Intended use. A properly installed and operated hydraulic pump as part of an autopilot ... Note: Where constraints on the installation prevent any of the above ..
Intended use. A properly installed and operated hydraulic pump as part of an autopilot ... Note: Where constraints on the installation prevent any of the above ..
Intended use. A properly installed and operated hydraulic pump as part of an autopilot ... Note: Where constraints on the installation prevent any of the above ..
Intended use. A properly installed and operated hydraulic pump as part of an autopilot ... Note: Where constraints on the installation prevent any of the above ..
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[Boiler & Steam] MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
2.1 Boilers
A closed metallic vessel in which the water is heated beyond the boiling temperature by the application of heat by the combustion of fuels to convert it into steam.
The function of the boiler is to supply the steam at constant pressure with desired quality by maintaining the steam generation rate and the steam flow rate equal.
Classification of Boiler: Based upon relative position of water and flue gas (hot gas) carrying tubes, 1) Fire tube boiler 2)Water tube boiler Based upon location of furnace, 1) Externally fired boiler 2) Internally fired boiler Based upon method of water circulation, 1) Natural circulation 2)Forced circulation Based upon direction of principle axis of the shell, 1) Horizontal axis boiler 2)Vertical axis boiler 3) Inclined axis boiler Based upon pressure of the steam produced, 1) High pressure boiler 2)Low pressure boiler Based upon usage, 1) Stationary boiler 2) Portable boiler 3) Locomotive boiler 4) Marine boiler
Fire tube Boiler:
In the fire tube boiler, the hot gases produced by the combustion of fuel are passed through tubes around which the water circulates as shown in the figure 1.1. Example: Lancashire boiler, Cornish boiler. Water tube Boiler In water tube boiler, the water circulates inside the tubes while hot gases produced by the combustion of fuel flows around the water tubes externally as shown in the figure 1.2. Example: Babcock and Wilcox boiler, Stirling boiler.
Formation of Steam
States—solid, liquid or gas. If heat is supplied at a constant rate to some ice initially at, say, −10 °C, its temperature rises as shown in Figure . Initially the temperature increases from −10 °C to 0°C as shown by the line AB. It then remains constant at 0 °C for the time BC required for the ice to melt into water. When melting commences the energy gained by continual heating is offset by the energy required for the change of state and the temperature remains constant even though heating is continued.When the ice is completely melted to water, continual heating raises
Mr.Manjunatha E, Assistant Professor, BITM, Ballari-04 33
[Boiler & Steam] MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
Fig. 2.5 : Graphical representation of steam formation process
the temperature to 100 °C, as shown by CD in Figure .1. The water then begins to boil and the temperature again remains constant at 100 °C, shown as DE, until all the water has vaporized. Continual heating raises the temperature of the steam as shown by EF in the region where the steam is termed superheated. Changes of state from solid to liquid or liquid to gas occur without change of temperature and such changes are reversible processes. When heat energy flows to or from a substance and causes a change of temperature, such as between A and B, between C and D and between E and F in Figure ., it is called sensible heat (since it can be ‘sensed’ by a thermometer). Heat energy which flows to or from a substance while the temperature remains constant, such as between B and C and between D and E in Figure is called latent heat (latent means concealed or hidden). 2.5 Conditions of Steam
Mr.Manjunatha E, Assistant Professor, BITM, Ballari-04 33
[Boiler & Steam] MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
1. Wet steam
When the steam contains moisture of water particle in suspension it is called wet steam.
Dryness Fraction It is defined as the ratio of the mass of actual dry steam to the mass of steam containing in it. It is denoted by (x). Dry Saturated Steam When the steam is further heated and does not contain any suspended particle of water is called Dry Saturated Steam. Superheated steam When the dry steam is further heated at constant pressure thus rising its temperature is called superheated steam. The additional amount of heat supplied to the steam during superheating is called ‘Heat of superheat’. Since the pressure is constant so therefore the volume of superheated steam increases. 2.6 Properties of Steam
Specific Volume of Dry Steam
The volume of one kg of dry steam at a given pressure is known as specific volume of dry steam. It is denoted by Vg Vg = Volume of 1 kg of perfect dry steam.
Specific Volume of Wet Steam
The volume of one kg of wet steam will be equal to the volume of dry steam + volume water in suspension. Vg = Volume of 1 kg of dry steam.
Vf = Volume of 1 kg of water.
x = Dryness Fraction.
Volume of one kg of wet steam (Vw) = Volume dry steam + Volume of water
Mr.Manjunatha E, Assistant Professor, BITM, Ballari-04 33
[Boiler & Steam] MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
(If the steam has dryness fraction x, then one kg of this steam contains x kg of dry steam & (1-x) kg of water) Volume of wet steam (Vw) = x Vg
Specific Volume of Superheated Steam
As superheated behaves like a perfect gas its volume can be found out in the same way as the gases.
Vg = Specific Volume of dry steam. Ts = Saturation temperature in K Tsup = Temperature of superheated steam in K
Vsup = Volume of 1 kg of superheated steam.
External work done during Evaporation
When water is evaporated to form saturated steam its volume increases from Vf to Vg at
constant pressure and the external work done during evaporation = P (Vg - Vf ), as Vf is very small , so it is neglected. External work done during Evaporation = PVg
Internal Latent Heat
Internal latent heat consists true latent heat and work of evaporation. Total latent heat = True latent heat and work of evaporation. = hfg + PVg
Internal energy of steam
The actual heat energy stored in the steam is known as internal energy of steam. h = hf + hfg
Mr.Manjunatha E, Assistant Professor, BITM, Ballari-04 33
[Boiler & Steam] MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
Review Questions
1. What is boiler ? Explain detail classification of boilers.
2. What are the requirements of good boiler ?
3. Explain the selection criterion for a boiler.
4. Write short note on following package boilers :
i) Fire tube package boiler ii) Water tube package boiler.
5. With neat sketch explain the working of Lancashire boiler.
6. Explain in brief Babcock and Wilcox boiler.
7. Explain the stages in the formation of steam.
8. Write short note on various conditions of steam.
9. Explain the following properties of steam :
i) Specific volume ii) Enthalpy of steam at various conditions
iii) Internal energy.
Mr.Manjunatha E, Assistant Professor, BITM, Ballari-04 33
