Safe Water Network - Hyderabad City Report

CITY OF HYDERABAD WATER SUPPLY
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We would like to express our sincere gratitude to the United States Agency for International Development (USAID)
India team led by Paul Seong, Foreign Service Contracting Officer and Deputy Director, Regional Office of Acquisition
and Assistance, and supported by Anand Rudra, Senior Project Management Specialist - Water and Sanitation, for their
guidance and funding support, enabling Safe Water Network to undertake the assessment of Hyderabad, India.
We would like to express appreciation to our other funders, who made this work possible, namely PepsiCo Foundation,
Pentair Foundation, Newman’s Own Foundation, and Cisco Foundation.
We thank the officials from the Ministry of Urban Development, the Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation and
Hyderabad Metropolitan Water Supply and Sewerage Board (HMWS&B), who provided perspective and insights to our
research on safe water provision in Hyderabad. Our special thanks to Mr. Kanna Suresh Kumar, Chief Engineer, Greater
Hyderabad Municipal Corporation (GHMC); Dr. P S Suryanarayana, Director (Technical),HMWS&SB; and
Mr. Rajeshwar Rao, Rural Water Supply &Sanitation (RWSS) for their critical review and comments on the report.
Prepared by
Pooja (Sarvotham) Singh, Monitoring & Evaluation Manager, Safe Water Network
Poonam Sewak, Knowledge & Partnerships Manager, Safe Water Network
Supported by
Prof. Dr. B Venkatesh, Director NCR Hub, Tata Institute of Social Sciences
Merlyn Paul, Program Officer, Tata Institute of Social Sciences
Dipankar Sen, Consumer Research Consultant
Ravindra Sewak, Country Director, Safe Water Network
Field Investigation and Interviews by

Tata Institute of Social Sciences
Safe Water Network
Additional inputs by
Amanda Gimble, SVP Strategic Initiatives, Safe Water Network
Jennifer Schmitzer, Senior Program Associate, Safe Water Network
www.safewaternetwork.org
ii
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Hyderabad’s piped water connections provide insufficient quantity to meet demand.
The city’s reported 70% network coverage masks the inequities for urban poor and unreliability of supply. The 1.4 Lakh
(140,000) pipe connections in slums are far below the number of slum households (5 Lakh, or 500,000). Supply, where
available, is only intermittent, lasting about 0-3 hours per day compared to the 24-hour government benchmark. This
study found that, in some slums, water is supplied on alternate days or once in three days. Water quality scores high,
though 63% of respondents across the five slums treat water before drinking; intermittent supply of water contributes to
degradation of water quality, as it results in low supply pressure. Unsafe transport to and storage in the home may also
cause contamination.
As Hyderabad’s population grows, so will its unmet water needs.
Hyderabad, the capital of Telangana and de jure capital of Andhra Pradesh, is a rapidly growing urban area in India with
a population of 6.8 million. About a third of Hyderabad’s population is comprised of slum households. The Hyderabad
Metropolitan Water Supply & Sewerage Board, responsible for the supply of potable water, provided 355 million gallons per
day(MGD) compared to the 611 MGD needed in 2015. It is estimated that demand will rise to 1,204 MGD by 2031, but supply
will only fulfill half that amount.
USWEs have the potential to help meet Hyderabad’s drinking water needs, especially for the poor.
This study found that virtually all piped households depend largely on alternate sources of water such as stand posts,
tankers, and ground water. USWEs offer solutions for affordable, reliable, and sustainable water along with opportunities
for employment and entrepreneurship. An average of 92% of respondents in slums that have USWEs indicated they have
sufficient drinking water, while only 69% of respondents in slums without SWEs agreed. Across the three urban slums
with SWEs studied, an average of over 50% of customers come from Other Backward Castes, fewer than in the slums
without SWEs, and about 58% rely on daily wages.
There are few USWEs in Hyderabad, and they face operational and financial challenges.
The USWEs in Hyderabad are set up by private operators and the Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation (GHMC).
GHMC had previously set up SWEs in many slums across Hyderabad and is currently also planning to expand this
program. However, this process needs to be sped up to meet their 2015 plan target. Today, only six kiosks have been set up.
This study found an average 20L can is priced by State Level Federations (SLFs) at INR 4 (USD 0.061) per can on-site and
INR 10-15 (USD 0.15-0.22) per can through distribution; these prices remain low for achieving financial viability. USWEs
are run under various governing models, such as Urban Local Bodies (ULBs), Self-Help Groups (SHGs), NGOs, State-Level
Federations, or a mix. Many face delay in project implementation while GHMC officials confirmed about 1,500 non-
operational reverse osmosis (RO) plants in the last three to four months. Of the SWEs set up by private operators, many
were struggling to meet operational and financial sustainability and a few were shut down.
The urban poor suffer the consequences of unsafe water, but many are willing to pay for treated supply.
Some 61% of respondents were affected by waterborne diseases such as cholera and dysentery. The average treatment cost
is INR 300-500 (USD 4.5-7.5). Across all slums, 65% of respondents say they are likely to change their water source if treated
water is available. Even when asked whether they would be likely to change if they would have to pay for treated water,
45% agreed.
1
The conversion rate of INR 1 = USD 0.01 is used throughout the report.
iii
The government has made significant commitments to water, but sources alternate to the piped network will remain
important.
The newly elected government of the newly formed state of Telangana is committed to meeting water needs for all
purposes. In November 2015, the Telangana Government announced an ambitious drinking water supply project to
provide treated surface water to 319 lakh (31.9m) people, and an INR 1 (USD 0.01) connection scheme for a single tap
connection in each home. However, the shortfall continues to be complemented by government- and privatelyoperated
tankers, groundwater, community taps, and treated water purchased from USWEs.
Efficiency of the piped network could be improved, especially through reduction of non-revenue water and improved
metering, billing, and collection.
There are opportunities for improving efficiency and effectiveness of the piped water supply, particularly through
reduction of non-revenue water and transmission loss, plugging leakages, and capacity building of engineers at all
levels. Metering of every connection, whether household, retail distribution, or bulk supply should be encouraged, such
that standard meters are made available at reasonable prices at all urban centers. Monthly billing cycles should also be
introduced.
Expanding the suite of digital tools will help Hyderabad officials incorporate water into e-governance initiatives.
The Hyderabad Metropolitan Water Supply & Sewerage Board has developed some key digital tools relating to customer
complaints and effective monitoring of rainwater harvesting. Additional tools would allow ULBs to facilitate critical water
initiatives; provide greater alignment and knowledge sharing across the sector; optimize kiosk operations; and allow a
deeper understanding of the sector for multilateral agencies.
For USWEs to be successful in Hyderabad there needs to be a policy environment that officially sanctions and
legitimizes USWEs as a viable intermediate solution for providing treated, affordable drinking water. The report
outlines three supporting recommendations for consideration:
• Scale up USWEs and improve access to land, raw water, and subsidies for kiosk implementers: Hyderabad’s reliance
on water supply sources outside of the piped network will grow, so the government should support expanding use
of USWEs and provide incentives to encourage scale up.
• Enforce standards for water quality tests: Make water quality testing standard and regular (at least twice a year
for raw, twice for treated, and once for reject) through a nationally accredited laboratory (approved by the National
Accreditation Board for Testing and Calibration Laboratories) in addition to daily checks at kiosks. Results should be
made publicly available.
• Develop and incorporate digital tools for faster, more efficient, and transparent measurement and reporting of water
quality and plant operations on a real-time basis. Specifically, tools on plant assessments, water quality, and financial
viability should be prioritized.
iv
CONTENTS
1. Introduction 1
2. Context: Hyderabad 7
3. Water Supply 11
4. Urban Small Water Enterprises 23
5. Digital Tools 37
6. Policy & Enabling Environment 41
7. Case Studies 43
8. References 47
9. Annexures 49
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1. Process flow of the project 3
Figure 2. Map delineating the urban slums studied in Hyderabad 5
Figure 3. Map showing HMWS&SB and GHMC service area 11
Figure 4. Water demand versus supply in contrast to the population 16
Figure 5. Comparison of cost of serving through tankers and USWEs 24
Figure 6. Primary sources of drinking water in non-USWE slums and USWE slums 25
Figure 7. Daily average water availability through own tap and others’ tap in non-USWE slums 26
Figure 8. Daily average water availability through own tap and others’ tap in USWE slums 26
Figure 9. Affordability ofmonthly expenditure in water collection in non-USWE slums 27
Figure 10. Affordability ofmonthly expenditure in water collection in USWE slums 27
Figure 11. Expenditure forwater collection from secondary sources 28
Figure 12. Expenditure forwater tap connection and installation at home 28
Figure 13. Accessibility in terms of travel distance to water source 29
Figure 14. Responsibility of daily water collection 29
Figure 15. Quantity sufficiency for drinking purposes 30
Figure 16. Perception towards water quality for treatment 30
Figure 17. Behavior towards treating water before drinking 31
Figure 18. Methods of water treatment used at home 31
Figure 19. Time taken for water collection 32
Figure 20. Prevalence of waterborne diseases 32
Figure 21. Treatment availed by households affected by waterborne diseases 33
Figure 22. Expenditure incurred in treatment of waterborne diseases 33
Figure 23. Relationship between water service delivery failures and adverse life impacts 35
v
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1. Slums selected for the USWE study in Hyderabad 4
Table 2. Water sources meeting the supply needs of the city 12
Table 3. Water supply infrastructure in Hyderabad 14
Table 4. Status of key water supply indicators in Hyderabad 15
Table 5. Demand projections of water supply by HMWS&SB 16
Table 6. Water quality monitoring by HMWS&SB 17
Table 7. Key operating factors that affect cost recovery in Hyderabad 18
Table 8. Water tariff structure for rural and urban areas 19
Table 9. Category-wise customer details 19
Table 10. Hyderabad score in state-level benchmarks in water supply 21
Table 11. Typical capital costs at a USWE 23
Table 12. Typical monthly operating cost at a USWE 24
Table 13. Socioeconomic profile ofslums without and with USWEs 25
Table 14. Willingness and ability to pay for treated water in their neighborhood 34
Table 15. Source of contribution at APMAS water purification enterprise 43
LIST OF ANNEXURES
Annexure 1. Scope of Work 49
Annexure 2. Logical Framework Approach of the Report 50
Annexure 3. Questionnaires for Interviewing Households, Entrepreneurs, and Operators 54
Annexure 4. List of People Interviewed 72
Annexure 5. List of Slums and USWEs Studied 73
Annexure 6. Summary of Water Quality Test Conducted at Various Sources 73
vi
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
BPL Below Poverty Line
GDP Gross Domestic Product
GHMC Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation
HH Household
HMWS&SB Hyderabad Metropolitan Water Supply & Sewerage Board
HUDCO Housing and Urban Development Corporation Limited
IHS Institute of Health Systems
IPM Institute of Preventive Medicine
LPCD Liters Per Capita per Day
MCH Municipal Corporation of Hyderabad
NFHS National Family Health Survey
NRW Non-Revenue Water
NIUA National Institute of Urban Affairs
O&M Operating & Maintenance
OBC Other Backward Class
ORR Outer Ring Road
QAT Quality Assurance and Testing
RBI Reserve Bank of India
RO Reverse Osmosis
SC Scheduled Caste
SHG Self-Help Group
SLF State-Level Federation
ST Scheduled Tribe
TISS Tata Institute of Social Sciences
UCD Urban Community Development
UFW Unaccounted-For Water
ULB Urban Local Body
USAID United States Agency for International Development
USWE Urban Small Water Enterprise
WTP Water Treatment Plant
UNITS OF MEASUREMENT
cm centimeter
kL kiloliter
LPCD Liters Per Capita per Day
MGD Million Gallons per Day
mtrs Meters
ml Milliliters
MLD Million Liters per Day
sqft square foot
sq km square kilometer
TMC Thousand Million Cubic
vii
KEY DEFINITIONS
Urban Small Water Enterprises
Urban Small Water Enterprises (USWEs) generally refer to a range of entities selling water to bottom-of-the-pyramid
populations in urban areas, ranging from stationary water points, such as kiosks or standpipes, to mobile units, such
as tanker trucks and door-to-door vendors. This assessment, however, was limited to water-purification kiosks that sell
affordable water to the urban poor.
Urban Local Body
In India, an Urban Local Body (ULB) is the constitutionally provided administrative unit, which provides basic
infrastructure and services in urban areas. These municipal bodies are vested with several functions delegated to them by
the state governments under the municipal legislation, related to public health, welfare, regulatory functions, public safety,
public infrastructure works, and development activities.
Notified/Non-Notified Slums
Any compact settlement with a collection of poorly built tenements of at least 20 households, mostly of a temporary
nature, crowded together, usually with inadequate sanitary and drinking water facilities in unhygienic conditions.
A notified slum is an area notified as a slum by concerned municipalities, corporations, local bodies, or development
authorities. The balance is non-notified slums. [Source: Public Information Bureau, Govt. of India]
National Accreditation Board for Testing and Calibration Laboratories (NABL)
NABL is an autonomous body under the Department of Science and Technology, Government of India, set up to certify
technical competence in laboratories. The accreditation services are provided for testing, calibration, or medical laboratory
in accordance with International Organization for Standardization (ISO) standards.
Non-Revenue Water (NRW)
NRW is water that has been produced and is “lost” before it reaches the customer, owing to reasons such as leakages, theft,
or metering inaccuracies, or which did not yield revenue owing to technical and nontechnical reasons. It is also referred to
water supplied free through stand posts or under an exemption policy.
viii
A typical slum in Hyderabad city. Exponential and

unplanned growth of cities, fueled by migration, is posing
a key challenge to supplying water both in quantity and
quality.
CITY OF HYDERABAD WATER SUPPLY | 1. Introduction
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
Bringing access to safe water to India’s millions is a daunting task. There are over 97 million people in the country without
access to safe drinking water.2 Exponential and unplanned growth of cities, fueled by migration, is posing a key challenge
to supplying water both in quantity and quality. As ULBs struggle to keep up with demand, the urban poor, especially
those living beyond the pipe, suffer the most. Epidemics of waterborne diseases are more prevalent in slums due to
poverty, inadequate water and sanitation, inappropriate hygiene practices, poor water quality, low access to health care,
and malnutrition.
Of 4041 statutory towns, slums were reported from 2,613 towns (approximately 63%) as per the 2011 census. The total
number of Slum Enumeration Blocks (SEBs)3 is about 1.08 lakhs (108,000) and about 6.5 million people living under
cramped spaces, with no or very little access to basic amenities like electricity, sanitation, or water. The slum dwellers are
unable to access any institutionalized mechanism for daily water supply or other basic necessities.4 The worst sufferers
are women and children. In India, children (0-14 years) comprise one third of the total population in the country5 and are
impacted through lost childhood, education, and opportunity.
1.2 Objectives of this Study

The Hyderabad City Assessment aims to form a strong base for better water delivery, governance, and decision making
among the HMWS&SB, ULBs, senior government officials, and other stakeholders for the urban poor in order to improve
their health and lives. It aligns with the agreement between the Ministry of Urban Development and USAID, and forms
a major component of the project partnership between USAID and Safe Water Network, titled “Urban Small Water
Enterprises” under USAID’s Urban WASH Alliance program.
The main objectives of the assessment study are to:
(i) evaluate the current landscape of water supply in the Hyderabad city with a focus on delivery to the urban poor in
the slums;understand the gaps and evaluate the potential of SWEsas augmenter to piped water;
(ii) assess the operational, financial, and technical aspects of SWEs for sustainability so that the urban poor, especially
beyond the pipe, can get reliable, safe, and affordable drinking water;
(iii) study the policy and enabling environment for SWEs;
(iv) assess the existing tools deployed for e-governance, monitoring, and evaluation, and propose tools for SWEs.
2
WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Program 2012
3
In Census 2011, slum blocks have been enumerated in all statutory towns irrespective of population size.
4
McFarlane, C. “Sanitation in Mumbai’s Informal Settlements: State, ‘Slum’, and Infrastructure.” Environment and Planning A, 40 (1), pp. 88-107.
5
http://mospi.nic.in/Mospi_New/upload/Children_in_India_2012.pdf
1
1.3 Hypotheses
The following hypotheses were tested:
• Urban poor have limited access to piped water and other sources of municipal water and therefore rely on other
unreliable sources of water.
• Limited, if any, USWEs are serving the urban poor in Hyderabad.
• The civic body, HMWS&SB, holds the key responsibility of ensuring potable water supply effectively and efficiently
in Hyderabad.
1.4 Methodology
The overall process followed for the study is depicted in Figure 1.
Secondary Research
The team conducted secondary research on water delivery process to Hyderabad city, especially to the urban poor,before
undertaking the primary field survey in the selected slums.
Primary Research
The research team developed questionnaires and tested them with a small group of respondents. They trained surveyors
on the methodology of selection of households, delivery of the questionnaires, conducting focus group discussions, and
data collection. For primary research, the following methods were used:
– Field visit and interviews withHMWS&SB, GHMC officials (annexed)
– Tata Institute of Social Sciences (TISS) conducted primary research in 100 households of five slums, each covering a
total of 500 samples in Hyderabad city. They conducted household surveys, focus group discussions, and interviews
with owners of USWEs (annexed)
– Dipankar Sen (ex IMRB) led 675 consumer interviews through Sigma Research and Consulting Pvt. Ltd. 6
– Water quality measurement with respect to TDS and pHwas conducted (annexed)
6
More details about the organization can be accessed from www.sigma-india.in.
2
Figure 1. Process flow of the project
1.5 Indicators
The following broad sets of indicators were used:
• Water Source: availability, affordability, accessibility
• Water Collection: gender responsibility, time taken for collection
• Water Treatment: methods, reasons for not treating, waterborne disease-affected cases, expenditure
The status of water supply to the city was covered with the following parameters:
• water supply infrastructure
• population served
• per capita availability of water
• sources of water supply and service coverage
• water connections and other physical aspects
• water source treatment technology
• demand projections
• water quality testing
• water tariff
• budget provisions.
3
1.6 Selection of Slums

The GHMC has divided the Hyderabad Corporation zones into circles and wards for planning and development. The city
is divided into five zones,South, East, West, North, and Central, and each is divided into 18 circles in total, which are further
subdivided into 150 wards on the basis of geography, natural boundaries, and proximity. Each ward comprises around
36,000 people, with variation of about 10% of the average population. Discussions are on to increase the number of wards
from 150to 200.
Prior to making a final selection of the slums, the team conducted a transit walkthrough of the interiors of the identified
slums and meetings with ward members. Three slums with SWEs and two without SWEs wereselected:
1. Manikeshwar Nagar
2. AddaguttaBasti
3. Singareni Colony, Saidabad
4. Nandanavanam Colony (near Karmanaghat)
5. Old Malakpet
TABLE 1 Slums selected for the USWE study in Hyderabad
Slums Population7 Type (Non/USWE) Sample Households

covered
Manikeshwar Nagar 33,069 USWE 100
Nandavanam Colony 30,154 USWE 100
Old Malakpet 39,711 USWE 100
AddaguttaBasti 32,632 non-USWE 100
Singareni Colony 39,453 non-USWE 100
Total 175,019 - 500
Slums without USWEs

AddaguttaBastiisconsidered one of Asia’s biggest slums.8 Singareni Colony, an illegal settlement of daily wage laborers and
house servants, has extremely poor basic amenities, making daily sustenance a battle. It is located near Champapet, LB
Nagar in Hyderabad, and is surrounded by posh colonies.
Slums with USWEs

The slums of Manikeshwar Nagar, Nandanavanam Colony, and Old Malakpet have USWEs. The kiosks are located at a
distance of about 2 kms from the slums.All kiosks are equipped with RO water-purification technology that sells treated
drinking water to slum residents at a tariff between INR 3-8 (USD 0.04-0.12) for 20 liters. The residents walk or collect water
on two wheelers.
7
Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation (GHMC). Retrieved from http://www.ghmc.gov.in/tender%20pdfs/election_wards.pdf
8
Retrieved from http://www.oneindia.com/2006/07/30/asias-biggest-slum-named-after-anjaiah-ap-cm-1154262891.html
4
Figure 2. Map delineating the urban slums studied in Hyderabad
1.7 Limitations of the Study

Having just described the scope and methodology, there are limitations to the assessment:
• The geographic location of the areas chosen may not be representative of the slums of the city.
• Response bias of the consumers is inherent in this type of study and may affect the resulting insights gathered from
the field research.
5
CITY OF HYDERABAD WATER SUPPLY | 2. CONTEXT: HYDERABAD
A typical slum in Hyderabad city. One out of three persons

in Hyderabad is a slum dweller, as per the 2011 census.
6
2. CONTEXT: HYDERABAD
2.1 Introduction
Established in the year 1591 AD by Sultan Mohammad QuliQutb Shah, Hyderabad is an erstwhile princely state known
by its history, multilingual culture, and architecture. Hyderabad, the capital of Telangana and de jure capital of Andhra
Pradesh, 9 is known to be a rapidly growing urban conglomeration,with a population of about 6.8 million, while the greater
metropolitan area population is over 7.75 million. This makes it India’s sixth most populous urban area. Hyderabad is home
to a contemporary hub of information technology, ITES, and biotechnology.
The city is governed by the Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation, which comes under the Hyderabad Urban
Agglomeration. The Hyderabad Metropolitan Water Supply & Sewerage Board (or HMWS&SB), formed in November 1989
under the provisos of the Hyderabad Metropolitan Water Supply and Sewerage Act 1989 (Act No. 15 of 1989), was entrusted
with the key function and responsibility of ensuring the supply of potable water including planning, design, construction,
maintenance, operation, and management of water supply system since November 1989. Officials in 38 Municipalities in
Telangana State are engaged with the HMWS&SB in the provision of water.
2.2 Geography
Hyderabad is located amid the southeastern part of the Deccan plateau, with a semi-arid climate. It receives an annual
rainfall of 750mm and is situated at an average altitude of 1778 sqft (542 meters), occupying 625sq km along the Musi River
bank.
2.3 Demographics10
2.3.1 City Population

Hyderabad has a population of around 6.8 million, up from around3.6 million in 2001 as per the census. Of this, males
constitute 3.5million and females, 3.3million. One of the rapidly growing urban conglomerations in India, it is also
the fourth most populous city in India and thirty-fourth largest city in the world. Migrants from the rest of India
account for 24% of the city population.11 Hyderabad reports a sex ratio of 945 females per 1,000 males. The city of
Hyderabad is divided into five zones and 18 circles.
The Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation was formed on April 16, 2007, by combining 12 municipalities and
eight gram panchayats with the erstwhile Municipal Corporation of Hyderabad. The area of 650 sq km is spread
across Hyderabad, Rangareddy, and Medak.
9
According to the Andhra Pradesh Reorganization Act, 2014 part 2 Section 5:(1) On and from the appointed day, Hyderabad in the existing State of Andhra
Pradesh, shall be the common capital of the State of Telangana and the State of Andhra Pradesh for such period not exceeding ten years.
10
Census 2011
11
“Survey of child labor in slums of Hyderabad: Final Report” (PDF).Center for Good Governance Hyderabad. 17 December 2008.
7
2.3.2 Literacy Rate

The city boasts a 74% literacy rate, with 82% literacy for males and 65% for females. 12
2.3.3 Ethnicity, Language, and Religion

The official languages spoken in Hyderabad are Telugu and Urdu, while English is commonly spoken. Other
languages spoken by citizens are Tamil, Malayalam, Hindi, Marathi, Bengali, and Kannada.
Post the formation of Greater Hyderabad in 2007, the city is made up of Hindus (70%), Muslims (27%), Christians
(2.5%), Sikhs (0.2%), Jains (0.04%), Buddhists (0.04%), and others.13
2.3.4 Income and Employment

Hyderabad is considered the largest contributor of GDP, tax, and other revenues in Telangana. The annual per
capita income of the city was INR 44,300 (USD 629), while the GDP was USD 74 billion in the year 2011-2012, making
Hyderabad the fifth largest contributor to India’s overall GDP.
The RBI ranked it the sixth largest deposit center and fourth largest credit center worldwide in June 2012.
The level of employment is also very high in the city, with 90% of the workforce engaged in the service industry.15
Since the 1990s, the economic patterns have also changed to a more comprehensive spectrum of IT companies,
biotech, financial institutions, trade and commerce, storage, communication, transport, and retail.
2.3.5 Slum Population

One out of three persons in Hyderabadis a slum dweller, as per the 2011 census. The municipality area alone
reportsover 500,000 slum households, wherein around 2.3 million people live.16 This forms around 32.7% of total
population of the nearly 7millionpeople in the city. 17
Based on the GHMC report 2012 submitted to the World Bank, Hyderabad comprises 1,476 slums with 1.7 million
people, of which 1,179 slums are notified. Of these, 66% reside in 985 slums, while the rest live in 491 tenements. Here,
60%-80% of the slum dwellers are literate, of which 52%-73% are female. 18
12
Retrieved from http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/data_files/india/Final_PPT_2011_chapter6.pdf
13
“Census GIS household.”Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India.
14
Retrieved from http://www.niua.org/sites/all/files/cites_for_all.pdf on 11 December 2015.
15
“Country briefing: India–economy.” Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 1 September 2010. Retrieved 13 December 2015.
16
“Steep rise in Hyderabad’s slum population.”The Times of India. 20 August 2013. Retrieved 13 December 2015.
17
Ibid.
18
“World bank team visits Hyderabad slums.” The Times of India. 12 June 2012. Retrieved 13 December 2015.
8
9
CITY OF HYDERABAD WATER SUPPLY | 3. WATER SUPPLY
Slum dwellers collect water from tankers for their homes.

Slum households generally depend on nearby public
stand posts, community taps, hand pumps, or bore wells,
or through tanker trucks provided by the HMWS&SB.
10
3. WATER SUPPLY
3.1 Overview
In Hyderabad, the Hyderabad Metropolitan Water Supply & Sewerage Board (HMWS&SB) is responsible for the supply
of potable water including planning, design, construction, maintenance, operation, and management of the water supply
system.Officials in 38municipalities in the Telangana State are engaged with the HMWS&SB in the provision of water.
Figure 3. Map showing HMWS&SB and GHMC service area 19
The HMWS&SB service area spans over 688.24 sq km, comprising 150 wards that adjoin 10 municipalities, Osmania
University campus, and Secunderabad Cantonment. The Board is responsible for the following:
• Supply of potable water including planning, design, construction, and maintenance
• Operation and management of the water supply system
• Sewerage, sewerage disposal, and sewerage treatment works including planning, design, construction, maintenance,
operation, and management of all sewerage and sewerage treatment works
• Monitoring of water supply in the entire GHMC area, including those of tenperipheral municipalities and sewerage
operations in the core city
19
Retrieved from www.hyderabadwater.gov.in/ on 13 December 2015.
11
Water Provision
3.1.1 Water Sources
Following the formation of Andhra Pradesh State in 1956, schemes were taken up to augment watersupply to the
twin cities to meet growing demand. The city, without any perennial river, is largely dependent on the lakes and
tanks for drinking water purposes.
Today, Hyderabad city’s typical drinking water need is around 320 to 340 MGD drawn from six sources19,20,21:
TABLE 2 Water sources meeting the supply needs of thecity
Year of Source Distance from Designed Daily System Water

Initiation Hyderabad Storage Capacity Supply Mode Treatment
(km) (MLD) (MLD) Plant deployed
1920 Osman Sagar 15 115 40-68 Gravity Asifnagar filter beds

(Gandipet) Lake (Rapid Sand Gravity
- Musi River Filtration)
1927 Himayathsagar 9.6 91 40-50 Gravity Miralam filter beds

Lake – Esi River
1965 (Phase 1) Manjira Barrage- 58 68 68 Gravity / Peddapur Phase

1981 (Phase 2) Manjira River 59 135 135 Pumping 3, 4 (Dual Media
Filtration)
1991 (Phase 3) Singur Dam – 80 171 171 Gravity / Rajampet, Kalabgoor

1994 (Phase 4) Manjira river 80 176 176 Pumping
2004 (Phase 1) Nagarjuna Sagar 116 410 261 3 Stage Kodandlapur filter
2008 (Phase 2) Dam (principal Pumping beds (Rapid Sand
supplier to city) Gravity Filtration)
- Krishna River
2015 (Phase 3) Krishna project Srisailam (152); 90 409 Gravity / WTP at Kodandlapur,
Joorala (186); Pumping Nasarlapally and
Nagarjunasagar Godakondla
(131)
2015 (Phase 1) Godavari project SriramSagar (200); 82 386

Yellampally (170);
Inchampally (270);
Kanthalapally(270)
20
Retrieved from www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/water-level-abysmally-low-in-himayatsagar-and-osmansagar/article7430518.ece on 13 December
2015.
21
“Hyderabad thirsts for Krishna, Godavari water.” Deccan Chronicle. 11 July 2015. Retrieved 13 December 2015.
22
Hyderabad Metropolitan Water Supply & Sewerage Board (HMWS&SB). Accessed from www.hyderabadwater.gov.in.
12
Owing to low water levels, only 20 MGD of water is being supplied from the Osman Sagar and HimayathsagarLakes
through emergency pumping to the city, instead of the regular 40 MGD. 23 The deficits are covered by the Krishna
Project Phase III.There are also plans to link the two lakes to theSrisailam water under thePalamuru Lift Irrigation
Project (under tender process), which will reduce heavy dependency on rains. On the other hand, the contingency
plan to meet the demands from Manjira Barrage and Singur Dam is the new Godavari Drinking Water Scheme,
which is still in its final stages, whereby waters will be drawn from Yellampally Reservoir, near Manchiryal in
AdilabadDistrict,through the Yellampally Godavari Barrage.Pipelines have been laid for 186 km to reach the
two main balancing reservoirs near Shamirpet and Kukatpally. 24 It is an ambitious project for the Telangana
government to bring approximately 180 million gallons per day (MGD) of water to the city of Hyderabad.
3.1.2 Water Reservoirs

Currently, the HMWS&SB has 80 water reservoirs of 200 MLD storage capacity, including the aforementioned
reservoirs (see section 3.2.1). While there is no infrastructure to store water brought from the Krishna water project,
the Board has plans to build 60 new reservoirs of 200 MLD (including eight in old Hyderabad city),as well as lay
pipelines to take Krishna water to all areas under the support of HUDCO and the state government budget.
3.1.3 Piped Water Supply Network

According to the Hyderabad City Development Plan, about 70% of the city’s population residing within the
municipal boundary and about 43% in surrounding municipalities of the total network coverage of 90% has access
to piped water supply. The 2011 census reports that 93% of households have access to treated water supply in
Hyderabad.
3.1.4 Transmission, Distribution, and Service Coverage

The transmission mains carry water from the source through to water treatment plants and to the master balancing
reservoirs at Singapur, Sahebnagar, and Ghanpur. Subsequently, the trunk distribution mains carry water from the
balancing reservoirs to the reservoirs within the city. The pipelines carrying water from the source to the treatment
plants (transmission mains) are 286 km long, and the pipelines from the treatment plant reservoirs to the city (trunk
mains) are 265 km long.
Within the Municipal Corporation of Hyderabad (MCH), the water distribution system is divided into 20 water
distribution zones, further sub-divided into 20-30 sub-zones on the basis of their common ability and operational
convenience. While the existing total storage capacity available is around 390 million liters, comprising 118
underground and elevated reservoirs, it is inadequate to meet the quantity of water supply in the city.
As per HMWS&SB, Hyderabad has over 387,532 water connections in the MCH area and 194,600 water connections in
surrounding municipalities. The city has 8,353 public stand posts (PSPs) for those who do not have individual house
connections among the weaker sections of the society.Slums have 98,696 water connections, while commercial and
industrial sectors have 13,451 and 936 connections, respectively.
23
“W “Water level abysmally low in Himayatsagar and Osmansagar.” The Hindu. 17 July 2015. Retrieved 13 December 2015.
24
“Hyderabad thirsts for Krishna, Godavari water.” Deccan Chronicle. 11 July 2015. Retrieved 13 December 2015.
13
Water Supply Infrastructure25

TABLE 3 Water supply infrastructure in Hyderabad
Particulars Quantity
Water treatment pumping stations 6 (1,568 MLD)
Primary pumping stations 12no.s
Master balance reservoirs 10no.s
Service reservoirs 70no.s
Length of raw water mains 144 kms
Length of treated water mains 1,200kms
Length of distribution mains 8,051kms
Households with individual tap connections 70%
Public working power driven bore wells 3,712
Public working hand pump bore wells 7,677
Mobile tankers 985
Households dependent on stand posts 7%
25
Hyderabad Metropolitan Water Supply & Sewerage Board (HMWS&SB), City Development Strategy, 2004.
14
3.1.5 Key Indicators of Water Supply 26
TABLE 4 Status of key water supply indicators in Hyderabad
Particulars Municipal Corporation Adjoining

of Hyderabad (MCH) Municipalities
Network coverage 70% 65%
% Access to piped water supply* 70% 43%
Average per capita supply 162 LPCD 91 LPCD
Unaccounted For Water (UFW) 27 40% 60%
Duration of water supply 2 hours alternate day / 1 hour every

few areas daily alternate day
Connections per 1000 persons 102 39
Average volume of water produced 162 MGD 44 MGD
Unit production cost INR 40 INR 40
Public stand posts 5,092 3,261
Private sector involvement billing, collection, partly

leak repair, maintenance
*In addition to the municipal water supply, there are independent deep wells with pumping arrangements in almost all houses.
26
Hyderabad Metropolitan Water Supply & Sewerage Board (HMWS&SB).
27
etrieved from http://www.waterandmegacities.org/the-hyderabad-metropolitan-water-supply-and-sewerage-board-HMWS&SB/ on December 15, 2015.
ropolitan-water-supply-and-sewerage-board-HMWS&SB/ on December 15, 2015
15
3.1.6 Demand Projections

The HMWS&SB envisages the demand for water supply in the years to come:
TABLE 5 Demand projections of water supply by HMWS&SB
Years Population (Lakhs) Demand (MGD) Supply (MGD)
2001 36 230 153
2011 68 328 162
2015 119 611 355
2021 est. 164 838 585
2031 est. 234 1204 651
Figure 4.Water demand versus supply in contrast to the population
3.1.7 Water Supply Connection to Slums

There are 98,696 water supply connections in the slums of Hyderabad, constituting 19.71% of the total connections in
the city. The HMWS&SB provides water connections in two forms: domestic and industrial. A legal water connection
is provided only to “domestic slums,” fulfilling the following criteria:
• Constructed on 80 square meters of land,
• Does not haveground floor + 1 in its structure,
• Owners hold a Slum Certificate, when the land is provided by the government and hence, is classified as a
notified or domestic slum.
16
Slum households generally depend on nearby public stand posts, community taps, hand pumps, or bore wells, or
through tanker trucks provided by the HMWS&SB. The tankers provide around 40 LPCD free of charge to slum
dwellers lacking network infrastructure. The HMWS&SB currently operates about 923 tankers, charging INR 400
(USD 6.0) and INR 700 (USD 10.4) for domestic and commercial bookings, respectively. Each vehicle makes about 8
trips a day.28 Under the National Slum Development Program, the HMWS&SB providesmore affordable network
connections for slum households; with a federal subsidy of 50% on connection charges of approximately INR 6,500
(USD 96.9) per connection, the program also allows payment over five interest-free installments. To reduce the
burden on the urban poor seeking tap connections and to make drinking water connections affordable to Below
Poverty Line families, the government has recently announced a scheme to provide one house water connection at
INR 1 (USD 0.01) instead of INR 200 (USD 3.0).
3.2 Water Quality Testing

Under the study, the research team was informed by the HMWS&SB officials about the water quality supplied to the
consumers. Analysis of samples from 20 different locations showed that residual chlorine is in the range of 0.05 to 0.12
mg/L; coliform count ranged from 0 to 04 cfu/100ml and e. coli was absent in the tap water at the consumer end. The
treated water quality at the consumer end meets the level of standards described as per APHA (American Public Health
Association) for potability in terms of its physiochemical characteristics.
Water quality monitoring is managed by a team of HMWS&SB field staff, quality and assurance testing (QAT) wing,
Institute of Health Systems (HIS)(PPP), SHGs, and Institute of Preventative Medicine (IPM)(third party) on a daily basis.
a daily basis:
TABLE 6 Water quality monitoring by HMWS&SB
S. No Agency Number of Samples tested daily
1. HMWS&SB Field Staff 2,500
2. HMWS&SB QAT Wing 1,500 – 1,700
3. HIS (PPP) 400
4. SHG 100
5. IPM (3rd party) 50
The HMWS&SB has installed 221 chlorination plants in water treatment plants (24), balancing reservoirs (35), and service
reservoirs (162). In addition, 85 online chlorine analyzers are installed. The 1 ppm chlorination is maintained at service
reservoirs to ensure 0.2 ppm chlorine at consumer premises. Several tests are conducted within the department internally
as well as through external monitoring agencies. Internal water quality monitoring is conducted by the QAT Wing, which
frequently checks the residual chlorine in the service reservoirs and in the distribution system. External water quality
monitoring is conducted IPM, IHS, and women SHG volunteers to monitor residual chlorine in slums and send SMS data
to the HMWS&SB website.
28
Retrieved from http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/water-tanker-bookings-shoot-up/article7284589.ece on December 15, 2015.
17
Cost Recovery Potential

Cost recovery potential can be improved by 83%by addressing barriers through measures such as reduction of NRW,
metering, improving collection efficiency, increasing consumer base, etc.
TABLE 7 Key operating factors that affect cost recovery in Hyderabad 29
Factors INR (millions)
Reducing total non-revenue water (NRW) 348
Improving collection efficiency 1,650
Increasing consumer base 144
Total revenue improvement potential (A) 2,143
Total operative income 2006-2007 (B) 2,572
% Potential for increase in operative income (A/B) 83%
3.3 Water Tariff for 24x7 Water Availability

Cost recovery in water delivery is one of the critical issues for all municipalities of India, and is equally applicable to
Hyderabad. The city’s tariff structure reflects costs more realistically but there are high technical losses,with a meter
default rate of 25%. People with metered connections have to pay the water tariff as per the slab rate (refer to Table 7).
The affordable water tariff plan has been implemented for household users with minimum water requirements. However
to curtail excess usage and high wastage, a higher tariff plan with telescopic variations is implemented.There is a
differential tariff for institutional purposes,industrial needs,and commercial demands.
The proposed affordable and controlled tariff plan for India is based on Indian Water Works Association (IWWA) and
AWWA (India) journal of 2016 convocation at Mumbai.
28
“Cost Recovery in Urban Water Services: Select Experiences in Indian Cities.” WSP-World Bank. March 2011.
18
TABLE 8 Water Tariff Structure for Rural and Urban Areas
Water Usage Monthly Charges Basic Charges INR 10

in LPCD O&M per 1 kL
Block Monthly times Tariff max Other Total Remarks
Tariffs Consumption over rate in INR monthly minimum monthly
FROM
TO
level in kL for 5 basic per 1 kL charges on charges water bill

members in O&M water for each in INR
each HH meter water per
reading meter month
connection
0 0 55 8kL Free on water meter reading 50 50 Subsidy @ 55

LPCD
1 56 70 10kL 1 10 20 50 70 basic @ 70 LPCD
2 71 100 15kL 2 20 120 50 170 1st control
3 101 135 20kL 4 40 320 50 370 2nd control
4 136 150 25kL 8 80 720 50 770 3rd control
5 156 200 30kL 12 120 1520 50 1570 4th control
> 200 30kL 12 120 1320 50 1370 leads

disconnection
3.4 Consumer Categories

The following categories are used to segment the different types of consumers.
TABLE 9 Category-wise Customer Details 30
S. No Category Description Number of Customers
1 Domestic consumers 834,177
2 Commercial consumers 30,136
3 Industrial consumers 1,455
TOTAL 865,768
30
Hyderabad Metropolitan Water Supply and Sewerage Board, December 2015.
19
Domestic
Regular Residential
• For residential use, people living in apartments, and combined houses, each household is considered as a unit for
consumption tariff for preparation of water bills.
• The water quantity requirement for each family is considered as five members on average.
• In the event of additional families/households living in a single house/apartment, the tariff is considered based on
average consumption for each household.
• In cases of multistoried residential complexes, the municipality deems the following to be sufficient: 15 kL
multiplied by the number of residential apartments in the complex.
• Basic O&M charges for residential purposes are fixed yearly on the basis of actual expenditure incurred in the
previous year.
Urban Poor
• For the urban poor living in slum areas, combined water connection can be provided based on the requests by
nearby small huts/houses. Each household is considered as a unit for consumption tariff for preparation of water
bills, but the household connected to the water service line is responsible for making payments.
• Slums are provided with water free of charge at public stand posts and also through tankers.
Commercial
A basic O&M charge for commercial buildings is 12 times above basic O&M of residential charges, i.e., INR 120 per each kL
without subsidy and direct charges applied based on the quantity of consumption, i.e., water charges = total quantity in kL
x 120.
Institutional
• The basic O&M charge for schools, hostels, hospitals, and government offices is four times over basic O&M of
residential charges; i.e., INR 40 per each kL.
• In the case of government-run hospitals, educational institutions, and welfare hostels, a rebate of 20 percent is
provided if the monthly consumption exceeds 200 kL.
Industrial(water-based)
• Where water is used as raw material for manufacturing end products such as mineral water, soft drinks, alcoholic
beverages, etc., the rate is INR 60 / kL, with no relation to consumption.
3.5 Service Level Benchmarking Index

The Ministry of Urban Development (MoUD)directs the Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) to benchmark water service delivery
against nine predefined parameters. The 13th Finance Commission mandatestheULBs to notify the SLBs and prepare
plans to reach these national standards or benchmarks.
20
TABLE 10 Hyderabad score in state-level benchmarks in water supply 31
Proposed SLB Indicators MoUD Benchmark Hyderabad Score
Coverage of water supply connections 100% 90%
Per capita supply of water 135 LPCD 162 LPCD
Extent of metering of water connections 100% 20%-30%
Extent of Non-Revenue Water (NRW) 20% -
Continuity of water supply 24 hours Intermittent / 0-3 hours
Efficiency in redressal of consumer complaints 80% 87%
Quality of water supplied 100% 94%
Cost recovery in water supply services 100% 66%
Efficiency in collection of water supply-related charges 90% 68%
Metering, Billing, and Collection
The HMWS&SB developed a system of online billing and collection for greater efficiency in billing cycle and revenue
collection. This system, functional since 2009, involves 630 meter readers issuing bills and collecting payments directly
from consumers and enabling real-time update of billing and collection information. Bills are raised on a bimonthly basis
for domestic users, and on a monthly basis for institutional, commercial, and industrial users. Payments are accepted at 42
e-sevacenters across the city, at designated cash collection counters of the HMWS&SB. Payments can also be done online.
Online payment has not only increased consumer convenience but also increased revenue collection from INR 24 crores
(USD 3.6million) to INR 30crores(USD 4.5million)in 2009. 32
3.6 Budget Provision for Water Supply

A budget of INR 1,000 crores(USD 149,000) has been proposed for HMWS&SB for the year 2015-2016. An additional 260 MGD
of water shall be supplied to Hyderabad city by the end of this year, as proposed by the Finance Minister of Telangana.
Additionally, the government has decided to entrust the responsibility of providing potable water to over 160 gram
panchayats located on either side of the Outer Ring Road to the HMWS&SB. This will include providing infrastructure
such as construction of service reservoirs; laying of trunk mains and internal distribution network to the Board, which
is currently supplying water to these 160 gram panchayats located in Ranga Reddy and Medak districts under the bulk
category; and collecting payment for the same from the panchayat raj department.
The government planned to commission the Godavari Phase I project to supply about 80 MGD of water to the city as well
as the Greater Hyderabad peripheral municipal circles by the end of December 2015. Phase II, slated for completion this
year,isexpected to supply the remaining 90 MGD of water.
31
Hyderabad Metropolitan Water Supply and Sewerage Board, December 2015.
32
ASCI and CISCO. Use of ICT for effective urban governance and service delivery in India: a selection of cases. http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/
files/file/Use%20of%20ICT%20for%20effective%20urban%20governance.pdf. Retrieved on 20 September 2015.
21
CITY OF HYDERABAD WATER SUPPLY | 4. URBAN SMALL WATER ENTERPRISES
Consumers collecting water from a GHMC-sponsored Urban Small Water

Enterprise.Recognizing the need for safe water, the Mayor and Commissioner of
GHMC allocated budgets to set up small water enterprises (SWEs), which provide
reliable and affordable safe water for drinking and cooking to slum dwellers while
generating employment opportunities and providing for a quick solution.
22
4. URBAN SMALL WATER ENTERPRISES
4.1 Need for Urban Small Water Enterprises

In the absence of piped water supply, several slum areas and resettlement colonies across Hyderabad city continue to lack
access to safe drinking water. Water is extracted from the ground or delivered by tankers. The current civic infrastructure
needs to be refurbished to meet the growing demand for water in the city slums. Recognizing the need for safe water, the
Mayor and Commissioner of GHMC allocated budgets to set up small water enterprises (SWEs), which provide reliable
and affordable safe water for drinking and cooking to slum dwellers while generating employment opportunities and
providing for a quick solution.
4.2 Financial
In the study, three such cases have been cited where SWEs (or kiosks) are funded by the urban planning agency that
oversees Hyderabad, GHMC, HMWS&SB, local NGOs,and private operators. Some of the SWEs also have external donor
support and are operated by SHG members.
4.2.1 Capital Expense

The typical capital cost of a USWE is around INR 9-10 lakhs (USD 13,400-14,900). In a typical SWE set up by a local
NGO, APMAS at Kapra colony in Hyderabad, the GHMC and the HMWS&SB contributed land and building, raw
water supply,and an electricity connection. The Michael & Susan Dell Foundation have contributed towards water
treatment technology. APMAS, on the other hand, contributed towards training SHGs on plant operations and
maintenance, with some funding support (refer to Section 7.1).
TABLE 11 Typical capital costs at a USWE
Cost head Cost (in INR lakhs)
Bore well drilling, fixing submersible motor with pump 1.5 – 2.5
Equipment cost 6.5 (1,000 LPH)
Storage tank 1.0
Total 9.0 – 10.0
4.2.2 Operating Expense

Operating costs vary across different SWEs (Table 12). This is primarily due to electricity costs, maintenance, and
repairs. Raw water is being supplied free of cost through a combination of sources: tankers, municipal piped water,
and bore wells. GHMC covers the cost of electricity at several of these SWEs, while at others, the operators pay for
it from the revenue collected. There is a lack of clarity on the regulatory provision around this. Electricity bills vary
between INR 500 (USD 7.45) and INR 1,100 (USD 16.4) per month based on hours of operation, which is driven by the
demand for water from these kiosks.
23
TABLE 12 Typical monthly operating cost at a USWE
Cost category Cost/month (in INR)
Operator salary/SHG savings 4,000 – 5,000
Electricity 2,000
Consumables, such as chemicals 1,500
Security/cleaning personnel 1,000
Repairs, electrician visits 1,000
Total 9,500 – 10,500
4.2.3 Water Supply through Tankers and USWEs

To meet the increasing demand of the twin cities, the HMWS&SB has increased the hours of operation (6am to 9pm,
from 8am to 6pm) in order to curtail the waiting period. For efficient distribution, it is imperative that tankers be
monitored and tracked on a real-time basis through GPS installation on all tanker trips.
Figure 5. Comparison of cost of serving through tankers and USWEs
24
4.3 Consumer
The following information areas were covered, with respect to the consumer, both in slums with USWEs (AddaguttaBasti
and Singareni Colony) and without USWEs (Manikeshwar Nagar, Nandanavanam Colony, and Old Malakpet):
i) socioeconomic factors; ii) drinking water source, availability, affordability, and accessibility; iii) perceptions about
drinking water quantity, quality, and water treatment; iv) incidence of waterborne diseases and health-seeking behavior;
v) consumer willingness and ability to pay to compare and contrast the findings so that clear recommendations could be
generated.
4.3.1 Socioeconomic Profile

TABLE 13 Socioeconomicprofile ofslums without and with USWEs
Parameters Slums without USWEs Slums with USWEs
Household ownership 83%-91% 77%-88%
Caste-wise distribution 32%-39% scheduled castes 36%-61% other backward classes
Occupation status daily wage laborers, salaried daily wage laborers, salaried
Average family size 4-5 each HH 4 each HH
Average household income up to INR 100,000 annually up to INR 100,000 annually
4.3.2 Drinking Water Situation
Figure 6. Primary sources of drinking water in non-USWE slums and USWE slums
In non-USWE slums, a majority of slum households have access to taps, either government-owned or community-
owned. In USWE slums, the primary source of drinking water is government-owned taps in all three slums.
25
Figure 7. Daily average water availability through own tap and others’ tap in non-USWE slums
In non-USWE slums, the water is available once in 2-3 days in the tap for 15-30 minutes.
Figure 8. Daily average water availability through own tap and others’ tap in USWE slums
In slums with USWEs, water is available in respondents’ own tap for one hour in Manikeshwar Nagar and
Nandanavanam colony, whereas in Old Malakpet, water can be availed for over 30 minutes from neighbors’ taps.
Water is available on alternate days or every third day.
26
Figure 9. Affordability andmonthly expenditure in water collection in non-USWE slums
In a non-USWE slum, the majority of slum dwellers do not pay for piped water, while some pay a nominal amount
of less than INR 100/ month for piped water from neighbors’ tap. Per this study, about 1% of respondents pay a
monthly bill higher than INR 500 (USD 7.45) for collecting water from their own tap, while 12% pay more than INR
500 (USD 7.45) if water is collected through neighbors’ taps.
Figure 10. Affordability ofmonthly expenditure in water collection in USWE slums
The majority of slum dwellers are not paying monthly bills for their own tap water at home, but 25%-40% are paying
about INR 300 (USD 4.5) on an average for collecting water from a neighbor’s tap.
27
Figure 11. Expenditure forwater collection from secondary sources
In non-USWE slums, about 40% of slum dwellers procure their daily water from secondary sources like bore wells,
hand pumps (household or community), tankers(government and private), SWEs, and packaged water from their
vicinityat an expense of INR 100-200 (USD 1.5-3.0).More than INR 500 per month is spent on procuring water from
secondary sources in USWE slums.
Figure 12. Expenditure forwater tap connection and installation at home
In non-USWE slums, slum dwellers are willing to pay for convenience of tap water at home.Some 94% of slum
households with their own tap have paid an installation expense of INR 1,000-5,000 (USD 14.9-74.5). In USWE slums,
75%-91% of the slum households pay installation charges of INR 1,000-5,000 (USD 14.9-74.5).
28
Figure 13. Accessibility in terms of travel distance to water source
In compliance with the Millennium Development Goals, adrinking water facility is available outside their homes in
a non-USWE slum. Similarly, in slums with USWEs, a majority of slum dwellers are provided with access to drinking
water through USWEs just outside their houses as well as within 500 meters.
Figure 14. Responsibility of daily water collection
In slums both with USWEs and without, it is mainly women and the girl child that are responsible for water
collection every day.
29
Figure 15. Quantity sufficiency for drinking purposes
In non-USWE slums, 55- 60% of respondents reported insufficiency of water quantity for drinking purposes. In
USWE slums, respondents asserted that the water quantity available is sufficient yet they are not very aware
whether it is fit for drinking purposes.
Figure 16. Perception towards water quality for treatment
Slum dwellers in non-USWE slums mostly reported poor perception about the water quality. Similarly, among those
living in USWE slums, 72-77% strongly believe that water should be treated before drinking at home.
30
Figure 17. Behavior towards treating water before drinking
In non-USWE slums, 67% of the slum dwellers treat water at home before drinking. In USWE slums, 61% of
households treat water at home before drinking.
Figure 18. Methods of water treatment used at home
In non-USWE slums, boiling and use of cloth as water filtersare the main choice for water treatment at home. In
USWE slums, boiling is the preferred method(50%-64%) followed by 15%-30% using cloth as a filter.
31
Figure 19. Time taken for water collection
Some 50%-60% slum dwellers in non-USWE slums and 50%-70% of slum dwellers in USWE slums spend about one
hour on daily water collection.
Figure 20. Prevalence of waterborne diseases
In non-USWE slums, about 73%-80% of slum dwellers suffer from waterborne diseases such asdiarrhea, cholera,
jaundice, typhoid, dysentery, and enteritis. Waterborne diseases such as cholera, typhoid, dysentery, jaundice,
diarrhea, loose motions, and stomach ailments were reported in slums with USWEs.
32
Figure 21. Treatment availed by households affected by waterborne diseases
Some 84%-94% respondents in the two non-USWE slums reported they hadsought treatment from the local doctor.
About 61% of households in USWE slums were affected by waterborne diseases, and 91% of slum dwellers sought
treatment from the local doctor.
Figure 22. Expenditure incurred in treatment of waterborne diseases
In non-USWE slums, the average health expenditure per household incurred has been INR 300. In USWE slums, INR
300 -500 has been incurred on treatment of waterborne diseases.
33
TABLE 14 Willingness and ability to pay for treated water in their neighborhood
Percentage of Slum Households Non-USWE slums USWE slums
Likely to change water source if treated water is available 61%-78% 59%-63%
Likely to change water source if treated water is available

but located at a distance 52%-69% 43%-58%
Likely to change water source if they have to pay for treated water 43%-46% 41%-51%
% Willing to pay:
INR 8 per 20L 7% 3%-9%
INR 5 per 20L 45%-51% 45%-66%
INR 3 per 20L 96%-99% 96%-98%
Average Monthly Income 6417-4914 5500-7600
In non-USWE slums, respondents are willing to pay for treated water and are prepared to change their source as
well as walk further to procure it. In USWE slums, 60%-63%of households are willing to change the water source if
treated water is made available and they are willing to procure it from a distant location. INR 3/ 30L (USD 0.04) is the
most preferred price point. At INR 5 / 20L(USD 0.07),however, about 30%-50% consumers are lost.
34
4.3.3 Relationship between Water Service Delivery Failures and Adverse Life
Impacts Based on Qualitative Findings
Figure 23. Relationship between water service delivery failures and adverse life impacts
35
CITY OF HYDERABAD WATER SUPPLY | 5. DIGITAL TOOLS
A proposed water quality and technology-specific digital

tool. Digital tools can serve as go to resource tools for
potential SWE entrepreneurs and the sector to facilitate
critical water initiatives
36
5. DIGITAL TOOLS
5.1 Overview
Digital tools in this context are web-based applications with modules to improve the management and operations of
water service delivery. Safe Water Network conducted a broad-reaching landscape review, or “discovery,” to establish what
digital tools exist in the sector and what the need is for the next generation of tools, especially in the management of
SWEs for the efficient and effective delivery of safe water. The discovery work was completed through discussions with
anticipated users, such as municipal officials and kiosk operators, to learn about their experience in using digital tools to
better understand the challenges, issues, and needs.
5.2 Need for Digital Tools

In the present scenario, HMWS&SB has facilitated some key digital tools for e-governance relating to Information
Management Systems (IMS), GIS mapping tools, Consumer Redressal, E-Seva Centers, and G2C services (Mee-Seva) such as:
1. Work Monitoring System: For raising complaints by HMWS&SB employees for log works and budget works
2. HMWS&SB, GHMC Citizen Services: For tanker booking and complaints
3. HMWS&SB Rainwater Harvesting: For effective monitoring of the rainwater harvesting, pit construction, and
maintaining location details, for departmental use
4. HMWS&SB Green Brigade: For Green Brigade Contractors to update boring andmeter details, along with
photographs of the building for generating CAN number to HMWS&SB customers
Additionally, HMWS&SB use the following digital tools for monitoring, operations, and communication:
• WhatsApp Messenger
The internet-based WhatsApp Messenger is used for internal communication along the management hierarchy for
project status, monitoring, and critical maintenance work.
• Water Supply Intranet and Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA)
This intranet-based software is utilized for daily water supply status that includes water consumption details,
information about tankers plying around the city, etc. Also, the SCADA system has been implemented for bulk water
supply.
• Citizen Charter and Online Customer Services

As the name suggests, an online citizen charter and customer service is accessible through the HMWS&SB
official website to address customer services, prospective customer services, information services, and contractor
services. This has simplifiedthe way consumers pay water bills; apply for new water connections; book water
tankers; get information on water supply timings, and tariff;and register grievances, especially for the poor and the
disadvantaged.
37
Today, there are no existing digital tools to address SWEs as the decentralized quick solution for affordable safe water,
especially for the urban poor. The three tools that were tested based on direct interviews with local operators—GHMC
officials, NGOs, SHG groups, operators, and water entrepreneurs—include:
• Technology Selection Tool (TST): Identify appropriate water treatment technology (depending on raw water
quality, to use Ultra Violet, Ultra Filtration, Reverse Osmosis, etc.)
• Plant Assessment Tool (PAT): Assess the SWE s for i) instilling best practices and ii) protecting investment
• Financial Viability Tool (FVT): Understand economics for viability, significance of maintenance, and need for a
sustainability fund for high value
These tools can serve as go to resource tools for potential SWE entrepreneurs and the sector to facilitate critical water
initiatives. They would seek to establish greater alignment and knowledge sharing between SWE implementers and
optimize SWE operations by sharing best practices and bringing more clarity to USWE entrepreneurs, SHGs, and NGOs for
long-term operational and financial sustainability.
38
39
CITY OF HYDERABAD WATER SUPPLY | 6. POLICY & ENABLING ENVIRONMENT
A man collecting water from a treatment kiosk in

Hyderabad. GHMC recognizes the need and importance
of SWEs as a quick solution for affordable safe water in
slums, and has promoted the approach.
40
CITY OF HYDERABAD WATER SUPPLY | 6. POLICY & ENABLING ENVIRONMENT
6. POLICY & ENABLING ENVIRONMENT
6.1 Overview of Telangana Water Policy

The current focus of the central government, Ministry of Urban Development, and the state government is on piped water
supply. The service level benchmarks (SLBs) set for assessing water provision by any ULB in India, as advocated by MoUD,
captures performance with regard to piped water supply only.
In September 2014, the Telangana government proposed to build a water grid that would meet the drinking water needs
of all the towns and villages besides the requirements of the industry in the state. This would be done through a total of
126,000km of water pipeline, including the main trunk line, secondary network, and the distribution lines, as a preliminary
plan to meet the requirement for the next 30 years, through diverting huge amounts of water from the Krishna and
Godavari basins. About 80 TMC of water was estimated to be required for meeting the needs of the entire state, excluding
Hyderabad. 33
Special Focus on Drinking Water: The priority is to facilitate 24x7 safe water provisions in adequate amounts to both
urban and rural areas to meet the growing needs for domestic and industrial use. Drinking water and sanitation will be
accorded high priority in water resources development, allocation, and management with adequate resilience to climate
risks. The government has decided to earmark 10% of water in irrigation projects for drinking water and launch the
Telangana Drinking Water Supply Project to provide protected and piped drinking water to every household in the state
by linking all the projects and habitations through a network of pipelines. The government has earmarked an amount of
INR 40,000 crore (USD 596,000) for this and proposes to implement this over the next three to four years.
One of the major hurdles in provision of tap collection at home is the HMWS&SB department, responsible for drinking
water supply, insisting on providing valid ownership certificates to the households. Since many slums are still not
recognized by the government, slum household applications for piped water connection are rejected by the department.
As a pro-poor policy, the government recently announced tap water connectionsto BPL families at INR 1 (USD 0.015) as a
connection charge in the municipalities and municipal corporations in May 2016, and fixed the criteria for determining the
BPL status of a family in the absence of a white ration card.
6.2 Policy & Enabling Environment for USWEs

Mackenzie and Ray (2007) highlighted that this “pipe only” strategy has implications on resource planning not only for
a dozen big cities but more so for the many thousand smaller cities, peri-urban areas, and towns which might seem
unattractive for financing.
GHMC recognizes the need and importance of SWEs as a quick solution for affordable safe water in slums, and has
promoted the approach. Recently, the HMWS&SB, in its press notification dated March 28, 2016, 34 expressed the desire to
install Any Time Water kiosks on a Build-Own-Operate-Transfer (BOOT) basisat different locations under its jurisdiction
to make available the required quantity of water. Rapid expansion of SWEs can be done through water entrepreneurs. The
water quality and price need to be monitored.
32
http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/telangana-govt-proposes-to-build-126-000-km-water-grid-114092900900_1.html.
34
Retrieved from https://www.hyderabadwater.gov.in/en/files/7514/5924/1254/EOI.PDF.
41
CITY OF HYDERABAD WATER SUPPLY | 7. CASE STUDIES
42
7. CASE STUDIES
The following case studies capture the SWEs studied under the identified slums as well as those located in the vicinity:
7.1 APMAS Water Purification Enterprise at Kapra, Hyderabad

The GHMC, with external donor support and in
partnership with APMAS, a local NGO, set up
1,000LPH reverse osmosis systems to provide
safe drinking water to communities that were
dependent on untreated water andexposed to
health risks. Under this initiative,SHGs operate
8 water plants, out of 10 plants proposed by the
HMWS&SB; these are located in Patancheru-2,
RC Puram-2, Serilingampalli-1, LB Nagar-1,
Alwal-1, and Kapra-1. Due to the scarcity of a raw
water source, two water plants in the Kapra and
Alwal circles were not functioning at the time
of reporting. The treated water is sold at INR 4-5
(USD 0.06-0.07)for 20 liters for walk-in consumers
and at INR 10 (USD 0.15) through distribution.
TABLE 15 Source of contribution at APMAS water purification enterprise
HMWS&SB GHMC Michael & Susan Dell APMAS

Foundation (MSDF)
Building with Land, water A 1,000 LPHcapacity • Funding support: INR 120,000 (USD 1,789)
an estimated source, reverse osmosis
• Training to SHG members on recordkeeping,
cost of INR and power treatment technology,
operations, and maintenance of the plant
250,000 (USD connection, with an estimated cost
3,726) with an of INR 250,000 (USD • System monitoring and supervision
estimated cost 3,726)
of INR 150,000 • One year warrantee from plant supplier towards
(USD 2,236) maintenance support
43
The 1,000 LPH systems are reported to treat total dissolved solids (TDS) of 1,100 ppm from a bore well to produce treated
water with TDS of 85-100 ppm. The waste water is disposed into an open pit.Can sales were reported between 100-200
in a month, except for a few months last year when one of the kiosks sold over an average of 250 cans/month due to
inadequate piped water supply in the area. The share of cans being sold through distribution was reported between 20%
and 50% for three kiosks and 75% for one. Distribution prices were reported at INR 10-15 (USD 0.15-0.22) per 20 L can.
Pricing is decided by SLFs; except for one kiosk at INR 6 (USD 0.09) per 20 L can, others stuck to INR 4 (USD 0.06) per 20
L can. All these enterprises are facing competition from multiple private enterprises (or kiosks) selling water at INR 10-15
USD (0.15-0.22) per can. There is an incentive program but most likely with no standard rules. Most operators talked about
fixed salaries, yet have regular and high expenses on repairs and maintenance. There is no water quality testing regularity
by any external authority. Handheld TDS meters were found to be defunct in three out of four cases. Their use, if at all, is
prompted by consumers complaining about taste.
7.2 Water Purification Enterprise at RC Puram, Hyderabad

The RC Puram plant has an average demand of 300 cans
per day during the summer, compared to 75 canssold per
day during the monsoon and winter seasons. Presently,
electricity expenses are borne by GHMC as informed by
operators. The monthly operating expenditure is around
INR 9,000 (USD 134),and this includes salary of two
operators, chemicals, and consumables. The operator is able
to save on average INR 3,000 (USD 44.7) per month. The SLF
has a bank account and collects the money, which can be
given on credit to their members at 1.5% per month interest
rate.
Image 1. Mr. Hew Crooks, former SVP - Operations, Safe

Water Network, with RC Puram station operators
44
7.3 SMAAT Water Purification Enterprise in Nandanavanam Colony

In August 2013, SMAAT Water Private Technologies
set up an RO water purification kiosk just outside the
Nandanavanam Colony, catering to the urban poor living
in the area. The kiosk sells 5-liter cans of treated water at
INR 1 (USD 0.01) and 20liters at INR 4 (USD 0.06). Smart
prepaid cards are issued to regular customers from INR
100-500 (USD 1.49-7.46). Around 700 cans are sold per month
from the kiosk. Some 80% of the customers belong to
surrounding slums.
SMAAT allocates 10% of the profits earned towards

paying salaries of two operators, up to INR 17,000 (USD
254) per monthfor collecting money and dispensing water,
respectively. On an average, 1,050 cans are sold during peak
summers compared to 500 during off season.Reject water at Image 2. Mr. Anand Rudra, Sr. Water & Sanitation Advi-
their station is around 30%-40%, and it is diverted and used sor, USAID India, talking to the operator of the SMAAT
for domestic purposes. They do not have a distribution/ reverse osmosis kiosk
home delivery model.
45
CITY OF HYDERABAD WATER SUPPLY | 8. REFERENCES
46
CITY OF HYDERABAD WATER SUPPLY | 8. REFERENCES
8. REFERENCES
1. ASCI and CISCO. Use of ICT for effective urban governance and service delivery in India: a selection of cases.
Retrieved from http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/file/Use%20of%20ICT%20for%20effective%20
urban%20governance.pdf on 20 April 2016.
2. Census 2011 report.
3. “Census GIS household,” Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India.
4. City Development Strategy, Hyderabad 2004. Hyderabad Metropolitan Water Supply & Sewerage Board (HMWS&SB).
5. “Cost Recovery in Urban Water Services: Select Experiences in Indian Cities,” WSP-World Bank. March 2011.
6. “Country briefing: India–economy,” Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 1 September 2010. Retrieved 13 January
2016.
7. “Employment-unemployment situation in million plus cities of India,” Delhi Government. 2005:15. Retrieved 13
December2016.
8. “Hyderabad thirsts for Krishna, Godavari water,” Deccan Chronicle. 11 July 2015. Retrieved 13 January 2016.
9. Hyderabad Metropolitan Water Supply & Sewerage Board (HMWS&SB). Retrieved fromwww.hyderabadwater.gov.in
on 24 January 2016.
10. McFarlane, C. “Sanitation in Mumbai’s Informal Settlements: State, ‘Slum’, and Infrastructure,” Environment and
Planning A, 40(1). pp. 88-107.
11. “Steep rise in Hyderabad’s slum population,” The Times of India. 20 August 2013. Retrieved 13 December 2015.
12. “Survey of child labour in slums of Hyderabad: Final Report”. Centre for Good Governance Hyderabad. 17 December
2008. Retrieved from http://www.cgg.gov.in/publicationdownloads2a/Survey%20of%20Child%20Labour%20in%20
slums%20of%20Hyderabad.pdf 25 August 2016.
13. “World bank team visits Hyderabad slums,” The Times of India. 12 June 2012. Retrieved 13 December 2015.
14. “Water level abysmally low in Himayatsagar and Osmansagar,” The Hindu. 17 July 2015. Retrieved 13 December 2016.
15. Retrieved from http://www.niua.org/sites/all/files/cites_for_all.pdf on 11 December 2016.
16. Retrieved from http://www.ghmc.gov.in/tender%20pdfs/election_wards.pdf,

Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation (GHMC), on 11 December 2016.
17. Retrieved from http://mospi.nic.in/Mospi_New/upload/Children_in_India_2012.pdf on 12 April 2016.
18. Retrieved from http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/GHMC-Prepars-Draft-Plan-for-Delimitation-of-

Wards/2015/05/11/article2808248.ece
19. Retrieved from http://www.oneindia.com/2006/07/30/asias-biggest-slum-named-after-anjaiah-ap-cm-1154262891.html
20. Retrieved from http://indiaspeaksnow.com/hyderabad-slum-needs-help-state-government-sleeping;http://www.

thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/singareni-colony-residents-police-clash/article1456933.
ece;http://www.dailymotion.com/video/x13aihj_lack-of-facilities-in-singareni-colony-slums-chetana-part-2_news
47
CITY OF HYDERABAD WATER SUPPLY | 9. ANNEXURES
48
9. ANNEXURES
9.1 Scope of Work
49
50
9.2 Logical Framework Approach of the Report
PROJECT GOAL
Narrative summary Indicators Data sources Assumptions
• Reliable and sustainable safe • Consumers’ satisfaction and • Interviews of leaders of • Consumer (urban poor)
water provision for urban sense of security with regard ULBs and other concerned satisfaction, even from
poor by institutionalizing to water sources, including parastatal agencies as well as pilot projects, is given
USWEs, which augment USWEs. elected representatives. due consideration by
piped water supply, to the state government
• Institutional support from • Consumer household surveys

improve their health. governments and parastatal and recommendations
|
are considered for sector

agencies
development
• Number of stakeholders
• Proactive policy and
contacted to provide input
implementation support
to project development and
from the Delhi government
9. ANNEXURES
planning
and operational support
• Percentage of stakeholders from Delhi Jal Board,
initially contacted to provide municipal corporations, and
input with whom project elected representatives can
findings are shared create the right enabling
• Number of new policies, laws, environment for such
agreements, regulations, decentralized systems to
or investment agreements thrive
(public or private) suggested • Availability and scalability of
for implementation/ such SWEs given the need for
implemented that promote and availability of technical
access to improved water skills, financial investments,
supply and sanitation. and social capital to sustain
the sector
• Lessons derived from the

research are representative
and thus recommendations
replicable to areas which
have not been studied
PROJECT PURPOSE
• Assess need and feasibility • Following aspects of safe • Consumer household surveys • High degree of collaboration
gaps of safe water provision water provision for various from key stakeholders,
• Interviews of officials of
in slums water sources: including information
ULBs and other concerned
sharing to allow for
• Determine role of USWEs to s Access parastatal agencies as well as
assessment of technical,
expand access of safe water USWE implementers
s Availability financial, operational, and
provision in slums • Census data, NFHS data,
s Reliability social viability of the USWEs
• Assess existing digital tools literature review • Proper schedule and

|
s Affordability
and gather input from • Feasibility reports, annual sequence of meetings within
stakeholders on proposed • Policy and regulatory reports as shared by ULBs, a given timeframe with the
digital tools framework for water USWE implementers respective stakeholders
provision to urban poor
• Prevailing digital tools in this

9. ANNEXURES
sector being used by ULBs

and USWEs
• Stakeholders’ interest in
digital tools for this sector
51
52
OUTPUT
• Identification and mapping • Number of slums studied • Consumer household surveys • Proper sampling
of various water sources methodology and selection
• Number of USWEs assessed • DUSIB/DJB reports on water,
available to urban poor of the slums for HH survey
Delhi Master Plan, and City
• Number of water sources based on reliable sources of
• Water supply and demand Development Plan
available to urban poor, secondary information.
estimates for urban poor split by municipal, private, • USWE reports • Insightful, trained, and
• Assessment of operational, community managed, and • USWE operators’/ passionate field investigators
technical, and financial public-private partnership implementers’ surveys • Availability of institutional

|
viability of USWEs (PPP) and household respondents

• FGDs of specific providers
• Recommendations for • Water supply and to give time and share
and user groups
enabling a conducive consumption per capita from reliable information
• Interviews of officials of
environment and for various sources
ULBs and other concerned
establishing an appropriate • HH expenditure on water
9. ANNEXURES
parastatal agencies
policy and regulatory from various sources
framework for SWEs • Legislations regarding water
• Demand for USWEs by urban provision, acts, provisions of
• Assessment of existing poor different ULBs and parastatal
digital tools and feedback on
• HH willingness to pay for agencies, recent policy
proposed digital tools
USWEs initiatives
• Cost recovery for USWEs
• Competition from other

sources – free and paid
• Urban poor’s awareness levels

about correlation between
safe drinking water and
health
• Number of existing digital

tools along with utility and
end users
• Suggestions and feedback

on features/capabilities of
proposed digital tools
INPUTS/ACTIVITIES
• Literature review of • Documentation of various • Diverse and detailed desk • Availability of secondary
prevailing water policies, policies, initiatives, projects, reviews of USWE initiatives, information
schemes, and programs for etc. related to water provision including institutional, • Pilot surveys to identify and
urban poor for urban poor for the various technical, and financial map locations of slums and
• Analyzing standard relevant institutions arrangements kiosks
demographic studies – • City-wise profiles for water • Key stakeholder mapping • Appropriate stakeholders’
identification and
Census, NFHS 35, NSSO1 provision using stakeholder analysis

consultation
|
• Institutional mapping and • USWE profiles techniques

• Trained team for survey
key stakeholder interviews • Key informant surveys for
• Consumer profile-household
• Consumer household surveys consumption, affordability, important stakeholders
etc. including households
• Focus group discussions
• Triangulation of key
(FGDs)
9. ANNEXURES
information from various

sources
• Household need,
consumption, affordability,
willingness to pay, and
perception surveys
35
National Family & Health Survey (NFHS), National Sample Survey Organization (NSSO)
53
9.3 Questionnaires for Interviewing Households, Entrepreneurs,

and Operators
9.3.1 Household level surveys
IDENTIFICATION PARTICULARS
Before Starting Interview
Name of Slum ______________________________________________ Code: __________________
Ward Number ______________________________________________ Code: __________________
House Number: ______________________________________________ Code: __________________
______________________________________________ Code: __________________
______________________________________________ Code: __________________
Date of Interview (DD/MM/YY): ____________/_______/________
Time of starting Interview (HH.MM): _______. _______ AM/PM
After Ending Interview
Time of ending interview (HH.MM): _______. _______ AM/PM
Names of Respondents 1: _________________________________ MID: _________
2: _________________________________ MID: _________
3: _________________________________ MID: _________
Name of Interviewer: ____________________________________ Code: __________________
After Checking/Editing Questionnaire
Name of Supervisor: _____________________________________ Code: ____________
Name of Editor: _________________________________________ Code: ____________
54
Qn. QUESTIONS AND FILTERS CODING CATEGORIES SKIP
A01 Name of the Respondent
A02 Size of the Family Please Specify the Number
A03 Please Specify the Sex Distribution

Male Female
of the Household
A04 B0 Details for all members of your household :

S.No. Name of Member Relation to Residential Sex Age Marital Education
(MID) Head of Status (M=1) Completed Status (Years of
Household F=2) (10+) schooling)
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8)
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
Col (3) Relation to Head: 01 Head, 02 Spouse, 03 Son/Daughter, 04 Son-in-law/Daughter-in-law, 05 Grandchild,

06 Father/mother, 07 Father-in-law/Mother-in-law, 08 Brother/Sister, 09 Brother-in-law/Sister-in-law,
10 Uncle/Aunty,
11 Niece/Nephew, 12 Grandfather/Grandmother, 13 Other relative, 14 Servant/Employee/Other

Col (4) Residential status: 1 Currently residing, 2 Studying elsewhere, 3 Working elsewhere, 4 Staying elsewhere
but not studying or working.
Col (5) Sex: 1 Male, 2 Female. Col (6) Age: Record age in completed years, 00 if not completed one year, 96 if age
96 or above.
Col (7) Marital Status: 1 Unmarried, 2 Married, 3 Widowed, 4 Divorced, 5 Separated/ Deserted, 6 Other
55
A05 Do you come under scheduled caste, SCHEDULED CASTE..............1

scheduled tribe, nomadic tribe, or other SCHEDULED TRIBE..............2
backward class? Which one? NOMADIC TRIBE................3
DENOTIFIED TRIBE.............4
OTHER BACKWARD CLASS (OBC)...5
GENERAL......................6
DON’T KNOW....................7
A06 Occupational Status of Head of Salaried employed............1

Household Own Business.................2
Daily Wages..................3
Retired......................4
Unemployed...................5
A07 Average Annual Income of the

Household(Please write an
approximation)
A08 TYPE OF HOUSE Kutcha......................1

(RECORD AS PER GUIDELINES BASED Semi-Pucca..................2
ON TYPE OF WALL, Pucca.......................3
ROOF AND FLOOR)
A09 Is the house your own, rented, rent- CONST/PURCHASED/FAMILY(OWN)..1

free, sanctioned/provided under some RENTED.......................2
scheme?
A10 How many years has your family been

living in this slum?
A11 Is Your House having Electricity YES..........................1

Connection? NO...........................2
B. Sanitation & Hygiene
B01 What type of toilet facility do you have? FLUSH TOILET (OWN)...........1
PIT TOILET(OWN)..............2
PIT TOILET(COMMUNITY)........... .3
OTHER _______________________4
NONE........................5
B02 If you use community toilet, then what Less than 10 rupees..........1
is the total expenditure to use toilet per Between 10-20 Rupees.........2
day for entire Household? Between 20-30 Rupees.........3
Between 30-40 Rupees.........4
More than 50 Rupees..........5
56
B03 Does any Member from Local Municipal Yes..........................1 Skip to

Corporation visit your Slum? No...........................2 Question B05
Don’t Know...................3
B04 If Yes, do they make any intervention in Water Availability...........1

any of the mention areas? Drainage.....................2
Eletricity...................3
Safe Drinking water..........4
Any other....................5
None.........................6
B05 Do you know the name of any NGO/

Organisation who visits to your slum?
Yes..........................1
No...........................2
Don’t Know...................3
} Skip to
question B7
B06 If Yes, do they make any intervention in Water Availability...........1

any of the mention areas? Drainage.....................2
Eletricity...................3
Safe Drinking water..........4
Any other....................5
B07 Is there sullage nuisance surrounding INTWRRESP

your house? What is the nature of NONE.........................X
sullage nuisance? WATER STAGNATION.............A
DRAINAGE/SEWAGE..............B
(INTERVIEWER: MAKE AN OPEN AIR DEFECATION……….......C
INDEPENDENT ASSESSMENT AND WASTE DUMPING................D
RECORD) OTHER________________________E
C. Status of Water Facility
C01 From where do you fetch water for your PRIVATE TAP (BY OWN).........A
household? OWN TAP BY GOVT..............B
(ASK FOR PRIMARY SOURCE) OWN HANDPUMP/BOREWELL........C
NEIGHBOUR’S TAP..............D
COMMUNITY TAP................E
COMMUNITY HANDPUMP...........F
COMMUNITY OPEN WELL..........G
MUNICIPALITY Truck/Tanker....H
PRIVATE Truck/Tanker.........I
SWE(WATER ATM’S/KIOKS ETC)...J
OTHER________________________K
CO2 Is water available throughout the year? Yes..........................1

No...........................2
57
C03 Is there any Secondary Source of Water Yes..........................1

Available in your Locality Other than No...........................2
the Primary Sources?
C04 Please Mention all the secondary PRIVATE TAP (BY OWN).........A
sources OWN TAP BY GOVT..............B
(Please ask aloud all the options and OWN HANDPUMP/BOREWELL........C
Tick all available options) NEIGHBOUR’S TAP..............D
COMMUNITY TAP................E
COMMUNITY HANDPUMP...........F
COMMUNITY OPEN WELL..........G
MUNICIPALITY Truck/Tanker....H
PRIVATE Truck/Tanker.........I
SWE(WATER ATM’S/KIOKS ETC)...J
OTHER________________________K
C05 Were you Required to use any Yes..........................1

Secondary Source in Past Six Months? No...........................2
C06 Number of months secondary source

used to procure water last year
C07 Cost incurred in procuring water from

secondary source during last year
(Include Travelling Cost, Water Charges,
other cost incurred) Please include total
charges.
C.1 If Household having own source of water (Primary)
C08 If own Source, what Installation of Other Charges Annual Repair Charges
was the expenditure Tap/Pipeline etc During (Please Mention Last Repair
Incurred at the time Charges Installation Charges incurred)
of :
C09 How Many hours do you receive water One hour.....................1

in a day Two Hours....................2
(Primary Source) Three Hours..................3
More than three Hours........4
C10 Do you receive monthly Bill for water Yes..........................1

(Municipality Corporation Bill)? No...........................2
58
C11 Have you paid bill in last three years, if

yes please specify the amount
(Specify Monthly/Annum/Other)
C12 What is your Monthly expenditure None........................1

incurred towards water (Please exclude Less Than 100...............2
the water bill charges)? Between 101-300.............3
Between 301-500..............4
More than 500...............5
C13 Do you allow other households to take Yes..........................1

water from your Tap/Hand pump/Well? No...........................2
C14 If Yes, Please specify the Number of 1-5 .........................1

Households 5-10.........................2
10-15........................3
20+..........................4
C15 How much do you charge per Month None.........................1

per household? Less Than 100..............,.2
Between 101-300..............3
Between 301-500..............4
More than 500................5
C16 Please specify, how many months Month Yes (1) No (2)
do you provide the water to other
households. (Data to be Based on last on January
average of last 3 years)?
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
59
C.2 If Household does not have their own source of water (Primary)
C17 How far is the water source from your JUST OUTSIDE.................1
household? WITHIN 1/2 KM................2
WITHIN 1 KM..................3
MORE THAN 1 KM...............4
C18 What is your monthly expenditure to Less Than 100................1

get the water (those who do not have Between 100-300..............2
their own sources of water, please Between 300-500..............3
include travelling charge and other More than 500................4
charges, if any) Please write the total
charges.
C19 What is the Average Duration per Day Less Than 10 Min.............1
You Get Water? 10-20 Min…...................2
21-30 Min....................3
More Than 30 Min.............4
D. Water Consumption Pattern
D01 Please Provide the details of water Drinking

consumption (in liters) on daily basis
(Primary Source)
Other Domestic
Purposes
D02 How many days do you get water in a

week (Primary Source)
D03 Who in the household is primarily Female Head..................1

involved to collect water? Male Head....................2
Eldest Female Child..........3
Any Female Child.............4
Eldest Male Child............5
Any Male Child...............6
Any other....................7
D04 How much time on an average do you Half hour....................1

spend time collecting water in a day? One Hour.....................2
Two Hours....................3
Others_______________________4
60
D05 How many trips do you make in a day? Xxx

One...................... ...1
Two..........................2
Three........................3
Four.........................4
Others.................. ...5
D06 How is the water vessel brought home Walking......................1

Bicycle......................2
Motor Cycle..................3
Rickshaw.....................4
Other________________________5
(Please Specify)
E. Drinking Water Facility
E01 Is the source of Drinking water same as Yes............................1 Skip to

mentioned in C01? No.............................2 Question E03
E02 Please Specify IF other Sources used Govt. Water Tanker.............1

Private Water Tanker...........2
Packaged Drinking water........3
Water Pouch....................4
SWE Water Stalls/Kiosks .......5
Others.........................6
None...........................7
E03 Do you pay any charges for procuring

drinking water?
Yes............................1
No.............................2 } Skip to
Question E05
E04 If yes, Please provide the monthly

expenditure you incur to get drinking
water?
E05 Do you think drinking water should be Yes..................................1

treated? No...................................2
E06 Do you treat water before drinking? Yes…………………………………1

No.............................2 } Skip to
Question E08
E07 What Are the Methods in which water Boiling..... .....................1

is treated Water Filter (Ceramic/ Electrical).......................2
Water Purifier....................3
Using Cloth as filter.............4
Keeping water in Sun..............5
Cholrine Tablets..................6
Bleach............................7
Alum..............................8
Others____________________________6
61
E08 If No, what are the reasons you do not Water quality is good ...............1
treat the water? No facility available................2
Not aware of the treatment Methods...3
E09 Is the current quantity of available Yes.............................1

drinking water is sufficient? No..............................2
E10 Is the current quality of available Yes.............................1

drinking water is satisfactory? No..............................2
E11 If No, What are the Reasons? Contaminated Water..............1

Smell...........................2
Colored.........................3
Particles in Water..............4
Other...........................5
E12 How would you rank the quality of Very Good.......................1

drinking water currently available in Good....................... ....2
your household (Rate in the scale 1 to 5) Average.........................3
Poor............................4
Very Poor.......................5
E13 Have you seen/heard/read the messages Name of the Sources YES NO
related to the Safe Drinking water?
A. TELEVISION 1 2
B. RADIO 1 2
C. NEWS PAPER/ BOOKS/

MAGAZINE/ PAMPHLET /
POSTER/ HOARDING/ 1 2
D. DRAMA/ SONG/DANCE
PERFORMANCE/STREET
PLAY/ PUPPET SHOW 1 2
E. EXHIBITION /MELA/ 1 2
F. GROUP MEETING/
PROGRAMS/ 1 2
G. DOCTOR/ ANM/ AWW/ ASHA 1 2
H. FRIENDS/RELATIVES 1 2
I. OTHER SOURCE (SPECIFY) 1 2
62
F.IF SWE (Small Water Enterprises) IN THE COMMUNITY
F01 Do you buy water from the SWE present Yes.............................1

in your community? No..............................2
F02 How much water do you buy in a day?

(Please specify Exact Liters)
F03 How much do you pay per litres?

(Please mention the exact Cost)
F04 Usage of this water Drinking...........................1

(Please tick all the appropriate options) Cooking............................2
Washing utensils...................3
Washing Clothes....................4
Other............................. 5
Please Specify)
F05 What vessel do you buy this water? Plastic vessel.....................1

(Please make an independent Earthen Pot........................2
assessment by looking at the vessel) Metal Vessel.......................3
F06 Monthly expenditure towards procuring

water from this SWE?
(Please Provide an approximation)
G. Health And Health Seeking Behavior
G01 Has your household been affected YES.........................1

by water borne diseases in past six No...........................2
months?
G02 Please specify the disease(s) your Diarrhea.....................1

household has been affected in last Jaundice.....................2
three years Cholera......................3
(Please tick all the appropriate options) Stomach Problems.............4
Typhoid......................5
Dysentery....................6
Blood in Stools..............7
Loose Motion/Watery Stool…...8
Fluorosis.......................9
Browning of teeth in Children..10
Others(water borne).........................11
Please Specify
63
G03 Can You tell us about any other 1.

Diseases caused due to water in your 2.
Neighborhood? 3.
4.
5.
G04 If household members fall sick, where Govt. Hospital..............1

do you go or whom do you consult first? Consult the local doctor....2
Visit Medical Shop/Chemist...3
Consult the friends/Relatives4 Skip to
Home Based Methods..........5 Question G07
Others (Please Specify).....6
None........................7
G05 Did you receive any Medicine? YES...........................1

No............................2
Don’t Know....................3
G06 Average expenditure to avail treatment. Less Than 100................1

(Please specify –only of water borne 101-300......................2
diseases, refer to QG02) 301-500......................3
501-1000.....................4
More than 1000...............5
G07 Did you take any precautions related to YES.........................1 Skip to

water after treatment? No..........................2 Question G09
G08 If yes, Please specify
G09 Please give any suggestions to improve

the availability of water facility in your
locality
H. Willingness to pay:
H01 How likely are you to change your water Will stop the current source 1
source if a clean, pure source of water is Completely and switch to new source.......................2
available? Will try the new source......3
Will not try the new source..4
Don’t Know/Can’t Say.........5
64
H02 How likely are to you change your water Will stop he current source..1
source if water from the new source is Completely and switch to new source......................2
available some distance away and you Will try the new source.....3
have to collect the water? Will not try the new source.4
Don’t Know/Can’t Say........5
H03 How likely are you willing to change Will stop he current source...1
your water source if you have to pay Completely and switch to new source...................2
nominal charges for the clear, pure Will try the new source......3
water? Will not try the new source..4
Don’t Know/Can’t Say.........5
H04 And, how willing are you to pay INR 10 per / 20 litre?
And, how willing are you to pay INR 8 per / 20 litre?
And, how willing are you to pay INR 5 per / 20 litre?

(Please ask the question, one after the other and tick on the appropriate box provided below)
INR 10 INR 8 Rs. 5
Strongly unwilling to pay 1 1 1
Slightly unwilling to pay 2 2 2
May or may not pay 3 3 3
Slightly willing to pay 4 4 4
Strongly willing to pay 5 5 5
65
9.3.2 USWE Entrepreneur / Operator / Technical Questionnaire
USWE (Water treatment kiosks) Survey: June 2015
Investigating Institute: Tata Institute of Social Sciences, Mumbai-400088
CONFIDENTIAL
Questionnaire No…K/………………
For research purpose only
1. Name of the Informal Settlement colony: _____________________________________________________
1.1 Address Location: _____________________________________________________
1.2 Demography details: Population: _______________ Households: ______________
2. Other Utility Services available:

Water-1, Electricity-2, Sewerage-3, Housing-4, Others-5
(Can be multiple answers)
3. Time and Date of Interview: _____________________________________________________
4. Current Raw Water Supply
4.1 Type of Water supplied:
Piped-1, Jal Board-2, Ground water-3, Other-4
(specify) ______________________________________________________________________________
4.2 Quantity of Water Supplied daily: _______________________________________________________
4.3 Water Quality supplied: Raw Water TDS __________ppm
4.4 Time of Water Availability: Morning ___________AM Evening_________ PM
Other_________________________________________________________________________________
5. Urban Safe Water Enterprise (USWE)
5.1 Name of the Plant/Station Operator: ___________________________________________________
5.2 Education Qualifications: _____________________________________________________________
5.3 Contact Number: _____________________________________________________________________
66
5.4 Date of Establishment: _______________ Month ______________ Year
5.5 GPS Coordinates: ____________ Latitude ___________ Longitude
5.6 Water Quality supplied (Treated): TDS__________ ppm
5.7 Treated water price at kiosk (INR) _________ per liter ________ 12 liters ________ 20 liters
5.8 Treated water price at ATM (INR): _________ per liter ________ 12 liters ________ 20 liters
5.9 Treated water price at retail outlet/shops (INR):
_________ per liter ________ 12 liters ________ 20 liters
5.10 Treated water price at home (INR): _________ per liter ________ 12 liters ________ 20 liters
5.11 Time of Water Availability: Morning ___________AM Evening ____________ PM
5.12 Past Visit by any Regulatory Authority
Name of authority ____________________________________________________________________
Last Visit Date _______________________ Fees (INR) ______________________________________
Comments ___________________________________________________________________________
5.13 How many people are involved in running this kiosk/ATMs on a daily basis? What does each one of them
do?
______________________________________________________________________________________
5.14 For how many hours do you run this plant every day? ____________________________________
6. Water Quality and its Treatment
6.1 What are the main contaminants in the raw water here?
Fluoride-1, Microbial-2, Arsenic-3, TDS-4, Nitrates-5, Salinity-6
6.2 Type of Treatment Technology deployed:

Chlorination-1, UV-2, Coagulation-3, Ion Exchange-4, R. O.-5 etc.
6.3 Water Testing Protocol:

Daily-1, Monthly-2, Quarterly-3, On Wall Display-4
6.4 Date of last treated water quality test: __________________________________________________

(Please share report/results if possible)
67
6.5 Testing Laboratory:
Name: ________________________________________________________________________________
Address: ______________________________________________________________________________
Quality Parameters Tested: _____________________________________________________________
Testing Fee Per Test (INR): ______________________________________________________________
7. USWE Model
7.1 Type of Model:

Community/SHG -1, NGO-2, PPP-2, DWACRA-3, Private-4, Govt.-5
7.3 Entrepreneur-owned:
Funding Source
Land__________________________________________________________________________
Building_______________________________________________________________________
Technology_____________________________________________________________________
Legal Approvals taken if any:____________________________________________________
7.4 Any approvals taken from Local Authorities (land/water/fire/environmental/etc.)
______________________________________________________________________________________
7.5 Are there any other USWEs operating in this area?
______________________________________________________________________________________
8. Capital Expenditure: Cost of Infrastructure
8.1 Type of Land:

Rental-1, Owned-2, Registered-3
8.2 Water Source/Bore drilling: __________________________ depth of drilled bore well
8.3 Source of Electricity:

Single-1, Three-Phase-2 ______Cost/KWH
68
8.4 Station/Plant details:

Building-1, Signages-2, Storage-3, Tanks-4, Skids-5,
Plumbing-6, Wiring-7, Electrification-8
___________________________Costs, etc.
8.4.1. Treatment System:
Manufacturer ____________________________________________________
Litres per hour (LPH) capacity ____________________________________________________
List the purification stages ____________________________________________________
Hours of Operation /Day ____________________________________________________
Daily Volume of Treated Water ____________________________________________________
Remote Monitoring System:

Yes-1, No-2
RFID Smart Cards (if any) ____________________________________________________
Safety measures like Stabilizer / AVR ____________________________________________________
8.5 Contingencies / Supervision / Training / Consumer Campaign etc.
______________________________________________________________________________________
8.6 Reject Water Disposal mechanism:
8.6.1. Method of Disposal: ____________________________________________________
8.6.2. Cost of Disposal: ____________________________________________________
8.6.3. Local regulatory compliance

(if any): No-1, Yes-2
___________________________________________________________________________documents?
9. Operating Expenditure (Op-Ex)
9.1 Operator salary / month ____________________________________________________
9.2 Rental Cost of Land, if any ____________________________________________________
9.3 Rental Cost of Source Water, if any ____________________________________________________
69
9.4 Monthly Electricity Bill: ___________ Cost per unit _________ (INR/kWh)
9.5 Consumables used:

Anti-scaling chemicals-1, Cartridges-2 etc.
9.6 Can wash/collection vessel cleaning protocol, if any:
______________________________________________________________________________________
9.7 Program / Admin costs:
9.7.1 Consumer activation ____________________________________________________

(or advertising/marketing), if any:
9.7.1.1 Brand name, if any ____________________________________________________
9.7.1.2 Activity type ____________________________________________________
9.7.1.3 Cost of activity ____________________________________________________
9.7.1.4 Activity Frequency ____________________________________________________
9.7.1.5 Customer base created ____________________________________________________
9.7.1.6 Cost / month / annum ____________________________________________________
9.7.2 Operator Training:
9.7.2.1 Skill training imparted:
9.7.2.1.1 Plant operation: Yes-1, No-2
9.7.2.1.2 Book keeping: Yes-1, No-2
9.7.2.1.3 Consumer handling : Yes-1, No-2
9.7.2.1.4 Any other ____________________________________________________
9.7.3 Operator experience / education:
9.7.3.1 Number of days of training ____________________________________________________
9.7.3.2 Refresher courses, if any Yes-1, No-2
If yes, specify ____________________________________________________
70
9.8 Maintenance Technician
9.8.1 Costs to the Station (including conveyance / month):
9.8.1.1 Number of breakdown (s) ____________________________________________________
9.8.1.2 Type of breakdown ____________________________________________________
9.8.2 High value spares
9.8.2.1 Cost of membranes replacement

<2 years-1, 3 years-2, 5 years-3
9.8.2.2 Pump replacement

<3 years-1, 4 years-2, 5 years-3
9.8.2.3 Any other ____________________________________________________
9.9 Buffer Staff / Apprentice for the operator: Yes-1, No-2
Specify, if yes ____________________________________________________
9.10 Total Op-Ex / month ____________________________________________________
9.11 Profit / Loss per month / per annum ____________________________________________________
10. Distribution
10.1 For each SWE delivery mechanisms, capture the following:
Delivery Treated Litres Travelling Time to Distance No. of times Price (INR
mechanism water sold (daily time to replenish from main stock is paise/ litre)
holding average) replenish stock at the treatment replenished
capacity stock delivery facility daily
(round trip) mechanism
Kiosk
ATM 1
ATM 2
ATM 3
ATM 4
ATM 5
Retail
outlets/
shops
Home
delivery
71
10.2 Cost of Distribution/month
10.2.1 Vehicle cost (Rs/-) ____________________________________________________
Company owned-1, hired-2, Self-owned-3, hired-4
10.2.2 Fuel cost ____________________________________________________
10.2.3 Driver salary ____________________________________________________
10.2.4 Maintenance cost ____________________________________________________
11. Pricing of Water Container and Smart Card, if any:
11.1 Cost of container (one time), if any ____________________________________________________
11.2 Cost of subscription (e.g. - RFID Card), if any_____________________________________________
11.3 Container Cost: ____________ 20 liters _____________ 12 liters
Additionally, we had used questionnaires for interviewing ULB representatives and USWE management. These can be
obtained by contacting Safe Water Network.
9.4 List of People Interviewed

Organization Designation Name
HMWS&SB Director - Technical Dr.P.S.Suryanarayana
GHMC Chief Engineer Suresh Kumar
GHMC Urban Community (Team meeting)

Development wing
SMAAT Pvt. Ltd. General Manager Satyanarayana
APMAS Director, Research & Advocacy K. Raja Reddy
APMAS Manager, Research & Advocacy S. Prahalladaiah
APMAS Community mobilizers (Team meeting)
Michael &Susan Dell Foundation Operators Vijaylakshami

(MSDF)+APMAS+GHMC USWEs Rajalakshami
Kamla
Lata
72
9.5 List of Slums and USWEs studied

Slums in Hyderabad Type (Non/USWE) Sample Households covered
Manikeshwar Nagar USWE 100
AddaguttaBasti Non-USWE 100
Singareni Colony Non-USWE 100
Nandanavanam Colony USWE 100
Old Malakpet USWE 100
9.6 Summary of Water Quality Test Conducted at Various Sources
9.6.1 pH of Main Source of Drinking water

The pH of the main source of drinking water was measured at every home using pH meters. However, in most cases,
the water sample was picked up from the containers used for storage.Most of the sources had pH in the range of 7
to 8+. Among all the sources, tap water at home had the highest pH on average, with two-thirds of thehouseholds
registering pH of more than 8. SWEs had the lowest average pH among all sources.
TABLE I pHlevel tested at various water sources
WATER SOURCE
pH level Ground- Ground- RO at SWE Tank at Tank at Tap at Tap at Grand

(%) water water at Govt. Private Commu- Home Total Re-
at Commu- Home nity spondents
nity
5.6 - 6.0 2 3 1 2 0 0 1 1
6.1 - 6.5 10 13 18 10 1 3 2 10
6.6 - 7.0 12 16 12 10 8 18 4 11
7.1 - 7.5 31 24 29 12 54 43 6 29
7.6 - 8.0 28 20 29 37 32 32 19 28
> 8.0 17 25 12 29 4 3 67 20
Average 7.4 7.4 7.3 7.6 7.5 7.4 8.0 7.5
73
9.6.2 TDS of Main Source of Drinking Water

The TDS of the main source of drinking water was measured at every home using TDS meters. However, in most
cases, the water sample was picked up from the containers used for storage.
The TDS of RO water from SWEs had the lowest average scores of around 100; about 83% of the RO households
had TDS less than 151. In addition, all the other sources had TDS significantly higher than RO treated water.
Comparatively, the TDS of groundwater was higher and the community groundwater had the highest average levels
of around 247.
TABLE II TDS level tested at various water sources
WATER SOURCE
TDS level Ground- Ground- RO at SWE Tank at Tank at Tap at Tap at Grand
(%) water water at Govt. Private Commu- Home Total Re-
at Commu- Home nity spondents
nity
0 - 50 6 1 32 1 23 7 3 17
51 - 100 19 18 36 29 47 47 13 33
101 - 150 8 21 14 29 10 13 6 14
151 - 300 37 47 12 30 4 7 67 24
301 - 500 16 12 5 4 6 13 10 8
500+ 14 1 1 8 10 14 1 5
Average 247 198 102 181 141 195 213 158
74
75
76
INDIA
The Centrum, TB-3, 3rd Floor, 369-370
Main Mehrauli-Gurgaon Road, Sultanpur
New Delhi 110030
Phone : +91 11 26800884
Email: [email protected]
GHANA
12 Tanbu Street
Adjacent Lecole Francaise
East Legon
Accra, Ghana
Phone +233 302-544-255
USA
122 East 42nd Street
Suite 2600
New York, NY 10168
United States
Phone: +1 212-355-7233
October 2016

Safe Water Network - Hyderabad City Report

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Safe Water Network - Hyderabad City Report

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Safe Water Network - Hyderabad City Report

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

CITY OF HYDERABAD WATER SUPPLY

Field Investigation and Interviews by

Hyderabad’s piped water connections provide insufficient quantity to meet demand.

As Hyderabad’s population grows, so will its unmet water needs.

Table 2. Water sources meeting the supply needs of the city 12

Table 3. Water supply infrastructure in Hyderabad 14

Table 4. Status of key water supply indicators in Hyderabad 15

Table 5. Demand projections of water supply by HMWS&SB 16

Table 6. Water quality monitoring by HMWS&SB 17

Table 7. Key operating factors that affect cost recovery in Hyderabad 18

Table 8. Water tariff structure for rural and urban areas 19

Table 9. Category-wise customer details 19

Table 10. Hyderabad score in state-level benchmarks in water supply 21

Table 11. Typical capital costs at a USWE 23

Table 12. Typical monthly operating cost at a USWE 24

Table 13. Socioeconomic profile ofslums without and with USWEs 25

Table 15. Source of contribution at APMAS water purification enterprise 43

Annexure 2. Logical Framework Approach of the Report 50

Annexure 3. Questionnaires for Interviewing Households, Entrepreneurs, and Operators 54

Annexure 4. List of People Interviewed 72

Annexure 5. List of Slums and USWEs Studied 73

Annexure 6. Summary of Water Quality Test Conducted at Various Sources 73

Urban Small Water Enterprises

Urban Local Body

National Accreditation Board for Testing and Calibration Laboratories (NABL)

Non-Revenue Water (NRW)

A typical slum in Hyderabad city. Exponential and

1.2 Objectives of this Study

The main objectives of the assessment study are to:

(iii) study the policy and enabling environment for SWEs;

Figure 1. Process flow of the project

1.6 Selection of Slums

3. Singareni Colony, Saidabad

4. Nandanavanam Colony (near Karmanaghat)

TABLE 1 Slums selected for the USWE study in Hyderabad

Slums Population7 Type (Non/USWE) Sample Households

Manikeshwar Nagar 33,069 USWE 100

Nandavanam Colony 30,154 USWE 100

Old Malakpet 39,711 USWE 100

AddaguttaBasti 32,632 non-USWE 100

Singareni Colony 39,453 non-USWE 100

Total 175,019 - 500

Slums without USWEs

Slums with USWEs

Figure 2. Map delineating the urban slums studied in Hyderabad

1.7 Limitations of the Study

A typical slum in Hyderabad city. One out of three persons

2.3.1 City Population

2.3.2 Literacy Rate

2.3.3 Ethnicity, Language, and Religion

2.3.4 Income and Employment

2.3.5 Slum Population

Slum dwellers collect water from tankers for their homes.

Figure 3. Map showing HMWS&SB and GHMC service area 19

• Supply of potable water including planning, design, construction, and maintenance

• Operation and management of the water supply system

TABLE 2 Water sources meeting the supply needs of thecity

Year of Source Distance from Designed Daily System Water