EARTHQUAKE SAFE CONSTRUCTION OF MASONRY BUILDINGS

Simplified Guideline for All New Buildings in the Seismic Zone III of India Zone III
Introduction:
As usual new construction of buildings under IAY, Prime Minister Rojgar Yojana and buildings
under various other National and State schemes get started in the month of May. The Ministry of Home
Affairs is keen that All New Buildings should be made earthquake resistant in the first instant so that we do
not add to the stock of existing unsafe buildings. Since most of the buildings are constructed using brickwork
or, solid hollow concrete blocks with flat roofs, very simple illustrated guidance is provided in the attached
brochure for incorporating the earthquake resistant features suitable for seismic zone III.

Essential Elements for Earthquake Safety1:

The essential elements required to make a building earthquake safe are as given in Figure 1. Some
additional requirements are detailed in the following paragraphs.
2
1

2
1

2 1. Lintel Band
1 2. Roof/ Floor Band
3. Vertical reinforcing bar at corner
4. Door
5. Window
6. Plinth Band
6

5
4 Figure – 1: Essential Internal
Elements in Buildings
3 for Earthquake Safety
1. GOOD CEMENT MORTAR:
The cement mortar should be used in the ratio of 1 part of cement with 6 parts of sand (1 sack of
cement mixed with 6 equal sacks of sand).
2. HORIZONTAL SEISMIC BANDS:
A seismic band consists of reinforced concrete flat runner through all external and internal
masonry walls at the following levels in the building.
a. at the plinth level of the building
b. at the levels of lintels of doors and windows
c. at the ceiling level of roofs consisting of wooden joists or, prefabricated reinforced concrete beams
or, planks. (Such band will not be necessary if the roof consists of Reinforced Concrete or,
Reinforced Brick slabs cast on the walls covering a minimum of 2/3 of the thickness of the wall.)
The dimensions of the band and the reinforcement inside depend upon the length of the walls
between the perpendicular cross walls. The table below (Table-1) shows the dimensions to be adopted for
the seismic bands and the internal reinforcement details to be provided. The reinforcement and bending
details of seismic bands are given in the Figure-2. Reinforcing bars will be of Fe 415 type [TOR or, High
Yield Strength Deformed, i.e. HYSD bars]

1
The details given here are extracted from IS: 4326-1993 Code of Practice as applicable to buildings with Brick/ Concrete
block walls and R.C. flat slab roofs. Details not given here may be seen in the Code.
 30
40
1

30 40 40 30

150
75
b2 b1
b b

2 2 6@150 1 2 6@150
2

(a) 1
(b)
1
3 2 3 2

b b

(c) (d)

1 3
3
1
2
2

(e) (f)
(a) Section of the Band with 2 longitudinal steel bars 1. Longitudinal reinforcements
(b) Section of the Band with 4 longitudinal steel bars 2. Lateral Ties
(c) Structural Plan at L- type wall junction 3. Vertical reinforcement at corners
(d) Structural Plan at T- type wall junction b, b1, b2 Wall thickness
(e) 3 Dimensional view of the L - type wall junction
(f) 3 Dimensional view of the T - type wall junction

Figure-2: Reinforcement and Bending Details of Seismic Bands

Table-1: Recommended size and longitudinal steel in Seismic Bands (Zone III)
Internal Residential buildings Important Public Buildings (Schools,
length of Hospitals, Meeting Halls, Anganwadis, etc.)
wall Size of the band No. of Bars Dia (mm) Size of the band No. of Bars Dia (mm)
5 m or, less 10 cm x wall width 2 8 10 cm x wall width 2 8
6m 10 cm x wall width 2 8 10 cm x wall width 2 10
7m 15 cm x wall width 2 10 15 cm x wall width 2 12
8m 15 cm x wall width 2 12 15 cm x wall width 4 10

3. VERTICAL REINFORCEMENT IN THE BRICK WALLS:

For earthquake safety in seismic zone III reinforcing bars have to be embedded in brick masonry at
the corners of all the rooms and the side of the door openings. Window openings larger than 60 cm in
width will also need such reinforcing bars (Figure – 4). The diameter of the bar depends upon the
number of storeys in the building. The recommendations are given in Table-2.
Providing the vertical bars in the brickwork and concrete blocks requires special techniques which
could be easily learnt by the supervising engineers and masons will need to be trained.
 These vertical bars have to be started from the foundation concrete, will pass through all seismic
bands where they will be tied to the band reinforcements using binding wire and embedded to the ceiling
band/roof slab as the case may be using a 300 mm 90° bend. Sometimes the vertical bars will not be
made in one full length. In that case the extension of the vertical reinforcement bars are required, an
overlap of minimum of 50 times the bar diameter should be provided. The two overlapped reinforcement
bars should be tied together by using the binding wires.
Table-2: Recommended size of vertical 3
3
steel in Seismic Bands (Zone III) 1/2 1

No. of Floor Residential Important 3/4 1/4

storeys buildings * Public 1/2
Buildings * 3/4 1/4

(Schools, 1/2 1
Hospitals,
Meeting
Halls,
1/2
Anganwadis, 3
3
etc.) 1/2

1/2 1
Dia of Single Dia of Single
HYSD (TOR) HYSD(TOR) 3/4
1/2
Bar at corners Bar at corners
1/2 1/2
of room (mm) of room (mm)
One - - 10
1 1 1/2 1/2 1/2 1/2 1/2 1/2 3/4 1/2
Top - 10
Two (a) (b)
Bottom - 12
a&b : Alternate courses in one brick wall
Top 10 10
1 : One brick length
Three Middle 12 12 ½ : Half brick length
Bottom 12 12 ¼ : Quarter of a brick length
¾ : Three quarters of a brick length
Top 10 10
3 : Vertical reinforcement bars with Concrete/ mortar filling in
Third 10 12 pocket of M20 grade (1:1½:3 nominal mix)
Four
Second 12 16 Figure-3: Typical Details of Providing Vertical Steel
Bottom 12 20
Bars in Brick Masonry

Table-3: Recommended joint details with the vertical reinforcement at corner for masonry walls
using different kind of materials
Type of Corner reinforcement in Corner reinforcement in case Corner reinforcement in case of
Joint case of Brick Masonry of Solid Concrete Block Hollow Concrete Block Masonry
Masonry (see the hole and slit made)

L- Joint

T- Joint
 4. VERTICAL REINFORCEMENT AT JAMBS OF OPENINGS:
All door and window openings wider than 600 mm will have vertical reinforcement in jambs as
shown in Figure-4 where required as per Table-2.

(a) Sectional Elevation of Door

(b) Sectional Elevation of Window
(c) Section 2-2

Figure-4: Typical Details of Providing Vertical Steel Bars around doors/windows

5. FOUNDATION
Masonry in C.M.1:6
Foundation width 'B' should T

be decided by the load coming Plinth Level 6mm DIA. @150 c/c
on the foundation and the
100
Floor Finish
bearing capacity. Masonry width Plinth Band 2 TOR 12
may be reduced by ½ times T in
every step of 150 mm height. Ground Level

NOTE: T - 230 for Brick Work

1.5 T 200 for Block Work
In sandy soils with high water
table within 5 m depth below Masonry in C.M.1:6
ground level, which may get
liquefied during earthquake of Well compacted Sand 2T
MSK intensity VII, pile
foundation need to be used in <125 <125
150

consultation with the Structural/

Geotechnical Engineer.
150

P.C.C 1:4:8

Figure-5: Foundation Detail with WELL COMPACTED SOIL B

Plinth Band in Brick or,
Concrete Block Masonry
Prepared by:
Professor Anand S. Arya and Jnananjan Panda
Tel: 91 11 5539 6386; Email: [email protected], [email protected]

National Disaster Management Division,

Ministry of Home Affairs, North Block, New Delhi, India
Tel: 91 11 2309 3178; Tel/Fax: 2309 4019; Fax: 91 11 2309 3750;E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]; Website: www.ndmindia.nic.in

Prepared under the GoI – UNDP Disaster Risk Management Programme

EARTHQUAKE SAFE CONSTRUCTION OF MASONRY BUILDINGS
Simplified Guideline for All New Buildings in the Seismic Zone IV of India Zone IV
Introduction:
As usual new construction of buildings under IAY, Prime Minister Rojgar Yojana and buildings
under various other National and State schemes get started in the month of May. The Ministry of Home
Affairs is keen that All New Buildings should be made earthquake resistant in the first instant so that we do
not add to the stock of existing unsafe buildings. Since most of the buildings are constructed using brickwork
or, solid hollow concrete blocks with flat roofs, very simple illustrated guidance is provided in the attached
brochure for incorporating the earthquake resistant features suitable for seismic zone IV.

Essential Elements for Earthquake Safety1:

The essential elements required to make a building earthquake safe are as given in Figure 1. Some
additional requirements are detailed in the following paragraphs.
2
1

2
1

7
1. Lintel Band
2 2. Roof/ Floor Band
1 3. Vertical reinforcing bar at corner
4. Door
5. Window
7 6. Plinth Band
7. Window Sill Bands (in all
6 Important Buildings only)
5
Figure – 1: Essential Internal
4 Elements in Buildings
3 for Earthquake Safety
1. GOOD CEMENT MORTAR:
The cement mortar should be used in the ratio of 1 part of cement with 6 parts of sand (1 sack of
cement mixed with 6 equal sacks of sand).
2. HORIZONTAL SEISMIC BANDS:
A seismic band consists of reinforced concrete flat runner through all external and internal
masonry walls at the following levels in the building.
a. at the plinth level of the building
b. at the levels of lintels of doors and windows
c. at the ceiling level of roofs consisting of wooden joists or, prefabricated reinforced concrete beams
or, planks. (Such band will not be necessary if the roof consists of Reinforced Concrete or,
Reinforced Brick slabs cast on the walls covering a minimum of 2/3 of the thickness of the wall.)
The dimensions of the band and the reinforcement inside depend upon the length of the walls
between the perpendicular cross walls. The table below (Table-1) shows the dimensions to be adopted for
the seismic bands and the internal reinforcement details to be provided. The reinforcement and bending
details of seismic bands are given in the Figure-2. Reinforcing bars will be of Fe 415 type [TOR or, High
Yield Strength Deformed, i.e. HYSD bars]

1
The details given here are extracted from IS: 4326-1993 Code of Practice as applicable to buildings with Brick/ Concrete
block walls and R.C. flat slab roofs. Details not given here may be seen in the Code.
 30
40
1

30 40 40 30

150
75
b2 b1
b b

2 2 6@150 1 2 6@150
2

(a) 1
(b)
1
3 2 3 2

b b

(c) (d)

1 3
3
1
2
2

(e) (f)
(a) Section of the Band with 2 longitudinal steel bars 1. Longitudinal reinforcements
(b) Section of the Band with 4 longitudinal steel bars 2. Lateral Ties
(c) Structural Plan at L- type wall junction 3. Vertical reinforcement at corners
(d) Structural Plan at T- type wall junction b, b1, b2 Wall thickness
(e) 3 Dimensional view of the L - type wall junction
(f) 3 Dimensional view of the T - type wall junction

Figure-2: Reinforcement and Bending Details of Seismic Bands

Table-1: Recommended size and longitudinal steel in Seismic Bands (Zone IV)
Internal Residential buildings Important Public Buildings (Schools,
length of Hospitals, Meeting Halls, Anganwadis, etc.)
wall Size of the band No. of Bars Dia (mm) Size of the band No. of Bars Dia (mm)
5 m or, less 10 cm x wall width 2 8 10 cm x wall width 2 10
6m 10 cm x wall width 2 10 10 cm x wall width 2 12
7m 15 cm x wall width 4 8 15 cm x wall width 4 10
8m 15 cm x wall width 4 10 15 cm x wall width 4 12

3. VERTICAL REINFORCEMENT IN THE BRICK WALLS:

For earthquake safety in seismic zone IV reinforcing bars have to be embedded in brick masonry at
the corners of all the rooms and the side of the door openings. Window openings larger than 60 cm in
width will also need such reinforcing bars (Figure – 4). The diameter of the bar depends upon the
number of storeys in the building. The recommendations are given in Table-2.
Providing the vertical bars in the brickwork and concrete blocks requires special techniques which
could be easily learnt by the supervising engineers and masons will need to be trained.
 These vertical bars have to be started from the foundation concrete, will pass through all seismic
bands where they will be tied to the band reinforcements using binding wire and embedded to the ceiling
band/roof slab as the case may be using a 300 mm 90° bend. Sometimes the vertical bars will not be
made in one full length. In that case the extension of the vertical reinforcement bars are required, an
overlap of minimum of 50 times the bar diameter should be provided. The two overlapped reinforcement
bars should be tied together by using the binding wires.
Table-2: Recommended size of vertical 3 3
steel in Seismic Bands (Zone IV) 1/2 1

No. of Floor Residential Important 3/4 1/4

storeys buildings * Public 1/2
3/4 1/4
Buildings *
(Schools, 1/2 1
Hospitals,
Meeting
Halls, 1/2
Anganwadis, 3 1/2
3
etc.)
1/2 1
Dia of Single Dia of Single
HYSD (TOR) HYSD(TOR) 3/4
1/2
Bar at corners Bar at corners 1/2 1/2
of room (mm) of room (mm)
One - 10 12
1 1 1/2 1/2 1/2 1/2 1/2 1/2 3/4 1/2
Top 10 12
Two (a) (b)
Bottom 12 16 a&b : Alternate courses in one brick wall
Top 10 12 1 : One brick length
Three Middle 12 16 ½ : Half brick length
¼ : Quarter of a brick length
Bottom 12 16 ¾ : Three quarters of a brick length
* Building of four storey though permitted in 3 : Vertical reinforcement bars with Concrete/ mortar filling in
Zone IV, but not desirable. pocket of M20 grade (1:1½:3 nominal mix)
Figure-3: Typical Details of Providing Vertical Steel
Bars in Brick Masonry

Table-3: Recommended joint details with the vertical reinforcement at corner for masonry walls
using different kind of materials
Type of Corner reinforcement in Corner reinforcement in case Corner reinforcement in case of
Joint case of Brick Masonry of Solid Concrete Block Hollow Concrete Block Masonry
Masonry (see the hole and slit made)

L- Joint

T- Joint
 4. VERTICAL REINFORCEMENT AT JAMBS OF OPENINGS:
All door and window openings wider than 600 mm will have vertical reinforcement in jambs as
shown in Figure-4.

(a) Sectional Elevation of Door

(b) Sectional Elevation of Window
(c) Section 2-2

Figure-4: Typical Details of Providing Vertical Steel Bars around doors/windows

5. FOUNDATION
Masonry in C.M.1:6
Foundation width 'B' should T

be decided by the load coming Plinth Level 6mm DIA. @150 c/c
on the foundation and the
100
Floor Finish
bearing capacity. Masonry width Plinth Band 2 TOR 12
may be reduced by ½ times T in
every step of 150 mm height. Ground Level

NOTE: T - 230 for Brick Work

1.5 T 200 for Block Work
In sandy soils with high water
table within 8 m depth below Masonry in C.M.1:6
ground level, which may get
liquefied during earthquake of Well compacted Sand 2T
MSK intensity VIII, pile
foundation need to be used in <125 <125
150

consultation with the Structural/

Geotechnical Engineer.
150

P.C.C 1:4:8

Figure-5: Foundation Detail with WELL COMPACTED SOIL B

Plinth Band in Brick or,
Concrete Block Masonry
Prepared by:
Professor Anand S. Arya and Jnananjan Panda
Tel: 91 11 5539 6386; Email: [email protected], [email protected]

National Disaster Management Division,

Ministry of Home Affairs, North Block, New Delhi, India
Tel: 91 11 2309 3178; Tel/Fax: 2309 4019; Fax: 91 11 2309 3750;E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]; Website: www.ndmindia.nic.in

Prepared under the GoI – UNDP Disaster Risk Management Programme

EARTHQUAKE SAFE CONSTRUCTION OF MASONRY BUILDINGS
Simplified Guideline for All New Buildings in the Seismic Zone V of India Zone V
Introduction:
As usual new construction of buildings under IAY, Prime Minister Rojgar Yojana and buildings
under various other National and State schemes get started in the month of May. The Ministry of Home
Affairs is keen that All New Buildings should be made earthquake resistant in the first instant so that we do
not add to the stock of existing unsafe buildings. Since most of the buildings are constructed using brickwork
or, solid hollow concrete blocks with flat roofs, very simple illustrated guidance is provided in the attached
brochure for incorporating the earthquake resistant features suitable for seismic zone V.

Essential Elements for Earthquake Safety1:

The essential elements required to make a building earthquake safe are as given in Figure 1. Some
additional requirements are detailed in the following paragraphs.
2
1

2
1

7
2 1. Lintel Band
2. Roof/ Floor Band
1 3. Vertical reinforcing bar at corner
4. Door
7 5. Window
6. Plinth Band
6 7. Window Sill Bands
5 Figure – 1: Essential Internal
4 Elements in Buildings
3 for Earthquake Safety

1. GOOD CEMENT MORTAR:

The cement mortar should be used in the ratio of 1 part of cement with 4 parts of sand (1 sack of
cement mixed with 4 equal sacks of sand).
2. HORIZONTAL SEISMIC BANDS:
A seismic band consists of reinforced concrete flat runner through all external and internal
masonry walls at the following levels in the building.
a. at the plinth level of the building
b. at the levels of lintels of doors and windows
c. at the ceiling level of roofs consisting of wooden joists or, prefabricated reinforced concrete beams
or, planks. (Such band will not be necessary if the roof consists of Reinforced Concrete or,
Reinforced Brick slabs cast on the walls covering a minimum of 2/3 of the thickness of the wall.)
The dimensions of the band and the reinforcement inside depend upon the length of the walls
between the perpendicular cross walls. The table below (Table-1) shows the dimensions to be adopted for
the seismic bands and the internal reinforcement details to be provided. The reinforcement and bending
details of seismic bands are given in the Figure-2. Reinforcing bars will be of Fe 415 type [TOR or, High
Yield Strength Deformed, i.e. HYSD bars]

1
The details given here are extracted from IS: 4326-1993 Code of Practice as applicable to buildings with Brick/ Concrete
block walls and R.C. flat slab roofs. Details not given here may be seen in the Code.
 30
40
1

30 40 40 30

150
75
b2 b1
b b

2 2 6@150 1 2 6@150
2

(a) 1
(b)
1
3 2 3 2

b b

(c) (d)

1 3
3
1
2
2

(e) (f)
(a) Section of the Band with 2 longitudinal steel bars 1. Longitudinal reinforcements
(b) Section of the Band with 4 longitudinal steel bars 2. Lateral Ties
(c) Structural Plan at L- type wall junction 3. Vertical reinforcement at corners
(d) Structural Plan at T- type wall junction b, b1, b2 Wall thickness
(e) 3 Dimensional view of the L - type wall junction
(f) 3 Dimensional view of the T - type wall junction

Figure-2: Reinforcement and Bending Details of Seismic Bands

Table-1: Recommended size and longitudinal steel in Seismic Bands (Zone V)

Internal Buildings of all types i.e., Residential buildings & Public Buildings (Schools, Hospitals,
length of Meeting Halls, Anganwadis, etc.)
wall Size of the band No. of Bars Dia (mm)
5 m or, less 10 cm x wall width 2 10
6m 10 cm x wall width 2 12
7m 15 cm x wall width 4 10
8m 15 cm x wall width 4 12

3. VERTICAL REINFORCEMENT IN THE BRICK WALLS:

For earthquake safety in seismic zone V reinforcing bars have to be embedded in brick masonry at
the corners of all the rooms and the side of the door openings. Window openings larger than 60 cm in
width will also need such reinforcing bars (Figure – 4). The diameter of the bar depends upon the
number of storeys in the building. The recommendations are given in Table-2.
Providing the vertical bars in the brickwork and concrete blocks requires special techniques which
could be easily learnt by the supervising engineers and masons will need to be trained.
 These vertical bars have to be started from the foundation concrete, will pass through all seismic
bands where they will be tied to the band reinforcements using binding wire and embedded to the ceiling
band/roof slab as the case may be using a 300 mm 90° bend. Sometimes the vertical bars will not be
made in one full length. In that case the extension of the vertical reinforcement bars are required, an
overlap of minimum of 50 times the bar diameter should be provided. The two overlapped reinforcement
bars should be tied together by using the binding wires.
Table-2: Recommended size of vertical 3 3
steel in Seismic Bands (Zone V) 1/2 1

Buildings of all types i.e., Residential 3/4 1/4

1/2
buildings & Public Buildings * (Schools,
3/4 1/4
Hospitals, Meeting Halls, Anganwadis, etc.)
No. of Floor Dia of Single 1/2 1

storeys HYSD(TOR) Bar at

corners of room (mm)
One - 12 1/2
3 3
Top 12 1/2
Two
Bottom 16 1/2 1

Top 12 3/4
1/2
Three Middle 16
1/2 1/2
Bottom 16
* Building of four storey not permitted in Zone V.
1 1 1/2 1/2 1/2 1/2 1/2 1/2 3/4 1/2

(a) (b)
a&b : Alternate courses in one brick wall
1 : One brick length
½ : Half brick length
¼ : Quarter of a brick length
¾ : Three quarters of a brick length
3 : Vertical reinforcement bars with Concrete/ mortar filling in
pocket of M20 grade (1:1½:3 nominal mix)
Figure-3: Typical Details of Providing Vertical Steel
Bars in Brick Masonry

Table-3: Recommended joint details with the vertical reinforcement at corner for masonry walls
using different kind of materials
Type of Corner reinforcement in Corner reinforcement in Corner reinforcement in case of
Joint case of Brick Masonry case of Solid Concrete Block Hollow Concrete Block Masonry
Masonry (see the hole and slit made)

L- Joint

T- Joint
 4. VERTICAL REINFORCEMENT AT JAMBS OF OPENINGS:
All door and window openings wider than 600 mm will have vertical reinforcement in jambs as
shown in Figure-4.

(a) Sectional Elevation of Door

(b) Sectional Elevation of Window
(c) Section 2-2

Figure-4: Typical Details of Providing Vertical Steel Bars around doors/windows

5. FOUNDATION
Masonry in C.M.1:4
Foundation width 'B' should T
be decided by the load coming Plinth Level 6mm DIA. @150 c/c
on the foundation and the
100
Floor Finish
bearing capacity. Masonry width Plinth Band 2 TOR 12
may be reduced by ½ times T in
every step of 150 mm height. Ground Level
NOTE: T - 230 for Brick Work
1.5 T 200 for Block Work
In sandy soils with high water
table within 8 m depth below Masonry in C.M.1:6
ground level, which may get
liquefied during earthquake of Well compacted Sand 2T
MSK intensity VIII to IX, pile
foundation need to be used in <125 <125
150

consultation with the Structural/

Geotechnical Engineer.
150

P.C.C 1:4:8

Figure-5: Foundation Detail with WELL COMPACTED SOIL

B
Plinth Band in Brick or,
Concrete Block Masonry
Prepared by:
Professor Anand S. Arya and Jnananjan Panda
Tel: 91 11 5539 6386; Email: [email protected], [email protected]

National Disaster Management Division,

Ministry of Home Affairs, North Block, New Delhi, India
Tel: 91 11 2309 3178; Tel/Fax: 2309 4019; Fax: 91 11 2309 3750;E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]; Website: www.ndmindia.nic.in

Prepared under the GoI – UNDP Disaster Risk Management Programme