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Experiment # 06: Objective

This lab experiment aims to verify the angle of friction between aluminum and stainless steel blocks sliding on a stainless steel surface. The apparatus includes a pulley, hanger, blocks of different materials, weights, pointer, protector, and stainless steel sliding plane. The procedure involves cleaning the surfaces, placing sample blocks on the inclined plane, and gradually increasing the plane's inclination until the block just begins to slide. The angle at which sliding begins is recorded as the angle of friction. This is done for both aluminum and stainless steel blocks, and the average angle of friction for each material is calculated and compared to previous results.

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Muhammad Tanveer
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84 views6 pages

Experiment # 06: Objective

This lab experiment aims to verify the angle of friction between aluminum and stainless steel blocks sliding on a stainless steel surface. The apparatus includes a pulley, hanger, blocks of different materials, weights, pointer, protector, and stainless steel sliding plane. The procedure involves cleaning the surfaces, placing sample blocks on the inclined plane, and gradually increasing the plane's inclination until the block just begins to slide. The angle at which sliding begins is recorded as the angle of friction. This is done for both aluminum and stainless steel blocks, and the average angle of friction for each material is calculated and compared to previous results.

Uploaded by

Muhammad Tanveer
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lab 08 [Pick the date]

Experiment # 06
Objective:
To verify the angle of friction of the Aluminium and Stainless Steel blocks on Stainless Steel
surface

Apparatus:
1. Pulley
2. Hanger
3. Blocks of different materials (Aluminium &Stainless Steel)
4. Weights
5. Pointer
6. Protector
7. Sliding Plane (Stainless Steel)

Diagram:

RN
FF
Sliding
Block

Sliding PlaneWsin 𝞱
W 𝞱
𝞱
Lab 08 [Pick the date]

Theory:

Friction:

It is the Force which impedes the moone tion of body when try to slide the object
along the surface.

Depends:

 Nature of Force ( The force which is applied on the body to move.)


 Nature of Surface

Causes:

The interlocking between the molecule of the interacting surfaces.

Classification:

 Dry Friction:

The friction between rigid bodies.

 Fluid Friction:

The friction between the molecule of fluid.

Type of Dry Friction:

 Static Friction:

Static friction is friction between two or more solid objects that are not
moving relative to each other.

 Kinetic Friction / Dynamic Friction:

Kinetic friction also known as dynamic friction or sliding friction,


occurs when two objects moving relative to each other and rub together.

Type of Dynamic Friction:

Sliding Friction:

Sliding friction is a connect force that resists sliding motion of


two objects or an object and a surface.
Lab 08 [Pick the date]

Rolling Friction:

Rolling resistance, sometimes called Rolling friction, is the


force resisting the motion when a body rolls on a surface.

Formula:

Ff ∞ RN

Ff = µRN

µ=Coe fficient of Fraction

Internal friction :-

Internal friction is the force resisting motion between the elements making up a solid material
while it undergoes deformation.

Plastic deformation in solids is an irreversible change in the internal molecular structure of an


object. This change may be due to either (or both) an applied force or a change in
temperature. The change of an object's shape is called strain. The force causing it is called
stress.

Elastic deformation in solids is reversible change in the internal molecular structure of an


object. Stress does not necessarily cause permanent change. As deformation occurs, internal
forces oppose the applied force. If the applied stress is not too large these opposing forces
may completely resist the applied force, allowing the object to assume a new equilibrium
state and to return to its original shape when the force is removed. This is known as elastic
deformation or elasticity.

Friction at the atomic level :-

Determining the forces required to move atoms past each other is a challenge in designing
nanomachines. In 2008 scientists for the first time were able to move a single atom across a
surface, and measure the forces required. Using ultrahigh vacuum and nearly zero
temperature (5 K), a modified atomic force microscope was used to drag a cobalt atom, and a
carbon monoxide molecule, across surfaces of copper and platinum
Lab 08 [Pick the date]

Angle of friction :-

For certain applications it is more useful to define static friction in terms of the maximum
angle before which one of the items will begin sliding. This is called the angle of friction or
friction angle. .

Angle of repose:

It the angle of inclination at which a body just to slide is called angle of repose.

Procedure:
1. The surfaces used in this test must be cleaned for the experiment and kept free from dirt
when not in use.
2. The adjustable plane is to be positioned on a firm bench so that the load on the hanger
passes the edge of the bench as it descends.
3. Clamp the plane in the 0o position and use a spirit level to set the plane truly.
4. All the trays to be used must be weighed and their masses recorded.
5. Place the sample tray at the mid of the plane.
6. Gradually increase the inclination of the plane from zero degrees until the block just
begins to give a slight motion.
7. Note down the angle as the angle of friction.
8. Compare the value of angle of friction to the one obtained in previous experiment taken
as an average.
9. After noting down the two readings calculate the difference in the form of percentage
error.
10. Change the block material and perform the experiment again in a similar way.

Observations:

A. For Aluminium Block:

Weight of Block, WB = ____________


Lab 08 [Pick the date]

Coefficient of Friction, Angle of


Angle of
Friction
𝞵 Friction
𝝋 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝝁
𝞱
𝞵1 𝞵2 𝞵3 𝞵4 𝞵5 Average (degrees)

Percentage Error = ____________

B. For Stainless Steel Block:

Weight of Block, WB = ____________

Coefficient of Friction, Angle of Angle of


Friction Friction
𝞵
𝝋 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝝁 𝞱
𝞵1 𝞵2 𝞵3 𝞵4 𝞵5 Average (degrees) (degrees)

Percentage Error = ____________

Comments:
Lab 08 [Pick the date]

Questions:

1. How would you define the “sliding force” in this experiment (i.e. in case of mass
sliding on an inclined plane in the downward direction)?

2. What is fluid friction?

3. Explain why objects moving in fluids must have special shapes?

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