International Conference on Science and Engineering for Sustainable Development (ICSESD-2017) (www.jit.org.

in)
International Journal of Advanced Engineering, Management and Science (IJAEMS) Special Issue-2
https://dx.doi.org/10.24001/ijaems.icsesd2017.95 ISSN : 2454-1311

Load-flow Analysis of Distribution systems using

ETAP
Chandan S. Kamble1, Prof. Rajni Rewatkar2

Assistant Professor, Priyadarshini College of Engineering, Nagpur

1
E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract—Power is essentially required for the overcome the problem of an under voltage. The results are
development of any country. To maintain the generation based on actual data received from 132 kV Hingna II
of electric power at adequate level the power has to be substation.
transmitted in proper form and quality to the consumer. Keyword— Load Flow,ETAP software, reactive power ,
Open access transmission has created a deregulated Buses, voltage profile.
power market and brought new challenges to system
planning. This paper proposes a new method to compute I. INTRODUCTION
a probabilistic load flow in extensive power systems for The Power Station Load Flow Analysis
the purpose of using it as a quick screening tool to program calculates the bus voltages, branch power
determine the major investment on improving factors, currents, and power flows throughout the
transmission system inadequacy. electrical system. The program allows for swing,
This research paper deals with the simulation of 132 kV voltage regulated, and unregulated power sources with
substation in Electrical Transient Analyzer Program multiple utility and generator connections. It handles
(ETAP) with detailed load flow analysis and also to both radial and loop systems.

Table 1.1:-Load flow studies

The Display Options section explains what II. Load Flow Using Electrical Transient
options are available for displaying some key system Analyzer Program (ETAP)
parameters and the output results on the one-line ETAP Load Flow software performs power flow analysis
diagram, and how to set them. The Load Flow and voltage drop calculations with accurate and reliable
Calculation Methods section shows formulations of results. Built-in features like automatic equipment
different load flow calculation methods. Comparisons evaluation, alerts and warnings summary, load flow result
on their rate of convergence, improving convergence analyzer, and intelligent graphics make it the most
based on different system parameters and efficient electrical power flow analysis tool available
configurations, and some tips on selecting an today.
appropriate calculation method are also found in this ETAP load flow calculation program calculates bus
section. The Required Data for Calculations section voltages, branch power factors, currents, and power flows
describes what data is necessary to perform load flow throughout the electrical system. ETAP allows for swing,
calculations and where to enter them. Finally, the voltage regulated, and unregulated power sources with
Load Flow Study Output Report section illustrates and unlimited power grids and generator connections. This
explains output reports and their format. load flow calculation software is capable of performing

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 International Conference on Science and Engineering for Sustainable Development (ICSESD-2017) (www.jit.org.in)
International Journal of Advanced Engineering, Management and Science (IJAEMS) Special Issue-2
https://dx.doi.org/10.24001/ijaems.icsesd2017.95 ISSN : 2454-1311
analysis on both radial and loop systems. ETAP allows to load portion of lumped load.
select from several different load flow calculation  Static load includes static load, capacitor, and static
methods in order to achieve the most efficient and load portion of lumped load.
accurate results.
The following two tables describe how these factors are
used in these cases:
 Motor load includes induction motor and
generator, synchronous motor, MOV, and motor

Table 2.1:-Factors Used for Motor Load Calculation

Load Editor Input to Studies Results from Studies Bus
Editor
Load Loss Vd Load Loss Load Loss Vd
Bus Nominal kV x x x x x X x X
Bus Operating V x x x X x
Demand Factor X x x x x x X x X
Loading % X x x x x x X x X
Service Factor *
App. Factor *
Load Quantity X x x x x X X
Bus Diversity Factor * * * * *
Global Diversity Factor * * * * *

Table 2.2:-Factors Used for Static Load Calculation

Load Editor Input to Studies Results from Studies Bus
Editor
Load Loss Vd Load Loss Load Loss Vd
Bus Nominal kV X x x x x x X x X
Bus Operating V x x X x
Demand Factor X x x x x x X x X
Loading % X x x x x x X x X
App. Factor *
Load Quantity X x x x x X X
Bus Diversity Factor * * * * *
Global Diversity Factor * * * * *
* Indicates the factor is used in calculation if specified by the user in the related load editor or study case.
lightning arrester to diverge surge, followed by CVT
III. 132 KV SUBSTATION, HINGNA II connected parallel.CVT measures voltage and steps down
,NAGPUR from 132kv to 63.5 volts A.C for control panel, at the
3.1Overview location a wave trap is connected to carrier
There are two main 132kv bus incoming for the communication at higher frequencies. Switchgear
substation. These buses are:- equipment is provided, which is the combination of
1.132kv kalmeshwar circuit breaker having an isolator at each end. Two
2.132kv Ambazari transformers are connected to main bus . In addition to the
Now the transmission line first parallel connected with main bus, Transfer bus is also provided in substation in

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 International Conference on Science and Engineering for Sustainable Development (ICSESD-2017) (www.jit.org.in)
International Journal of Advanced Engineering, Management and Science (IJAEMS) Special Issue-2
https://dx.doi.org/10.24001/ijaems.icsesd2017.95 ISSN : 2454-1311
case any maintenance work is to be carried out on the • It comprises of 4 transformers out of which 2 are
main bus. of 50MVA rating & other 2 are of 25MVA each.
After the main bus, lightning arresters, current • The 132KV substation consists of 35 buses,out
transformers, isolators and circuit breakers before the of which there is 1 generating bus & 2 load bus.
transformers are provided. Then transformers step downs • The substation also consist of step down
voltage from 132kv to 33kv & 11kv respectively. The transformers of rating 33 kv/0.4 kv and
main bus is then again provided with switchgear 11kv/0.4KV of 0.2 MVA each for distribution
equipment & a current transformer. purpose.
Capacitor bank is connected to main bus. It is provided to
improve power factor & voltage profile. Following table explains the load calculation done by
3.2 Equipment Details Of Hingna II 132kv Substation manually at each feeder with considering primary line
current.
The details of the equipment are taken from 132KV
Hingna II substation of Nagpur ring main EHV
system.
Table 3.1 Manual load calculation

IV. ETAP SIMULATION RESULTS

Fig. 4.1 Simulation Diagram of Hingna II 132kv Substation

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 International Conference on Science and Engineering for Sustainable Development (ICSESD-2017) (www.jit.org.in)
International Journal of Advanced Engineering, Management and Science (IJAEMS) Special Issue-2
https://dx.doi.org/10.24001/ijaems.icsesd2017.95 ISSN : 2454-1311

Fig. 4.1 Load flow of Hingna II 132kv Substation after simulation

V. CONCLUSION conditions, such as overloaded cables and over- or under

The load flow calculation results are reported both on the voltage buses, in different colors.
one-line diagram and in the Crystal Reports format. The The Crystal Reports format provides with detailed
graphical one-line diagram displays the calculated bus information for a load flow analysis. Load Flow Report
voltages, branch flows and voltage drops, load power Manager can be utilize to help the view of output report.
consumption, etc. It also flags abnormal operating

Fig. 5.1 Load flow Report

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 International Conference on Science and Engineering for Sustainable Development (ICSESD-2017) (www.jit.org.in)
International Journal of Advanced Engineering, Management and Science (IJAEMS) Special Issue-2
https://dx.doi.org/10.24001/ijaems.icsesd2017.95 ISSN : 2454-1311

Fig. 5.1 Load load summary

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