑ:gɑ:h]
7 ahir ‫آخر‬ [ɑ:hɪr] [ɑ:khɪr]
8 ahval ‫احوال‬ [ahvɑ:l] [ahvɑ:l]
9 akibet ‫عاقبت‬ [ɑ:qɪbɛt] [ɑ:qɪbʌt]
10 alem ‫عالم‬ [ɑ:lɛm] [ɑ:lɛm]
11 alev ‫االؤ‬ [ʌlɛv] [ʌloʊ]
12 amel ‫عمل‬ [ʌmɛl] [ʌmʌl]
13 amele ‫عملہ‬ [ʌmɛlɛ] [ʌmlɑ:]
14 arif ‫عارف‬ [ɑ:rɪf] [ɑ:rɪf]
15 Arş ‫ارض‬ [ʌrʃ] [arz]
16 asuman ‫آسمان‬ [ɑ:sʊmʌn] [ɑ:smɑ:n]
17 azap ‫عذاب‬ [ʌzɑ:p] [ʌzʌb]
18 baki ‫باقی‬ [bɑ:ki:] [bɑ:ki:]
19 bazı ‫بعض‬ [bɑ:zə] [bɑ:z]
20 belki ‫بلکہ‬ [bɛlkɪ] [bɛlkɪ]
21 birader ‫برادر‬ [bɪra:dɛr] [bɪra:dɛr]
22 bohça ‫بقچہ‬ [bɒhtʃʌ] [bʊktʃʌ]
23 bülbül ‫ُبلبل‬ [bʊlbʊl] [bʊlbʊl]
24 cellat ‫جالد‬ [dʒɛllʌt] [dʒɛllʌd]
25 cemaat ‫جماعت‬ [dʒɛmɑ:t] [dʒɛmɑ:t]
26 cemiyet ‫جمعیت‬ [dʒɛmɪyɛt] [dʒʌmɪyʌt]
200
27 cennet ‫جنت‬ [dʒɛnnɛt] [dʒʌnnʌt]

28 cerrah ‫جراح‬ [dʒɛrrʌh] [dʒɛrrʌh]
29 cumhur ‫جمہور‬ [dʒʊmhu:r] [dʒʊmhu:r]
30 cümle ‫جملہ‬ [dʒʊmlɛ] [dʒʊmlɛ]
31 çeşme ‫چشمہ‬ [tʃɛʃmɛ] [tʃʌʃmɛ]
32 çünkü ‫چونکہ‬ [tʃʊnkʊ] [tʃu:nkɪ]
33 delalet ‫داللت‬ [dɛlɑ:lɛt] [dɛlɑ:lɛt]
34 derece ‫درجہ‬ [dɛrɛdʒɛ] [dʌrɛdʒɑ:]
35 ders ‫درس‬ [dɛrs] [dɛrs]
36 destan ‫داستان‬ [dɛstɑ:n] [dɛstɑ:n]
37 diğer ‫دیگر‬ [di: ɛr] [di:gɛr]
38 ehemniyet ‫اہمیت‬ [ɛhɛmnɪyɛt] [ɑ:hmɪyʌt]
39 emir ‫امر‬ [ɛmɪr] [ʌmr]
40 emir ‫امیر‬ [ɛmi: r] [ɛmi: r]
41 emlak ‫امالک‬ [ɛmlʌk] [ɛmlʌk]
42 eşref ‫اشرف‬ [ɛʃrɛf] [ɛʃrɛf]
43 evvel ‫اول‬ [ɛvvɛl] [ɛvvɛl]
44 evveliyat ‫اولیت‬ [ɛvvɛlɪyɑ:t] [ɛvvɛlɪyɑ:t]
45 fani ‫فانی‬ [fɑ:ni:] [fɑ:ni:]
46 Fayda ‫فاعدہ‬ [fʌydʌ] [fʌydʌ]
47 felsefe ‫فلسفہ‬ [fɛlsɛfɛ] [fɛlsɛfɛ]
48 fena ‫فنا‬ [fɛnɑ:] [fɛnɑ:]
49 ferah ‫فراخ‬ [fɛrɛh] [fɛrʌkh]
50 ferman ‫فرمان‬ [fɛrmʌn] [fʌrmʌn]
51 fert ‫فرد‬ [fɛrt] [fɛrd]
52 fesad ‫فساد‬ [fɛsɑ:d] [fɛsɑ:d]
53 fitne ‫فتنہ‬ [fɪtnɛ] [fɪtnʌ]
54 gaflet ‫غفلت‬ [gʌflɛt] ghaflat
55 gaip ‫غائب‬ [gɑ:ɪp] gayb
56 haber ‫خبر‬ [hʌbɛr] khabar
57 halife ‫خلیفہ‬ [hʌli:fɛ] khaliifaa
58 han ‫خان‬ [hʌn] [khʌn]
59 hayrat ‫خیرات‬ [hʌyrɑ:t] [Kkhʌyrɑ:t]
60 hoş ‫خوش‬ [houʃ] [khʊʃ]
61 hurma ‫خرما‬ [hʊrmʌ] [khʊrmʌ]
62 hüda ‫خدا‬ [hʊdɑ:] [khʊdɑ:]
63 ısrar ‫اِصرار‬ [əsrʌr] [əsrʌr]
64 icat ‫ایجاد‬ [i:jʌt] [i:jʌd]
65 ihsan ‫اِحسان‬ [ɪhsʌn] [ɪhsɑ:n]
66 imdat ‫اِمداد‬ [ɪmdʌt] [ɪmdʌd]
67 imkan ‫امکان‬ [ɪmkɑ:n] [ɪmkɑ:n]
68 imtihan ‫امتحان‬ [ɪmtɪhɑ:n] [ɪmtɪhɑ:n]
201
69 inayet ‫عنایت‬ [ɪnɑ:yɛt] [ɪnɑ:yɛt]

70 köşe ‫گوشہ‬ [kɜ:ʃɛ] [gɒshʌ]
71 lakin ‫لیکن‬ [lɑ:kɪn] [lɛkɪn]
72 Lanet ‫لعنت‬ [lɑ:nɛt] [lɑ:nɛt]
73 Lazim ‫الزمی‬ [lɑ:zəm] [lɑ:zmɪ]
74 leziz ‫لذیذ‬ [lɛzi:z] [lɛzi:z]
75 Lutuf ‫لطف‬ [lʊtu:f] [lʊtf]
76 macburi ‫مجبوری‬ [mɛdʒbu:rɪ] [mɛdʒbu:rɪ]
77 magrip ‫مغرب‬ [mʌgrɪb] [mʌgrɪb]
78 mahluk ‫مخلوق‬ [mʌhlu:k] [mʌkhlu:k]
79 mahmur ‫مخمور‬ [mʌhmu:r] [mʌhmu:r]
80 mahrumiyet ‫محر و میت‬ [mʌhru:mɪyɛt] [mʌhru:mɪyɛt]
81 mahşer ‫محشر‬ [mʌhʃɛr] [mʌhʃɛr]
82 mahsul ‫محصول‬ [mʌhsu:l] [mʌhsu:l]
83 mahsus ‫محسوس‬ [mʌhsu:s] [mʌhsu:s]
84 mahzen ‫محزن‬ [mʌhzɛn] [mʌhzʌn]
85 makam ‫مقام‬ [mʌkɑ:m] [mʌkɑ:m]
86 malum ‫معلوم‬ [mɑ:lu:m] [mɑ:lu:m]
87 masum ‫معصوم‬ [mɑ:su:m] [mɑ:su:m]
88 mecbur ‫مجبور‬ [mɛdʒbu:r] [mɛdʒbu:r]
89 medet ‫مدد‬ [mɛdɛt] [mɛdɛd]
90 mektup ‫مکتوب‬ [mɛktʊp] [mɛktʊb]
91 minnet ‫منت‬ [mɪnnɛt] [mənnʌt]
92 mucize ‫معجزہ‬ [mu:jɪzɛ] [mu:jzʌ]
93 müşkül ‫مشکل‬ [muʃkul] [muʃkɪl]
94 Nabiz ‫نبض‬ [nʌbəz] [nʌbz]
95 Nakil ‫نقل‬ [nʌkɪl] [nʌkəl]
96 nakliye ‫نکیہ‬ [nʌklɪyɛ] [nʌklɪyɑ:]
97 Nazar ‫نظر‬ [nʌzɑ:r] [nʌzɑ:r]
98 Nefis ‫نفس‬ [nɛfɪs] [nʌfs]
99 Nehir ‫نہر‬ [nɛhi:r] [nʌhr]
100 Nesil ‫نسل‬ [nɛsɪl] [nʌsəl]
101 nezaket ‫نزاکت‬ [nɛzɑ:kɛt] [nɛzɑ:kɛt]
102 Nezle ‫نزلہ‬ [nɛzlɛ] [nɛzlɛ]
103 Nikah ‫نکاح‬ [nɪkɑ:h] [nɪkɑ:h]
104 nisbet ‫نسبت‬ [nɪsbɛt] [nɪsbɛt]
105 Niyaz ‫نیاز‬ [nɪyɑ:z] [nɪyɑ:z]
106 Niyet ‫نیت‬ [nɪyɛt] [nɪyɛt]
107 numune ‫نمونہ‬ [ nʊmu:ne] [ nʊmu:ne]
108 Pak ‫پاک‬ [pʌk] [pʌk]
109 pazar ‫بازار‬ [pʌzɑ:r] [bʌzɑ:r]
110 peynir ‫پنیر‬ [peɪni:r] [pʌni:r]
202
111 razı ‫راضی‬ [rɑ:zə] [rɑ:zə]

112 renk ‫رنگ‬ [rɛnk] [rɛng]
113 Risale ‫رسالہ‬ [rɪsɑ:lɛ] [rɪsɑ:lʌ]
114 Ruh ‫روح‬ [rʊh] [rʊh]
115 Saz ‫ساز‬‎ [sʌz] [sʌz]
116 sefer ‫سفر‬ [sɛfɛr] [sɛfɛr]
117 Ser ‫سر‬ [sɛr] [sɛr]
118 Sine ‫سینہ‬ [sɪnɛ] [sɪnɛ]
119 Sirke ‫سرکہ‬ [sɪrkɛ] [sɪrkɛ]
120 Söz ‫سوز‬ [sɜ:z] [sɜ:z]
121 Sual ‫سوال‬ [sʊɑ:l] [sɒwɑ:l]
122 sürahi ‫صراحی‬ [sʊrɑ:hɪ] [sʊrɑ:hɪ]
123 Şahıs ‫ساس‬ [ʃʌhəs] [ʃʌhs]
124 şahsiyet ‫شخصیت‬ [ʃʌhsɪyɛt] [ʃʌkhsɪyɛt]
125 şebnem ‫شبنم‬ [ʃɛbnɛm] [ʃɛbnɛm]
126 Şehir ‫شہر‬ [ʃɛhi:r] [ʃɛhr]
127 Şehit ‫شہید‬ [ʃɛhit] [ʃɛhid]
128 şehzade ‫شہزادہ‬ [ʃɛhzɑ:dɛ] [ʃɛhzɑ:dʌ]
129 Şeker ‫شکر‬ [ʃɛkɛr] [ʃʌkkʌr]
130 şikayet ‫شکایت‬ [ʃɪkɑ:yɛt] [ʃɪkɑ:yɛt]
131 Şişe ‫شیشہ‬ [ʃɪʃɛ] [ʃɪʃɛ]
132 takat ‫طاقت‬ [tɑ:kʌt] [tɑ:kʌt]
133 takdir ‫تقدیر‬ [tʌkdɪr] [tʌkdɪr]
134 tamam ‫تمام‬ [tʌmɑ:m] [tʌmɑ:m]
135 taraf ‫طرف‬ [tʌrʌf] [tʌrʌf]
136 temenni ‫تمنا‬ [tɛmɛnnɪ] [tɛmʌnnʌ]
137 teselli ‫تسلی‬ [tɛsɛllɪ] [tɛsɛllɪ]
138 ümit ‫امید‬ [ʊmi:t] [ʊmi:d]
139 üstâd ‫استاد‬ [ʊstʌd] [ʊstʌd]
140 vaat ‫وعدہ‬ [vʌʌt] [vɑ:dʌ]
141 Vakit ‫وقت‬ [vʌki:t] [wʌkt]
142 Vatan ‫وطن‬ [vʌtʌn] [vʌtʌn]
143 Vefa ‫وفا‬ [vɛfʌ] [wɛfʌ]
144 vekil ‫وکیل‬ [vɛkɪl] [wɛkɪl]
145 yani ‫یعنی‬ [yɑ:nɪ] [yɑ:nɪ]
146 Yar ‫یار‬ [yɑ:r] [yɑ:r]
147 ziyade ‫زیادہ‬ [zɪyɑ:dɛ] [zɪyɑ:dɛ]
148 zamane ‫زمانہ‬ [zʌmanɛ] [zʌmanʌ]
149 zemin ‫زمین‬ [zɛmɪn] [zʌmɪn]
150 zor ‫زور‬ [zɒr] [zɒr]
203
2. ETYMOLOGICAL ASPECTS:
The origin of the terms will be a determining factor in revealing whether the terms are cognates or
loanwords. For this purpose an etymological analysis11 has been performed. The results are as follows:
TABLE 4. TERMS WITH ETYMOLOGY IN ARABIC LANGUAGE
Turkish Urdu Turkish Urdu Etymol Etymol

Phonetics Phonetics ogy of ogy of
Turkis Urdu
h
1 aciz ‫عاجز‬ [ɑ:dʒɪz] [ɑ:dʒɪz] Arabic Arabic
2 adi ‫عادی‬ [ɑ:dɪ] [ɑ:dɪ] Arabic Arabic
3 adil ‫عدل‬ [ɑ:dɪl] [ɑ:dəl] Arabic Arabic
4 afiyet ‫عافیت‬ [ɑ:fɪyɛt] [ɑ:fɪyət] Arabic Arabic
5 ahir ‫آخر‬ [ɑ:hɪr] [ɑ:khɪr] Arabic Arabic
6 ahval ‫احوال‬ [ahvɑ:l] [ahvɑ:l] Arabic Arabic
7 akibet ‫عاقبت‬ [ɑ:qɪbɛt] [ɑ:qɪbʌt] Arabic Arabic
8 alem ‫عالم‬ [ɑ:lɛm] [ɑ:lɛm] Arabic Arabic
9 amel ‫عمل‬ [ʌmɛl] [ʌmʌl] Arabic Arabic
10 amele ‫عملہ‬ [ʌmɛlɛ] [ʌmlɑ:] Arabic Arabic
11 arif ‫عارف‬ [ɑ:rɪf] [ɑ:rɪf] Arabic Arabic
12 arş ‫ارض‬ [ʌrʃ] [arz] Arabic Arabic
13 azap ‫عذاب‬ [ʌzɑ:p] [ʌzʌb] Arabic Arabic
14 baki ‫باقی‬ [bɑ:ki:] [bɑ:ki:] Arabic Arabic
15 bazı ‫بعض‬ [bɑ:zə] [bɑ:z] Arabic Arabic
16 cellat ‫جالد‬ [dʒɛllʌt] [dʒɛllʌd] Arabic Arabic
17 cemaat ‫جماعت‬ [dʒɛmɑ:t] [dʒɛmɑ:t] Arabic Arabic
18 cemiyet ‫جمعیت‬ [dʒɛmɪyɛt] [dʒʌmɪyʌt] Arabic Arabic
19 cennet ‫جنت‬ [dʒɛnnɛt] [dʒʌnnʌt] Arabic Arabic
20 cerrah ‫جراح‬ [dʒɛrrʌh] [dʒɛrrʌh] Arabic Arabic
21 cumhur ‫جمہور‬ [dʒʊmhu:r] [dʒʊmhu:r] Arabic Arabic
22 cümle ‫جملہ‬ [dʒʊmlɛ] [dʒʊmlɛ] Arabic Arabic
23 delalet ‫داللت‬ [dɛlɑ:lɛt] [dɛlɑ:lɛt] Arabic Arabic
24 derece ‫درجہ‬ [dɛrɛdʒɛ] [dʌrɛdʒɑ:] Arabic Arabic
25 ders ‫درس‬ [dɛrs] [dɛrs] Arabic Arabic
26 ehemniyet ‫اہمیت‬ [ɛhɛmnɪyɛt] [ɑ:hmɪyʌt] Arabic Arabic
27 emir ‫امیر‬ [ɛmi: r] [ɛmi: r] Arabic Arabic
28 emlak ‫امالک‬ [ɛmlʌk] [ɛmlʌk] Arabic Arabic
29 eşref ‫اشرف‬ [ɛʃrɛf] [ɛʃrɛf] Arabic Arabic
204
30 evvel ‫اول‬ [ɛvvɛl] [ɛvvɛl] Arabic Arabic

31 evveliyat ‫اولیت‬ [ɛvvɛlɪyɑ:t] [ɛvvɛlɪyɑ:t] Arabic Arabic
32 fani ‫فانی‬ [fɑ:ni:] [fɑ:ni:] Arabic Arabic
33 fayda ‫فاعدہ‬ [fʌydʌ] [fʌydʌ] Arabic Arabic
34 felsefe ‫فلسفہ‬ [fɛlsɛfɛ] [fɛlsɛfɛ] Arabic Arabic
35 fena ‫فنا‬ [fɛnɑ:] [fɛnɑ:] Arabic Arabic
36 fert ‫فرد‬ [fɛrt] [fɛrd] Arabic Arabic
37 fesad ‫فساد‬ [fɛsɑ:d] [fɛsɑ:d] Arabic Arabic
38 fitne ‫فتنہ‬ [fɪtnɛ] [fɪtnʌ] Arabic Arabic
39 gaflet ‫غفلت‬ [gʌflɛt] Ghaflat Arabic Arabic
40 gaip ‫غائب‬ [gɑ:ɪp] Gayb Arabic Arabic
41 haber ‫خبر‬ [hʌbɛr] Khabar Arabic Arabic
42 halife ‫خلیفہ‬ [hʌli:fɛ] Khaliifaa Arabic Arabic
43 hayrat ‫خیرات‬ [hʌyrɑ:t] [Kkhʌyrɑ:t] Arabic Arabic
44 ısrar ‫اِصرار‬ [əsrʌr] [əsrʌr] Arabic Arabic
45 icat ‫ایجاد‬ [i:jʌt] [i:jʌd] Arabic Arabic
46 ihsan ‫اِحسان‬ [ɪhsʌn] [ɪhsɑ:n] Arabic Arabic
47 imdat ‫اِمداد‬ [ɪmdʌt] [ɪmdʌd] Arabic Arabic
48 imkan ‫امکان‬ [ɪmkɑ:n] [ɪmkɑ:n] Arabic Arabic
49 imtihan ‫امتحان‬ [ɪmtɪhɑ:n] [ɪmtɪhɑ:n] Arabic Arabic
50 inayet ‫عنایت‬ [ɪnɑ:yɛt] [ɪnɑ:yɛt] Arabic Arabic
51 lanet ‫لعنت‬ [lɑ:nɛt] [lɑ:nɛt] Arabic Arabic
52 lazim ‫الزمی‬ [lɑ:zəm] [lɑ:zmɪ] Arabic Arabic
53 leziz ‫لذیذ‬ [lɛzi:z] [lɛzi:z] Arabic Arabic
54 Lutuf ‫لطف‬ [lʊtu:f] [lʊtf] Arabic Arabic
55 macburi ‫مجبوری‬ [mɛdʒbu:rɪ] [mɛdʒbu:rɪ] Arabic Arabic
56 magrip ‫مغرب‬ [mʌgrɪb] [mʌgrɪb] Arabic Arabic
57 mahluk ‫مخلوق‬ [mʌhlu:k] [mʌkhlu:k] Arabic Arabic
58 mahmur ‫مخمور‬ [mʌhmu:r] [mʌhmu:r] Arabic Arabic
Mahrumiyet ‫محر و میت‬ [mʌhru:mɪyɛt] [mʌhru:mɪyɛt] Arabic Arabic
59
60 mahşer ‫محشر‬ [mʌhʃɛr] [mʌhʃɛr] Arabic Arabic
61 mahsul ‫محصول‬ [mʌhsu:l] [mʌhsu:l] Arabic Arabic
62 mahsus ‫محسوس‬ [mʌhsu:s] [mʌhsu:s] Arabic Arabic
63 mahzen ‫محزن‬ [mʌhzɛn] [mʌhzʌn] Arabic Arabic
64 makam ‫مقام‬ [mʌkɑ:m] [mʌkɑ:m] Arabic Arabic
65 malum ‫معلوم‬ [mɑ:lu:m] [mɑ:lu:m] Arabic Arabic
66 masum ‫معصوم‬ [mɑ:su:m] [mɑ:su:m] Arabic Arabic
67 mecbur ‫مجبور‬ [mɛdʒbu:r] [mɛdʒbu:r] Arabic Arabic
68 medet ‫مدد‬ [mɛdɛt] [mɛdɛd] Arabic Arabic
69 mektup ‫مکتوب‬ [mɛktʊp] [mɛktʊb] Arabic Arabic
70 mucize ‫معجزہ‬ [mu:jɪzɛ] [mu:jzʌ] Arabic Arabic
205
71 müşkül ‫مشکل‬ [muʃkul] [muʃkɪl] Arabic Arabic

72 nabiz ‫نبض‬ [nʌbəz] [nʌbz] Arabic Arabic
73 nakil ‫نقل‬ [nʌkɪl] [nʌkəl] Arabic Arabic
74 nakliye ‫نکیہ‬ [nʌklɪyɛ] [nʌklɪyɑ:] Arabic Arabic
75 nazar ‫نظر‬ [nʌzɑ:r] [nʌzɑ:r] Arabic Arabic
76 nefis ‫نفس‬ [nɛfɪs] [nʌfs] Arabic Arabic
77 nehir ‫نہر‬ [nɛhi:r] [nʌhr] Arabic Arabic
78 nesil ‫نسل‬ [nɛsɪl] [nʌsəl] Arabic Arabic
79 nezle ‫نزلہ‬ [nɛzlɛ] [nɛzlɛ] Arabic Arabic
80 nikah ‫نکاح‬ [nɪkɑ:h] [nɪkɑ:h] Arabic Arabic
81 nisbet ‫نسبت‬ [nɪsbɛt] [nɪsbɛt] Arabic Arabic
82 niyet ‫نیت‬ [nɪyɛt] [nɪyɛt] Arabic Arabic
83 razı ‫راضی‬ [rɑ:zə] [rɑ:zə] Arabic Arabic
84 risale ‫رسالہ‬ [rɪsɑ:lɛ] [rɪsɑ:lʌ] Arabic Arabic
85 ruh ‫روح‬ [rʊh] [rʊh] Arabic Arabic
86 sefer ‫سفر‬ [sɛfɛr] [sɛfɛr] Arabic Arabic
87 sual ‫سوال‬ [sʊɑ:l] [sɒwɑ:l] Arabic Arabic
88 sürahi ‫صراحی‬ [sʊrɑ:hɪ] [sʊrɑ:hɪ] Arabic Arabic
89 şahsiyet ‫شخصیت‬ [ʃʌhsɪyɛt] [ʃʌkhsɪyɛt] Arabic Arabic
90 şehit ‫شہید‬ [ʃɛhit] [ʃɛhid] Arabic Arabic
91 şikayet ‫شکایت‬ [ʃɪkɑ:yɛt] [ʃɪkɑ:yɛt] Arabic Arabic
92 takat ‫طاقت‬ [tɑ:kʌt] [tɑ:kʌt] Arabic Arabic
93 takdir ‫تقدیر‬ [tʌkdɪr] [tʌkdɪr] Arabic Arabic
94 tamam ‫تمام‬ [tʌmɑ:m] [tʌmɑ:m] Arabic Arabic
95 taraf ‫طرف‬ [tʌrʌf] [tʌrʌf] Arabic Arabic
96 temenni ‫تمنا‬ [tɛmɛnnɪ] [tɛmʌnnʌ] Arabic Arabic
97 teselli ‫تسلی‬ [tɛsɛllɪ] [tɛsɛllɪ] Arabic Arabic
98 vaat ‫وعدہ‬ [vʌʌt] [vɑ:dʌ] Arabic Arabic
99 vakit ‫وقت‬ [vʌki:t] [wʌkt] Arabic Arabic
100 vatan ‫وطن‬ [vʌtʌn] [vʌtʌn] Arabic Arabic
101 vefa ‫وفا‬ [vɛfʌ] [wɛfʌ] Arabic Arabic
102 vekil ‫وکیل‬ [vɛkɪl] [wɛkɪl] Arabic Arabic
103 yani ‫یعنی‬ [yɑ:nɪ] [yɑ:nɪ] Arabic Arabic
104 ziyade ‫زیادہ‬ [zɪyɑ:dɛ] [zɪyɑ:dɛ] Arabic Arabic
105 zamane ‫زمانہ‬ [zʌmanɛ] [zʌmanʌ] Arabic Arabic
TABLE 5. TERMS WITH ETYMOLOGY IN PERSIAN LANGUAGE
206
Etymolo Etymology
Turkish Urdu Turkish Urdu gy of of Urdu
Phonetics Phonetics Turkish words
1 afitap ‫آفتاب‬ [ɑ:fɪtʌp] [ɑ:ftʌb] Persian Persian

2 agah ‫آگاہ‬ [ɑ:gɒh] [ɑ:gɑ:h] Persian Persian
3 asuman ‫آسمان‬ [ɑ:sʊmʌn] [ɑ:smɑ:n] Persian Persian
birader ‫برادر‬ [bɪra:dɛr] [bɪra:dɛr] Persian Persian
4
5 bülbül ‫ُبلبل‬ [bʊlbʊl] [bʊlbʊl] Persian Persian
6 çeşme ‫چشمہ‬ [tʃɛʃmɛ] [tʃʌʃmɛ] Persian Persian
7 çünkü ‫چونکہ‬ [tʃʊnkʊ] [tʃu:nkɪ] Persian Persian
8 destan ‫داستان‬ [dɛstɑ:n] [dɛstɑ:n] Persian Persian
9 diğer ‫دیگر‬ [di: ɛr] [di:gɛr] Persian Persian
10 ferman ‫فرمان‬ [fɛrmʌn] [fʌrmʌn] Persian Persian
11 hoş ‫خوش‬ [houʃ] [khʊʃ] Persian Persian
12 hurma ‫خرما‬ [hʊrmʌ] [khʊrmʌ] Persian Persian
13 hüda ‫خدا‬ [hʊdɑ:] [khʊdɑ:] Persian Persian
14 köşe ‫گوشہ‬ [kɜ:ʃɛ] [gɒshʌ] Persian Persian
15 lakin ‫لیکن‬ [lɑ:kɪn] [lɛkɪn] Persian Persian
16 nezaket ‫نزاکت‬ [nɛzɑ:kɛt] [nɛzɑ:kɛt] Persian Persian
17 niyaz ‫نیاز‬ [nɪyɑ:z] [nɪyɑ:z] Persian Persian
18 numune ‫نمونہ‬ [ nʊmu:ne] [ nʊmu:ne] Persian Persian
19 pak ‫پاک‬ [pʌk] [pʌk] Persian Persian
20 pazar ‫بازار‬ [pʌzɑ:r] [bʌzɑ:r] Persian Persian
21 peynir ‫پنیر‬ [peɪni:r] [pʌni:r] Persian Persian
22 renk ‫رنگ‬ [rɛnk] [rɛng] Persian Persian
23 saz ‫ساز‬‎ [sʌz] [sʌz] Persian Persian
24 ser ‫سر‬ [sɛr] [sɛr] Persian Persian
25 sine ‫سینہ‬ [sɪnɛ] [sɪnɛ] Persian Persian
26 sirke ‫سرکہ‬ [sɪrkɛ] [sɪrkɛ] Persian Persian
27 söz ‫سوز‬ [sɜ:z] [sɜ:z] Persian Persian
28 şebnem ‫شبنم‬ [ʃɛbnɛm] [ʃɛbnɛm] Persian Persian
29 şehir ‫شہر‬ [ʃɛhi:r] [ʃɛhr] Persian Persian
şehzade ‫شہزادہ‬ [ʃɛhzɑ:dɛ] [ʃɛhzɑ:dʌ] Persian Persian
30
31 şeker ‫شکر‬ [ʃɛkɛr] [ʃʌkkʌr] Persian Persian
32 şişe ‫شیشہ‬ [ʃɪʃɛ] [ʃɪʃɛ] Persian Persian
33 ümit ‫امید‬ [ʊmi:t] [ʊmi:d] Persian Persian
34 üstâd ‫استاد‬ [ʊstʌd] [ʊstʌd] Persian Persian
35 yar ‫یار‬ [yɑ:r] [yɑ:r] Persian Persian
36 zemin ‫زمین‬ [zɛmɪn] [zʌmɪn] Persian Persian
207
37 zor ‫زور‬ [zɒr] [zɒr] Persian Persian
TABLE 6. TERMS WITH ETYMOLOGY IN TURKISH LANGUAGE
Turkish Urdu Turkish Urdu Etymology of Etymology of

Phonetics Phonetics Turkish terms Urdu terms
1 alev ‫االؤ‬ [ʌlɛv] [ʌloʊ] Turkish Turkish

2 bohça ‫بقچہ‬ [bɒhtʃʌ] [bʊktʃʌ] Turkish Turkish
3 han ‫خان‬ [hʌn] [khʌn] Turkish Turkish
TABLE 7. TERMS WITH ETYMOLOGY IN ARABIC LOANED FROM PERSIAN LANGUAGE
Turkish Urdu Etymology of Etymology of

Urdu
Turkish Phonetics Phonetics Turkish Urdu words
1 belki ‫بلکہ‬ [bɛlkɪ] [bɛlkɪ] Persian- Arabic Persian-Arabic
TABLE 8. TERMS WITH DIFFERING ETYMOLOGY
Turkish Urdu Turkish Urdu Etymology of Etymology of

Phonetics Phonetics Turkish terms Urdu terms
1 emir ‫امر‬ [ɛmɪr] [ʌmr] Arabic Sanskrit

2 Minnet ‫منت‬ [mɪnnɛt] [mənnʌt] Arabic Sanskrit
3 Şahıs ‫ساس‬ [ʃʌhəs] [ʃʌhs] Arabic Sanskrit
Etymology
Turkish Urdu Etymology of
Urdu of Urdu
Turkish Phonetics Phonetics Turkish
words
1 ferah ‫فراخ‬ [fɛrɛh] [fɛrʌkh] Arabic Persian
2.1 Semantic analysis: At this point the synonymy of the terms will be verified:
TABLE 9. SEMANTIC COMPARISONS
208
Turkish Urdu Turkish Urdu Common meaning

Phonetics Phonetics
1 aciz ‫عاجز‬ [ɑ:dʒɪz] [ɑ:dʒɪz] helpless, powerless
2 adi ‫عادی‬ [ɑ:dɪ] [ɑ:dɪ] customary, accustom
3 adil ‫عدل‬ [ɑ:dɪl] [ɑ:dəl] just, fair, impartial
4 afiyet ‫عافیت‬ [ɑ:fɪyɛt] [ɑ:fɪyət] well being
5 afitap ‫آفتاب‬ [ɑ:fɪtʌp] [ɑ:ftʌb] Sun
6 agah ‫آگاہ‬ [ɑ:gɒh] [ɑ:gɑ:h] aware, knowing
ahir ‫آخر‬ [ɑ:hɪr] [ɑ:khɪr] last, coming at the end, final
7
ahval ‫احوال‬ [ahvɑ:l] [ahvɑ:l] conditions, circumstances,
8 consequences
9 akibet ‫عاقبت‬ [ɑ:qɪbɛt] [ɑ:qɪbʌt] Aftermath
10 alem ‫عالم‬ [ɑ:lɛm] [ɑ:lɛm] world, universe
11 alev ‫االؤ‬ [ʌlɛv] [ʌloʊ] blaze, flame
12 amel ‫عمل‬ [ʌmɛl] [ʌmʌl] action, process
13 amele ‫عملہ‬ [ʌmɛlɛ] [ʌmlɑ:] staff, workman
14 arif ‫عارف‬ [ɑ:rɪf] [ɑ:rɪf] Mystic
15 Arş ‫ارض‬ [ʌrʃ] [arz] Earth
16 asuman ‫آسمان‬ [ɑ:sʊmʌn] [ɑ:smɑ:n] Sky
azap ‫عذاب‬ [ʌzɑ:p] [ʌzʌb] torment, anguish, torture
17
18 baki ‫باقی‬ [bɑ:ki:] [bɑ:ki:] Remaining
19 bazı ‫بعض‬ [bɑ:zə] [bɑ:z] some, certain
20 belki ‫بلکہ‬ [bɛlkɪ] [bɛlkɪ] rather, but
21 birader ‫برادر‬ [bɪra:dɛr] [bɪra:dɛr] Brother
2 bohça ‫بقچہ‬ [bɒhtʃʌ] [bʊktʃʌ] pack, bundle
23 bülbül ‫ُبلبل‬ [bʊlbʊl] [bʊlbʊl] Nightingale
24 cellat ‫جالد‬ [dʒɛllʌt] [dʒɛllʌd] Executioner
25 cemaat ‫جماعت‬ [dʒɛmɑ:t] [dʒɛmɑ:t] group, class, society
26 cemiyet ‫جمعیت‬ [dʒɛmɪyɛt] [dʒʌmɪyʌt] Congregation
27 cennet ‫جنت‬ [dʒɛnnɛt] [dʒʌnnʌt] heaven, paradise
28 cerrah ‫جراح‬ [dʒɛrrʌh] [dʒɛrrʌh] Surgeon
29 cumhur ‫جمہور‬ [dʒʊmhu:r] [dʒʊmhu:r] demos, populace
30 cümle ‫جملہ‬ [dʒʊmlɛ] [dʒʊmlɛ] sentence, clause
31 çeşme ‫چشمہ‬ [tʃɛʃmɛ] [tʃʌʃmɛ] spring, fountain
32 çünkü ‫چونکہ‬ [tʃʊnkʊ] [tʃu:nkɪ] Because
33 delalet ‫داللت‬ [dɛlɑ:lɛt] [dɛlɑ:lɛt] mediate, portend
34 derece ‫درجہ‬ [dɛrɛdʒɛ] [dʌrɛdʒɑ:] rank, degree
35 ders ‫درس‬ [dɛrs] [dɛrs] lesson, lecture
36 destan ‫داستان‬ [dɛstɑ:n] [dɛstɑ:n] fable, legend
37 diğer ‫دیگر‬ [di: ɛr] [di:gɛr] Other
38 ehemniyet ‫اہمیت‬ [ɛhɛmnɪyɛt] [ɑ:hmɪyʌt] importance
209
39 emir ‫امر‬ [ɛmɪr] [ʌmr] immortal

40 emir ‫امیر‬ [ɛmi: r] [ɛmi: r] commander
41 emlak ‫امالک‬ [ɛmlʌk] [ɛmlʌk] property, estate
42 eşref ‫اشرف‬ [ɛʃrɛf] [ɛʃrɛf] pre-eminent
43 evvel ‫اول‬ [ɛvvɛl] [ɛvvɛl] first, earliest in time and order
44 evveliyat ‫اولیت‬ [ɛvvɛlɪyɑ:t] [ɛvvɛlɪyɑ:t] priority, antecedence
45 fani ‫فانی‬ [fɑ:ni:] [fɑ:ni:] mortal, transitory
46 fayda ‫فاعدہ‬ [fʌydʌ] [fʌydʌ] benefit, use
47 felsefe ‫فلسفہ‬ [fɛlsɛfɛ] [fɛlsɛfɛ] philosophy
48 fena ‫فنا‬ [fɛnɑ:] [fɛnɑ:] perish
49 ferah ‫فراخ‬ [fɛrɛh] [fɛrʌkh] spacious, richness
50 ferman ‫فرمان‬ [fɛrmʌn] [fʌrmʌn] edict, order, command
51 fert ‫فرد‬ [fɛrt] [fɛrd] person, individual
52 fesad ‫فساد‬ [fɛsɑ:d] [fɛsɑ:d] mischief, instigate
53 fitne ‫فتنہ‬ [fɪtnɛ] [fɪtnʌ] sedition, strife
gaflet ‫غفلت‬ [gʌflɛt] ghaflat heedlessness, inattentiveness
54
55 gaip ‫غائب‬ [gɑ:ɪp] gayb disappear, vanish
56 haber ‫خبر‬ [hʌbɛr] khabar news, information
57 halife ‫خلیفہ‬ [hʌli:fɛ] khaliifaa Caliph
han ‫خان‬ [hʌn] [khʌn] title of rulers and officers in
58 central Asia
59 hayrat ‫خیرات‬ [hʌyrɑ:t] [Kkhʌyrɑ:t] Charity
60 hoş ‫خوش‬ [houʃ] [khʊʃ] please, delight
61 hurma ‫خرما‬ [hʊrmʌ] [khʊrmʌ] Date
62 hüda ‫خدا‬ [hʊdɑ:] [khʊdɑ:] Almighty, God
63 ısrar ‫اِصرار‬ [əsrʌr] [əsrʌr] insistence, persistence
64 icat ‫ایجاد‬ [i:jʌt] [i:jʌd] invention, innovation
65 ihsan ‫اِحسان‬ [ɪhsʌn] [ɪhsɑ:n] Beneficence
66 imdat ‫اِمداد‬ [ɪmdʌt] [ɪmdʌd] help, aid
67 imkan ‫امکان‬ [ɪmkɑ:n] [ɪmkɑ:n] possibility, chance
68 imtihan ‫امتحان‬ [ɪmtɪhɑ:n] [ɪmtɪhɑ:n] test, examination
69 inayet ‫عنایت‬ [ɪnɑ:yɛt] [ɪnɑ:yɛt] grace, kindness
70 köşe ‫گوشہ‬ [kɜ:ʃɛ] [gɒshʌ] corner, angle
71 lakin ‫لیکن‬ [lɑ:kɪn] [lɛkɪn] however, but, yet
72 Lanet ‫لعنت‬ [lɑ:nɛt] [lɑ:nɛt] Curse
Lazim ‫الزمی‬ [lɑ:zəm] [lɑ:zmɪ] necessary, compulsory,
73 essential
74 leziz ‫لذیذ‬ [lɛzi:z] [lɛzi:z] tasty, delicious
75 Lutuf ‫لطف‬ [lʊtu:f] [lʊtf] Enjoy
76 macburi ‫مجبوری‬ [mɛdʒbu:rɪ] [mɛdʒbu:rɪ] compulsory, obligatory,
77 magrip ‫مغرب‬ [mʌgrɪb] [mʌgrɪb] West
210
78 mahluk ‫مخلوق‬ [mʌhlu:k] [mʌkhlu:k] Creature

79 mahmur ‫مخمور‬ [mʌhmu:r] [mʌhmu:r] sleepy, drowsy
mahrumiyet ‫محر و‬ [mʌhru:mɪyɛ [mʌhru:mɪyɛt] Deprivation
80 ‫میت‬ t]
81 mahşer ‫محشر‬ [mʌhʃɛr] [mʌhʃɛr] the last judgement, huge crowd
82 mahsul ‫محصول‬ [mʌhsu:l] [mʌhsu:l] result, product
mahsus ‫محسوس‬ [mʌhsu:s] [mʌhsu:s] especial, reserved for,
83 especially
84 mahzen ‫محزن‬ [mʌhzɛn] [mʌhzʌn] celler, granary
85 makam ‫مقام‬ [mʌkɑ:m] [mʌkɑ:m] position, rank
86 malum ‫معلوم‬ [mɑ:lu:m] [mɑ:lu:m] Know
87 masum ‫معصوم‬ [mɑ:su:m] [mɑ:su:m] Innocent
mecbur ‫مجبور‬ [mɛdʒbu:r] [mɛdʒbu:r] compelled, helpless,
88
89 medet ‫مدد‬ [mɛdɛt] [mɛdɛd] help—assistance
90 mektup ‫مکتوب‬ [mɛktʊp] [mɛktʊb] Letter
2 minnet ‫منت‬ [mɪnnɛt] [mənnʌt] a vow, a promise
92 mucize ‫معجزہ‬ [mu:jɪzɛ] [mu:jzʌ] Miracle
93 müşkül ‫مشکل‬ [muʃkul] [muʃkɪl] Difficult
94 Nabiz ‫نبض‬ [nʌbəz] [nʌbz] Pulse
95 Nakil ‫نقل‬ [nʌkɪl] [nʌkəl] cheating, copying, transfer
96 nakliye ‫نکیہ‬ [nʌklɪyɛ] [nʌklɪyɑ:] transport, means of transport
97 Nazar ‫نظر‬ [nʌzɑ:r] [nʌzɑ:r] look, glance
98 Nefis ‫نفس‬ [nɛfɪs] [nʌfs] self, essence, one desire
99 Nehir ‫نہر‬ [nɛhi:r] [nʌhr] Canal
100 Nesil ‫نسل‬ [nɛsɪl] [nʌsəl] Generation
101 nezaket ‫نزاکت‬ [nɛzɑ:kɛt] [nɛzɑ:kɛt] Politeness
102 Nezle ‫نزلہ‬ [nɛzlɛ] [nɛzlɛ] Flu
103 Nikah ‫نکاح‬ [nɪkɑ:h] [nɪkɑ:h] civil wedding, marriage
104 Nisbet ‫نسبت‬ [nɪsbɛt] [nɪsbɛt] Proportion
105 Niyaz ‫نیاز‬ [nɪyɑ:z] [nɪyɑ:z] supplication, entreaty
106 Niyet ‫نیت‬ [nɪyɛt] [nɪyɛt] intention, purpose, aim
107 numune ‫نمونہ‬ [ nʊmu:ne] [ nʊmu:ne] model, sample
108 pak ‫پاک‬ [pʌk] [pʌk] Pure
109 pazar ‫بازار‬ [pʌzɑ:r] [bʌzɑ:r] Market
110 peynir ‫پنیر‬ [peɪni:r] [pʌni:r] Cheese
111 razı ‫راضی‬ [rɑ:zə] [rɑ:zə] agree / accede
112 renk ‫رنگ‬ [rɛnk] [rɛng] color, complexion
113 risale ‫رسالہ‬ [rɪsɑ:lɛ] [rɪsɑ:lʌ] a squadron--a magazine
114 ruh ‫روح‬ [rʊh] [rʊh] Soul
115 saz ‫ساز‬‎ [sʌz] [sʌz] a musical instrument
116 sefer ‫سفر‬ [sɛfɛr] [sɛfɛr] journey, voyage
211
117 ser ‫سر‬ [sɛr] [sɛr] head (body part)

118 sine ‫سینہ‬ [sɪnɛ] [sɪnɛ] chest, breast
119 sirke ‫سرکہ‬ [sɪrkɛ] [sɪrkɛ] Vinegar
120 söz ‫سوز‬ [sɜ:z] [sɜ:z] burning, heat, passion
121 sual ‫سوال‬ [sʊɑ:l] [sɒwɑ:l] Question
sürahi ‫صراحی‬ [sʊrɑ:hɪ] [sʊrɑ:hɪ] a goblet, long neck flask
122
123 şahıs ‫ساس‬ [ʃʌhəs] [ʃʌhs] mother-in-law
124 şahsiyet ‫شخصیت‬ [ʃʌhsɪyɛt] [ʃʌkhsɪyɛt] Personality
125 şebnem ‫شبنم‬ [ʃɛbnɛm] [ʃɛbnɛm] Dew
126 şehir ‫شہر‬ [ʃɛhi:r] [ʃɛhr] City
127 şehit ‫شہید‬ [ʃɛhit] [ʃɛhid] martyr
128 şehzade ‫شہزادہ‬ [ʃɛhzɑ:dɛ] [ʃɛhzɑ:dʌ] prince
129 şeker ‫شکر‬ [ʃɛkɛr] [ʃʌkkʌr] sweet
130 şikayet ‫شکایت‬ [ʃɪkɑ:yɛt] [ʃɪkɑ:yɛt] complain
131 Şişe ‫شیشہ‬ [ʃɪʃɛ] [ʃɪʃɛ] Glass
132 takat ‫طاقت‬ [tɑ:kʌt] [tɑ:kʌt] strength
133 takdir ‫تقدیر‬ [tʌkdɪr] [tʌkdɪr] destiny
134 tamam ‫تمام‬ [tʌmɑ:m] [tʌmɑ:m] ready; complete; finished
135 taraf ‫طرف‬ [tʌrʌf] [tʌrʌf] side, direction
136 temenni ‫تمنا‬ [tɛmɛnnɪ] [tɛmʌnnʌ] heartfelt wish, earnest desire
137 teselli ‫تسلی‬ [tɛsɛllɪ] [tɛsɛllɪ] consolation, comfort, solace

138 ümit ‫امید‬ [ʊmi:t] [ʊmi:d] hope, expectation
139 üstâd ‫استاد‬ [ʊstʌd] [ʊstʌd] Teacher, master
140 vaat ‫وعدہ‬ [vʌʌt] [vɑ:dʌ] promise
141 vakit ‫وقت‬ [vʌki:t] [wʌkt] Time
142 vatan ‫وطن‬ [vʌtʌn] [vʌtʌn] native country
143 Vefa ‫وفا‬ [vɛfʌ] [wɛfʌ] sincerity, fulfilling a promise
144 vekil ‫وکیل‬ [vɛkɪl] [wɛkɪl] Lawyer
145 yani ‫یعنی‬ [yɑ:nɪ] [yɑ:nɪ] I mean, in other words
146 Yar ‫یار‬ [yɑ:r] [yɑ:r] Friend
147 ziyade ‫زیادہ‬ [zɪyɑ:dɛ] [zɪyɑ:dɛ] Much
148 zamane ‫زمانہ‬ [zʌmanɛ] [zʌmanʌ] Today
149 zemin ‫زمین‬ [zɛmɪn] [zʌmɪn] land, floor
150 zor ‫زور‬ [zɒr] [zɒr] pressure, force
a. Phonetic analysis.
The phonetic analysis will be performed through the Levenshtein algorithm which indicates the difference
between two strings. The following diagram illustrates the algorithm:
212
TABLE 10. LEVENSHTEIN ALGORITHM12
TABLE 11. Terms with 0 Levenshtein distance
Turkish Urdu
Turkish Urdu Distance
Phonetics Phonetics
1 aciz ‫عاجز‬ [ɑ:dʒɪz] [ɑ:dʒɪz] 0
2 adi ‫عادی‬ [ɑ:dɪ] [ɑ:dɪ] 0
3 ahval ‫احوال‬ [ahvɑ:l] [ahvɑ:l] 0
4 alem ‫عالم‬ [ɑ:lɛm] [ɑ:lɛm] 0
5 arif ‫عارف‬ [ɑ:rɪf] [ɑ:rɪf] 0
6 baki ‫باقی‬ [bɑ:ki:] [bɑ:ki:] 0
7 belki ‫بلکہ‬ [bɛlkɪ] [bɛlkɪ] 0
8 birader ‫برادر‬ [bɪra:dɛr] [bɪra:dɛr] 0
9 bülbül ‫ُبلبل‬ [bʊlbʊl] [bʊlbʊl] 0
10 cemaat ‫جماعت‬ [dʒɛmɑ:t] [dʒɛmɑ:t] 0
11 cerrah ‫جراح‬ [dʒɛrrʌh] [dʒɛrrʌh] 0
12 cumhur ‫جمہور‬ [dʒʊmhu:r] [dʒʊmhu:r] 0
13 cümle ‫جملہ‬ [dʒʊmlɛ] [dʒʊmlɛ] 0
14 delalet ‫داللت‬ [dɛlɑ:lɛt] [dɛlɑ:lɛt] 0
15 ders ‫درس‬ [dɛrs] [dɛrs] 0
16 destan ‫داستان‬ [dɛstɑ:n] [dɛstɑ:n] 0
17 emir ‫امیر‬ [ɛmi: r] [ɛmi: r] 0
18 emlak ‫امالک‬ [ɛmlʌk] [ɛmlʌk] 0
213
19 eşref ‫اشرف‬ [ɛʃrɛf] [ɛʃrɛf] 0

20 evvel ‫اول‬ [ɛvvɛl] [ɛvvɛl] 0
21 evveliyat ‫اولیت‬ [ɛvvɛlɪyɑ:t] [ɛvvɛlɪyɑ:t] 0
22 fani ‫فانی‬ [fɑ:ni:] [fɑ:ni:] 0
23 Fayda ‫فاعدہ‬ [fʌydʌ] [fʌydʌ] 0
24 felsefe ‫فلسفہ‬ [fɛlsɛfɛ] [fɛlsɛfɛ] 0
25 fena ‫فنا‬ [fɛnɑ:] [fɛnɑ:] 0
26 fesad ‫فساد‬ [fɛsɑ:d] [fɛsɑ:d] 0
27 gaflet ‫غفلت‬ [gʌflɛt] ghaflat 0
28 ısrar ‫اِصرار‬ [əsrʌr] [əsrʌr] 0
29 imkan ‫امکان‬ [ɪmkɑ:n] [ɪmkɑ:n] 0
30 imtihan ‫امتحان‬ [ɪmtɪhɑ:n] [ɪmtɪhɑ:n] 0
31 inayet ‫عنایت‬ [ɪnɑ:yɛt] [ɪnɑ:yɛt] 0
32 lanet ‫لعنت‬ [lɑ:nɛt] [lɑ:nɛt] 0
33 leziz ‫لذیذ‬ [lɛzi:z] [lɛzi:z] 0
34 macburi ‫مجبوری‬ [mɛdʒbu:rɪ] [mɛdʒbu:rɪ] 0
35 magrip ‫مغرب‬ [mʌgrɪb] [mʌgrɪb] 0
36 mahmur ‫مخمور‬ [mʌhmu:r] [mʌhmu:r] 0
37 mahrumiyet ‫محر و میت‬ [mʌhru:mɪyɛt] [mʌhru:mɪyɛt] 0
38 mahşer ‫محشر‬ [mʌhʃɛr] [mʌhʃɛr] 0
39 mahsul ‫محصول‬ [mʌhsu:l] [mʌhsu:l] 0
40 mahsus ‫محسوس‬ [mʌhsu:s] [mʌhsu:s] 0
41 makam ‫مقام‬ [mʌkɑ:m] [mʌkɑ:m] 0
42 malum ‫معلوم‬ [mɑ:lu:m] [mɑ:lu:m] 0
43 masum ‫معصوم‬ [mɑ:su:m] [mɑ:su:m] 0
44 mecbur ‫مجبور‬ [mɛdʒbu:r] [mɛdʒbu:r] 0
45 Nazar ‫نظر‬ [nʌzɑ:r] [nʌzɑ:r] 0
46 Nezaket ‫نزاکت‬ [nɛzɑ:kɛt] [nɛzɑ:kɛt] 0
47 Nezle ‫نزلہ‬ [nɛzlɛ] [nɛzlɛ] 0
48 Nikah ‫نکاح‬ [nɪkɑ:h] [nɪkɑ:h] 0
49 Nisbet ‫نسبت‬ [nɪsbɛt] [nɪsbɛt] 0
50 Niyaz ‫نیاز‬ [nɪyɑ:z] [nɪyɑ:z] 0
51 Niyet ‫نیت‬ [nɪyɛt] [nɪyɛt] 0
52 Numune ‫نمونہ‬ [ nʊmu:ne] [ nʊmu:ne] 0
53 Pak ‫پاک‬ [pʌk] [pʌk] 0
54 razı ‫راضی‬ [rɑ:zə] [rɑ:zə] 0
55 Ruh ‫روح‬ [rʊh] [rʊh] 0
56 Saz ‎
‫ساز‬ [sʌz] [sʌz] 0
57 sefer ‫سفر‬ [sɛfɛr] [sɛfɛr] 0
58 Ser ‫سر‬ [sɛr] [sɛr] 0
59 Sine ‫سینہ‬ [sɪnɛ] [sɪnɛ] 0
214
60 Sirke ‫سرکہ‬ [sɪrkɛ] [sɪrkɛ] 0

61 Söz ‫سوز‬ [sɜ:z] [sɜ:z] 0
62 Sürahi ‫صراحی‬ [sʊrɑ:hɪ] [sʊrɑ:hɪ] 0
63 Şebnem ‫شبنم‬ [ʃɛbnɛm] [ʃɛbnɛm] 0
64 Şikayet ‫شکایت‬ [ʃɪkɑ:yɛt] [ʃɪkɑ:yɛt] 0
65 Şişe ‫شیشہ‬ [ʃɪʃɛ] [ʃɪʃɛ] 0
66 takat ‫طاقت‬ [tɑ:kʌt] [tɑ:kʌt] 0
67 takdir ‫تقدیر‬ [tʌkdɪr] [tʌkdɪr] 0
68 tamam ‫تمام‬ [tʌmɑ:m] [tʌmɑ:m] 0
69 taraf ‫طرف‬ [tʌrʌf] [tʌrʌf] 0
70 teselli ‫تسلی‬ [tɛsɛllɪ] [tɛsɛllɪ] 0
71 üstâd ‫استاد‬ [ʊstʌd] [ʊstʌd] 0
72 Vatan ‫وطن‬ [vʌtʌn] [vʌtʌn] 0
73 yani ‫یعنی‬ [yɑ:nɪ] [yɑ:nɪ] 0
74 Yar ‫یار‬ [yɑ:r] [yɑ:r] 0
75 ziyade ‫زیادہ‬ [zɪyɑ:dɛ] [zɪyɑ:dɛ] 0
76 zor ‫زور‬ [zɒr] [zɒr] 0
TABLE 12. Terms with Levenshtein distance 1
Turkish Urdu
Phonetics Phonetics
1 adil ‫عدل‬ [ɑ:dɪl] [ɑ:dəl] 1
2 afiyet ‫عافیت‬ [ɑ:fɪyɛt] [ɑ:fɪyət] 1
3 agah ‫آگاہ‬ [ɑ:gɒh] [ɑ:gɑ:h] 1
4 ahir ‫آخر‬ [ɑ:hɪr] [ɑ:khɪr] 1
5 akibet ‫عاقبت‬ [ɑ:qɪbɛt] [ɑ:qɪbʌt] 1
6 amel ‫عمل‬ [ʌmɛl] [ʌmʌl] 1
7 Arş ‫ارض‬ [ʌrʃ] [arz] 1
8 cellat ‫جالد‬ [dʒɛllʌt] [dʒɛllʌd] 1
9 çeşme ‫چشمہ‬ [tʃɛʃmɛ] [tʃʌʃmɛ] 1
10 diğer ‫دیگر‬ [di: ɛr] [di:gɛr] 1
11 ferah ‫فراخ‬ [fɛrɛh] [fɛrʌkh] 1
12 ferman ‫فرمان‬ [fɛrmʌn] [fʌrmʌn] 1
13 fert ‫فرد‬ [fɛrt] [fɛrd] 1
14 fitne ‫فتنہ‬ [fɪtnɛ] [fɪtnʌ] 1
15 haber ‫خبر‬ [hʌbɛr] [khʌbɛr] 1
16 han ‫خان‬ [hʌn] [khʌn] 1
17 hayrat ‫خیرات‬ [hʌyrɑ:t] [Kkhʌyrɑ:t] 1
18 hurma ‫خرما‬ [hʊrmʌ] [khʊrmʌ] 1
19 hüda ‫خدا‬ [hʊdɑ:] [khʊdɑ:] 1
215
20 icat ‫ایجاد‬ [i:jʌt] [i:jʌd] 1

21 ihsan ‫اِحسان‬ [ɪhsʌn] [ɪhsɑ:n] 1
22 imdat ‫اِمداد‬ [ɪmdʌt] [ɪmdʌd] 1
23 lakin ‫لیکن‬ [lɑ:kɪn] [lɛkɪn] 1
24 Lutuf ‫لطف‬ [lʊtu:f] [lʊtf] 1
25 mahluk ‫مخلوق‬ [mʌhlu:k] [mʌkhlu:k] 1
26 mahzen ‫محزن‬ [mʌhzɛn] [mʌhzʌn] 1
27 medet ‫مدد‬ [mɛdɛt] [mɛdɛd] 1
28 mektup ‫مکتوب‬ [mɛktʊp] [mɛktʊb] 1
29 müşkül ‫مشکل‬ [muʃkul] [muʃkɪl] 1
30 Nabiz ‫نبض‬ [nʌbəz] [nʌbz] 1
31 Nakil ‫نقل‬ [nʌkɪl] [nʌkəl] 1
32 nakliye ‫نکیہ‬ [nʌklɪyɛ] [nʌklɪyɑ:] 1
33 pazar ‫بازار‬ [pʌzɑ:r] [bʌzɑ:r] 1
34 peynir ‫پنیر‬ [peɪni:r] [pʌni:r] 1
35 renk ‫رنگ‬ [rɛnk] [rɛng] 1
36 Risale ‫رسالہ‬ [rɪsɑ:lɛ] [rɪsɑ:lʌ] 1
37 Şahıs ‫ساس‬ [ʃʌhəs] [ʃʌhs] 1
38 şahsiyet ‫شخصیت‬ [ʃʌhsɪyɛt] [ʃʌkhsɪyɛt] 1
39 Şehir ‫شہر‬ [ʃɛhi:r] [ʃɛhr] 1
40 Şehit ‫شہید‬ [ʃɛhit] [ʃɛhid] 1
41 şehzade ‫شہزادہ‬ [ʃɛhzɑ:dɛ] [ʃɛhzɑ:dʌ] 1
42 ümit ‫امید‬ [ʊmi:t] [ʊmi:d] 1
43 Vefa ‫وفا‬ [vɛfʌ] [wɛfʌ] 1
44 vekil ‫وکیل‬ [vɛkɪl] [wɛkɪl] 1
45 zamane ‫زمانہ‬ [zʌmanɛ] [zʌmanʌ] 1
46 zemin ‫زمین‬ [zɛmɪn] [zʌmɪn] 1
TABLE 13. Terms with distance 2
Turkish Urdu
Phonetics Phonetics
1 alev ‫االؤ‬ [ʌlɛv] [ʌloʊ] 2
2 amele ‫عملہ‬ [ʌmɛlɛ] [ʌmlɑ:] 2
3 asuman ‫آسمان‬ [ɑ:sʊmʌn] [ɑ:smɑ:n] 2
4 azap ‫عذاب‬ [ʌzɑ:p] [ʌzʌb] 2
5 bazı ‫بعض‬ [bɑ:zə] [bɑ:z] 2
6 bohça ‫بقچہ‬ [bɒhtʃʌ] [bʊktʃʌ] 2
7 cemiyet ‫جمعیت‬ [dʒɛmɪyɛt] [dʒʌmɪyʌt] 2
8 cennet ‫جنت‬ [dʒɛnnɛt] [dʒʌnnʌt] 2
9 çünkü ‫چونکہ‬ [tʃʊnkʊ] [tʃu:nkɪ] 2
10 derece ‫درجہ‬ [dɛrɛdʒɛ] [dʌrɛdʒɑ:] 2
216
11 emir ‫امر‬ [ɛmɪr] [ʌmr] 2

12 gaip ‫غائب‬ [gɑ:ɪp] Gayb 2
13 halife ‫خلیفہ‬ [hʌli:fɛ] Khaliifaa 2
14 hoş ‫خوش‬ [houʃ] [khʊʃ] 2
15 Lazim ‫الزمی‬ [lɑ:zəm] [lɑ:zmɪ] 2
16 minnet ‫منت‬ [mɪnnɛt] [mənnʌt] 2
17 mucize ‫معجزہ‬ [mu:jɪzɛ] [mu:jzʌ] 2
18 Nefis ‫نفس‬ [nɛfɪs] [nʌfs] 2
19 Nehir ‫نہر‬ [nɛhi:r] [nʌhr] 2
20 Nesil ‫نسل‬ [nɛsɪl] [nʌsəl] 2
21 Sual ‫سوال‬ [sʊɑ:l] [sɒwɑ:l] 2
22 şeker ‫شکر‬ [ʃɛkɛr] [ʃʌkkʌr] 2
23 temenni ‫تمنا‬ [tɛmɛnnɪ] [tɛmʌnnʌ] 2
24 Vakit ‫وقت‬ [vʌki:t] [wʌkt] 2

Turkish Urdu
Phonetics Phonetics
1 afitap ‫آفتاب‬ [ɑ:fɪtʌp] [ɑ:ftʌb] 3
2 köşe ‫گوشہ‬ [kɜ:ʃɛ] [gɒshʌ] 3
3 vaat ‫وعدہ‬ [vʌʌt] [vɑ:dʌ] 3
Turkish Urdu
Phonetics Phonetics
1 ehemniyet ‫اہمیت‬ [ɛhɛmnɪyɛt] [ɑ:hmɪyʌt] 4
4. ANALYSIS OF THE RESULTS:
1. ETYMOLOGYCAL ASPECTS.
The etymological analysis of the 150 terms yielded the following results:
TABLE 17. COMPLETE ETYMOLOGY
SETS WITH ETYM. IN ARABIC 106

SETS WITH ETYM. IN PERSIAN 37
217
SETS WITH ETYM. TURKISH 3

SETS WITH DIFF. ETYM. 4
Of the 150 sets of terms 106 sets present etymology in Arabic language. 37 sets present etymology in
Persian language. 3 sets present etymology in Turkish language and 1 set presents etymology in Arabic
language and arrived in Turkish and Urdu through Persian language (as discussed before Persian language
itself had received numerous loanwords from Arabic language) , 4 sets present differing etymologies.
2.1 Semantic analysis. Definitions were compared in order to find out if the sets are synonymic or not. The
analysis returned synonymy in the 150 sets.
2.2 Phonetic analysis. The forms in which Turkish and Urdu are written, are without any doubt completely
different. While Turkish utilizes Latin script, Urdu utilizes Arabic-Persian script, Nastaliq style. For this
reason the pairs do not share any orthographic characteristics. The form was then analyzed through the
phonetics of both languages. The string comparison was performed through the Levenshtein algorithm, in
order to find out how different the sets are from each other.
TABLE 18. COMPLETE LEVENSHTEIN DISTANCE OR STRING SIMILARITY ANALYSIS
SETS WITH L.D. 0 76

SETS WITH L.D. 1 46
SETS WITH L.D. 2 24
SETS WITH L.D. 3 3
SETS WITH L.D. 4 1
5. CONCLUSION:
Large percentages of vocabulary of Urdu and Turkish languages derive from Arabic and Persian. A sample
of shared vocabulary was extracted in order to reveal whether the similar sets were loanwords or rather
cognates. The etymological analysis revealed common etymology of Arabic in 106 of the sets, a common
etymology in Persian in 37 of the sets. The terms in both languages were borrowed by Turkish and Urdu
due to the geopolitical situation of the time. Three of the analyzed sets came directly into Urdu from
218
Turkish. 1 set with etymology in Arabic was taken by Turkish and Urdu through Persian language. Four sets
present differing etymologies in both languages.
The study has identified the terms as loanwords or borrowings, due mainly to the fact that Turkish and
Urdu do not belong to the same family of languages. This fact rules out the possibility of inheritance from
an ancestor language from which Turkish and Urdu could have been derived. The second factor when
considering the identification of language borrowings or loanwords is the language contact situation present
in both countries in the past.
In terms of semantics all the sets share common meanings. This means that the terms did not adopt other
meanings when they were borrowed and are in fact synonymic.
The string phonetic analysis revealed 76 sets with identical pronunciation in Turkish and Urdu. 46 sets
present only one difference in the string analysis, that is, a minor phonetic difference. 24 sets present 2
differences in sound in the string analysis, 3 sets present 3 differences and 1 set 4 differences. This means
81% of the sets present no difference or a slight difference, indicating none or slight evolution in both
languages after the term was borrowed.
The fact that the terms have survived in the recipient languages after so many years and planned linguistic
attempts to rid the languages of these borrowings indicate that the terms have become an integral part of
the recipient languages and are still utilized to this day. The identified terms will assist Turkish students of
Urdu and Pakistani students of Turkish language with vocabulary acquisition.
219
6. END NOTES
1
Lewis, M. Paul (2009) Ethnologue: Languages of the World. Seventeenth edition. Dallas, Tex.: SIL
International. http://www.ethnologue.com/language/tur
2
Table created with information from: Dryer, Matthew S. & Haspelmath, Martin (eds.) 2013. The World
Atlas of Language Structures Online. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.
(Available online at http://wals.info, Accessed on 2014-03-14
3
Lewis, Geoffrey (1999) The Turkish Language Reform. A Catastrophic Success. New York: Oxford University
Press. Pp.2
4
Ibid. Pp.6
5
Lewis, M. Paul (2009) Ethnologue: Languages of the World. Seventeenth edition. Dallas, Tex.: SIL
International. http://www.ethnologue.com/language/urd
6
Cia World Facts https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-worldfactbook/geos/pk.html
7
Dowson, J. (1908): A Grammar of the Urdu or Hindustani Language. London, Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner
& Co. Pp. 18.
8
Maldonado García, María Isabel (2013) Comparación del Léxico Básico del Español, el Inglés y el Urdu.
Doctoral Thesis. Madrid: UNED. Pp. 501.
9
Ibid. Pp. 127.
10
Whitley, M.S. (2002) Spanish/English Contrasts: A Course In Spanish Linguistics. Second Edition.
Washington, Dc. Georgetown University Press. Pp. 305.
11
Holmes, J. & Ramos, R. (1993) False Friends And Reckless Guessers: Observing Cognate Recognition Strategies.
T. Huckin, M. Haynes, & J. Coady. Second Language Reading And Vocabulary Learning. Norwood, NJ:
Ablex. Pp. 88
12
Haspelmath, Martin & Tadmor, Uri (2009) Loanwords in the World's Languages: A Comparative
Handbook. Berlin. Germany: De Gruyter Mouton. Pp. 35-54.
13
Hock, Hans Henrich & Joseph Brian D. (1996) Language history, language change, and language
relationship. Berlin/New York: Mouton de Gruyter. Pp. 257.
14
Thomason, Sarah Grey (2001) Language Contact. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press.
Pp. 72.
15
Haspelmath, Martin & Tadmor, Uri (2009) Loanwords in the World's Languages: A Comparative
Handbook. Berlin. Germany: De Gruyter Mouton. Pp. 35-54.
220
16
Thurgood, Graham (1999) From ancient Cham to modern dialects: two thousand years of language contact and
change. Honolulu: University of Hawai’s press. Pp. 44-45.
17
Maldonado García, María I. (2013) Estudio Etimológico de Cuatro Pares de Cognados en Español y Urdu.
Revista Iberoamericana de Lingüística. Vol.8. Valladolid. Pp. 64.
18
Etymology of Turkish terms. Nişanyan, Sevan (1995) Türkçe Etimolojik S www.nisanyansozluk.com.
Etymology of Urdu terms. Urdu Dictionary (2011) Urdu Encyclopedia. Islamabad, Ministry of Science and
Technology. http://www.urduencyclopedia.org/urdudictionary/
Etymology of Persian terms. Nourai, Ali (2013) An Etymological Dictionary Of Persian , English and other
Indo-European Languages. Exlibris Corporation. USA.
19
Levenshtein, V. I. (1966) Binary codes capable of correcting deletions, insertions, and reversals. Akademii
Nauk. Moscow, Soviet Physics Doklady. Pp. 708-709.
221
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COMMON VOCABULARY IN URDU AND TURKISH LANGUAGES. A CASE OF

Article · July 2014

Eurasian Journal of Humanities View project

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___________________María Isabel Maldonado García

TABLE 1. ALTAIC LANGUAGES- TURKISH2

TABLE 2. INDOEUROPEAN LANGUAGES -URDU8

1. IDENTIFICATION OF THE TURKISH-URDU SETS.

3. INTERLINGUAL SYNONYMY RELATED ASPECTS.

a. There is no difference in phonetics.

1. IDENTIFICATION OF THE TURKISH-URDU SETS.

The list of terms is as follows:

TABLE 3. LIST OF TERMS WITH PHONETIC EQUIVALENCE

Turkish Urdu Turkish Urdu Phonetics

27 cennet ‫جنت‬ [dʒɛnnɛt] [dʒʌnnʌt]

69 inayet ‫عنایت‬ [ɪnɑ:yɛt] [ɪnɑ:yɛt]

111 razı ‫راضی‬ [rɑ:zə] [rɑ:zə]

TABLE 4. TERMS WITH ETYMOLOGY IN ARABIC LANGUAGE

Turkish Urdu Turkish Urdu Etymol Etymol

30 evvel ‫اول‬ [ɛvvɛl] [ɛvvɛl] Arabic Arabic

71 müşkül ‫مشکل‬ [muʃkul] [muʃkɪl] Arabic Arabic

TABLE 5. TERMS WITH ETYMOLOGY IN PERSIAN LANGUAGE

1 afitap ‫آفتاب‬ [ɑ:fɪtʌp] [ɑ:ftʌb] Persian Persian

37 zor ‫زور‬ [zɒr] [zɒr] Persian Persian

TABLE 6. TERMS WITH ETYMOLOGY IN TURKISH LANGUAGE

Turkish Urdu Turkish Urdu Etymology of Etymology of

1 alev ‫االؤ‬ [ʌlɛv] [ʌloʊ] Turkish Turkish

TABLE 7. TERMS WITH ETYMOLOGY IN ARABIC LOANED FROM PERSIAN LANGUAGE

Turkish Urdu Etymology of Etymology of

TABLE 8. TERMS WITH DIFFERING ETYMOLOGY

Turkish Urdu Turkish Urdu Etymology of Etymology of

1 emir ‫امر‬ [ɛmɪr] [ʌmr] Arabic Sanskrit

3. INTERLINGUAL SYNONYMY RELATED ASPECTS.

TABLE 9. SEMANTIC COMPARISONS

Turkish Urdu Turkish Urdu Common meaning

39 emir ‫امر‬ [ɛmɪr] [ʌmr] immortal

78 mahluk ‫مخلوق‬ [mʌhlu:k] [mʌkhlu:k] Creature

117 ser ‫سر‬ [sɛr] [sɛr] head (body part)

137 teselli ‫تسلی‬ [tɛsɛllɪ] [tɛsɛllɪ] consolation, comfort, solace

TABLE 10. LEVENSHTEIN ALGORITHM12

TABLE 11. Terms with 0 Levenshtein distance

19 eşref ‫اشرف‬ [ɛʃrɛf] [ɛʃrɛf] 0

60 Sirke ‫سرکہ‬ [sɪrkɛ] [sɪrkɛ] 0

TABLE 12. Terms with Levenshtein distance 1

20 icat ‫ایجاد‬ [i:jʌt] [i:jʌd] 1

TABLE 13. Terms with distance 2

11 emir ‫امر‬ [ɛmɪr] [ʌmr] 2

TABLE 14. Terms with distance 3

TABLE 15. Terms with distance 4

4. ANALYSIS OF THE RESULTS:

TABLE 17. COMPLETE ETYMOLOGY

SETS WITH ETYM. IN ARABIC 106

SETS WITH ETYM. TURKISH 3

2. INTERLINGUAL SYNONYMY RELATED ASPECTS.

TABLE 18. COMPLETE LEVENSHTEIN DISTANCE OR STRING SIMILARITY ANALYSIS

SETS WITH L.D. 0 76

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