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    2014 Cell Differentiation Notes

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    Cell differentiation is the process by which stem cells become specialized cell types. All cells contain the same DNA, but different cells express different genes, leading to different structures and functions. During development and tissue repair, stem cells divide and differentiate into mature cell types like blood cells, muscle cells, and plant cells specialized for tasks like photosynthesis or water transport. Understanding differentiation could help medical applications involving cell regeneration and therapy.

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    2014 Cell Differentiation Notes

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    Cell differentiation is the process by which stem cells become specialized cell types. All cells contain the same DNA, but different cells express different genes, leading to different structures and functions. During development and tissue repair, stem cells divide and differentiate into mature cell types like blood cells, muscle cells, and plant cells specialized for tasks like photosynthesis or water transport. Understanding differentiation could help medical applications involving cell regeneration and therapy.

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    Diferenciais celular

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    Cell differentiation is the process by which stem cells become specialized cell types. All cells contain the same DNA, but different cells express different genes, leading to different structures and functions. During development and tissue repair, stem cells divide and differentiate into mature cell types like blood cells, muscle cells, and plant cells specialized for tasks like photosynthesis or water transport. Understanding differentiation could help medical applications involving cell regeneration and therapy.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    513 views17 pages

    2014 Cell Differentiation Notes

    Uploaded by

    Joed
    Cell differentiation is the process by which stem cells become specialized cell types. All cells contain the same DNA, but different cells express different genes, leading to different structures and functions. During development and tissue repair, stem cells divide and differentiate into mature cell types like blood cells, muscle cells, and plant cells specialized for tasks like photosynthesis or water transport. Understanding differentiation could help medical applications involving cell regeneration and therapy.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 17
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    The key takeaways are that all cells contain the same DNA but express genes differently to become specialized cells through cell differentiation. Cell differentiation is important for development and tissue repair.

    Cell differentiation is the process where stem cells become specialized cells with different structures and functions through regulating which genes are expressed or repressed.

    Cell differentiation occurs during development as an organism changes from a single cell to a complex system, and in adults as stem cells divide to create specialized cells for tissue repair and turnover.

    Cell Differentiation

    (cell specialization) http://www.pbslearningmedia.org/resource/


    tdc02.sci.life.stru.different/cell-differentiation/
    What is Cell Differentiation?
    —  All of the cells within a
    complex multicellular
    organism, such as a
    human being, contain the
    same DNA.
    —  However, the body of
    such an organism is
    clearly composed of many
    different types of cells.
    —  What, then, makesa blood cell different
    from a skin or muscle cell, or a leaf cell
    from a root cell in a plant?
    —  The answer lies in the way each cell
    deploys its genome.
    —  In other words, the particular combination
    of genes that are turned on (expressed) or
    turned off (repressed) dictates cellular
    structure and function.
    What is a STEM CELL?
    —  Stemcells are unspecialized cells that can
    renew themselves through cell division, and
    also have the ability to develop into one of
    many different kinds of specialized cells.
    —  First, it
    is decided
    which genetic
    information will be
    expressed, thereby
    indicating the type of
    cell that is to be
    formed.
    —  Then, through cell
    differentiation, those
    instructions are carried
    out and specialized
    cells are formed.
    —  Thus, different
    cells can have very different
    physical characteristics despite having the
    same genome.
    —  The
    cell size, shape, polarity, metabolism and
    responsiveness change dramatically as the
    stem cell acquires a more specific role.
    When does differentiation occur?
    —  Differentiation
    occurs numerous times
    during the development of a multicellular
    organism as the organism changes from a
    simple zygote to a complex system of tissues
    and cell types. Differentiation is a common
    process in adults as well: adult stem cells
    divide and create fully differentiated
    daughter cells during tissue repair and
    during normal cell turnover.
    Examples of Specialized Cells-
    blood cells
    —  Specific roles for specific cells
    ◦  Red blood cells carry Oxygen to body cells.
    ◦  White blood cells protect us from infection
    by attacking foreign
    substances.
    White blood cell

    Red blood cells


    Muscle Cells
    —  Muscle
    cells are specifically designed to
    contract, to cause movement. Their long,
    cylindrical shape is perfect for contracting.
    Epithelial Cells
    —  Epithelial
    cells are
    found on biological
    surfaces. They can be
    designed for
    protection, absorption,
    secretion, etc.
    In Plants:
    —  Specialized “haircells” on
    roots are designed to
    increase absorption of
    water and nutrients,
    through increased surface
    area.
    —  Other cells in roots are
    designed for growth, and
    protection.
    —  Plantstems have
    cells that are
    specialized for
    transporting
    water, nutrients,
    etc. throughout
    the plants.
    —  Leaves of plants have many kinds of
    specialized cells.
    —  Guard cells open and close to let out
    water vapor and allow for gas exchange.
    —  Palisade cells have many chloroplasts for
    carrying out photosynthesis.
    Implications and Ethics
    —  The exact processes behind
    cell differentiation and
    dedifferentiation are not
    fully understood, although
    researchers have studied
    cells capable of these feats
    extensively, as the
    mechanics of this process
    could have valuable
    implications for the medical
    field.
    —  http://
    app.discoveryeducation.co
    m/search

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