Electric Charge and Fields 3.
The SI unit of charge is the Coulomb
(C)
Recall that a. e = +1.6 x 10-19 C (proton)
b. e = -1.6 x 10-19 C (electron)
a. If an object has an excess negative charge, the net charge
will be indicated by negative sign (-)
b. If an object has an excess positive charge, the net charge Transfer of electrons
will be indicated by positive sign (+)
c. If an object has equal charges, it is said to be neutral 1. Charged by conduction
- A charged object (the rod) is placed in contact with
Example another object (the sphere)
1. If the charge of particle A is 5 and particle B is -6. What is the net - Some electrons on the rod can move to the sphere
- When the rod is removed, the sphere is left with a charge
charge of the particles?
-
- So we have 2 particles with different charges
- The object being charged is always left with a charge
(particle A= +5 ; particle B= -6)
having the same sign as the object doing the charging
- In order to obtain net charge, we must subtract
the charges between particles
a. Particle A + Particle B = (+5) +
(-6)
=-1
The net charge is -1 or negative charge
Properties of Charge
I. Nature’s basic carrier of negative charge is the electron 2.
- Gaining or losing electrons is how an object Charged by induction
becomes charged - A negatively charged object is placed near a neutral object,
- Electric charge is always conserved causing the electrons to move. (A)
- Charge is not created, only exchanged - The neutral object is grounded, allowing the repelled
- Objects become charged because negative electrons in the neutral object to escape to the ground. The
charge is transferred from one object to neutral object loses electrons. (B)
another - The ground is removed, leaving the ball with a positive
II. Charge is quantized charge. ( C)
- All charge is a multiple of a fundamental unit -
of charge, symbolized by e
- Quarks are the exception
1. Electrons have a charge of –e
2. Protons have a charge of +e
o
- If electrons
move from the
neutral object
through the wire to the ground (object loses
electrons), the object becomes positively
charged.
- If electrons move from the ground through the
wire toward the object (object gains electrons),
the object becomes negatively charged.
Electric Field
Electric Field
Electric force, like gravitational force, is a field force
The lines for a negative charge point towards the charge
o Remember: Field forces can act through space even when
there is no physical contact between the objects involved
o A charged object has an electric field in the space around
it
Electric Field Lines point in the direction of the electric field
o The number and spacing of field lines is proportional to
the electric field strength
o The electric field is strong where the field lines are close
This diagram shows the electric field lines for two equal and
together and weaker when they are far apart opposite point charges
The lines for a positive charge point away from the charge o Notice that the lines begin on the positive charge and end
on the negative charge
Calculating Electric Field Strength
The equation for the electric field produced by a point charge is:
kcq
E=
r2
9 2 2
Kc=9x10 Nm /C ,r is the distance from the charge and q is the
charge producing the field
This diagram shows the electric field lines for two positive point
The unit for E is N/C
charges
o Notice that the same number of lines emerges from each Electric field strength is a vector!!
charge because they are equal in magnitude o If q is positive, then E is directed away from q
o If q is negative, then E is directed toward q
If a charged object is placed in an electric field, we can calculate the force
acting on it from the electric field
Sample F = qE
1. An electric field of 2.0 x 104 N/C is directed along the positive x-
axis
If the charges are unequal, then the number of lines emerging from
them will be different a. What is the electric force on an electron in this field?
Notice that the positive charge has twice as many lines b. What is the electric force on a proton in this field?
Given
Electric Field = 2.0 x 104 N/C
Charge of Electron = 1.6x10-19
Charge of Proton = same as electron
Unknown
A. Electric force of electron
B. Electric Force of proton
Formula
F= qE
Solution 2. Find the electric field at a point midway between two charges of
F= qE +30 nC and 60 nC separated by a distance of 30.0 cm
= (2.0 x 104 N/C)( 1.6x10-19)
= 3.2 x 10 -15 N for both the electron and the proton
Direction of electric field
A. Electron
a. The electric field is pointing along the positive x axis (to
the right) which means there’s a positive charge to the left Given:
Q1 = 30 nC (nano coulombs) = 30 x 10-9 C
Q2 = 60 nC= 60 x 10-9 C
Distance = 30 cm
k = 9.0 x 10^9
*since given ang distance, at ang given formula ay radius (r).
B. Proton isolve ang radius
a. Since there’s a positive charge causing the electric field to So r = 0.15 m (convert to M)
point towards the right, an electron would feel attracted to
Formula:
the positive charge. Therefore, the force acting on it is
toward the left
kcq
Recall niyo lang ung dalawang charges sa coulombs E=
law (principle of superposition) na kung san pag may
dalawang positive charges lagi sila magkatabi at
r2
nagrerepel to each other
Solution
For Q1
KcQ
E= 2
r
ACTIVITY (3 per group)
(30 x 10−9 )(9 x 109 ) Answer the following problems
E=
( 0.15 )2
1. Draw electric field lines if the charge of particle A is -4c and the
270 particle b is +8c
E=
0.0225 2. Draw electric field line if the charge of Particle A is -5c and
particle b is 5c
E=12000 N
3. An electric field of 5.3 x 106 N/C is directed along the negative
For Q2
axis.
KcQ ( 60 x 10−9 ) ( 9 x 109 ) a. Find the force and direction of electron
E= E=
r2 ( 0.15 )2
b. Find the force and direction of proton
540
E= 4. A -4x10-12C charge Q is placed at the origin. What is the
0.0225 magnitude and direction of the electric field produced by Q if a test
charge were placed at x = -0.2 m ?
E=24000 N
At the midway point (x), the 30nC charge’s field strength is 12000 N/C
toward the 60 nC charge and the 60 nC charge’s field strength is 24,000 N/C
toward the 30 nC charge.
So
@ midpoint = 24000 N (which is grteater) – 12000N
= 12000 N towards the 30 nC
