Access Guidelines

CCIS0314-5 Access Guidelines COVERS_Layout 1 26/06/2014 10:03 Page 1
Best Practice
Access
Guidelines
Designing Accessible Environments
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Access to Independence
Best Practice Access Guidelines
Edition 3, July 2014
For further information or enquiries please

contact the IWA Access Team
Tel: 01 818 6400
Email: [email protected]
www.iwa.ie
1
Table of Contents
1 Introduction ..............................................................................................................................................................11
1.1 The Use of Irish Wheelchair Association’s Best Practice Access Guidelines ...................................................11
1.2 Developing an Access Resource .................................................................................................................................................12
1.3 Consultation for the Development of the Third Edition of IWA’s Best Practice Access Guidelines .....12
1.4 The Purpose of the IWA Best Practice Access Guidelines ............................................................................................13
1.5 Using IWA’s Best Practice Access Guidelines .........................................................................................................................14
1.6 IWA’s Best Practice Access Guidelines – Making a Difference ..................................................................................14
1.7 Summary .....................................................................................................................................................................................................15
2 The Design Base of IWA’s Best Practice Access Guidelines ......................................................16
2.1 Principle of Universal Design ........................................................................................................................................................16
2.2 IWA’s Definition of Access in the Built Environment ...................................................................................................16
2.3 Space Requirements ............................................................................................................................................................................16
2.4 Jurisdiction ..................................................................................................................................................................................................16
3 Policy and Legislative Background ........................................................................19
4 The External Environment and Building Approach ..............................................21

4.1 Accessible Parking ..................................................................................................................................................................................................21
4.1.1 Background ......................................................................................................................................................................21
4.1.2 Design Criteria................................................................................................................................................................21
4.1.3 Number of Accessible Car Parking Bays Required .............................................................................25
4.1.4 Location of Car and Multi-Purpose Vehicle Bays .................................................................................25
4.1.5 Controlled Parking Facilities ................................................................................................................................26
4.1.6 Design of Setting-Down and Picking-Up Points..................................................................................26
4.2 Pavements, Crossings and Approach Routes ....................................................................................................................................27
2
4.2.1 Background ......................................................................................................................................................................27
4.2.2 Pavement Widths and Gradients .....................................................................................................................27
4.2.3 Controlled and Uncontrolled Crossings .....................................................................................................29
4.2.4 Shared Space, Shared Surfaces .........................................................................................................................29
4.2.5 Building Approach .....................................................................................................................................................30
4.3 External Ramps ........................................................................................................................................................................................30
4.3.1 Background ......................................................................................................................................................................30
4.3.2 Gradient ..............................................................................................................................................................................30
4.3.3 Widths of Flights and Landings ........................................................................................................................30
4.3.4 Tactile Provisions ..........................................................................................................................................................31
4.3.5 Surface Finish ..................................................................................................................................................................31
4.3.6 Edge Protection.............................................................................................................................................................31
4.3.7 Lighting ..............................................................................................................................................................................31
4.4 External Steps ...........................................................................................................................................................................................31
4.4.1 Background ......................................................................................................................................................................31
4.4.2 External Step and Stair Design ..........................................................................................................................32
4.4.3 Tactile Provisions ..........................................................................................................................................................32
4.4.4 Headroom Provision ..................................................................................................................................................32
4.4.5 Lighting ...............................................................................................................................................................................32
4.5 Handrails to Ramped and Stepped Access Routes ......................................................................................................32
4.5.1 Background ......................................................................................................................................................................32
4.5.2 Location of Handrails ................................................................................................................................................34
4.5.3 Design of Handrails ....................................................................................................................................................34
5 Access to and Circulation Within a Building......................................................................................37

5.1 Main Entrance Doors ...........................................................................................................................................................................37
5.1.1 Background ......................................................................................................................................................................37
5.1.2 Door Dimensions and Design ............................................................................................................................37
3
5.1.3 Revolving Doors............................................................................................................................................................38
5.1.4 Powered and Automatic Doors.........................................................................................................................38
5.1.5 Intercom Systems ........................................................................................................................................................42
5.2 Entrance Foyers .......................................................................................................................................................................................42
5.2.1 Background ......................................................................................................................................................................42
5.2.2 Lobby Design ..................................................................................................................................................................42
5.2.3 Internal Doors .................................................................................................................................................................42
5.3 Corridor Design .......................................................................................................................................................................................43
5.3.1 Background ......................................................................................................................................................................43
5.3.2 General Design of Corridors ................................................................................................................................43
5.3.3 Floor Levels .......................................................................................................................................................................43
5.4 Signage and Wayfinding ..................................................................................................................................................................46
5.4.1 Background ......................................................................................................................................................................46
5.4.2 Signage Lettering and Character Style .......................................................................................................46
5.4.3 Wayfinding ........................................................................................................................................................................46
5.5 Internal Changes in Floor Level...................................................................................................................................................47
5.5.1 Background ......................................................................................................................................................................47
5.5.2 Internal Step and Stair Design ...........................................................................................................................47
5.5.3 Internal Ramp Design ...............................................................................................................................................48
5.5.4 Passenger Lift ..................................................................................................................................................................48
5.5.5 Platform Lifts ...................................................................................................................................................................50
5.5.6 Platform Stair Lifts .......................................................................................................................................................50
5.5.7 Conveyors and Escalators ......................................................................................................................................50
6. Access to and Use of Facilities Within the Built Environment .............................................53

6.1 Facilities, Fixtures and Fittings .....................................................................................................................................................53
6.1.1 Background ......................................................................................................................................................................53
6.1.2 Reception Areas ............................................................................................................................................................53
4
6.2 Interior Design..........................................................................................................................................................................................56
6.2.1 Background ......................................................................................................................................................................56
6.2.2 Environmental Colour and Tonal Contrast ...............................................................................................56
6.2.3 Surface Finishes.............................................................................................................................................................56
6.2.4 Windows .............................................................................................................................................................................56
6.2.5 Lighting ...............................................................................................................................................................................56
6.2.6 Hearing and Visual Enhancement Systems .............................................................................................57
6.3 Public Facilities .........................................................................................................................................................................................58
6.3.1 Background ......................................................................................................................................................................58
6.3.2 Automated Teller Machines (ATMs) and other Public Access Terminals ...........................58
6.3.3 Public Telephones .......................................................................................................................................................58
6.3.4 Storage Lockers .............................................................................................................................................................61
6.3.5 Communal Kitchen Facilities...............................................................................................................................61
6.4 WC Provisions............................................................................................................................................................................................63
6.4.1 Background ......................................................................................................................................................................63
6.4.2 Provision of Accessible WCs – Type and Number ...............................................................................63
6.4.3 Location of WCs.............................................................................................................................................................65
6.4.4 Doors to WCs ...................................................................................................................................................................65
6.4.5 WC Cistern and Pan – Location and Design ............................................................................................65
6.4.6 Wash-hand Basin ..........................................................................................................................................................72
6.4.7 Mirrors, Hooks, Shelving and Switches .......................................................................................................72
6.4.8 Disposal Bins....................................................................................................................................................................72
6.4.9 Surface Finish in WCs ................................................................................................................................................72
6.4.10 Emergency Alarms ......................................................................................................................................................72
6.4.11 Hoists and Slings ..........................................................................................................................................................73
5
7 Specific Building and Site Types ................................................................................................................75
7.1 Hotels ....................................................................................................................................................................................................
75
7.1.1 Background ......................................................................................................................................................................75
7.1.2 Provision of Accessible Rooms ..........................................................................................................................75
7.1.3 Independent Use Bedroom .................................................................................................................................75
7.1.4 Assisted Use Bedroom .............................................................................................................................................75
7.1.5 Shower Room and Bathroom – Common Provisions ......................................................................81
7.1.6 Guest Rooms – Common Provision ...............................................................................................................82
7.2 Shops ....................................................................................................................................................................................................

83
7.2.1 Background ......................................................................................................................................................................83
7.2.2 Counter Provision ........................................................................................................................................................84
7.2.3 Access to Products ......................................................................................................................................................84
7.2.4 Changing Rooms..........................................................................................................................................................84
7.3 Restaurants .................................................................................................................................................................................................84
7.3.1 Background ......................................................................................................................................................................84
7.3.2 Seating .................................................................................................................................................................................84
7.3.3 Self-Service Counters ................................................................................................................................................85
7.3.4 Outdoor Smoking Area ...........................................................................................................................................85
7.4 Auditorium and Stadium Facilities ...........................................................................................................................................85
7.4.1 Background ......................................................................................................................................................................85
7.4.2 Number of Spaces Required................................................................................................................................85
7.4.3 Dimensions of Seating Space Required by Wheelchair User .....................................................86
7.4.4 Sight Lines .........................................................................................................................................................................86
7.4.5 Acoustic and Audio Provisions ..........................................................................................................................86
7.4.6 Stage Access ....................................................................................................................................................................89
7.4.7 Speaker Facilities ..........................................................................................................................................................89
7.4.8 Additional Reading.....................................................................................................................................................89
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7.5 Sports and Leisure Facilities...........................................................................................................................................................89
7.5.1 Background ......................................................................................................................................................................89
7.5.2 Shower Provision .........................................................................................................................................................90
7.5.3 Changing Facilities......................................................................................................................................................94
7.5.4 Swimming Pools ...........................................................................................................................................................94
7.5.5 Sauna/Steam Room ...................................................................................................................................................95
7.5.6 Fitness/Gym Suite........................................................................................................................................................95
7.5.7 Bowling Lanes ................................................................................................................................................................96
7.5.8 Additional Reading.....................................................................................................................................................96
7.6 Health Facilities and Treatment Rooms ................................................................................................................................96
7.6.1 Background ......................................................................................................................................................................96
7.6.2 Treatment Rooms and Equipment .................................................................................................................96
7.6.3 Dressing Room Provisions ....................................................................................................................................97
7.7 Outdoor Environments ......................................................................................................................................................................99
7.7.1 Background ......................................................................................................................................................................99
7.7.2 Entry to Parks, Gardens and Playgrounds .................................................................................................99
7.7.3 Picnic Areas.......................................................................................................................................................................99
7.7.4 Pathways .............................................................................................................................................................................99
7.7.5 Play Areas ...........................................................................................................................................................................99
7.8 Outdoor Events and Festivals ....................................................................................................................................................100
7.8.1 Background ...................................................................................................................................................................100
7.8.2 Arriving at the Event...............................................................................................................................................100
7.8.3 Wayfinding and Signage at the Event ......................................................................................................101
7.8.4 Circulation at the Event........................................................................................................................................101
7.8.5 Marquees and Exhibition Tents ................................................................................................101
7.8.6 Raised Platforms ........................................................................................................................................................101
7.8.7 Facilities – Toilets, Showers and Camping .............................................................................................102
7.8.8 Departing From the Event .................................................................................................................................102
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7.8.9 Disability Awareness and Staff Training ..................................................................................................102
7.8.10 Accessibility Guide for the Event ..................................................................................................................102
7.9 Built and Natural Heritage Sites...............................................................................................................................................102
7.9.1 Background ...................................................................................................................................................................102
7.9.2 Devising Access Solutions .................................................................................................................................103
8 Emergency Evacuation ..................................................................................................................................107

8.1 The Requirements ..............................................................................................................................................................................107
8.1.1 Background ...................................................................................................................................................................107
8.1.2 Structural Provisions...............................................................................................................................................107
8.1.3 Evacuation Aids/Equipment.............................................................................................................................110
8.2 Management Provisions ................................................................................................................................................................110
8.2.1 Background ...................................................................................................................................................................110
8.2.2 Evacuation Plan ..........................................................................................................................................................110
8.2.3 Additional Reading..................................................................................................................................................112
9 Building Management and Maintenance .......................................................................................115
9.1 Maintaining High Levels of Access ........................................................................................................................................115
9.1.1 Background ...................................................................................................................................................................115
9.1.2 Access Management Programme ................................................................................................................115
9.1.3 Access Maintenance Programme .................................................................................................................116
9.1.4 Additional Reading..................................................................................................................................................116
10 Housing .....................................................................................................................................................................119
10.1 IWA Housing Support Services .................................................................................................................................................119
10.1.1 Background ...................................................................................................................................................................119
10.2 Design Guidelines for Wheelchair Accessible Housing .........................................................................................121
10.2.1 Background ...................................................................................................................................................................121
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10.2.2 Apartment Buildings ..............................................................................................................................................122
10.2.3 Houses ...............................................................................................................................................................................127
10.3 Lifetime Adaptable Housing ......................................................................................................................................................137
10.3.1 Background ...................................................................................................................................................................137
10.3.2 Lifetime Adaptable Housing Criteria .........................................................................................................138
11 List of Contributors ..........................................................................................................................................143
12 References and Further Information ..................................................................................................144

13 Useful Links .............................................................................................................................................................146
14 List of Figures in the IWA Best Practice Access Guidelines ....................................................147
15 Glossary ......................................................................................................................................................................148
9
10
1 Introduction
This publication (2014) is the third edition of Irish IWA’s objective of improving the accessibility of
Wheelchair Association’s ‘Best Practice Access the built environment for its members and for all
Guidelines – Designing Accessible Environments’ individuals with limited mobility. The most
and follows the first edition which was published notable uses were:
in May 2009 and the second edition published in
• As part of a formal review process, IWA
July 2010.
developed an organisational submission to
Irish Wheelchair Association (IWA) is a national improve the minimum accessibility
organisation dedicated to the achievement of the standards detailed in the Technical Guidance
full social, economic and educational integration Document accompanying Part M of the
of people with disabilities as equal, independent Building Regulations (2000). Additionally,
and participative members of the community. IWA IWA worked with a number of local
is made up of a vibrant network of 20,000 authorities and other disability organisations
members and over 2,000 staff, as well as many to ensure that the IWA Best Practice Access
dedicated volunteers. Together we work to Guidelines were used as a basis for their
achieve greater independence, freedom and submissions for improved standards. As a
choice for people living with a disability. result, advances in accessibility standards
were observed in the Technical Guidance
IWA provides a wide range of services including
Document accompanying Part M of the
Resource and Outreach Centres in 57 locations,
Building Regulations (2010). IWA’s Best
Holiday Centres in Dublin, Kilkenny and
Practice Access Guidelines is recorded as a
Roscommon, and Assisted Living Services (ie
reference document within the Building
Personal Assistant supports for individuals), in
Regulations; an endorsement of the
every county in Ireland. Since the Association was
professional standing of our guidelines.
founded in 1960, access to the built environment
has been high on our members’ agenda. This was • Croke Park sought advice from IWA when
evident in the consultation process for IWA’s developing its new wheelchair accessible
strategic plans of 2008-2011 ‘Your Life – Your Way’ ‘Etihad Skyline’ tour.
and of 2013-2015 ‘Driving On – Determining Our • Lansdowne Road’s extensive consultation
Future’. These consultation processes also process, which included reference to IWA’s
highlighted that access issues have a direct impact Best Practice Access Guidelines, resulted in a
on other priorities such as employment, housing, stadium which demonstrates best practice in
community participation and transport. accessibility. Sight lines give an
uninterrupted view to the seated spectator,
even when other spectators stand with the
1.1 The Use of Irish Wheelchair excitement of the match.
Association’s Best Practice Access • Marks & Spencer worked with IWA members
Guidelines and used the IWA Best Practice Access
In the period since the publication of the first Guidelines in a review of accessibility within
edition of Irish Wheelchair Association’s Best their Dublin stores.
Practice Access Guidelines in 2009, the guidelines
have been used in a number of ways to further
Introduction 11
• Dublin City Council is working with IWA on • The developing of an Access Auditing
the redesign of the South Inner City software programme, based upon the
streetscape. guidelines, for use when undertaking access
audits of buildings or the wider built
• IWA and other Housing Association Project
environment.
Plans have been informed by the Wheelchair
Accessible Housing design guidance in • The purchase of appropriate ICT tablets for
Section 10.2 of the IWA Best Practice Access use in carrying out access audits.
Guidelines.
• The planning of an Access Audit function for
• The National Gallery of Ireland IWA facilities and external buildings on a
refurbishment will include a ‘Changing consultancy basis.
Places’ room, the design of which has been
Following the publication of the third edition of
based on the information given in the IWA
IWA’s Best Practice Access Guidelines, IWA plans to
Best Practice Access Guidelines.
develop an ‘Access Resource’ on a social enterprise
• Terminal 2 at Dublin Airport included WC basis. This Access Resource can be utilised
design as recommended in the IWA Best internally in IWA; by members who require advice
Practice Access Guidelines. and support on all matters relating to accessibility,
by private companies and businesses in the
• IWA has advised on the organisation of many
catering, hospitality, tourism and other sectors;
regional outdoor events and festivals using
and by the statutory sector including local
the information in the IWA Best Practice
authorities and the HSE.
Access Guidelines.
• IWA members and staff have contributed to This objective and action is in accordance with
local consultations on urban design IWA’s organisational strategy for 2013-2015,
referencing the IWA Best Practice Access Driving On – Determining Our Future.
Guidelines.
At this point, IWA is seen as an expert in accessible
design by local authorities, builders, architects and 1.3 Consultation for the
all involved in the construction industry and the Development of the Third
statutory sector. A key objective of the third Edition of IWA’s Best Practice
edition of IWA’s Best Practice Access Guidelines is to Access Guidelines
build upon the success of this initiative and to put The development of this edition of IWA’s Best
in place formal Access Supports for any individual Practice Access Guidelines is underpinned by
or business within the private or statutory sectors. extensive consultation with IWA members and
external organisations and individuals. This
consultation process included the work
1.2 Developing an undertaken during the review of Part M of the
Access Resource Building Regulations (2000) and the consultation
completed in developing IWA’s organisational
Since the publication of IWA’s Best Practice Access
strategy 2013-2015 Driving On – Determining Our
Guidelines, a range of measures have been put in
Future. A number of additional steps were taken
place to support the application of the guidelines.
to ensure an effective consultation process
These include:
supported the development of these guidelines,
• The training of IWA staff and members on the including:
University of Ulster’s ‘Access Auditing’ course.
12 Introduction
• The national IWA access working group was
re-established, consisting of IWA access 1.4 The Purpose of the IWA Best
experts, both with and without disability. Practice Access Guidelines
This working group reviewed the second
edition of IWA’s Best Practice Access The third edition of IWA’s Best Practice Access
Guidelines to identify changes and additions Guidelines will be used by IWA to influence and
required in the guidelines. advocate for future legislation and the
development of new regulations on improved
• Contact and consultation was undertaken
access standards.
with a number of external organisations
including Deaf Hear and National Council for These guidelines recognise and respond to
the Blind Ireland (NCBI); their comments are societal changes. People with disabilities are
reflected in this edition of the IWA Best leading fully independent lives, and rightfully
Practice Access Guidelines. expect to be able to participate in all aspects of
society. The guidelines also respond to
• In 80 consultations across the country over
technological changes such as the more
1,000 IWA members and staff in 40 IWA
widespread use of powered wheelchairs, which
Resource and Outreach Centres (including
are larger than manual wheelchairs. Increased use
members of IWA’s Youth Service) shared their
of powered wheelchairs means the physical space
experiences and opinions to inform the
requirements for wheelchair users in many areas,
content of this edition of the IWA Best
including door entry, turning circle space, and the
Practice Access Guidelines.
size of WC facilities, have substantially increased.
• IWA members and staff reviewed and
commented on the guidelines at draft stage. During the development of these guidelines,
national and international regulations, best
• Contact was made with local authorities
practice guidelines and standards, and evidence-
during the development process and
based reviews were evaluated. As a result, the
feedback was incorporated in the final
guidelines published in this document are a
guidelines.
compendium of the best practice guidelines and
• All National Disability Authority (NDA) standards in place across the world. The sources
publications on access were taken into for IWA’s Best Practice Access Guidelines include:
account during the preparation of this
edition of the IWA Best Practice Access • Design of buildings and their approaches to
Guidelines. meet the needs of disabled people – Code of
Practice, British Standards: 8300:2009 (UK)
• The Senior Management Team and Board of
Directors of IWA were consulted at both • Design of accessible and adaptable general
draft and final guideline stage. This edition needs housing – Code of Practice, British
of the IWA Best Practice Access Guidelines was Standards: 9266:2013 (UK)
formally endorsed at IWA board and • Publications from the Centre for Accessible
management meetings in 2014. Environments (UK)
• Publications from the Joseph Rowntree
Foundation (UK)
• Accessibility guidelines as related to the
Americans with Disabilities Act (1990)
Introduction 13
• International Best Practice in Universal Design builds, the present and future needs of all
– A Global Review (Revised 2007), Canadian individuals will be met by the initial build,
Human Rights Commission negating the need for future building
modification.
• Australian Network for Universal House Design
Submission to the Productivity Commission on IWA suggests that a pragmatic approach be
Building Regulation Reform (2012) adopted when using the IWA Best Practice Access
• Buildings for Everyone, (2012), National Guidelines. In certain situations, when retrofitting
Disability Authority (Ireland) or developing small buildings, it may not be
possible to achieve best practice. In these
A full list of reference publications is listed in
situations, careful consultation with persons with
Section 12 on page 144
disabilities, and/or access consultants should
In a small number of instances, where the existing make it possible to work out a compromise
guidelines and standards were not adequate to solution.
meet the needs of IWA membership, the working
group devised a guideline appropriate to the
situation. Examples include the guidelines for WCs 1.6 IWA’s Best Practice Access
incorporating changing facilities, parking spaces Guidelines – Making a Difference
for multi-purpose vehicles, and Wheelchair
There are a number of ‘next steps’ in regard to the
Accessible Housing design. In each of these cases,
development and promotion of the IWA Best
the recommendations given draw on the
Practice Access Guidelines. These steps include:
extensive experience of IWA members.
IWA recognises that many of our The development of an Access Resource

recommendations go beyond the minimum As mentioned in 1.2 above, IWA plans to develop
requirements outlined in Irish building an Access Resource which includes an auditing
regulations, and also exceed many international capacity and an advisory service.
standards. We can confidently and legitimately
advocate for this because our guidelines reflect The promotion of the IWA Best Practice Access
the first-hand experiences of our members and Guidelines
aspire to create a built environment that The guidelines will be promoted through a
accommodates all people. number of methods including:
• The IWA website: www.iwa.ie
1.5 Using IWA’s Best Practice • The development of appropriate literature

Access Guidelines • Liaison with the statutory and policy-making
IWA’s Best Practice Access Guidelines should be sector; communication with other disability
used to inform plans for the development of new organisations; and consultation with
facilities or for the upgrading of existing facilities. architectural representative and training
By following these guidelines, developers, local organisations or bodies.
authorities and individuals will be building to the
highest possible standards, thereby ensuring that Further consultation
the needs and requirements of people with a While every effort has been made to ensure that
physical disability are met fully. In the case of new these IWA Best Practice Access Guidelines are the
14 Introduction
best guidelines available, and that the office and facilities. Despite funding challenges,
consultation process was as comprehensive as many of our premises have been refurbished or
possible, it is also recognised that they will remain upgraded in line with our guidelines. We will
a ‘work in progress’. Further guidelines and continue to make improvements in the coming
standards may become available, and there may years, until we are certain that every IWA space is a
be individuals or organisations with whom we model accessible environment.
have not consulted. Therefore, once these
guidelines are published, there will be an
ongoing review process whereby any interested 1.7 Summary
individual can register their views, comments and
The publication of the third edition of IWA’s Best
suggestions by contacting IWA at [email protected]
Practice Access Guidelines is the culmination of
or by visiting the IWA website: www.iwa.ie
considerable research, review and analysis. We
All views, comments and suggestions received hope that the guidelines will provide a useful
will be reviewed and possibly incorporated into a roadmap for everyone involved in planning and
fourth edition of IWA’s Best Practice Access improving the built environment. It is with
Guidelines, which will be developed during pleasure that IWA endorses these guidelines for
2016/2017. use by individuals, groups, organisations,
companies, builders, architects, and everyone in
The improvement of access in IWA facilities society. We also look forward to receiving any
Since the publication of the first edition of IWA’s comments on the guidelines through the
Best Practice Access Guidelines in 2009, the mechanisms highlighted.
Association has been working towards meeting
these best practice guidelines in our own centres,
My social life can be neglected as I cannot get to places.

– IWA member, Sligo
Introduction 15
2 The Design Base of IWA’s Best Practice Access Guidelines
2.1 Principle of 2.2 IWA’s Definition of Access in the

Universal Design Built Environment
The IWA Best Practice Access Guidelines are based The principle of Universal Design can be applied
on the principle of ‘Universal Design’. to many situations, including product design and
Universal Design means designing products, access to goods and services. However, these
buildings, services, facilities and exterior spaces to guidelines focus on access to the built
allow the maximum number of people to use environment in line with the priorities identified
them without the need for adaptation or by IWA members, staff and volunteers. For the
specialised design. Physical, sensory, cognitive purposes of this document, IWA defines access as:
and language needs are taken into account during
the initial design phase. Universal Design “Free and unimpeded access to and from, and
the use of all areas and functions of the
eliminates the necessity for specific disabled buildings, facilities and physical features that
access provision, while at the same time reducing make up the built environment”. 2
barriers and promoting the inclusion of people
with disabilities.
2.3 Space Requirements
The concept of Universal Design is echoed by the
The IWA Best Practice Access Guidelines are based
National Disability Authority’s Centre for
on the space requirements set out in Figures 1 and
Excellence in Universal Design, which states that
2. These space requirements are intended to
Universal Design creates “an environment that can
accommodate all people with limited mobility,
be used by all people, regardless of their age, size
including users of large powered wheelchairs.
or ability”. 1
Universal Design is intended to facilitate optimum See Figure 1 and Figure 2 on pages 17 and 18
use of the built environment by all people, and
optimum access to the services and facilities
within that environment. For example, wider
doors and corridors will make access more
2.4 Jurisdiction
comfortable for a broad range of people, IWA is a national organisation that works with and
including parents with buggies, elderly people, on behalf of people with disabilities living in
people who use wheelchairs, etc. This same Ireland. However, we are confident that the
principle applies to hotel guest rooms, lifts, and guidelines and recommendations included in this
approaches and entrances to buildings. document could be implemented outside of
Universal Design is recommended because it Ireland by any organisation, group or company.
reduces the need for costly future adaptations to IWA would be happy to assist this process in any
accommodate accessibility needs. As Universal way possible.
Design encompasses the needs of all people, it is
not exclusive or discriminatory in its application.
1 NDA Centre for Excellence in Universal Design website (April 2014). 2 IWA Position Paper on Access (April 2007).
16 2. The Design Base of IWA’s Best Practice Access Guidelines

1800mm
1800mm
850mm
1500mm
950mm
750mm
800mm
675mm
1500mm
1700mm
800mm
Figure 1 – Space requirements
2. The Design Base of IWA’s Best Practice Access Guidelines 17

Maximum common reach zone
1800mm
1400mm
1200mm
900mm
600mm
300mm
Comfortable common reach zone
Figure 2 – Common reach zone
18 2. The Design Base of IWA’s Best Practice Access Guidelines

3 Policy and Legislative Background
The Building Control (Amendment) The National Disability Strategy

Regulations (2013) are to be read in conjunction Implementation Plan 2013-2015, linked to the
with pre-existing building control legislation, and Disability Act (2005), calls to action individuals,
came into effect on 1st March 2014, bringing organisations, and local and national Government.
significant changes to the building control regime It asks them to think positively about disability. It
in Ireland. The new features include three addresses accessible transport, buildings and
certificates that must be in place: streets as key factors in enabling people with
disabilities to participate in work, as well as
1. Certificate of Compliance (Design): This Design
cultural and social activities.
certificate is to be completed by the building
designer (a registered architect, builder, suveryor The National Positive Aging Strategy (2013)
or chartered engineer) giving confirmation that was launched by Kathleen Lynch TD, Minister of
the plans have been prepared to demonstrate State for Disability, Equality, Mental Health and
compliance with the applicable requirements of Older People, on 23rd April 2013. It provides the
the Building Regulations. blueprint for planning – for what we can and must
do, individually and collectively – to make Ireland
2. Certificate of Compliance by an Assigned a good country in which to grow older. This
Certifier: A professional such as a chartered strategy seeks to highlight that ageing is not just a
engineer, building surveyor or registered architect health issue – it requires a whole of Government
will be appointed by the owner from a register, response to address a range of interconnected
using the statutory form of appointment in the social, economic and environmental factors that
Regulations to inspect the works and ensure affect health and wellbeing.
compliance with Regulations.
The Department of the Environment,
3. Certificate of Compliance on Completion: Community and Local Government’s ‘National
On completion of the project, the assigned Housing Strategy for People with a Disability
certifier and the builder will each certify on 2011-2016’ and its associated National
different parts of the Certificate of Compliance Implementation Framework sets out the housing
that a finished building complies with the and related support needs of people with
requirements of the Regulation. disabilities and strategically plans for an integrated
response to those needs. The strategy places a
According to the legislation, these mandatory
particular emphasis on the circumstances of people
Certificates of Compliance are intended to be
with disabilities who are living in congregated
“clear, unambiguous statements on statutory
settings and people with mental health illness.
forms stating that each of the key parties to a
project certifies that the works comply with the The Building Regulations, Part M ‘Access and
building regulations and they accept legal Use’ (2010) and Part B ‘Fire Safety’ (2006), with
responsibility for their work”. accompanying Technical Guidance Documents,
set out the statutory minimum design features
The Building Control Department in each local
required in making provision for access to and
authority has a monitoring and enforcement role
egress from a building for all people, including
in relation to Building Control Regulations
those with a disability. These regulations are
compliance.
reviewed periodically. A Disability Access
3. Policy and Legislative Background 19

Certificate (DAC) is required to show compliance Residential Tenancies Act (2004) which sets out
with Part M, ‘Access and Use’ (2010). the rules in relation to the private rental sector.
Towards 2016, the social partnership agreement, The Disability Act (2005) is part of a framework
sets out a vision for a society in which people with of Government legislative measures which
disabilities have the opportunity to work and to promote and support equality and social inclusion
live a full life with family and as part of their of people with disabilities. The Act requires six
community. The agreement suggests that this named Government Departments to create
should be achieved through a long-term goal of equitable and integrated access to all premises
ensuring access to public spaces, buildings, and services within their remit. The stated aims,
transport, information, advocacy and other public objectives and accompanying work plans are set
services, and appropriate housing. out within Departmental Sectoral Plans.
The Roads Acts (1993 and 2010) require road The Department of the Environment,
authorities to consider the needs of all road users Community and Local Government’s Sectoral
when constructing and maintaining public roads. Plan under the Disability Act (2005), aims to
People with disabilities require specific promote and pro-actively encourage equal
consideration and provision to ensure they are not opportunities for persons with disabilities to
disadvantaged by road schemes and that their participate in the economic, social and cultural life
requirements are planned for. of the community.
The Safety, Health and Welfare at Work The Safety, Health and Welfare at Work Act
(General Application) Regulations (2007) (2005) places responsibility for occupational
contain many of the provisions that apply to health and safety on all stakeholders. The Act
almost all workplaces. Included are regulations develops the role of employers, employees and
dealing with the physical environment at the Government in framing and implementing
place of work, welfare facilities, and suitability of occupational safety and health policy in Ireland.
workplaces for employees with disabilities, as well
The Equal Status Act (2000) prohibits
as regulations requiring that employers consider
discrimination on nine specific grounds and
specific risk groups when assessing certain tasks.
requires service providers to provide reasonable
The United Nations Convention on the Rights accommodation of people with disabilities in the
of Persons with Disabilities (2007), to which provision of goods and services.
Ireland has signed up but has not yet ratified, aims
The Barcelona Declaration (1995) supports the
to ensure that persons with disabilities enjoy
right of people with disabilities to participate as
human rights on an equal basis to others.
equal citizens and was endorsed by many local
The Housing Act (1966) is the principal authorities with accompanying consultation
legislation on local authority housing. It has been procedures and implementation plans.
amended on numerous occasions and a number
of other relevant Acts have been passed. The most
recent legislation, the Housing (Miscellaneous
Provisions) Act (2009) amends or replaces sections
of a large number of Acts as well as introducing
totally new provisions. This Act also amends the
20 3.
Introduction
Policy and Legislative Background
4 The External Environment and Building Approach
The design of the parking bay should also plan for

4.1 Accessible Parking the safe transfer (dished kerbs, level approach
routes, adequate lighting, etc) from the bay to the
4.1.1 Background access route to the building without undue effort,
People with limited mobility who travel to barriers to wheelchair users, or hazards that could
buildings by car need to be able to park, have cause tripping.
sufficient space to enter and leave their vehicle, on The size of the bay should allow for the safe
occasion move to the rear of their vehicle, then transfer of a passenger or driver to a wheelchair,
walk or travel in a wheelchair to the main including a space allowance or accessibility zone
entrance. Accessible car parking involves the for the use of a transfer hoist or ramp which may
appropriate designation and location of both car be attached to some vehicles.
and multi-purpose vehicle parking bays and the
provision of set-down/pick-up bays. 4.1.2.1 Surface and Markings
If people need to obtain tickets for pay and The surface of the bay and adjacent accessibility
display parking, the ticket dispensing machines zone should be firm, durable and slip-resistant.
should be located in a way that allows a person in Examples of inappropriate materials are loose
a wheelchair to gain close access to the machine sand, cobbles or gravel.
and reach the payment and ticket dispensing The colouring used for accessible parking bays
functions. should be white markings on a slip-resistant blue
surface. The adjacent accessibility zone should be
4.1.2 Design Criteria cross-hatched in yellow.
Parking bays designated for people with limited
See Figure 3 on page 22 and Figure 4 on page 23
mobility should be provided as close as possible
to the building entrance, with a maximum travel
distance of 25m. The bays should be clearly The accessible parking bay should be indicated by
signposted with an upright sign sited out of the a vertical sign with its lower edge at 1000mm from
circulation space. The signage should be designed the ground and located out of the access zone.
using a white international symbol of accessibility This sign should display a white wheelchair
on a blue background. The bays should be on firm symbol on a blue background.
and level surfaces with a maximum crossfall of
1:50. Avoid the use of inappropriate materials such
as gravel, sand, cobbles, etc.
4. The External Environment and Building Approach 21

7800mm
4800mm 3000mm
Dished access
to footpath
3000mm
Vertical sign post to identify
5400mm
accessible parking
1400mm
2400mm
1200mm
Multi-purpose vehicle with ramps or hoist
6000mm
4800mm 1200mm
Dished access
to footpath
1200mm
1400mm
2400mm
4800mm
Vertical sign post to identify
accessible parking
1200mm
1200mm
Cars and small vans
Figure 3 – Accessible parking showing different size bays
22 Introduction
4. The External Environment and Building Approach
Dished access Shared access Vertical sign post to identify
to footpath zone between two accessible parking
parking bays
4800mm
1400mm
1400mm
6000mm
1200mm
Figure 4 – Accessible parking showing shared access zone

2400mm 1200mm 2400mm 1200mm 2400mm 1200mm 2400mm
8400mm

23
Dished access
to footpath
Driving aisle
1400mm
7800mm
3600mm
Figure 5 – Accessible parallel parking bay
24 Introduction
4.1.2.2 Accessible Car Parking Bays 4.1.3 Number of Accessible Car Parking
The recommended dimensions of the designated Bays Required
parking bays for cars and small vans are 4800mm Where public parking is provided, eg on streets
width x 6000mm length, which includes a and at shopping areas, recreation and leisure
1200mm hatched accessibility zone to both sides facilities, hospitals and public transport parking
and at the end of designated parking bays. There facilities, a minimum of one, and then one in 15
should be adjacent dished access to the footpath. spaces should be designated for drivers and
The kerb dish should have a slip-resistant surface passengers with disabilities. Of these designated
with a minimum width of 1200mm and minimum spaces, one in four should be designed to
gradient of 1:12. accommodate large multi-purpose vehicles. The
recommendation is that these 1:4 bays would be
See Figure 3 and Figure 4 on pages 22 and 23
of the largest size (5400mm x 7800mm) to
accommodate vehicles using all entry/exit options
4.1.2.3 Accessible Multi-Purpose Vehicle Bays ie hoist/lift/ramp.
The recommended dimensions of designated For example, where 60 parking spaces are
parking bays for larger vans and multi-purpose provided, three spaces should be designated for
vehicles with an attached hoist/lift/ramp are standard cars used by disabled drivers/passengers
5400mm in width x 7800mm in length. This size and one space designated for larger multi-
includes a 3000mm accessibility zone to one side purpose vehicle use. Premises with high usage by
and to the rear of the vehicle for the use of people with disability may require a larger than
hoist/lift/ramp. A bay of this size is designed to average number of designated spaces.
accommodate adapted personal use vans or small
In addition to the above provision, spaces should
eight seater adapted vehicles. These multi-purpose
be provided for employees who require accessible
vehicle bays are not designed for bus parking.
parking.
See Figure 3 on page 22
Separate spaces should accommodate women
who are pregnant and parents with young
4.1.2.4 On-Street Parallel Parking children. All spaces are to be clearly designated
The recommended dimensions for an on-street with the appropriate signage.
parallel parking bay are 3600mm width x
4.1.4 Location of Car and Multi-Purpose
7800mm length including a standard 1200mm
Vehicle Bays
access zone to the side and a 3000mm access
zone to the rear. This bay is suitable for adapted The designated accessible parking spaces should
cars, adapted personal use vans and small eight- be located at the same level as and no more than
seater adapted vehicles. The carriageway should 25m from the principal entrance to the building or
be ‘cut in’ to facilitate the required bay width. A buildings served by the car park. Approach routes
dished kerb should be provided to facilitate to the building should be level and accessible in
access to the footpath. Blister-type tactile paving their design with dished kerbs and adequate
is not required on the dish as this is not a lighting. In multi-storey car parks, the route to
designated crossing point. accessible parking bays should be signposted at
the entrance and on all levels. Ideally accessible
bays should be at the same level as the principal
entrance. A suitable passenger lift or ramp should
be installed to facilitate access from the parked
vehicle to any level where facilities are located.

4.1.5 Controlled Parking Facilities for not less than 1850mm x 2100mm to give a
Controlled car parks must include appropriately wheelchair user clear side access to the machine
located and well-designed parking bays with all and room to turn. The provision of hazard-warning
the accessibility features required to ensure safe tactile paving may be necessary in certain
passage from the car to the entrance of the circumstances but, ideally, the machines should
building. In addition, particular attention must be be located off circulation routes so that they are
given to the height clearance of the car park and not hazardous to people who are blind or have a
ticket machine systems used to give entry and exit visual impairment.
to the premises and for automatic payment
machines. 4.1.6 Design of Setting-Down and Picking-
Up Points
4.1.5.1 Height Clearance In addition to the public parking, ‘setting down’
To ensure access to all vehicles, a public car park and ‘picking up’ points should be provided
should consistently provide a height clearance of adjacent to high use public buildings and places
2600mm. This height clearance should be of interest such as bus/train terminals, hospitals,
maintained from the vehicular entrance to the car busy shopping areas and tourists sites, etc. These
park, to any designated accessible parking spaces should be clearly sign-posted and should be
and to the vehicular exit from the car park. The located on firm and level ground. The
height designation should be clearly displayed at setting-down point should be as close as
the entrance. practicable and within sight line of the principal
building entrance. The surface of the
4.1.5.2 Ticket Entry System setting-down point should be level with the
carriageway or provide dished access (gradient no
On entering and exiting a car parking facility, the
steeper than1:12) to the adjacent path. This will
ticket entry/exit system should incorporate a voice
allow for convenient access to and from the
or proximity activation control which can be used
building entrance for people with walking
if the person cannot stretch to manually take the
difficulties or people using a wheelchair. Seating
ticket dispensed.
and shelter should be provided within the setting-
down point. A level access route which is weather
For more guidance on public access terminals,
protected should be provided from the
see the National Disability Authority’s ‘IT
Accessibility Guidelines ‘ at setting-down area to the main building entrance.
www.universaldesign.ie/it-accessibleguidelines
The setting-down point should include both side
and rear access zones with provision for the use of
4.1.5.3 Payment Machines passenger lift/hoist/ramp at the rear and to the
Car parking payment machines should be side of all vehicles. The required additional rear
adjacent to designated disabled parking bays. The and side space for the use of passenger
controls on the payment machine should be hoist/lift/ramp is 3000mm.
between 750mm and 1200mm above ground Wherever a kerb adjacent to a drop-off bay is
level. The plinth or base should not project in front dished in the direct line of pedestrian travel
of the face of the machine in a way that prevents allowing flush access between footpath and road,
its convenient use or causes an obstacle for corduroy-type tactile paving (hazard warning)
people with vision impairment. The approach must be installed for the safety of people who are
aisles to the machines should have a width of not blind or have a visual impairment.
less than 1500mm. The immediate space in front
of the machine should be level and unobstructed
26 Introduction
plate should be installed across the drainage
4.2 Pavements, Crossings and channel.
Approach Routes
4.2.2.1 Dished Kerbs
4.2.1 Background Dished kerbs should be provided at pedestrian
Pavements and approach routes to buildings crossing points and at designated parking bays.
should be designed to give easy and safe access to These dished kerbs should be painted
all. The pathway should be sufficiently wide for all white/yellow for the benefit of people with vision
users to move freely and to pass each other. The impairment. The central kerb dishing should be
surface of the pathway should be level, smooth flush with the road/carriageway and have a width
and slip-resistant, with no obstacles located within of 1200mm. The gradient on the dished kerb
the circulation route. should be no steeper that 1:12. The kerb dishing
should be located away from corners and always at
4.2.2 Pavement Widths and Gradients opposing sides of the street. The dished crossing
The recommended clear pavement width is should also be located away from any drainage
2000mm. This width will allow two wheelchair gratings/manholes. The colour and layout of tactile
users to safely pass each other going in opposite paving at dished kerbs is determined by whether
directions. Where this pathway width is not the crossing is controlled or uncontrolled. The
possible, the pathway or approach route should correct tactile paving must be laid along the full
have a clear minimum width of 1500mm with width of any dished kerb. The depth of the tactile
passing places provided at intervals for wheelchair paving into the footpath will depend on whether
users. A width of 1500mm will accommodate a the crossing is in line with the pedestrian travel
wheelchair user and a person walking alongside. route or not.
See Figure 1 on page 17 For further information please visit

The National Council for the Blind of Ireland
(NCBI)’s website: www.ncbi.ie
The surface of the pavement should be smooth

and slip-resistant. Loose surface finishes are to be 4.2.2.2 Tactile Paving
avoided, eg sand or gravel. A gap of any more
The colour and layout of tactile paving is
than 10mm in the surfacing of the pathway is not
determined by the type of crossing or to give a
acceptable.
hazard warning. Red coloured blister paving is only
The direction of any ridges or drainage grills in the used at controlled crossings where the pedestrian
pathway should be set at right angles to the can establish priority over vehicular traffic, ie traffic
direction of travel. Gaps between drainage grills signal junctions, zebra crossings and pelican
should be no wider than 10mm. crossings. Buff, yellow or grey coloured blister
paving is used at uncontrolled crossings.
If a gradient is needed, eg for drainage of surface
water, it should be equal to or less than 1:50. If Corduroy paving, which consists of round bars
drainage grills are present and are dished, a flat running transversely across the direction of travel,
What is the point in having wider footpaths when they are blocked?
– IWA member, Co Cork

is used (with the exception of pedestrian crossings) furniture and signage should always be located
to warn people who are blind or have visual either close to, or recessed into, the inner
impairment of any approaching hazard. The shoreline (that is, a wall, fence or building), or
corduroy paving should be in a contrasting colour alternatively, on the kerb edge, leaving the middle
to the surrounding pavement, but not in red which of the pavement clear. A clear path width of
is only used at controlled crossings. Partially preferably 2000mm should be maintained along
sighted people will be assisted by a strong colour the circulation route. Temporary street furniture
contrast which can be enhanced by marking the on pavements, such as shop displays, sandwich
kerb edge white. boards and utility bins should be placed out of the
way of the pedestrian route and maintained in
Tactile paving should contrast as strongly as
that position.
possible with the background pavement. Therefore
red brick paving should not surround the red If freestanding posts or columns are unavoidably
tactile paving used at light-controlled road located within access routes these should
crossings, and grey tactile paving should not be incorporate a band of contrasting colour at a
installed on grey pavements. height of 1500–1650mm. An additional band at a
height of 850–1000mm is recommended.
Smooth, shiny metal tactile paving is not acceptable,
However, as a continuous clear path width of
as it is slippery when wet. People with vision
2000mm is required, this situation ought not to
impairment also report that in bright sunlight shiny
occur. Cycle parking must be kept clear of
metal paving creates a very unhelpful dazzling effect
pedestrian routes.
.
For further information please visit NCBI’s
website: www.ncbi.ie 4.2.2.6 Hazard Protection
The swing of doors, windows and the location of
4.2.2.3 Passing Spaces vending machines, public telephones, etc should
not extend into any access route. If this intrusion is
Passing spaces that allow two wheelchair users to
unavoidable, then hazard protection should be
pass each other should be provided on routes that
provided where objects project more than
are less than 2000mm in width and where the
100mm into an access route and their lower edge
overall route length is greater than 25m. Passing
is more than 300mm above ground. Hazard
spaces in the external environment should be
protection on the ground can be provided by a
2000mm in depth and 2000mm in width and
solid kerb or fixed element between 100–300mm
located within direct sight of another passing place.
above floor level under the protruding obstacle so
that it is detectable by a cane. The hazard
4.2.2.4 Clear Headroom
protection should not extend beyond the front
The circulation route of any pathway and building edge of the object, nor should it be set back more
approach should not present any headroom than 100mm from its front edge.
hazards. A door or window should not open onto
a main thoroughfare. A clear headroom height of
4.2.2.7 Seating
at least 2300mm must be maintained throughout
Seating should be located within sheltered areas.
the circulation route.
Seats should be placed 600mm back from the line
of movement so that the pathway is not blocked.
4.2.2.5 Street Furniture
The surface on which the seating is located should
The careful positioning of street furniture provides be firm, stable and flush with the surrounding
good access and reduces potential hazards. Street path level. A clear level space on firm paving of
28 Introduction
1400mm in depth and 900mm in width should be cross safely. The minimum recommended time is
provided beside a seat to allow a wheelchair 20 seconds. On a wide and/or busy roadway, a
user/buggy to position adjacent to the seat. The longer crossing period will be required. The
seat height should be no less than 450mm, with a pedestrian signals should be both audible and
minimum of 450mm depth and with a heel space pulsating, and located at a height of 900–
of 100mm to allow for easier rising from the seat. 1000mm. Road markings at crossings should
Back and arm rests are useful to provide additional prevent vehicles from blocking sight lines and
support. Seating should be provided at regular from blocking dished kerbing.
intervals on long and sloping routes, no more
than 25m apart. Signage should be provided to For more detailed design information see the
Local Government Management Services
indicate distance to next seating area.
Board’s ‘Good Practice Guidelines on
Accessibility of Streetscapes’. Website:
4.2.2.8 Bollards www.lgmsb.ie/ga/node/26
Bollards should only be installed where absolutely
necessary, eg to prevent cars parking on 4.2.4 Shared Space, Shared Surfaces
pavements. Bollards, if used, should be a
‘Shared Space, Shared Surfaces’ is a developing
minimum of 1000mm in height, 250mm in width
European urban design approach which seeks to
and contrast in colour and tone with the
establish pedestrian priority within the urban
background. Adjacent bollards should not be
environment. This design approach reduces the
linked with a chain or rope, and should be a
traditional demarcation between pedestrians and
minimum of 1200mm apart.
traffic by removing or limiting features such as
kerbs, crossing points, traffic signs etc. Such an
4.2.2.9 Route Finding approach can be used to regenerate urban/town
Clearly defined logical routes can be identified centres by seeking to reduce the dominance of
with the use of colour contrasts and textural vehicles in discouraging and slowing the passage
changes in paving. Planting can assist in defining of vehicular traffic. A 2012 report carried out by
routes or identifying hazards through scent and the NDA reviewed this approach and noted that
colour, but should not obstruct or present an people with disabilities experienced concern
overhead hazard. about the uncertainty created by this approach
and recommended the provision of ‘Comfort
4.2.3 Controlled and Uncontrolled Zones’ within the Shared Spaces, Shared Surfaces
Crossings approach ie designated pedestrian routes and
All kerbs at pedestrian crossings should be flush crossing points. Clearly, the inclusion of a Shared
with the roadway and have appropriate tactile Space, Shared Surfaces approach in an urban
paving in place. design project requires careful consultation with
people with disabilities and their representative
For more information please see
Section 4.2.2.2. on page 27
organisations to ensure that the environment is
safely and confidently usable by everyone.
At controlled crossings the pedestrian signals
must allow adequate time for all pedestrians to
Cobbled areas in the town are hard to access for wheelchairs.

– IWA member, Co Clare

slowing down or stopping when descending.
For more information see ‘Shared Space, Shared
However, there may be circumstances, eg in
Surfaces and Home Zones from a Universal
Design Approach for the Urban Environment in retrofits, where a steeper gradient than the
Ireland’ on the NDA’s website: www.nda.ie minimum recommended may be necessary for a
short distance.
4.2.5 Building Approach Ramps should always be accompanied by steps

where the rise of the ramp is greater than 300mm
The route to the principal entrance of a building,
and by alternative means of access eg a lift, when
from all areas, including the car parking area,
the total rise is greater than 2m.
should be clearly identified and well-lit with
non-glare minimum illumination of 150 lux. 3 See Figure 6 on page 33
The danger of inadvertently walking into a
vehicular access route should be minimised by
4.3.2 Gradient
providing a separate pedestrian route which is at
If site constraints necessitate an approach of 1:20
least 1500mm in width (2000mm where the
or steeper, an approach incorporating ramped
approach is a busy thoroughfare). Where there is
access must be provided. The preferred gradient
an uncontrolled crossing point across the
of a ramp is 1:20 and the length of individual
vehicular route, this crossing point should be
sections should be no more than 10m with a
identified by coloured blister surfacing. This blister
maximum rise of 500mm. Intermediate landings
surfacing should contrast strongly with the
should be provided after each 10m slope.
background pavement. Red blister paving should
not be used at crossings which are not signal- In very exceptional circumstances, where site
controlled. constraints require it, slopes no steeper than 1:12
may be provided. Individual sections in these
The approach to the main building entrance from
circumstances should be no longer than 2m.
an adjacent road, car park or other area accessible
These measurements change with the different
to motor vehicles should be level and have a
ramp gradients as follows:
smooth, non-slip surface. Where it is not possible
to provide a level approach, ie where there is a • When the ramp gradient is 1:20, there
gradient of more than 1:50, both steps and ramps should be a maximum rise of 500mm and a
should be provided. The steps and ramps should maximum length of 10m between landings.
be as close as possible to each other.
• When the ramp gradient is 1:15, there
should be a maximum rise of 333mm and a
maximum length of 5m between landings.
4.3 External Ramps
• When the ramp gradient is 1:12, there
4.3.1 Background should be a maximum rise of 166mm and a
Ramps are necessary for wheelchair users and maximum length of 2m between landings.
beneficial for people pushing prams, pushchairs
4.3.3 Widths of Flights and Landings
and bicycles. Gradients should be as shallow as
practicable. Steep gradients create difficulties for Flights and landings should have a clear
some wheelchair users who lack the strength to unobstructed width of at least 1500mm. Where it
propel themselves up a slope or have difficulty in is expected that there will be high usage of the
3 Lux is the measurement of intensity of light on a surface. An illumination of 250 lux is suitable for reading purposes.
30 Introduction
ramp, provision of a wider ramp should be 4.3.6 Edge Protection
considered. Intermediate landings, where
provided, should have a minimum length of In addition to the handrails, a raised kerb of at
1800mm. If there is a change of direction in the least 150mm in height should be provided on any
ramp and no clear view of the top/bottom of the open side of a ramp.
ramp possible, there should be a larger
For information on handrails see
intermediate landing. Section 4.5. on page 32
A clear flat unobstructed turning circle of 1800mm
diameter is required at the top and at the bottom 4.3.7 Lighting
landings of a ramp. Where a door opens onto the
Lighting for ramps should come from the sides to
landing, additional space is required, so that the
avoid shadow. Lighting should be consistent
door swing does not compromise the turning
along the length of the ramp and have non-glare
circle.
illumination of 200 lux.
Unless the ramp is under cover, there should be a
cross fall of 1:50 to aid drainage.
4.4 External Steps
4.3.4 Tactile Provisions
It is not recommended to use tactile warnings to 4.4.1 Background
indicate ramps, as these are properly used to Ramps are not necessarily safe and convenient for
indicate the start of a flight of steps or stairs. ambulant disabled people. For example, some
people who can walk but have restricted mobility
4.3.5 Surface Finish find it more difficult to negotiate a ramp than a
The approach to the ramp should be highlighted staircase or steps. In addition, adverse weather
by the use of colour contrast, tone and texture conditions can increase the risk of slipping on a
change, to facilitate use by people with vision ramp. It is therefore necessary to have steps
impairment. provided as well as a ramp.
The surface of the ramp should be non-slip. The width of the stairways should be determined
Rainwater lodgement must be avoided by by the nature and use of the building. Flights and
ensuring appropriate drainage cross-fall of 1:50. landings of stairways should preferably have an
The floor surface of the ramp should be flush at unobstructed width of 1500mm. This width of
the top and bottom of the ramp where the level 1500mm is recommended to facilitate the assisted
begins to change. Where there are different egress and evacuation of people with disabilities
materials along the access route, they must have and to accommodate contra flow in circulation
similar frictional characteristics. spaces during emergency evacuation. Where a
The difference in level at joints between paving stairway is a secondary egress route a minimum
units should be no greater than 5mm and the gap unobstructed stair width of 1200mm is
between paving units should be no wider than acceptable.
10mm, with the joins filled flush. If unfilled then A central handrail should be provided when the
the gap should be no wider than 5mm. width of the stairs exceeds 2000mm.
I had to go back home as there are no ramps.

– IWA member, Co Wexford

4.4.2 External Step and Stair Design in the direct line of travel, a depth of 800mm for
Level landings with at least a 1500mm length free the tactile surface is needed. This depth can be
from any door swings should be provided at the reduced to 400mm if a pedestrian has to make a
top and bottom of each flight of steps. Single conscious turn to encounter the stairs.
steps should be avoided as they present a tripping Where one flight of stairs is followed immediately
hazard even if there is visual contrast provided. by a second flight, there is no need for additional
In the design of stairs, the rise of each step should tactile surface areas, as the handrails should give
be consistent and between 150–180mm. The warning of another flight. However, if the stairs
going of each step should be consistent and are accessed by a landing, then tactile warning
between 300–450mm. Tapered treads and open will also be required on that level.
risers should not be used.
4.4.4 Headroom Provision
Nosings should be integral with the step and Where the headroom on the underside of the
distinguishable in tone and colour. Projecting stairs is less than 2100mm, this area should be
nosings should be avoided. The surface material of guarded to eliminate hazard. This could be done
the steps should be non-slip. by fencing the area off with railings, building a
The outer edges of all steps in each flight must solid wall, or creating an area of planting.
provide a permanent visual contrast with the rest
of the steps, known as ‘edge stair marking’. The 4.4.5 Lighting
edge stair marking should be 50–65mm on the Lighting for steps should come from the sides to
tread and 30–55mm is recommended on the riser, avoid shadow. Lighting should be consistent
running the entire width of the step. along the full flight and adjoining landings and
have non-glare minimum illumination of 200 lux.
4.4.3 Tactile Provisions
Top and bottom landings should be provided with
a corduroy-type hazard-warning tactile surface in 4.5 Handrails to Ramped and
a ridged pattern to give advanced tactile warning Stepped Access Routes
of the change in level. This tactile surface should
4.5.1 Background
comprise rounded bars running transversely to
the direction of pedestrian travel. The bars should People using wheelchairs do not normally use
be 6mm (+/− 0.5 mm) in height, 20mm in width, handrails while using ramps but they may find
and spaced 50mm from the centre of one bar to handrails useful to steady themselves on a
the centre of the next. long/steep ramp. People with disability who are
ambulant and people who have visual
This ridged surface should extend the full width of
impairment find it easier to negotiate steps and
the stairs at both the top and bottom of the flight.
ramps with a handrail. Therefore handrails should
This surface should be of a contrasting colour to
be provided on both sides of every ramped and
the surrounding area, but should not be red.
stepped access route.
The ridged surface should start 400mm from the
first step nosing, where possible. When steps are
My social life can be neglected as I can’t get into places.

– IWA member, Co Galway
32 Introduction
1 Corduroy tactile provision
2 A raised kerb at least 150mm high to be provided on any open side of the ramp
3 Rise 150mm-180mm. Going 300mm-450mm
4 Ø1800mm turning circle
5 Corduroy tactile provision
mm
300
5
0
1:2
0mm
150
Figure 6 – Ramp and steps

Dished access
to footpath
mm 500mm
m 800 1
400mm
300m
0 m
1:2 1 0m
80
3
900mm
600mm
150 2
0m
m

33
4.5.2 Location of Handrails 4.5.3 Design of Handrails
There should be a continuous handrail on each The handrail should follow the exact pitch line or
side of the ramp and steps including landings. The contour of the steps/ramp. In this way,
top of the handrail should be 900–1000mm above information about the steps/level change is
the pitch line of the stair flight/ramp and communicated through the person’s hand.
900–1100mm above the surface of any landings. Handrails should be distinguished from the
To accommodate people of different stature, background environment in contrasting colour
provision of a second handrail should be and/or tone.
considered on each side at 600mm height from
A round or oval profile of handrail is preferred.
the pitch line of steps/ramp surface. Both
Round handrails should be 32–45mm in diameter,
handrails should extend at least 300mm beyond
and oval handrails should be 38mm in depth and
the outer edge of the top and bottom steps/ramp,
50mm in width. Any wall-mounted handrail
and terminate in a closed end which does not
should have a clearance of 60–75mm from the
project into a route of travel.
wall. A support connection located at the bottom
Handrails on intermediate landings should be of the handrail permits uninterrupted use.
continuous, to guide people who are blind or have
The materials used for the handrail can include
a visual impairment.
wood and nylon-sleeved steel tubing and should
When the width of the steps/ramps exceeds have a smooth finish with no sharp edges.
2000mm, a central handrail should be provided.
This allows users to be within easy reach of a
support especially when many people are using a
wide ramp/steps.
34 Introduction
Quick Summary of: 4. The External Environment and Building Approach
Accessible Parking
4 Locate as close as possible to main entrance – 4 Size of bay for multi-purpose vehicles should be
maximum distance 25m. Signage for easy 5400 x 7800mm. This includes 3000mm access zone
identification. to one side and rear.
4 Minimum one accessible bay, then one accessible 4 On-street parallel parking bay should be 3600 x
bay for every 15 parking bays. 7800mm. This includes an access zone of 1200mm
to one side and 3000mm to the rear.
4 Firm level surface with white markings on blue
background. Dished kerb to access pavements. 4 Minimum 2600mm height clearance to be
maintained throughout.
4 Size of standard accessible bays should be 4800 x
6000mm. This includes 1200mm wide access zone
on both side and rear.
Pavements, Crossings and Approach Routes

4 A 2000mm pavement width allows two wheelchair 4 Use tactile paving as follows: red blister-type for
users to pass each other safely. controlled crossings; buff, yellow or grey blister-type
for uncontrolled crossings; and corduroy type for
4 Create a firm and level surface, with no gaps of more
hazard warning.
than 10mm and paired dishing at all pedestrian
crossing points. 4 Provide seats for long and sloping routes. Circulation
route must be kept clear of any shop displays, bins,
4 Provide 2300mm headroom clearance.
seats, etc.
External Ramps
4 Shallowest possible gradient for any sloped 4 Non-slip surface, with 1:50 cross-fall to ensure
approach. drainage, and 150mm high edge protection.
4 Gradient 1:20, maximum rise 500mm and maximum 4 Provide a continuous handrail on both sides at a
length 10m. height between 900–1000mm, extending 300mm
4 Ramp width 1500mm, with a1800 x 1800mm level beyond the ramp and terminating in a close end.
landing at top and bottom.
External Steps
4 Steps should be provided in conjunction with a 4 Provide a continuous handrail on both sides, at a
ramp. Avoid single steps. height between 900–1000mm, extending 300mm
4 1500mm stairway width recommended. Tapered beyond the last step and terminating in a close end.
treads and open risers to be avoided. Central handrail required when stair width more
than 2000mm.
4 Consistent step design is critical. Risers to be
between 150–180mm and goings between 4 Step edges should contrast with the rest of the
surface. Provide adequate lighting. Avoid confusing
300–450mm.
shadows.
4 Provide corduroy tactile warning on top and at
bottom of the staircase running across full width
of steps.

36
5 Access to and Circulation Within a Building
edge of a single leaf door. This space will allow a

5.1 Main Entrance Doors wheelchair user to reach the door handle easily
and keep clear of the door swing. The entrance
5.1.1 Background threshold should be level, which may require
The main entrance design to a building should innovative design. To give level access, flush
give accessible entry to all people including thresholds should be used. Door saddles or lips
wheelchair users, people with limited mobility, are not acceptable.
people who are blind, people with a visual or See Figure 7 on page 39
hearing impairment and people pushing prams.
The entrance to a building should be easy to
In front of the door opening into the building
locate, safe and convenient to use. The lighting
there should be a minimum clear and level
level at the main entrance to a building should be
manoeuvring space of at least 1800mm x
150 lux.
1800mm. All outward opening doors, eg escape
The main building entrance/s should contrast with doors should not project into circulation areas and
the surroundings, have level access, be clearly should have an unimpeded area outside of at least
signposted and preferably have self-activating 1800mm x 2300mm.
doors. The method and direction of opening of
the main entrance door/s should be clearly 5.1.2.1 Door Frames and Glazed Panels
indicated. Except where it is necessary to maintain security
In order to provide shelter for those having to or privacy, an entrance door should be designed
pause before entering a building, the main to permit visual awareness of the layout of the
entrance should incorporate some form of building immediately beyond. Each door leaf
weather protection. should incorporate a glazed vision panel
extending from 500mm to 1500mm above the
5.1.2 Door Dimensions and Design finished floor level.
Main entrance doorways should provide a
minimum clear opening width of not less than
1000mm. Double doors should include at least
If a door requires an intermediate horizontal
one leaf which provides a minimum clear opening
section for strength or to accommodate door
of 1000mm.
furniture, the door should have two vision panels,
Doors opening into a building should be hung so one between 500–800mm from the floor and the
that they open against an adjoining wall. A nib of other between 1150–1500mm from the floor. The
wall at the door hinge allows the door to open glazed vision panels should be flush with the door
beyond 90˚ which will increase the effective clear so as not to compromise use of the door handles.
width. There should be an unobstructed space of
at least 500mm on the side next to the leading See Figure 9 on page 41
It really annoys me to have to ask people to open doors for me.

– IWA member, Co Kilkenny
5. Access to and Circulation Within a Building 37

5.1.2.2 Door Furniture fixed panels should be marked permanently at
Door ironmongery which is situated between 850–1000mm and 1400–1600mm above floor
900–1000mm from floor level should have a level. The markings should contrast visually with
push/pull down lever-type handle and be clearly the background when seen through the door
identifiable by use of contrasting materials, colour from both directions, in all lighting conditions,
and/or design. The handle/door lock should be and at all times of day.
easily used and manipulated by all including
5.1.3 Revolving Doors
someone with restricted hand movement and/or
limited strength. Revolving doors of any size are not suitable for use
by all people, eg parents with prams or buggies
If the door handle is vertical, then it should be
and people with limited mobility. An alternative
more than 300mm long with the lower end sited
accessible entrance must be provided adjacent to
between 700–1000mm from the floor and the top
a revolving door.
between 900–1300mm from the floor.
Self-closing devices on manually operated non- 5.1.4 Powered and Automatic Doors
powered swing doors are a disadvantage for many Automated door systems are generally
people who have limited upper body strength, are recommended for ease of use rather than
pushing prams, or are carrying heavy objects. If manually operated doors. Clear instructions for
self-closing devices are unavoidable, the opening any door fitted with a self-closing and opening or
force of the door should be as low as possible and push button device are required in visual and
no greater than 20 newton at the leading edge of tactile format.
the door. A change of floor surface texture should be
provided at the approach to self-activating doors.
5.1.2.3 Pull Handles Automatic doors should take at least three
Doors that do not have a self-closing device seconds to fully open from a closed position and
should have a 300mm pull handle located on the should remain open for at least five seconds to
push side. This pull handle will assist a wheelchair allow safe entry and exit. Doors should
user in pulling the door closed behind them. The incorporate a safety stop which is activated if
upper end of the pull handle should be centred on doors start to close as a person is passing through.
the door at 900mm from floor level with the lower Doors should revert to manual control or failsafe
end sloped towards the hinged side of the door at in the open position in the event of a power
800mm from floor level. failure. Automatic doors should ideally slide aside
(like lift doors) rather than swing in or out.
5.1.2.4 Kick Plates With doors that swing open towards the user,
Kick plates to protect the door surface should be both audible and visual warnings should be given.
provided on the base of the door. The kick plate When in an open position, doors should not
should extend across the full width of the base of project into any adjacent access route. A door lock
the door to a height of 400mm. Typically, a kick release should be situated at a height of between
plate would be made of aluminum sheet. 900−1000mm and be clearly identifiable.
Entrance devices, eg push pads and card swipes, for

5.1.2.5 Glass Door Design
automatic doors, should be located 900−1050mm
A glass door that is adjacent to or is incorporated above the finished floor level. Provision of an
within a fully glazed wall should be clearly additional foot-activated push pad will facilitate
differentiated from the wall, with the door more people with restricted hand functions.
prominent. Any single-pane fully glazed door or
38 5. Access to and Circulation Within a Building

1800mm
1800mm
Manoeuvring space
500mm
1000mm
Minimum clear opening (900mm for internal doors)
Figure 7 – Building entrance (plan view)

Minimum zone of visibility
1000mm
PUSH
1500mm
900-1000mm
500mm
400mm
Kick plate
1000mm
Figure 8 – Entrance with single vision panel
40 Introduction
5. Access to and Circulation Within a Building
Minimum zones
350mm
of visibility
PUSH
350mm
Minimum zones
of visibility
300mm
900-1000mm
500mm
400mm
Kick plate
1000mm
Figure 9 – Entrance with intermediate horizontal section

These low level pads can be operated by 5.2.2 Lobby Design
foot/wheelchair foot rests and should be mounted The minimum clear door widths leading into and
with the centre of the pad at 200mm height from from a lobby/foyer area should be 900mm, with a
floor level. clear space of preferably 500mm, but a minimum
Where the control pad and door are located on of 300mm, next to the leading edge side of the
the same wall, the controls should be clearly door. The clear space enclosed by a lobby area
identified on the latch side and placed within must be at least 1700mm in depth x 900mm in
200mm of the door. Where the control pad is width, free of door swing into that space.
placed on the return wall, it should be located at The overall size of the lobby/foyer area will then be
least 1400mm from the leading edge of the door determined by the size of the door/s opening into
so as to avoid collision with the door on opening. and from the lobby area and by whether any doors
The door operating controls should be clearly are opening in the same or opposite directions.
distinguishable from the background in tone and The recommended lobby width is 1800mm; the
colour contrast. minimum acceptable lobby width is 1500mm.

5.1.5 Intercom Systems
Any intercom/door entry system should be
provided at a height between 900 and 1050 mm 5.2.3 Internal Doors
from the floor level and located at least 500mm Internal doors should provide a minimum clear
from any corner. Where the intercom/entry system opening width of 900mm. Doors opening into a
and the door are located on the same wall, they room should be hung so that they open against
should be placed at 200 mm from the latch side of an adjoining wall. A nib of wall at the door hinge
the door. Where the intercom system is placed on allows the door to open beyond 90˚ which will
the return wall, it should be located 1400mm from increase the effective clear width. Double doors
the door. The system provided should have a should include one leaf that provides a clear
visual display to facilitate people who are deaf or minimum opening of 900mm. Ideally there should
hard of hearing. The door release indicator should be an unobstructed space of 500mm on the side
be both visual and audible. next to the leading edge of the door. A minimum
acceptable space on the side next to the leading
edge is 300mm.
5.2 Entrance Foyers The doors should open inwards from circulation
areas and from busy to less busy areas. Internal
5.2.1 Background
doors should be designed and constructed in such
Entrance foyers and lobbies should be designed
a way that the doors and frames are clearly
and constructed in such a way that there is
identified by colour and tonal contrast from the
sufficient space to enable all people, including a
adjacent walls.
wheelchair user and a person assisting the
wheelchair user, to move clear of one door before See Section 5.1.2.2 on page 38
using the next door. In addition, there should be a regarding door furniture
sufficient space allowance for a person to pass in
the opposite direction.
Many doors in public buildings are not wide enough for powered chairs.
– IWA member, Tralee, Co Kerry

5.2.3.1 Glazed Vision Panels at the end of the corridor and at corridor
Each leaf of a door should incorporate a glazed junctions. This turning space should be repeated
vision panel extending at least from 500mm to at intervals of 25 metres as the length of the
1500mm above the finished floor level. If a door corridor continues. Any corners on a corridor
requires an intermediate horizontal section for should be rounded.
strength or to accommodate door furniture, the A minimum acceptable clear unobstructed
door should have two viewing panels: one corridor width is 1500mm, with a width of
500−800mm from the floor and the other 1200mm acceptable only when there is no
1150−1500mm from the floor. The glazed vision alternative possible.
panels should be flush with the door so as not to
To facilitate horizontal movement in emergency
compromise use of the door handles.
evacuation, designated escape routes should
Any single pane fully glazed door leaf or fixed always have minimum corridor widths of
panel should have a permanent marking as a 1800mm.
means of identifying the glass at heights of
The provision of seating areas and handrails
850−1000mm and 1400−1600mm. This must
should be considered in corridors which are 20
contrast visually with the background and be
metres or longer.
visible through the door in all lighting conditions
and at all times of day.
5.3.2.1 Doors in Corridors
All doors that open outward into a corridor should
be recessed. If it is not possible to recess doors,
5.3 Corridor Design
then the corridor width should allow a minimum
5.3.1 Background clear space of 1500mm within the corridor at the
door opening points. The doors should open in
Corridor design should facilitate safe and
the direction of the escape route.
convenient circulation through a building. A
corridor must give easy access to rooms located
within the corridor as well as space to turn and 5.3.2.2 Objects Fitted to Walls Along Circulation
retrace a route. With careful and considered use of Routes
signage and colour, a corridor route can assist in Wall-mounted objects within a corridor space
giving a sense of location within a building by should be recessed so as not to protrude into the
signposting and tracing travel routes. circulation space. If it is not possible to recess wall-
mounted objects, these objects should then be
5.3.2 General Design of Corridors fixed at 700mm or more above the floor level and
provision should be made to warn people who are
The line of travel in a corridor should be clear and
blind or have a visual impairment of the presence
distinctive. Careful use of colour can aid
of such obstacles by providing hazard protection.
navigation. Floor surfaces should not be reflective
Hazard protection can include guardrails,
and should avoid busy patterns. The lighting level
provision of a solid kerb, hazard warning flooring
along the length of a corridor should be 150 lux
or an audible warning signal of some kind.
and located where it does not create glare or
silhouettes.
5.3.3 Floor Levels
Ideally, a corridor or passageway should have a Floors within a building should be level or
clear unobstructed width of 1800mm along its predominantly level. Where minor changes of
length. Any corridors less than 1800mm in width floor levels occur, these should be graded no
should have a turning space of 1800mm x 1800mm steeper than 1:60. Where grading occurs, the floor

Min. clear opening 900mm
500mm
Min 500
900mm
1700mm
Represents space
wheelchair user
900mm
and assistant
required for
1700mm
500mm
500mm

900mm
1700mm
Figure 10 – Internal lobbies with doors opening in the same direction

500mm
Min 500
900mm
1700mm
Represents space
wheelchair user
and assistant
900mm
required for
1700mm
500mm
500mm

900mm
1700mm
Figure 11 – Internal lobbies with doors opening in the opposite direction

should have a maximum rise of 500mm without a The use of easily recognised symbols, pictograms
level landing rest. A landing rest should be and directional arrows can simplify the
1800mm in length. Any changes of floor level interpretation of signage and also aid wayfinding.
should be accented with texture and highlighted
Signs that are to be read from a relatively short
with colour.
distance should be sited with the centreline of the
sign located at 1400mm from floor level. Safety
instruction signage, which requires reading
5.4 Signage and Wayfinding
detailed instructions, should be duplicated at
5.4.1 Background 1000mm−1100mm and 1600mm−1700mm to suit
people at a range of eye levels.
Signage is a way of giving information about a
building and facilities as well as aiding navigation
For further information refer to the
around a building. Signage should be easily ‘Sign Design Guide’ (2004), published by JMU
detectable, readily understandable and easy to Access Partnership/The Sign Design Society
use for all people. and the Royal National Institute of Blind
People (RNIB)
5.4.2 Signage Lettering and Character
Style 5.4.3 Wayfinding
Directional signage should only be placed on fixed Careful consideration must be given to the visual
parts of the building such as walls, posts and access of facilities in a building and to wayfinding.
floors. In spaces where signs would not be visible, All routes leading from the reception area should
for example where there may be large crowds, incorporate a wayfinding system and be clearly
they should be projected or suspended from the signed and unobstructed. Long distances
ceiling. Signs that are projected or suspended between frequently used services should be
from the ceiling must be positioned at a height to avoided. The easiest access route to services and
allow for a 2300mm clearance from floor level. facilities should be clearly signposted. All public
Character or letter heights of minimum 150mm buildings should have an integrated system of
are suitable for long-distance reading, eg building wayfinding, public address and hearing
signs; 50−100mm for medium-distance reading, enhancement.
eg directional signs; and 15−25 mm for short- Wayfinding can be achieved by the careful and
distance reading, eg room signs. considered use of pictorial signage and colour to
Characters on all signs should be raised by 1.5mm. indicate travel routes. Information on wayfinding
Text and symbols should be consistent in design should be visual and tactile and low enough to
and use conventional colours and symbols. touch. Detectable directional indicators may be
Legibility should be ensured by using a used to highlight information points and access
contrasting coloured background. In general, routes. Contrasting coloured floor covering in
white lettering on a dark background gives good circulation and movement areas aids orientation
legibility. A matt finish should be used. San serif and wayfinding.
typefaces are more easily legible eg Ariel, Verdana, All buildings should be equipped with a
Gill sans MT, etc. A mixture of both capital and wheelchair if long distances need to be travelled.
lower case letters that are aligned to the left is
recommended.
46 Introduction
This stair width is recommended to facilitate the
5.5 Internal Changes in assisted evacuation of people with disabilities and
Floor Level accommodate contra-flow traffic in circulation
spaces and to facilitate egress and evacuation in
5.5.1 Background the event of an emergency. If the desirable width
Vertical circulation or changes in floor levels can of 1500m cannot be achieved, a minimum
pose challenges to both designers and users of a acceptable width is 1200mm on a stairs that is not
building. Changes of levels are usually part of an evacuation route.
accommodated by the provision of stairs, ramps, A central handrail should be provided when the
escalators, travelators, platform and car lifts. The width of the stairs exceeds 2000m. Lighting
provisions made must ensure safety, ease of use should be even and consistent along the flight
and access for all people to all levels above and and should not cause anyone to negotiate stairs in
below the entrance level of the building. their own shadow. A lighting level of 200 lux is
Where steps are provided, these should be recommended at the top and bottom landings
accompanied by an adjacent ramp. Ramps and and along the length of the stairs.
stairs can be effective means of moving vertically
within a building. However a ramp slope that is 5.5.2.1 Step Profile and Design
too steep or a ramp that is too long can create The rise of each step on a flight of stairs should be
difficulties for potential users. Equally, spiral consistent, and between 150–180mm. The going
stairways and stairways with open and/or tapered of each step should be consistent and between
threads are potentially hazardous. 300–450mm. Nosings should be integral with the
Car and platform lifts and, very occasionally stair step and distinguishable in colour and tone.
lifts can provide access where ramps and Nosings should be used on the front face and the
stairways are not practicable. The design of the top of each step so as to be visible while
approach route, the lift car and the lift controls ascending or descending the stairs.
must accommodate all potential users. Flights should contain no more than 12 risers
Travelators and escalators are not suitable for use between landings. The number of risers in
by wheelchair users. Wherever an escalator or successive flights should be uniform. Open risers
passenger conveyor is installed between floors, should not be used.
clearly signed alternative access by lift should also Tactile hazard warning surfaces should be
be provided. installed at the top and the bottom of each flight
The number of stairwells, ramps, escalators, car to assist people who are blind or have a visual
and platform lifts will be determined by the user impairment , as well as at intermediate landings
profile and the services available within the where there is access onto a landing other than
building. from the steps themselves.
For more information see Section 4.4.3 on page 32

5.5.2 Internal Step and Stair Design
In general, single steps should be avoided as they Where it may not be possible to use a tactile
can be hazardous. hazard warning surface indoors (which can be
problematic with different frictional qualities of
Straight flights are easier to negotiate than
indoor surfaces) then floor finishes that contrast
curved.
visually and in texture and sound should be used
Ideally, flights and landings of stairways should to highlight and to warn of the top and bottom of
have an unobstructed width of at least 1500mm. the stairs.

Level landings of at least 1500mm in length and/or a lift as an alternative. A lighting level of
should be provided at the top and bottom of each 200 lux is recommended at top and bottom
flight of stairs, and this space must be free of any landings and along the length of the ramp.
door swing across it.
The design of an internal ramp will be the same as
that of an external ramp.
For more information see Section 4.3 on page 30
5.5.2.2 Handrails
Also see Figure 6 on page 33
Handrails should be provided in conjunction with
changes in floor level, flights of stairs, ramps or
steps. The height of handrails should be 900mm 5.5.4 Passenger Lift
above floor level. Internal passenger lifts are the usual means of
Handrails should continue without interruption moving from one storey to another within a
across flights and landings and should be easily building. Single door lifts should ideally provide
distinguishable from the background without sufficient internal cabin space to accommodate a
being highly reflective. turning circle with a diameter of 1800mm.
Consideration should be given to the provision of See Figure 12 on page 51

a second handrail set at 600mm above the pitch
line on stairs, especially in buildings used by In smaller buildings, it may not be possible to
children. Handrails should be available on both provide a lift with the above internal dimensions.
sides of a flight of stairs to facilitate people who In such situations, a Class 3 lift, 2000mm in depth
favour the use of left/right hand. and 1400mm in width, is recommended in order
Each handrail should extend 300mm beyond the to comfortably accommodate a wheelchair user
first and last nosing and be rounded at the end. and another person.
The surface of a handrail should be covered with In lifts where an alternative exit door is located
easy-grip non-slip material. directly opposite the entry door, an internal
For more information see Section 4.5 on page 32 turning circle with a diameter of 1800mm is not
necessary. In this situation, a minimum clear
space of 1700mm in depth and 1200mm in width
5.5.3 Internal Ramp Design
within the lift car is required.
Ramps can be an effective way of moving from
storey to storey within a building. However, as Where a lift car is not square it is always
internal ramps require considerable space, they preferable that it be deeper (rather than wider)
are normally only used in buildings with large to facilitate the entrance and exit of mobility
open spaces. It is more common to use lifts scooters.
internally to move from one storey to another.
5.5.4.1 Lift Use for Emergency Evacuation
The use of internal ramps is most likely to arise
Lifts in new buildings should be fire protected and
within an existing building where access
capable of being used for evacuation purposes;
provisions are being retrofitted. In new building
this is the most effective means of emergency
design, changes of level within a storey should not
evacuation for people with disabilities. Existing
occur and therefore short ramps should not be
lifts can be upgraded to be usable as the means of
required. Wherever ramps are provided, there
emergency evacuation.
must also be the adjacent provision of steps

The use of evacuation chairs require planning and Light coloured walls should provide contrast with
training and are not an option for everyone. a darker floor shade. The floor should have
frictional qualities similar to, or higher than, the
For more information see Section 8 on page 107 floor of the landing. A rounded handrail should be
situated 900mm above floor level and along both
5.5.4.2 Lift Door Design the side and back walls of the lift car.
The lift door or doors should preferably have a In lifts with one entry/exit door, a mirror at the rear
minimum clear opening width of 900mm. The lift of the lift cabin is required to assist wheelchair
doors should be clearly distinguishable from the users reversing out of the lift. This mirror should
background by tone and colour contrast. They not extend the full height of the cabin but start at
should be fitted with a reacting device which 900mm above floor level and extend to the top of
relies on infrared or photo-eye systems to ensure the lift car, to avoid causing confusion to people
no person can become trapped in the doors. Lift with visual impairment.
doors should stay open for a minimum of eight
seconds. A control button to keep the door/s 5.5.4.4 Lift Landings
open should be situated on both the inside and Lifts should be conveniently located in relation to
outside of the lift. Both visual and auditory the entrance/lobby area and be clearly
warning should be given before the lift doors signposted. There should be a clear unobstructed
open and close. space of 1800mm x 1800mm in front of the lift
entrance and this area should be well lit with a
5.5.4.3 Lift Controls, Fixtures and Fittings
minimum illumination of 200 lux. A change of
In the lift, the controls should be situated on the floor surface and texture should be present to
side wall with the centre line of the control panel indicate the approach to the lift. Lift call controls
at a height of 1000mm and 500mm from the at each landing should be tactile, contrast in
corner. Control pad buttons should be tactile, well colour/tone with their background and be
spread and accessible to wheelchair users by situated at a height of not less than 900mm and
parallel approach. Audible and visual notification not more than 1100mm. Braille identification of
of the floor level, and notice of door control buttons should also be present and ideally
opening/closing, should be provided at each lift be situated as close as possible beside each
landing. Braille identification of control buttons button, rather than on it.
should also be present and, ideally, be situated as
Audible and visual notification of the floor level
close as possible to each button, rather than on it.
reached, and notice of door opening/closing,
If situated on the button, a person with vision
should be provided at each lift landing.
impairment might accidentally push the button
while trying to read the Braille information. Braille If a stairwell is situated in proximity to the lift car
and control pad buttons should contrast with the door, the distance to the stairwell should be at
background design of the lift car. In larger lifts ie least two metres to allow for safe manoeuvring.
2000mm wide x 1400mm deep and above, a
duplicate set of controls should be provided on 5.5.4.5 Lift Emergency Service Notification
the opposite side of the lift car. Passenger lifts should be fitted with emergency
instructions in visual and tactile format at a height
The internal lighting within the lift car should be
between 900mm and 1100mm. A push button
uniformly distributed at approximately 150 lux at
control with tactile indicator should activate an
floor level. The internal walls of the lift car should
emergency communication system situated
be covered with a non-reflective matt material.

within the lift car. A visual and auditory response Platform stair lifts are not to be confused with
indicator should also be fitted. The function of seated stair lifts which are intended for use only in
this response indicator is to confirm receipt of an domestic circumstances, and which accommodate
emergency call, to detail the expected response people who can transfer to sit on the lift seat.
action and time, and to allow ongoing
communication. The communication system 5.5.7 Conveyors and Escalators
should incorporate an induction coupler for the Travelators and escalators are not suitable for use
benefit of people who use hearing aids, and by wheelchair users. Where a passenger
signage alerting people to the presence of the escalator/conveyor is within a pedestrian access
induction coupler should be displayed. route, guarding should be provided along and at
both ends of the conveyor for the safety of people
5.5.5 Platform Lifts who are blind or have a visual impairment.
Platform lifts are used by wheelchair users and Handrails should be provided, contrast in colour
people with limited mobility to transfer on a and luminance with the surroundings for the
guarded platform from one level to another. benefit of people who are visually impaired.
Platform lifts should be designed for independent Clearly highlighted alternative accessible routes
use with clear instructions given for their use, and should be provided.
they should also be fitted with an emergency
alarm system. Non-enclosed platform lifts should
rise no more than 2000mm. Where the vertical
travel distance is more than 2000mm, or the lift
penetrates a floor, there should be a lift enclosure.
The entry and exit to the platform lift should be

flush with the surrounding surface and flooring
should be non-slip. The preferred size of a
platform lift is 1100mm x 1400mm, with a clear
door opening width of 900mm.
The lift controls should be conveniently located

for independent use at a height of 800–1050mm,
and controls should be designed to prevent
unauthorised use. The minimum illumination
level within the platform lift and surrounding
areas should be 150 lux.
5.5.6 Platform Stair Lifts

Platform stair lifts can accommodate a
wheelchair user but are not recommended and
should not be installed in new public buildings.
They should only be used as a last resort in an
existing situation where no other solution is
feasible. The platform stair lift, when folded and
out of use, must not impact on the clear stair
width and must not present any hazards to
people using the stairs.
50 Introduction
Mirror
Hand rail
1000mm
900-1100mm
900mm
mm
500
Ø18
00m
m
Min
. do
or o
pen
ing
900
mm
180
0m 0mm
m 180
Figure 12 – Passenger lift

Quick Summary of: 5. Access to and Circulation Within a Building
Entrance/Doors
4 Main entrance should be easily identifiable and well 4 500mm clear space on leading edge of single leaf
signposted. Revolving doors not suitable. door. Heavy door springs not recommended.
4 Provide 1800 x 1800mm level manoeuvring space 4 Vision panels extending between 500–1500mm.
outside the main entrance, with weather protection. Door handles between 900–1000mm from floor.
4 Minimum clear door width 1000mm for main 4 Fully glazed panels marked between 850–1000mm
entrance, 900mm for all other doors. and between 1400-1600mm from floor.
Foyers/Lobbies
4 Overall size of lobby should be determined by 4 Door widths to be minimum 900mm, with 500mm
location and opening direction of the lobby doors. clear space on leading edge side of the door.
4 Lobby size should allow 1700 x 900mm clear space 4 Recommended lobby width 1800mm.
within a lobby free from any door swing.
Corridors
4 Recommended corridor width 1800mm. Wall- 4 Design and colour scheme should aid wayfinding.
mounted objects should not cause obstruction.
4 Magnetic catches should be used to hold the doors
4 Doors opening into a corridor should be recessed. in the open position to facilitate accessibility.
Signage
4 Signage should be easily detectable, consistent and 4 Use san serif typefaces, white lettering on dark
readily understandable. background, recognised symbols and pictograms.
4 Suspended signs to allow minimum 2300mm height 4 Suitable letter height is a minimum of 150mm for
clearance. long distance signs, 50–10mm for medium distance
4 Close distance signs should be mounted with signs, and 15–25mm for short distance signs.
centreline at 1400mm height from floor. Safety
instruction signage to be duplicated at height
between 1000–1100mm and between
1600–1700mm.
Lifts
4 Ideally, new buildings should have lifts that can be 4 Provide 1800 x 1800mm clear space in front of lift on
used for emergency evacuation. each landing. Lift call button should be between
900–1100mm.
4 Lift car to preferably accommodate 1800mm turning
diameter. For smaller buildings 2000mm deep x 4 In the lift car, centreline of lift control panel to be at
1400mm width is acceptable. 1000mm height. Lighting level 150 lux.
4 Lift door clear opening width of 900mm. Door 4 Provide audible and visual notification of the floor
should stay open for at least eight seconds. level and notice of door opening/closing.
52 Introduction
6 Access to and Use of Facilities Within the Built Environment
underneath the counter with a minimum knee

6.1 Facilities, Fixtures depth of 650mm to facilitate wheelchair users.
and Fittings This provision is in addition to the conventional
counter section at a height of 1050mm to suit
6.1.1 Background people who are standing.
From the reception area, right through all parts of See Figure 13 on page 55
the building, all services and facilities should be
easily identifiable and readily available to all
Where a counter or hatch is used, it should be of
potential users. The range of services and facilities
an open design to give optimum acoustics and
includes reception areas, WC facilities, lighting,
view. If a screen has to be used, it should be a clear
window coverings, telephones, fire equipment,
glass screen with non-glare properties. Loop
counter tops, public access terminals, cash desks,
systems and text phones should be installed and
etc. The internal design of a building, signage,
clearly identified at reception areas.
lighting and acoustic properties should all
combine to enable users to identify and interpret 6.1.2.1 Queuing Systems
the space and facilities within the building. Where queuing systems are provided they should
be suitable for all users. The controls on ticket
6.1.2 Reception Areas
machines should be positioned 750–1200mm
The reception area should be strategically located
above the floor, with a clear approach aisle of not
to minimise external and internal noise. It should
less than 1500mm. The base of the machine
be easily identifiable from the main building
should not protrude in front of the face of the
entrance, with a direct and unobstructed
machine. The immediate space in front of the
approach.
machine should be level and unobstructed for not
The lighting between the entrance and reception less than 1850mm x 2100mm, to give a wheelchair
areas must be evenly dispersed, with minimum user clear side access to the machine and room to
recommended illumination of 150 lux. The turn.
lighting level at reception counter top level should
Careful consideration should be given to the use
be 250 lux.
of queuing barriers in terms of location and
Reception areas should facilitate all users. height. If not correctly located and designed, they
Reception counter areas should provide sufficient can be a hazard to people who are blind and
space and access on both sides to facilitate people with visual impairment.
employees and members of the public, including
wheelchair users. A minimum 1800mm diameter 6.1.2.2 Information Provision
of clear manoeuvring space should be provided Information at reception areas and other locations
on both sides of the reception area. should be available in a variety of formats to
A section of the reception counter should be a accommodate the needs of as wide a range of
minimum of 700mm deep, a minimum of users as possible. The variety of formats required
1500mm (preferably 1800mm) long, and 760mm include: all written documents available in large or
high from the floor level. This will accommodate clear print and Braille (on request); information on
wheelchair users on both sides of the counter. email or audiotape; accessible websites; audio
There should be knee clearance height of 700mm description services; touch facilities; a facility for
6. Access to and Use of Facilities Within the Built Environment 53

exchanging written notes; verbatim speech-to- by 1400mm in depth, with clear access from the
text transcription service; induction loop approach routes.
systems, including portable loop systems; sign
A space should be provided for a guide dog to rest.
interpretation (on request); information
displayed on a computer screen; text phones;
6.1.2.4 Switches and Controls
telephone amplifiers; minicom; inductive
couplers; lip speaking interpretation; and fax Switches, sockets, TV points and all controls
machine and text facility. should be located at heights of 400–1000mm.
Electrical wall sockets should be located at a
For further information, please refer to The minimum of 400mm above floor level. Socket
National Council for the Blind of Ireland (NCBI) at outlets that are in frequent use should be placed
www.ncbi.ie and Deaf Hear at www.deafhear.ie higher, between 750–1000mm. Light switches
should be placed between 750–1000mm.
6.1.2.3 Seating Switch and socket outlets should clearly indicate

Seating should be provided in reception areas, whether they are on or off.
and along routes and where waiting is likely. Tactile buttons, where used, should be embossed
Seating provided should be stable, some with and rather than engraved. Flushed or recessed controls
some without arm rests, and at a height between should be avoided. All switches and control pads
450–520 mm. Minimum backrest height of should be operational with the use of one hand.
455mm should be provided on all seating.
Switches or controls should be located at a
Perch seats at 650–800mm in height can be minimum of 500mm from a corner.
provided for long routes or short stay areas.
The seating provided should include suitable
spaces for wheelchair users to position themselves
alongside the seating. Waiting areas should
provide a minimum of two spaces for wheelchair
users to sit side by side, or for a wheelchair user to
position him/herself beside a companion. This
space should be a minimum of 900mm in width
54 Introduction
6. Access to and Use of Facilities Within the Built Environment
2300mm
1400mm
1050mm
1800mm diameter
clear space
mm 0
180
mm
650
m
00m
700mm
.5
Min
1800mm diameter
750-1000mm
clear space
760mm
400-1000mm
Figure 13 – Reception desk

between surfaces should be flush, so as not to
6.2 Interior Design create a hazard for wheelchair users and people
who are blind or have a visual impairment.
6.2.1 Background Floor areas that may become wet, such as inside a
Consistent design throughout a building is main entrance door, should not be of a type that
essential to support people in understanding the becomes slippery. Consideration should be given
building layout, to aid orientation, and to enable to the safe provision of mats which should be
access to facilities. Colour and lighting schemes recessed into the floor.
can assist in differentiating utilities and areas
within a building. The choice of surface type and 6.2.4 Windows
colour with regards to floor surfaces can give ease Windows should be positioned to distribute light
of movement and guidance throughout a evenly. The window sills should be positioned at a
building. height of 850mm. No transoms should be placed
between 850–1200mm to allow a clear view
6.2.2 Environmental Colour and Tonal through the window.
Contrast The window opening device should be easy to
A combination of colour, tonal and textural operate and be located in an accessible position.
contrast helps people who are blind or have a For manually operated windows, lever handles
visual impairment to distinguish between should be used as they require less dexterity.
doorways, surfaces or objects placed on surfaces
The use of automated window openers can
(eg light switches). Tonal contrast is more
eliminate the need to reach. Any window opening
important than colour contrast as some people
handle/switch should be located at a height
may have difficulty distinguishing colours.
between 750–1000mm.They should contrast in
6.2.3 Surface Finishes colour and tone with the surrounding
background, so as to be easily identifiable.
Shiny surfaces and large repeating patterns
should be avoided in the design of Avoid having windows located at the end of a
reception/enquiry desks or speaker rostrums, as corridor as this can cause glare. In existing
they can create glare and reflections. Designs buildings, where windows are located at the end
which cause excessive shadow on walls and floors of corridors, they can be fitted with curtains
should also be avoided. and/or blinds to control strong daylight.
6.2.5 Lighting
6.2.3.1 Floor Surfaces
All lighting within a building, including natural
Appropriate selection of floor surfaces can aid
light, should be controllable and adjustable.
orientation, acoustic conditions and ease of
Lighting should not cause reflections or glare, and
passage for wheelchair users. Floor surfaces
flash lighting should be avoided. Lighting levels
should be firm and non-directional to allow for
should be stronger at task areas and along stairs
easy passage. Floor surfaces should be
and ramps.
slip-resistant and not cause reflection or glare.
Large repeat floor patterns should be avoided. Lighting controls should be accessible to all with
rocker-type switches placed at a height between
For example, polished floorboards or tiles are
750–1000mm and at a minimum of 500mm from
easier for wheelchair users to negotiate than deep
any corner.
pile carpets. Carpets, where used, should be of
shallow dense pile. Thresholds and junctions
56 Introduction
6.2.5.1 Variations in Lighting Levels Enhancement systems for people with a
Even lighting levels should be present throughout hearing/visual impairment should be installed as
a building, with task lighting available where it is standard in spaces designed for activities such as
likely to be needed, for instance, at desks where meetings, lectures, performances, films and
people may wish to read or write. Task area spectator sports. Enhancement systems include:
lighting should be 250 lux. General lighting
• Loop or infra-red hearing systems which
should be 150 lux, with an increase to 200 lux on
transmit sound to hearing aids and cochlear
stairs and ramps. An illumination of 250 lux is
implants to enhance hearing for people who
suitable for reading purposes. (Lux is the
use these devices.
measurement of intensity of light on a surface.)
• Captioned performance and speech-to-
6.2.5.2 Glare Shadows and Reflections
text subtitles and on-screen display to give
Good balanced lighting, combined with the use of people who are deaf or hard of hearing
matt finishes on surfaces, will prevent glare and access to a live performance or presentation.
shadows occurring. The speaker’s words appear on display units
Where there are large areas of glass, care should placed within a set or next to a stage, at the
be taken with the positioning of mirrors and in same time as they are spoken or sung.
how lighting is provided. This prevents confusing • Audio Described Performances which
and disorientating reflections for people with provide a verbal commentary that tells a
vision impairment. person who is visually impaired what is
happening on a stage during the parts of the
For further information on lighting levels,
refer to NCBI’s website: www.ncbi.ie performance where there is no dialogue.
Visually impaired audience members are
equipped with a headset or earpiece to hear
6.2.6 Hearing and Visual Enhancement
the information.
Systems
Communication points such as reception desks • Irish Sign Language (ISL) interpretation for
should be located away from potentially noisy individual or group settings can be made
areas. Adequate sound insulation should available on request.
minimise any external noise. Consideration The availability of these facilities should be clearly
should be given to minimisation of magnetic signposted, with procedures in place for
fields which can be generated by the installation distribution and reclamation of audio description
of systems such as heating units, air conditioning and portable loop packs.
units, extractor fans, and the main power supply
cable to the building.

hearing-enabled with a provision made for
6.3 Public Facilities headphone connections and use. This will be of
assistance to people who are blind and people
6.3.1 Background with visual impairment.
Facilities that are provided and available to the See Figure 14 on page 59
general public should be universally accessible.
The design, location and access to facilities
Public access terminals other than external ATMs,
requires careful consideration to ensure that all
such as information kiosks, interactive panels, self-
people can independently avail of all facilities
service points, and weigh scales, should provide
provided. In some circumstances, there may be a
the knee clearance space of 700mm high and
requirement for alternative provisions and/or
500mm deep. Immediate space in front of these
supports in using facilities, where meeting all
public access terminals should be level and
needs within the one provision is not possible.
unobstructed for not less than 1800mm x
1800mm.
6.3.2 Automated Teller Machines (ATMs)
and other Public Access Terminals 6.3.3 Public Telephones
The approach aisles to ATM machines and other
Where there are public telephones, at least one
public access terminals should have a minimum
accessible phone should be provided. An
width of 1200mm. Externally located machines
accessible telephone should be positioned with
should have a protective canopy extending not
the telephone controls between 750–1000mm
less than 1200mm and should be recessed into
above a level, unobstructed floor space of
the building line or set into the grass verge. The
1800mm x 1800mm, with a clear knee recess of
immediate space in front of the machine should
700mm in height x 500mm in depth.
be level and unobstructed for not less than
1800mm x 1800mm. This area should be a clearly A fold-down seat, 450–520mm in height, or perch
identified privacy space. To provide foot-rest seat, 650–800mm in height, should be provided
clearance for a wheelchair user, a clear space with adjacent to the phone. Clear written instructions
a minimum of 300mm in height and 200mm in for the use of the phone should be provided at a
depth should be provided. height 750–1000mm.
An ATM and any public access terminal should be See Figure 15 on page 60
situated no more than 1200mm above floor level
with the key pad at a height of 900mm. The screen All telephones should have an induction coupler
and keypad should be tilted towards the user. in the handset and a text display. The volume
There should be a small raised dot on the figure control should be adjustable to provide sound
five on the key pad, to aid people who are blind or 12–18dB (A) above normal.
have a visual impairment. A privacy flap should be
Phones situated in lifts or emergency refuges
provided over the ATM key pad.
should be run in protective trunking. The phone
The area surrounding an ATM should be well-lit, should be of a contrasting colour to the
with an illumination of at least 200 lux in the background and be connected to the main
interactive area and 50 lux at background level, entrance or switchboard operator.
with non-glare properties. An ATM can be
ATMs are often too high for wheelchair users.

– IWA member, Co Carlow
58 Introduction
1 Externally located machines to have a
protective canopy extending not less
than 1200mm from the wall
2 The area surrounding an ATM should be well

lit and have an illumination of at least 200 lux
at floor level with non-glare properties
3 ATM located no more than 1200mm above floor level
4 Key pad to be located no more than 900mm above

1
the floor. Key pad cover flap recommended
5 Headphone connection point
6 Minimum 300mm high and 200mm deep

footrest clearance space for wheelchair users
2
7 The immediate space in front of the machine
3 to be level and unobstructed for not less than
1800mm x 1800mm. This area should be a clearly
120 identified privacy space
0m
m
4
1200mm
900mm
5
200
mm
6
300mm
180 0mm
0m 180
m
Figure 14 – ATM

2
750-1000mm
3
450-520mm
700mm
0mm
180
0m 180
m
1 Fold-down seat
2 Controls and instructions between 750-1000mm
3 700mm knee clearance height
4 Level unobstructed floor space of 1800mm x 1800mm
Figure 15 – Public telephone
60 Introduction
6.3.4 Storage Lockers Work surfaces should be continuous and designed
Where storage facilities are available for use by the to minimise travel. Dual height work surfaces may
general public, provision should also be included be considered for kitchens servicing both people
for fully accessible storage units. Some storage who are ambulant and wheelchair users. In this
units should include knee access space to allow situation, work surfaces, sinks and hobs should be
the option of either frontal or side access from a provided at different levels as follows:
seated position for a wheelchair user. • 900mm for people standing
Accessible lockers should be a minimum of • 760mm for wheelchair users
300mm in width and not more than 600mm in
An electronically height-adjustable worktop
depth. Storage accessible from the front, from a
avoids compromise and facilitates a range of users
seated position, is best placed with the bottom
including wheelchair users and people of different
end height no lower than 750mm and the top end
heights.
height no higher than 1250mm. The bottom end
height of 750 mm allows for a half locker with Consideration should be given to the use of drop-
knee recess of 700 mm high, so a wheelchair user down baskets in wall-mounted storage presses
can gain frontal access to the locker. and easy-access pull-out baskets/carousels in
lower storage units.
Storage accessible from the side, from a seated
position, should have the bottom end height of
6.3.5.2 Cooker
the locker no lower than 665mm and the top end
height no higher than 1060mm. The controls of a cooker and hob should be
positioned to the front of the appliance and
Accessible storage units should have a 900mm x
should not require reaching across burners to
1400mm clear floor area to the front. The distance
operate. The controls should be no higher than
between opposing banks of storage lockers
1050mm and no lower than 700mm. The hob
should be 1800mm.
should be situated preferably within the worktop
Provide seating adjacent to lockers for use by at a height of 760mm and with an insulated clear
people with restricted mobility. knee space of 700mm in height beneath.
A ceramic hob is preferable as heavy pots can be

6.3.5 Communal Kitchen Facilities moved by sliding them across the hob. The
A kitchen area should have an unobstructed hob/cooker top should have an adjacent work
minimum floor space of at least 1800mm x surface of minimum 600mm in width.
1800mm between units and facing walls.
The oven should be located so that the level of the
drop-down door or the pull-out oven board is at
760mm in height.
The oven door can be side-hung or drop-down

6.3.5.1 Work Surfaces
type. Where a side-hung door is used, a pull-out
The depth of a kitchen work surface should be a board minimum 250mm in depth should be
minimum of 600mm. Key task areas such as hobs,
provided directly beneath the oven. This pull-out
sinks and food preparation areas should have
board should be strong enough to support a
knee clearance provided below them. The
heavy cooking vessel.
dimensions required for knee clearance are a
height of 700mm and a width of 800mm. A side-hung door must open away from the
approach route.

3
700mm
Ø1800mm
700mm
200mm
2
Carousel corner unit

Pull-down shelving
Pull-out shelf
1
2
3
Figure 16 – Kitchen
62 Introduction
6.3.5.3 Fixtures, Fittings and Appliances 6.4.2.1 Minimum Provision
Sinks should be fitted with a swivel-head tap, The minimum recommended provision of WCs to
operational by one hand and with clear indications accommodate people with disabilities is as
of hot and cold. Sinks should be no more than follows:
150mm deep to maximise reach.
Ambulant WC Cubicle In each male and female
Appliances such as washing machines, dishwashers toilet block, there should be one WC for people
and refrigerators should be installed on a 200mm with a disability who are ambulant. This WC is not
high plinth. Refrigerators and freezers of ‘over and designed to accommodate a wheelchair user. The
under type’ are difficult to access for wheelchair size of this WC should be 1500mm x 900mm, with
users. Consideration should be given to the use of the door opening outward.
separate refrigerator and freezer units fitted on a
200mm high plinth. See Figure 17 on page 67
Where knee recess is provided, switches and

Enlarged WC Cubicle Where four or more WC
controls should be positioned on the back wall of
cubicles are provided, there should be at least one
the worktop at 1000mm in height. Where no knee
enlarged WC cubicle in each male and female
space is provided beneath worktops, controls
toilet block. Enlarged cubicle size should be
should be positioned on the return wall at the end
1500mm length x 1200mm wide, with the door
of the work top. These should be positioned 150mm
opening outwards. This WC cubicle is designed to
back from the front edge of the worktop and within
accommodate people with assistance dogs,
100mm in height from the worktop surface.
people carrying luggage and parents with
Hot surfaces such as exposed pipes and the children.
underside of hobs should be insulated to prevent
burning and injury. See Figure 18 on page 68
Urinals In each male toilet block, there should be

6.4 WC Provisions one or more urinals positioned at a lower height,
with the lower edge of the urinal at 380mm. The
6.4.1 Background rim of the urinal should be tapered, elongated and
The design of WC facilities should incorporate protrude at least 360mm from the wall, so that the
ease of access and use for all people. If sanitary foot plates of a wheelchair will fit beneath. There
conveniences are provided in a building, provision should be no steps up to urinals. There should be
should be made for universal access, and so a clear area of 900mm in width x 1400mm in
facilitate the needs of as wide a range of users as depth in front of the urinal. A pair of vertical grab
possible. A correctly designed wheelchair rails (600mm long) should be placed at a height of
accessible WC requires adequate turning space to 800mm from floor level on both sides and at
accommodate a wheelchair user, and space for an 450mm from the centreline of the urinal. Provision
assistant and a hoist, as required. Particular of a horizontal grab rail just above the urinal is
attention to the correct location of fixtures and recommended.
fittings is also required.
6.4.2 Provision of Accessible WCs – Type
and Number
The number and location of toilet facilities
required in a building should be determined by
the size and usage of the building.

For standard height urinals, it is recommended One Accessible WC Both the male and female
that at least one urinal should have a pair of toilet blocks should include an accessible WC,
vertical grab rails placed at a height of 800mm sized 1800mm x 2500mm with the door opening
from floor level on both sides and at 380mm from outwards, or 1800mm x 2800mm when the door
the centreline of the urinal. Also a horizontal grab opens inwards.
rail above the urinal is recommended.
One ‘Changing Places’ WC In large public
Unisex Accessible WCs One unisex accessible WC facilities such as airports, shopping centres, bus
should be provided wherever sanitary stations, recreational facilities, etc, there should
conveniences are located and on each floor to also be a minimum of one unisex WC with a
which there is public access. In addition, where peninsular WC layout designed for assisted use, in
there is a WC provision for employees, this should addition to the provision of unisex accessible WCs.
include an unisex accessible WC. The unisex In a peninsular WC layout, the WC pan is placed at
accessible WC provides for independent use by a the centre of the back wall.
wheelchair user. The size of the WC cubicle should
This WC cubicle should incorporate an adult
be 1800mm x 2500mm with the door opening
changing bench facility. It should provide sufficient
outwards, or 1800mm x 2800mm when the door
space for personal assistance and the use of a hoist
opens inwards. These sizes will enable a
while using the WC and/or the changing bench.
wheelchair user, including a powerchair user, to
The size of this unisex WC with a changing bench
manoeuvre and to turn the wheelchair. Where
facility should be 2500mm in depth x 3500mm in
there is more than one WC of this type, the WC
width to allow for use of both a tracking hoist and
bowls should be located on alternate sides of the
attendant-operated mobile hoist.
cubicles to allow a choice of transfer side.
A height-adjustable wall-mounted or free

If there is only one WC in a building, it should be
standing changing bench should be provided
sufficiently large to accommodate all users
with clear space beneath. The changing bench
including wheelchair users. This can be achieved
facility should be 1000mm in width and 1950mm
by increasing the width of the accessible WC size
in length, with a height-adjustable range between
to 2300mm and including an additional standing
450–900mm. For hygiene purposes a wide tear-off
height wash-hand basin (no pedestal) with a rim
paper towel roll should be provided over the
height of 780–800mm above floor level.
changing bench.
Note: Baby changing facilities should not be
This facility would include the provision of either a
located in an accessible WC.
tracking hoist, which is attached to the ceiling and
operated electronically, or alternatively a mobile
6.4.2.2 Best Practice hoist would be available on site. The ceiling should
In addition to the minimum WC provisions, best be reinforced to accommodate a ceiling hoist and
practice in large public facilities would also a power point provision for the hoist to recharge.
include the provision of:
For further information on hoists
see Section 6.4.11 on page 73
It drives me crazy when I cannot turn my chair in the toilet.

– IWA member, Co Kilkenny
64 Introduction
The inclusion of a shower facility within the should be arranged according to the location of
Changing Places WC may be required. the WC bowl (eg if the WC bowl is located at the
bottom left of the cubicle, then the door should
be located on the top right). A single entrance
Consultation on the user profile should inform the door is preferable to two doors in a series.
detail design of the room. The door handle and lock should be a lever-
operated type for ease of use. Bolts used should
For additional information on Changing Places be of a large and light-action type. A pull handle
WCs, please visit: www.changing-places.org
should also be provided on the door to facilitate
closing.
6.4.3 Location of WCs
A spring on the WC door will also facilitate closing,
The shortest accessible route to WC facilities
but this should not be heavily sprung. The
should be clearly signposted. The travel distance
opening force at the leading edge of the door
from anywhere in the building to the nearest
should not be more than 20 newton.
accessible WC should be no more than 25m.
The door locking system and hinges should allow
Clearly distinguishable tactile signs on a
the door to be opened/removed in an emergency
contrasting background should be provided to
situation.
indicate ladies, gents, etc. These tactile signs
should be used on the door, where they will be
For further information on door furniture see
located by people with vision impairment. As well Sections 5.1.2.2 and 5.1.2.3 on page 38
as tactile lettering, Braille should be provided.
For further information please refer to 6.4.5 WC Cistern and Pan – Location and
NCBI: www.ncbi.ie
Design
In large establishments, such as hotels and For unisex accessible WCs, the centreline of the
shopping centres, accessible toilets should be toilet cistern or pan should be situated at 500mm
conveniently located and close to restaurant/bar from the adjacent side wall. A clear unobstructed
areas. space of 900mm is required on the transfer side
of the WC bowl. This space should not be
6.4.4 Doors to WCs compromised by either open or boxed-in piping.
Where the approach route to the accessible WC is A distance of 750mm from the back wall to the
through a lobby area, the lobby should enclose front of the WC bowl is required. The height of
an area that provides a 1800mm turning space, the toilet seat should be between 460–480mm
free of any door swing. This space will allow a from floor level. The toilet seat should be strong,
wheelchair user to turn around or two wheelchair fitted with stabilisers, and fixed rigidly to the
users to pass each other. bowl. The cistern should have a fixed lid. If the
Doors to wheelchair accessible WCs should have a cistern is high, then a back rest should be
clear opening width of 900mm. Doors to provided. If the cistern is low level and
Changing Places WCs should have a clear comfortable to lean against, a backrest may not
opening width of 1000mm. WC signage to be be required.
placed on the WC door with the centreline of the In WCs with a changing room facility, the WC
sign 1400mm from floor level. bowl should be situated in the centre of the back
Doors should open outwards wherever possible. If wall. In this situation, a clear transfer space of
the door opens inwards, the door configuration 900mm is required on either side of the bowl.

6.4.5.1 WC Fixtures and Fittings rail placed on the open side at 470mm from the
WC centreline, with its lower end mounted at
The flush handle on the WC should be spatula-
700mm in height from floor level.
shaped and should be located on the side near to
the person, ie the transfer side. The location and Unisex Accessible WC On the transfer side of the
type of economic flush, if provided, must be rear wall, a drop-down horizontal grab rail and a
convenient and easy to use for a person with vertical grab rail should be provided at a 320mm
limited hand function and strength, for example, a and 470mm distance respectively from the
large push pad. Toilets with automatic flushers centreline of the toilet bowl, both at 700mm
should provide sufficient time to prevent above the floor level. Two grab rails should also be
premature activation while the toilet is still in use. provided on the side wall. The first rail should be
Toilet roll dispensers should be located within horizontal, 700mm above the floor level, and
easy reach of the WC (seated position), and this positioned so that the near end of the grab rail is
should preferably be an automatic paper 150mm forward from the front edge of the WC
dispenser operated by proximity control. bowl. The other should be vertical, with its lower
end at 800mm above the floor level and placed at
6.4.5.2 WC Grab Rails 150mm from the front edge of the WC bowl.
All grab rails should be 35mm in diameter and
Changing Places WC Two drop-down grab rails
600mm in length. The distance between the grab
should be provided on both sides of the WC bowl.
rail and wall should be between 50–60 mm. The
They should be placed on the back wall of the WC
grab rails should be located on solid or reinforced
cubicle at 320mm from the centreline of the WC
walls and should be installed to resist a force of at
bowl and at 700mm in height. In addition, there
least 1.3 kN from any direction. All grab rails
should be two vertical grab rails placed at 470mm
should contrast in colour against the background
from the centreline of the WC bowl with the lower
and should be slip-resistant. The grab rails are
ends at 700mm in height. There should be a grab
located within the different WC cubicles as
rail placed at the changing bench. This should be
follows:
vertical, with its lower end at 800mm high from
Ambulant WC cubicle A pair of horizontal and a floor level, and positioned at 150mm from the
pair of vertical grab rails should be provided on front edge of the changing bench on the available
both side walls. Horizontal grab rails should be at side wall.
a height of 700mm, and be positioned so that the
near end of the grab rail is protruding 150mm See Figures 17, 18, 19, 20 and 21 on pages 67,
from the front edge of the WC bowl. The lower 68, 69, 70 and 71
end of the vertical grab rails should be at 800mm
from floor level and should be placed at 150mm
from the front edge of WC bowl.
Enlarged WC cubicle On the wall adjacent to the

WC bowl, a horizontal and a vertical grab rail
should be provided. Location of these should be
similar to the Ambulant WC cubicle grab rails. On
the rear walls, there should be an additional grab
“ In most buildings, the toilets are too small to facilitate a wheelchair user and a PA.
– IWA member, Co Donegal
66 Introduction
150mm
1400mm
900mm
800mm
800mm
700mm
460-480mm
1500mm
900mm
150mm
Figure 17 – Ambulant WC Cubicle

150mm
1400mm
900mm
800mm
800mm
700mm
460-480mm
1500mm
1200mm
150mm
Figure 18 – Enlarged Ambulant WC Cubicle
68 Introduction
1
2
1800mm 3 4 5
1400mm
800-1100mm
900-1000mm
900mm
800mm
700mm
600mm
460-480mm
100mm
1 Alarm cord 4 Soap dispenser
2 Mirror 5 Paper towel dispenser
3 Hand dryer 6 Shelf
2500mm
600mm
150mm
250mm 750mm
500mm
320mm
470mm
mm
1800mm
Ø1800
900mm
900mm
Figure 19 – Unisex Accessible WC

900mm
600mm
1200mm
800mm
380mm
Min 360mm
1400mm
900mm
Figure 20 – Urinals
70 Introduction
1
2 3 4
1800mm
5
900-1000mm
800mm
700mm
600mm
460-480mm
450-900mm
1 Mirror 2 Hand dryer 3 Soap dispenser 4 Paper towel dispenser 5 Height-adjustable changing bench
3500mm
1000mm
900mm
750mm
470mm
2500mm
Ømm
2300
1950mm
320mm
470mm
900mm
1000mm
Figure 21 – Changing Places WC

6.4.6 Wash-Hand Basin Coat hooks should be provided at both at
The top rim of the wash-hand basin should be 1200mm and 1700mm above the floor level.
situated at a height of 800mm from floor level. The Where a high or low level cistern is used, a
basin edge should be 250mm from the leading colostomy changing shelf (125mm deep x 400mm
edge of the WC bowl in the wheelchair accessible wide) should be located close to the WC bowl at
toilet for independent use. The basin should 950mm above floor level. Additional shelving
provide a clear internal basin space of 450mm in should be provided for personal belongings at a
length x 300mm in depth, with no surplus space height of 800mm.
on the basin surround. (A ‘finger basin’ is not
suitable). The edges on the wash-hand basin 6.4.8 Disposal Bins
should be rounded. The basin should be fixed to Slim-line easy-to-operate push-button (not pedal)
the wall with no pedestal. rubbish and sanitary disposal bins that have large
Lever-type mixer taps or automatically controlled openings to accommodate disposable items
taps should be used on basins. The mixer tap should be provided. In a Changing Places WC, a
should be located on the side of the basin close to large disposal bin is required. These bins should
the WC bowl. be located out of the transfer space and not
beside the WC bowl.
Vertical grab rails, set at 100mm from the basin
edges, should be situated on both sides of the 6.4.9 Surface Finish in WCs
basin with their lower ends at a height of 800mm. The general finish of all surfaces in WCs should be
Wash-hand basins provided in the male and matt. Floors should be non-slip with anti-slip
female area of the toilet block should include at grading of R11 (DIN) or equivalent. WC pans,
least one basin with the rim height at 800mm basins, and other fixtures should have colour and
above floor and knee clearance of 700mm tonal contrast with the surrounding wall and floor
underneath. surfaces.
The lower edge of the paper towel/soap dispenser 6.4.10 Emergency Alarms
and hand dryer should be located between
Emergency cords should be provided in accessible
900–1000mm from floor level. Where an electric
WCs and should be easily distinguishable, eg with
hand dryer is provided, it should operate by
a bold triangle/bell/ball attached to a red pull
movement rather than a push button.
cord. It is recommended that two red bangles be
sited on the cord. One should be set at the bottom
6.4.7 Mirrors, Hooks, Shelving and
of the cord, and the other at 800–1000mm above
Switches
floor level. The emergency cord should be situated
Mirrors should be situated away from a wash basin
so that it can be reached from the WC bowl and
to allow access to hand dryers and paper
from the floor. The cord should extend 100mm
towel/soap dispensers. A mirror should be at least
from finished floor level. A clearly marked reset
400mm wide and should be positioned with its
button, installed between 750–100mm, should be
lower edge at 600mm from the floor, extending to
reachable from the WC bowl and from a seated
1800mm from floor level. There must be a
position in a wheelchair. A reset button cancels an
minimum gap of 300mm between the mirror and
activated alarm.
the corner of the room. Careful placing of the
mirror should be considered to avoid glare for Cords must have a connection to a security desk
people with a visual impairment. or information point. Alarms should have a visual
72 Introduction
and auditory alert system that shows the alarm
has been activated. Considerations should be
given to the location of the activated alarm
(outside the WC cubicle) to ensure that it can be
seen and heard by the people who will provide
the assistance.
Both visual and audible fire alarms should be

installed in an accessible WC, with clearly written
procedures should the alarm be activated.
6.4.11 Hoists and Slings

Hoists are mechanical lifting devices designed to
move an individual from one position to another.
These eliminate the need to lift a person manually,
thereby minimising the risk of injury to the person
or the assistant.
An overhead tracking hoist, preferably with full

room cover, should be provided where possible as
these are easy to charge, maximize transfer space,
and reduce the need for an extra assistant.
A mobile hoist should only be used where it is not

possible to install an overhead tracking hoist. A
mobile hoist is a moveable piece of equipment
designed to transfer a person between two points
using fabric slings. The lifting mechanism is
usually battery operated; however, moving the
hoist with the person – for example, across the
room between a changing bench and toilet –
requires manual effort.
Clear and concise instructions on proper use of this

equipment, including instructions to leave the hoist
charging when the task is completed, should be
provided. These instructions should be prominently
displayed for all users. Through various means of
information (signage, website, etc) potential users
should be clearly advised to bring their own slings
for health and safety reasons.
Business owners are of the opinion that once there

are hand rails in toilets they are accessible. – IWA member, Navan, Co Meath

Quick Summary of: 6. Access to and Use of Facilities Within the Built Environment
Reception Area – Fixtures/Fittings

4 Reception area should be easily identifiable from the 4 Seating should allow suitable wheelchair spaces
main building entrance, with a direct and alongside fixed seating.
unobstructed approach.
4 Information should be available in alternative
4 Provide 1800mm diameter clear turning space on formats (large print, Braille on request, audiotape,
both sides of reception counter. sign interpreter on request, accessible website, etc).
4 Lower section counter height should be 760mm, 4 Light switches and commonly used sockets to be
with 700mm high clear space underneath. Higher mounted between 750–1000mm.
section 1050mm.
4 Lighting level 250 lux. Install loop system and
signage to indicate its presence.
Interior Design
4 Create colour, tonal and textural contrast between 4 Floor surfaces should be non-slip. Avoid deep pile
surfaces (flooring, doorways, light switches, etc). carpet flooring. No door saddles or thresholds.
4 Avoid shiny surfaces to minimise glare and 4 Window sills 850mm. No transoms between 850–
reflection. Create good lighting levels, and avoid 1200mm. Window opening mechanism between
shadows. 750–1000mm.
Public Facilities
4 ATM/Public access terminal control to be between 4 Storage locker height between 750–1250mm, with a
900–1200mm high, with a 1800 x 1800mm space in 900 x 1400mm clear area in front.
front.
4 Split worktop in a communal kitchen: 760mm high
4 Accessible public telephone controls between for seated users; 900mm for standing users; 700mm
750–1000mm. Induction coupler and text display. high ‘knee clearance’ under preparation area, sink
etc, and accessible storage options.
Toilet Provision
4 In each male and female block, provide at least one 4 Toilet seat height between 460–480mm, with
Ambulant WC Cubicle, size 1500 x 900mm. 900mm clear transfer space beside toilet bowl.
Spatula-shaped flush handle on the transfer side.
4 In male and female blocks with four or more
cubicles, provide at least one Enlarged WC Cubicle, 4 Wash-hand basin height 800mm. ‘Finger Rinse Basin’
size 1500 x 1200mm. not recommended. Lever-type mixer tap.
4 In male block, provide low urinal at 380mm height, 4 Anti-slip flooring – Grading R11 (DIN)
with clear space in front and grab rails on the wall. recommended.
4 Provide at least one Unisex Accessible WC, size 1800 4 Install a mirror at least 400mm wide, extending
x 2500mm with door opening out. between 600–1800mm height. Provide dual height
4 In large public facilities, provide at least one coat hooks.
Changing Places WC with hoist and adult changing 4 Emergency alarm system to be installed and
bench. connected to the security desk or information point.
74 Introduction
7 Specific Building and Site Types
The instructions given in this section cover the 7.1.3 Independent Use Bedroom
critical access dimensions specific to the named One guest bedroom/bathroom in every 15 guest
building and site types not covered in the earlier bedrooms should be suitable in size, layout and
sections of this document. In some instances, the facilities for independent use by a wheelchair user.
information given is general – intended as The space within the bedroom should incorporate
guidance only – and further research and a 900mm access zone around the bed and two
consultation is advised. There will be no repetition 1800mm diameter turning circles, one adjacent to
of instruction for parking, reception areas, internal the bedside. A clear space of 300mm height is
circulation and design, acoustics, WCs, etc. For required under the bed to allow space for
information on these and other areas, please refer wheelchair footrests and hoist feet.
back to earlier sections of this book.
Sufficient storage space should be provided for
equipment, eg wheelchairs, shower chairs,
7.1 Hotels walkers, etc.
7.1.3.1 Shower/Bathroom Provision

7.1.1 Background
The shower/bathroom dimensions in independent
Accommodation in hotels and guest houses
use bedrooms should be a minimum of 2500mm x
should be universally accessible to all potential
2500mm with a level deck shower, or 2700mm x
guests. Ideally, all guest rooms should follow the
3000mm with a bath tub.
principles of universal design, ie doors with a
900mm clear opening and 1800mm diameter See Figure 22 and Figure 23 on pages 77 and 78
turning spaces in bedrooms and bathrooms. In
the absence of universal design principles, a
7.1.4 Assisted Use Bedroom
number of rooms should be designed to
accommodate the differing access requirements One guestroom out of every 20 should be suitable
of guests who have limited mobility and who are for a guest receiving personal assistance and for
wheelchair users. the use of lifting equipment, if required. This
assisted use room should be fitted with a ceiling
7.1.2 Provision of Accessible Rooms tracking hoist which runs in a line from the guest
The bedroom provision in hotel and other guest bedroom to the shower/bath area. The space
facilities should accommodate both use by an within the bedroom should incorporate a 900mm
individual wheelchair user and assisted use where access zone around the bed and two turning
the individual requires personal assistance with circles, one 1800mm turning circle adjacent to the
the tasks of daily living. Accessible guest rooms bed and one larger turning circle of 2300mm. This
should be located close to the lift and reception larger size turning circle will also allow the use of a
areas to minimise the travel distance and the manual hoist, if preferred.
number of doors to be negotiated in order to See Figure 24 and Figure 25 on pages 79 and 80
reach the rooms.
7. Specific Building and Site Types 75

A clear space of 300mm is required beneath all 7.1.4.1 Shower/Bathroom Provision
beds to allow space for hoist feet and/or The size of the bathroom in an assisted use
wheelchair footrests. bedroom should be 2700mm x 3000mm. There
Sufficient storage space should be provided for should be a tracking ceiling hoist fitted, giving
equipment, eg wheelchairs, shower chairs, access from the bedroom into the bathroom and
commode, walkers, etc. over the toilet bowl and bath/shower. This larger
size shower/bathroom will also allow a 2300mm
This room should interconnect with an adjoining
turning circle for an attendant-operated mobile
room which could be available to a personal
hoist if that is the guest’s preference.
assistant, if required. A portable intercom system
should be available between the rooms. A 150mm clear gap is required under the bath tub
to accommodate the hoist feet.
Many hotels advertise themselves as accessible, but in

reality they are far from it! The general social areas may
be accessible, however the bedrooms are often a
disappointment. – IWA member, Co Waterford
76 Introduction
7. Specific Building and Site Types
2500mm
1500mm 470mm 500mm 1 900mm
200mm 600mm 320mm
11
750mm
2
150mm 600mm
600mm
150mm
3
5
2500mm
4
1
Ø1800mm
600mm 6
9
Ø1800mm
10
900mm
1 Doors with 900mm clear opening. An1800mm diameter turning 7 Windows to be easily opened with one hand and with the lower end
space in the bedroom area and in the bathroom between 800mm and 1000mm
2 Shower 8 Bed height to be between 450mm and 500mm and a clearance of 300mm
beneath all beds. At least one sleeping area shall provide a clear floor space
3 The front of the toilet bowl 750mm from the back wall of 900mm x 1400mm positioned for parallel approach to the side of the bed
4 Provide coat hooks both at 1200mm and 1700mm over floor level 9 Wardrobe
5 Pull-cord with two red rings placed at 100mm and 900mm over 10 Work desk
floor level. It should be activated in the event of emergency
11 Clear space of preferably 500mm (minimum 300mm) on the leading
6 Space in the bedroom to incorporate 900mm access zone around edge of the door
the bed and 1800mm turning circle on each side of the bed
Figure 22 – Hotel room with toilet and shower for independent use

500mm 470mm 1 900mm
320mm
11
750mm
150mm 600mm
5 3 2
3000mm
4
1
2700mm
Ø1800mm
600mm 6
9
Ø1800mm
10
900mm
1 Doors with 900mm clear opening. An 1800mm diameter turning 7 Windows to be easily opened with one hand and with the lower end
space in the bedroom area and in the bathroom between 800mm and 1000mm
2 Bath tub height to be 480mm 8 Bed height to be between 450mm and 500mm and a clearance of 300mm
4 Provide coat hooks both at 1200mm and 1700mm over floor level 9 Wardrobe
5 Pull-cord with two red rings placed at 100mm and 900mm over 10 Work desk
11 Clear space of preferably 500mm (minimum 300mm) on the leading edge of
6 Space in the bedroom to incorporate 900mm access zone around the door
Figure 23 – Hotel room with toilet and bath for independent use
78 Introduction
900mm
1
13
2
3000mm
3
1000mm
4
6
12 2700mm
5
Ø1800mm
600mm
10
Ø2300mm
11
7
900mm
1 Doors with 900mm clear opening. An 1800mm diameter turning 8 Windows to be easily opened with one hand and lower end between 800mm
space in the bedroom area and in the bathroom and 1000mm
2 Shower 9 Bed height to be between 450mm and 500mm and a clearance of 300mm
4 On the rear wall, a folding horizontal grab rail and a vertical grab 10 Wardrobe
rail, 320mm and 470mm respectively from the centreline of the
toilet bowl, both at 700mm from floor level should be provided 11 Work desk
5 Provide coat hooks both at 1200mm and 1700mm over floor level 12 Hoist
6 Pull-cord with two red rings placed at 100mm and 900mm over 13 Clear space of preferably 500mm (minimum 300mm) on the leading edge of
floor level. It should be activated in the event of emergency the door
7 Space in the bedroom to incorporate 900mm access zone around

Figure 24 – Hotel room with toilet and shower for assisted use

900mm
1
13
700mm
2
1300mm
5
3000mm
4
1000mm
7
3
2700mm
6
Ø1800mm
600mm
11
Ø2300mm
10
12
900mm
1 Doors with 900mm clear opening. An 1800mm diameter turning 8 Space in the bedroom to incorporate 900mm access zone around the bed and
space in the bedroom area and in the bathroom 1800mm turning circle on each side of the bed
2 Height of bath tub 480mm 9 Windows to be easily opened with one hand and with lower end between
800mm and 1000mm
3 Hoist
10 Bed height to be between 450mm and 500mm and a clearance of 300mm
4 The front of the toilet bowl 750mm from the back wall beneath all beds. At least one sleeping area shall provide a clear floor space
of 900mm x 1400mm positioned for parallel approach to the side of the bed
5 On the rear wall, a folding horizontal grab rail and a vertical grab
rail, 320mm and 470mm respectively from the centreline of the 11 Wardrobe
toilet bowl, both at 700mm from floor level should be provided
12 Work desk
6 Provide coat hooks both at 1200mm and 1700mm over floor level
13 Clear space of preferably 500mm (minimum 300mm) on the leading edge of
7 Pull-cord with two red rings placed at 100mm and 900mm over the door
Figure 25 – Hotel room with toilet and bath for assisted use
80 Introduction
7.1.5 Shower Room and Bathroom – 7.1.5.2 Bath Fixtures and Fittings
Common Provisions The height of the bath tub should be 480mm. The
bathtub should maintain a lip on the side adjacent
In all new or substantially renovated hotels and
to the wall to facilitate the use of a bath seat. A
guest houses, there should be provision of an
400mm ledge at the end of the bath should also
equal number of ensuite shower rooms and
be provided. The taps used on the bath should be
ensuite bathrooms installed in the accessible
lever-type and easy to operate for people with
guestrooms.
limited dexterity and strength. If a bath is
7.1.5.1 Shower Fixtures and Fittings provided in the assisted use bathroom, there
The shower floor area should have minimum should be a space allowance of 150mm to allow
dimensions of 1500mm x 1500mm. The slope of for a clear gap under the bath tub to
the floor in the shower recess should have a accommodate the hoist feet.
gradient of between 1:50 and 1:60. The outside There should be a 35mm diameter horizontal grab
area of the shower floor should have a gradient rail fitted at 100mm height from the top level of
between 1:70 and 1:80, draining into the shower the bath. It should start at 200mm from the
recess. Transition into the shower recess should be corner, and should continue 250mm beyond the
level without a step down, a raised step or kerb at head end of the bath. In addition to this, there
the entry to the recess. The waste outlet should be should be a 600mm long vertical grab rail placed
located in the corner. at 600mm from the corner, with its lower end at
The shower head should be adjustable and 200mm from the top level of the bath.
detatchable and within the height range of 1200–
2200mm above the floor level. A flexible hose, 7.1.5.3 Flooring
1500mm long, is required for the shower head. Flooring material in the bathrooms should be
Lever controls for temperature and flow should non-slip and should have anti-slip grading of R11
be placed at 900mm from the floor. The shower (DIN) or equivalent. A slope in the flooring should
head and controls should be placed at 500mm facilitate effective drainage of water and should
from the corner. allow no accumulation.
A flip-up seat should be located on the wall
adjoining the wall with the shower controls. The 7.1.5.4 WC Fixtures and Fittings
width of this seat should be 500mm, finishing at a The toilet seat should finish between
height of 480mm from the floor level. The 460–480mm in height from floor level.
centreline of the seat should be 500mm from the
A clear space of 900mm is required on one side
corner and the front edge of the seat should be
adjacent to the toilet bowl to accommodate the
650mm from the back wall.
wheelchair space for transfers. The front of the
A drop-down grab bar should be placed at toilet bowl should be 750mm from the back wall.
320mm from the centreline of the seat at a height The centreline of the toilet bowl should be
of 700mm from the floor on the open side of the 500mm from the side wall.
seat. On the side wall, where the shower controls
A spatula-shaped flush handle should be placed
are located, a 600mm long horizontal grab rail
on the transfer side of the toilet bowl. A toilet
should be located, starting at 200mm from the
paper dispenser should be within easy reach while
corner and at a height of 700mm. A 600mm long
sitting on the toilet seat.
vertical grab rail should be placed at 800mm from
the corner with its lower end fixed at 800mm
height from floor level.

7.1.5.5 WC Grab Rails that two red bangles be sited on the cord, one set
All grab rails should be 35mm in diameter and at the bottom of the cord and the other at 800–
600mm in length. The distance between the grab 1000mm above floor level. The emergency cord
rail and wall should be between 50–60mm. The should be situated so that it can be reached from
grab rails should be located on a solid or the WC bowl and from the floor. The cord should
reinforced walls and should be installed to resist a extend 100mm from finished floor level. A clearly
force of at least 1.3 kN from any direction. marked reset button should be reachable from
the WC bowl and from a seated position in a
On the rear wall, a drop-down horizontal grab rail
wheelchair.
and a vertical grab rail should be provided on the
transfer side of the WC. These should be Cords must have a connection to a security desk
positioned at 320mm and 470mm respectively or information point. Alarms should have a visual
from the centreline of the toilet bowl, both at and auditory alert system that shows the alarm
700mm from floor level. has been activated. Considerations should be
given to the location of the activated alarm
Two grab rails should also be provided on the side
(outside the guest room) to ensure that it can be
wall. The first one should be horizontal, 700mm
seen and heard by the people who will provide
above the floor level, with its near edge
the assistance.
protruding 150mm from the front edge of the WC
bowl. The other should be vertical, with its lower Both visual and audible fire alarms (with vibrating
end at 800mm above floor level and placed at alarms also available to guests) should be
150mm from the front edge of the WC bowl. installed in accessible guest rooms with clearly
written procedures should the alarm be activated.
7.1.5.6 Wash-Hand Basins
7.1.6 Guest Rooms – Common Provision
The wash-hand basin should be located on the
wall adjacent to the door opening. The wash-hand 7.1.6.1 Signage
basin should be of a standard size with rounded Room numbers, signs and names should be raised
edges and with knee clearance space beneath. 1.5mm and consistently placed at a height of
The taps should be lever-type and easily operated 1400mm, 25mm from the door frame on the wall
with minimum dexterity and strength. nearest the door handle. Signs should contrast in
colour with the background and have tactile
The wash basin height should be 800mm from
information.
floor to wash basin rim. A pedestal-style wash
basin is not acceptable.
7.1.6.2 Door Entry
Vertical grab rails, at 100mm from the wash basin
The door entry to the room should provide a clear
edges, should be situated on both sides of the
door width of 900mm, with 500mm (minimum
wash basin with their lower ends situated at a
300mm) clear space on the leading edge of the
height of 800mm.
door. Powered opening of entrance doors is
The wall mirror should start at 600mm and finish desirable. Door locking should be operated by key
at 1800mm above floor level. or card device. A key card holder, which activates
the door lock and electricity, should be installed
7.1.5.7 Emergency Alarms between 800–1050 mm above floor level. If there
Emergency cords should be provided in is a door bell or intercom system that is connected
accessible bathrooms and should be easily to a security release door opener, there should be
distinguishable, with a bold triangle/bell/ball a visual and audible signal at the entrance to
attached to a red pull-cord. It is recommended indicate ‘go ahead’.
82 Introduction
Where wide angle viewers are provided in the drop-down powered clothes rail is recommended.
entrance door, these should be situated at Sliding doors on wardrobes and storage presses
1050mm and 1500mm above the floor level to are recommended. Alternatively, swing doors that
enable viewing by persons in a seated or standing open through 180 degrees can also be used on
position. wardrobes and storage presses.
The bed/mattress height should be between

7.1.6.3 Fixtures and Fittings
450mm and 500mm, with a firm mattress surface.
All door handles should be easily gripped and A clear space of 300mm is required beneath all
visually contrasting with the door surface. The beds. Carpets, where used, should be of a shallow
windows in the guest rooms should be easily and dense pile to facilitate a wheelchair user
opened with one hand and with the lower sills moving throughout the room.
sited at 850mm in height.
7.1.6.5 Support Services
The telephone and television should be situated
at a height of between 400–1000mm. To Support services should be available to guests on
facilitate the use of a minicom, telephones request. Suggested services include:
should be served by an electrical outlet located • Text phone
within 1200mm of the telephone. Extra electrical
• Induction loop coupler system for all phones
points should be provided close to the bed on
both sides to facilitate charging battery- • Video caption reader
powered wheelchairs. • Visual auditory and vibrating alert system for
Permanently wired electrical equipment should emergency notification
be situated at a height of between 400–1200mm. • Self-propelling shower chair, as preferred by
Switches and power points in frequent use some wheelchair users
should contrast with the background and be
• Mobile hoist, if a tracking hoist is not
located at a height of between 750–1000mm and
installed in the assisted use bedroom
500mm from any corner.
• A choice of bed size and heights
Two-way switches are recommended so that one
does not have to cross the room in the dark to • Information on facilities in rooms in guest
turn the light on or off. Night lights should be houses and hotels should be available in
provided in circulation areas. Rooms should both written and auditory format.
have visual indication of telephone ringing, door
knocking, etc.
7.2 Shops
Bedroom heating, ventilation, light, curtains, TV,
radio controls are all to be situated at a height of 7.2.1 Background
750–1000mm, and 500mm from any corner. The design of retail outlets should provide for ease
Controls should contrast with the background in of use by all people as customers or as staff. The
tone and colour. counter design, the aisle widths, the positioning
and maintaining of merchandise, the use and type
7.1.6.4 Furnishings and Floor Coverings of display cabinets, and the customer facilities
Clothing and storage closets provided should provided should accommodate all users including
have an 800mm x 1300mm clear floor area to the those with limited mobility.
front. The height of a clothes rail in a closet should
not be more than 1200mm from floor level. A

7.2.2 Counter Provision On the rear wall, a drop-down horizontal grab rail
Counter provisions should accommodate both and a vertical grab rail should be provided on the
people who are standing and also wheelchair transfer side of the changing seat at 320mm and
users. A section of counter 900mm deep by 470mm respectively from the centreline of the
900mm long at a height of 760mm from the floor changing seat, both at a height of 700mm from
with a clearance of 700mm underneath is floor level.
necessary to facilitate wheelchair users. This Two grab rails should also be provided on the side
should be provided in addition to the wall. The first should be horizontal, 700mm above
conventional shop counter height at 1050 mm, to the floor level, starting 200mm from the rear wall.
suit people who are standing. The counter should The second should be vertical, with its lower end at
have a clear approach route of at least 1200mm 800mm above the floor level and placed at 150mm
and an 1800mm diameter clear turning circle on from the front edge of the seat. All grab rails should
both sides of the counter. Consider including an be 35mm in diameter, 600mm long, slip-resistant
induction loop system at the sales counter, to and contrast in colour against the background.
facilitate customers who are hard of hearing.
Clothes hooks should be situated at heights of
1400mm and 1050mm from floor level.
See also Section 6.1.2 on page 53
A mirror should be placed on the wall opposite to
the changing seat with its top and bottom end at
7.2.3 Access to Products
1800mm and 450mm respectively.
A vertical stacking approach to displaying goods,
whereby a proportion of every item for sale is
placed on a number of shelves at different 7.3 Restaurants
heights, is desirable. Supermarket aisles should be
at least 1800mm in width. In supermarkets, one 7.3.1 Background
checkout with a 900mm wide aisle should be Restaurant types include cafes, snack bars,
placed close to the exit. canteens, etc. The access provided should
Self-service weighing facilities should be situated accommodate all people, and particular attention
at a height of 760mm and be 750mm wide x should be given to the type and layout of seating
400mm deep with underside knee clearance of used, as well as to access routes to the facilities
700mm to facilitate access. Key pads should have provided.
both tactile and visual symbols.
7.3.2 Seating
Freezer and fridge units with front door openings
Choice of seating areas should be provided in
provide better access than chest-type units.
order to give full accessibility in all refreshment
and dining areas frequented by the general public.
7.2.4 Changing Rooms
Fixed seating can be difficult to access, and where
In clothes shops, there should be a minimum of
used it should not impede access to services within
one designated changing room with dimensions
a building. Where seating is provided on different
of 2000mm in width and 2500mm in depth, with
levels, ideally it should be accessible to all
the door opening out. The changing room should
customers. This access can be achieved by means
have a seat with armrests that can be raised at
of a ramp or platform lift. Where access to all levels
480mm in height from floor level, with its
cannot be achieved, there must be a level access
centreline 500mm from the corner. The seat should
section of seating with full access to all facilities ie
project 650mm from the wall.
counter area and WCs.
84 Introduction
An area free of fixed seating should always be
provided with a table height of 760mm and a 7.4 Auditorium and Stadium
knee space clearance of 700mm to enable access Facilities
for wheelchair users.
A minimum clear access route of 900mm should 7.4.1 Background

be maintained throughout all seating areas, giving Provision should be made for all people to avail of
clear access to individual tables and to facilities, performance, audience and spectator facilities as
such as WCs and the pay point. performers and/or as audience members. As
audience members, everyone should have a
Where counter provisions are made for eating
choice of seating location. Consideration should
purposes, a section of counter 900mm in depth, at
be given at the design stage to the different needs
a height of 760mm from floor level, with a knee
of people with disabilities. A choice of wheelchair-
height clearance of 700mm, is required.
accessible seating should be provided on all levels
7.3.3 Self-Service Counters and at all vantage points where standard seating
is provided. This should include access to and
Wheelchair access should be provided the full
within private boxes, where these are provided.
length of all self-service counters at a height of
850mm, with 700mm knee height clearance from Front row seating is often considered a suitable
the floor along the length of the counter. This location for wheelchair users. However this is not
height of 850mm is a compromise height suited to the case as front row positioning is problematic
both a seated and a standing person. Clear space and generally uncomfortable for all, including
on the countertop should be maintained to allow wheelchair users.
the customer slide their tray the full length of the
counter. Queuing lines at self-service counters 7.4.2 Number of Spaces Required
should be at least 1200mm wide. The number of wheelchair spaces provided
should be:
7.3.4 Outdoor Smoking Area • At least 10 or one for every 50 spaces of the
Where provided, outdoor smoking areas should seating capacity (whichever is the greater),
have level access, clear door width of 900mm and where the seating capacity is not more than
a clear manoeuvring space of 1800 x 1800mm. 1,000.
• At least 40 or one for every 100 spaces,
(whichever is the greater), where the seating
capacity is more than 1,000.
• Where a building contains several auditoria,
eg a multi-screen cinema, the minimum
requirement applies to each auditorium.
Counter heights in shops are a real problem, as well as internal

ramps and toilets which do not meet the criteria for good access.
– IWA member, Roscrea, Co Tipperary

7.4.3 Dimensions of Seating Space 7.4.3.1 Entry Point to Accessible Seating
Required by a Wheelchair User Where there are internal steps within the
Wheelchair spaces should always be provided on auditorium/cinema/hall, the entry point to the
a level surface. A wheelchair space must have a accessible seating should be located away from
minimum dimension of 900mm in width x the stairs/raked floor. This will minimise the risk of
1400mm in depth, with clear unobstructed access the front wheels of a wheelchair accidentally
from the aisle or access route that is a minimum of tipping over the edge of the steps while the
1200mm in width. The use of fixed but removable person is manoeuvring the wheelchair into the
seating allows for wheelchair spaces that can be designated space.
either permanent or created as required.
Designated wheelchair spaces should be paired to 7.4.4 Sight Lines
allow a wheelchair user be accompanied by
Special consideration should be given to sight
another wheelchair user. Spaces should also be
lines for wheelchair users. People standing during
located next to standard seating to allow a
an event should not obstruct the clear view of a
companion who is not a wheelchair user to sit
wheelchair user, nor should pillars or columns
beside a wheelchair user.
obstruct clear sight lines. Staggered seating offers
See Figure 26 on page 87 more opportunity for positions with better sight
lines.
Seating with removable armrests and increased Wheelchair seating areas should be designed so
leg room should be provided at the edge of aisles that wheelchair users have a clear line of sight
to accommodate ambulant disabled people and when situated behind standing accommodation
to allow wheelchair users the choice to transfer or where people in front may stand up. During a
from their wheelchair to the seat provided. concert or a sports event, people may remain
Space beside some seats should be large enough seated for the majority of the event, but stand up
to accommodate an assistance dog seated away during exciting times, eg when a goal is being
from the main access route. scored, and thereby block the sight lines of the
wheelchair users.
The use of stepped or raked floors can impede full
access by wheelchair users. Where stepped or See Figure 27 on page 88
raked floors are unavoidable, wheelchair spaces
should have handrails and a crash-bar located at a
7.4.5 Acoustic and Audio Provisions
change of level if no other barrier is provided. The
For people with hearing and sight loss, these
height of the guardrail should be 700mm from
enhancement systems should be considered:
floor level. Steps and changes in level should be
highlighted by the use of colour contrast and • Loop or infra-red hearing systems which
illumination at floor level. Where retractable transmit sound to hearing aids and cochlear
seating is provided in a theatre, the seating should implants to enhance hearing for people who
incorporate a ‘built in’ recess to create an use these devices.
accessible space or spaces in the front row.
Some churches have no loop system for those with hearing difficulties.
– IWA member, Co Limerick
86 Introduction
1200mm
900mm 1200mm 900mm 900mm 900mm
1400mm
1400mm
1400mm
2
4 4
1 1 1 1
3 3 3
1500mm
4
1200mm
1200mm
900mm 900mm 900mm 900mm
2
1400mm
1400mm
1400mm
4
1 1 1 1
1500mm
1 Dedicated wheelchair spaces
2 Unobstructed access from aisles and access routes minimum 1500mm wide
3 Guardrails
4 Seating with additional space for people using walking aids, assistance dogs, etc
5 Lectern
Figure 26 – Wheelchair spaces in spectator facility

Figure 27 – Sight lines in stadium facility
88 Introduction
• Captioned performance and speech-to- A table for laptops and overhead projectors should
text subtitles and on-screen display to give be no higher than 760mm from the floor with 700
people who are deaf or hard of hearing mm height clearance underneath the table.
access to a live performance or presentation.
The speaker’s words appear on display units 7.4.8 Additional Reading
placed within a set or next to a stage, at the For further information on performance, audience
same time as they are spoken or sung. and spectator facilities, refer to:
• Audio Described Performances which Accessible Stadia − Sports Ground and Stadia Guide
provide a verbal commentary that tells a No1 (2003), The Football Stadia Improvement
person who is visually impaired what is Fund and Football Licensing Authority.
happening on a stage during the parts of the The Green Guide to Safety at Sports Grounds (1979-
performance where there is no dialogue. 2008), Football Licensing Authority and the UK
Visually impaired audience members are Department of Culture, Media and Sport.
equipped with a headset or earpiece to hear
the information. Accessible Sports Facility Design Guide (2010), Sport
England.
• Irish Sign Language (ISL) interpretation for
individual or group settings can be made For further information on sports and leisure
available on request. facilities please refer to Accessible Sports Facilities
(2012), published by Sport England and available
The availability of these facilities should be clearly on its website: www.sportengland.org
signposted with procedures in place for
distribution and reclamation of audio description
and portable loop packs. 7.5 Sports and Leisure Facilities
7.4.6 Stage Access 7.5.1 Background

‘Disabled people need to be able to access and
Access to a raised stage should be considered
use sports related buildings, whether large or
early in the design process as this may require an
small, as participants, coaches, officials or part of
innovative design or installation of a platform lift.
a management team’. 4
The stage should be accessible from both the
Everyone can benefit from physical activity and
auditorium and backstage, to accommodate both
recreation, either as participants or as
performers and audience members.
spectators. In order to provide equal
All backstage facilities, such as circulation areas, opportunity for people with disabilities to take
dressing rooms and WCs, should be fully part in sporting and recreational activities,
accessible to all people. sports and leisure facilities must have policies
and practices in place that create and develop
7.4.7 Speaker Facilities opportunities for everyone to participate at their
Speaker facilities should accommodate people level of choice. The design of sports and leisure
standing and seated. Lecterns should have a facilities should give particular attention to the
height-adjustable inclined reading surface with a size of sports wheelchairs, some of which require
range between 800–1100mm at the speaker side. a clear door width of 1200mm.
4 BS 8300:2009 British Building Standards.

7.5.2 Shower Provision end of the row within the shower bank should
People with disability have different access needs have flip-up shower seats installed.
with regard to showering facilities. To ensure
shower access for all potential users of a leisure
facility, the provision of the following type of
shower facilities is recommended: 7.5.2.1 Dimensions of a Shower Area
Assisted Use WC/Shower Room A minimum of The shower area should be designed so that a
one unisex wheelchair accessible WC cum shower wheelchair user can transfer to a seat within the
room with a changing bench facility and a wet area, without getting the wheelchair wet, and
tracking hoist should be provided. The size of an so that the wheelchair remains within reach.
assisted use WC cum shower room should be Consider the use of a shower curtain to enclose
3500mm in width x 3000mm in depth. This size the shower area for privacy and also for water
room will also allow for the use of a mobile or containment.
tracking hoist. The changing bench facility should The shower area should have minimum
be 1000mm in width and 1950mm in length, with dimensions of 1500mm x 1500mm. The slope of
a height-adjustable range between 450–900mm. the floor in the shower recess should have a
The changing bench should be wall-mounted or gradient of between 1:50 and 1:60. The outside
free-standing with free space underneath. There area of the shower floor should have a gradient
should be a vertical grab rail placed close to the between 1:70 and 1:80, draining into the shower
changing bench with its lower end at 800mm in recess. Transition into the shower recess should be
height from floor level, placed at 150mm from the level without a step down, a raised step, or kerb at
front edge of the changing bench on the available the entry to the recess. The waste outlet should be
side wall. located in the corner.
7.5.2.2 Floor Covering
Independent Use Shower Cubicle One in four Flooring material in the shower room should be
cubicles within the shower cubicle run should be non-slip and should have anti-slip grading of R11
designed to accommodate a wheelchair user or a (DIN) or equivalent. The slope in the flooring
person with limited mobility. The shower cubicle should facilitate effective drainage of water and
size should be at least 1000mm deep x 1500mm should allow no accumulation.
wide, with a 1200mm x 1500mm clear area for
manoeuvring right in front of the cubicle. This 7.5.2.3 Shower Fixtures and Fittings
cubicle should be planned in such a way that this The shower head should be detachable and
manoeuvring space does not interfere with the adjustable within the height range of 1200–
circulation route. 2200mm from the floor level. A 1500mm long
flexible hose is required for the shower head. The
lever controls for temperature and flow should be
situated at 900mm from the floor level on the wall
These dimensions are suitable for the use of
adjacent to the shower seat. The water
shower curtains. If shower doors are installed, a
temperature should not exceed 40˚ Celsius.
bigger cubicle area would be required.
A flip-up seat, 500mm x 500mm in size, should be
Communal Shower Bank The showers at either
situated on the wall adjoining the wall where the
90 7. Specific
Introduction
Building and Site Types
500mm
1200-2200mm
900mm
800mm
800mm
800mm
700mm
480mm
650mm
3500mm
1500mm
470mm 500mm 600mm 200mm
320mm
500mm
750mm
320mm
650mm
3000mm
1000mm
1950mm 1000mm
Figure 28 – Wheelchair accessible toilet with shower and changing facility

1000mm 1200mm
200mm 600mm
500mm
320mm
1500mm
1500mm
1
1 1200mm x 1500mm manoeuvring space directly in front of cubicle
Figure 29 – Accessible shower cubicle
92 Introduction
1750mm
400mm
650mm
750mm
750mm
1 2
750mm
750mm
650mm
400mm
500mm 320mm
1 Wet area 2 Dry area
Figure 30 – Wheelchair accessible shower bank

shower controls are positioned. The height of the general public, provision should also be included
shower seat should be 480mm from floor level. for fully accessible storage units. Some storage
The centreline of the seat should be 500mm from units should include knee access space to allow
the corner and the front edge of the seat should either frontal or side access from a seated position
be 650mm from the back wall. for a wheelchair user.
Drop-down grab rails should be placed at 320mm Lockers should be provided close to the toilets,
from the centreline of the seat at a height of shower and changing facilities.
700mm from the floor on the open side of the
Accessible lockers should be a minimum of
seat. On the side wall, where the shower fixtures
300mm in width and not more than 600mm in
are located, a 600mm-long horizontal grab bar
depth. Storage units accessible from the front
should be placed, starting at 200mm from the
from a seated position are best positioned with
corner and at a height of 700mm. A second
their bottom end height no lower than 750mm
600mm long vertical grab rail should be placed at
and their top end height no more than 1250mm.
800mm from the corner with its lower end fixed at
This bottom end height of 750mm allows for a
a height of 800mm from floor level.
half locker with knee recess provided at a height
of 700mm so a wheelchair user can gain frontal
7.5.3 Changing Facilities
access to the locker.
People with disability have different changing
room needs depending upon their individual Storage accessible from the side from a seated
situation. Changing facilities provided in leisure and position should have the bottom end height of
sporting facilities should accommodate people the locker no lower than 665mm and the top
with disabilities in using communal areas and also end height of the locker no more than 1060mm.
provide privacy within a designated WC cum There should also be at least four full-height
shower changing room as recommended above. lockers provided for storing crutches, calipers,
artificial limbs, etc.
Accessible storage units should have a 900mm x
1400mm clear floor area to the front.
7.5.3.1 Communal Changing Areas
Aisle width between lockers should be a
All communal changing areas must be designed
minimum of 1200mm.
so that people with disability can easily move
around the area, safely use the changing bench Provide seating adjacent to the lockers for use
and access storage facilities. by people with restricted mobility.
At least one changing bench should be a

7.5.4 Swimming Pools
minimum 1950mm in length and 600mm in
depth, with a waterproof cushion provided. There should be level access from changing
areas to the pool side. If doors into the
Within the designated WC cum shower changing swimming pool area are present, electronic
room some people will require use of a hoist. doors with a touch button control located on
the adjacent wall are recommended. If the
See Section 6.4.11 on page 73
doors are manual, push-bars or lever-type
handles are recommended on the doors. The
7.5.3.2 Lockers door width should provide a minimum of
Where storage facilities are available for use by the 900mm clear entrance.
94 Introduction
Handrails should be provided between the The sauna/steam room should have level access
changing rooms and the pool side to assist and it should be large enough to have a 1800mm
ambulant disabled people and people who are diameter clear floor area, with additional space to
blind or have a visual impairment. fold and store a wheelchair. Potentially there
would also be sufficient space for a wheelchair
The width of the walkway around the pool should
user to remain seated in an appropriate
be no less than 3000mm and be distinguished in
wheelchair. This could be achieved by providing a
colour and tone from the surrounding areas. Wet
cut out area of 900 x 1400mm within the lower
floor areas should have a non-slip surface.
level seating. The layout of the seating bench
7.5.4.1 Access into the Swimming Pool should be designed in such a way that it facilitates
transfer from a wheelchair to the seat. The height
Whatever the type and scale of the swimming
of the lowest level seat in the sauna room should
pool, there should be a variety of means of access
be between 450–500mm. The seat depth should
to the water to accommodate all users. Access to
be a minimum of 500mm. Consideration should
the water can be provided by means of ramp,
be given for a two-way communication system
steps, ladder, portable slide and hoist. A common
between the sauna room and reception area.
misconception is that a shelving ‘beach’, often
incorporated in leisure pools, is the best solution. 7.5.6 Fitness/Gym Suite
This arrangement means that the swimmer has to
Designers and gym operators are encouraged to
wade into the pool for a considerable distance
select dual-purpose exercise equipment that
without the support of the water. As a result, some
provides fitness opportunities that can be used
users will require assistance, although for others a
by all people.
handrail will suffice.
Gym equipment should be placed evenly around
A fully integrated ramp and steps can provide
the gym area. A clear aisle width of minimum
good access to the water. The gradient of the
1200mm is required to provide access routes for
ramp should be no steeper than 1:15.
easy circulation between pieces of gym
Steps should be fitted with handrails with good equipment. Colour contrast should be provided
grip. The maximum height of the risers should be between the access routes and the equipment
140mm and the treads should be a minimum of areas.
300mm deep. The steps should be located at the
A clear floor space must be positioned adjacent
shallow end of the pool with high definition at the
to pieces of gym equipment to allow a person to
edge of steps to facilitate people who are blind or
transfer from a wheelchair or to use the
have a visual impairment.
equipment while seated in a wheelchair. For
Poolside hoists must be available to provide example, to make a shoulder press accessible,
access to the water at various depths in the pool the clear floor space should be next to the seat.
and also to the Jacuzzi. However, the clear floor space for a bench press
designed for use by a person using a wheelchair
A minimum of two waterproof self-propelling
would be centered on the operating
wheelchairs (suitable for pre and post swim
mechanisms. This is because with dual purpose
showering) should be provided.
equipment the person remains seated in their
7.5.5 Sauna/Steam Room wheelchair while using this piece of equipment.
If a sauna/steam room is provided in a sports and Clear floor spaces for more than one piece of
leisure facility, consideration should be given to equipment may overlap. For example, where
including access for wheelchair users. different types of exercise equipment and

machines are located next to other pieces of 7.6.2 Treatment Rooms and Equipment
equipment, the clear space may be shared. Treatment rooms should be of sufficient size to
accommodate the use of a lifting hoist. This hoist
7.5.7 Bowling Lanes
would be used by an individual wheelchair user
At least five percent of each type of bowling lane, and personal assistant to transfer a person from a
but not less than one lane, must be accessible for wheelchair to a treatment table or examination
all users, including wheelchair users. There should chair. The space required for the use of a hoist is a
be accessible routes from the reception and clear turning circle area of 2300mm adjacent to
communal areas to the accessible bowling lanes. the treatment table. An automated height-
Spectator seating in bowling facilities will require adjustable barrier-free treatment and examination
wheelchair spaces, companion seating, and table located centrally is recommended in order to
designated aisle seats. The rolling ball equipment accommodate access from either the right or left
preferred by some wheelchair users should be sides. A movable screen can accommodate
easily available on site. individual space requirements while affording
privacy.
7.5.8 Additional Reading
Height-adjustable equipment is recommended so
For further information on sports and leisure
that examinations may be carried out on people in
facilities please refer to Accessible Sports Facilities
a seated position as well as in a standing position.
(2012), published by Sport England and available
Scales with handgrips are recommended to
on its website: www.sportengland.org
accommodate those who need support while
standing, as well as scales that allow individuals to
be weighed while seated in a wheelchair.
7.6 Health Facilities and
Treatment Rooms The provision of differing height chairs in waiting
and treatment rooms that may be used by
7.6.1 Background children and adults is recommended. Some chairs
People with disabilities represent a large sector of should have arm rests to accommodate those who
the population requiring healthcare services (The require them.
Census 2011 recorded 13 percent of the
The ability to produce key documents in different
population as having a disability). Everyone,
formats, if required by people with visual and
regardless of ability, benefits from universal
other impairments, should be available.
design. Meeting the needs of people with
disabilities means the provision of enhanced
7.6.2.1 Dental Practices and Equipment
facilities and services for all. It is often the case
Access to dental care can be especially difficult for
that healthcare facilities are not accessible or do
wheelchair users and consequently is often an
not have the equipment needed to serve people
area of health care that is neglected. Difficulties
with disabilities. Good access includes accessible
associated with treating individuals seated in
parking, set-down facilites, weather-protected
wheelchairs can be overcome through the use of
level entry, accessible paths of travel into and
specialised adapted chair equipment which holds
throughout the building, open-plan waiting and
and appropriately positions an individual while
treatment areas with sufficient space for a
they remain seated in their wheelchair. These
wheelchair user to position and turn with ease, as
adapted dental chairs are mobile and eliminate all
well as the availability of any required equipment
manual handling, lifting and hoisting.
to effect a successful consultation.
96 Introduction
An adapted dental chair allows the dentist to the other, vertical, with its lower end at 800mm
attain the correct working position while ensuring above the floor level and placed at 150mm from
a more dignified experience for the patient, and it the front edge of the changing seat. All grab rails
can be used alongside traditional dental chairs, should be 35mm in diameter, 600mm long, slip-
sharing equipment and supplies. The chairs can be resistant and contrast in colour with the
stored when not in use, and can be used in background.
existing surgeries without the need for
Clothes hooks should be situated at 1200 mm and
refurbishment work.
1700mm from the floor level. A mirror should be
A number of models of adapted chair are available placed on the wall opposite to the changing seat
and individual practices are advised to research with its top and bottom end at 1800mm and
the type of dental chair that would most suit their 450mm respectively.
patients’ needs.
7.6.3 Dressing Room Provisions

Dressing room provisions in health and treatment
facilities should include at least one room that is
accessible to wheelchair users and people with
limited mobility. This designated changing room
should have a clear door width of 900mm with
dimensions of 2000mm in width by 2500mm in
depth, with the door opening outwards. The
changing room should have a seat at 480mm in
height, with its centreline 500mm from the corner.
The seat should project 650mm from the wall.
On the rear wall, a drop-down horizontal grab rail

and a vertical grab rail should be provided on the
transfer side of the changing seat at 320mm and
470mm respectively from the centreline of the
changing seat, both at 700mm in height above
the floor level.
Two grab rails should also be provided on the side

wall. The first should be horizontal, 700mm above
the floor level, starting 200mm from the rear wall;
There was no changing bench in swimming pool area - it made

it impossible for me to participate.
– IWA member, Dublin Youth Group

1
455mm min
460-480mm
4
3
750-800mm
700mm
5
2
1 Back support minimum 455mm

2 Height of picnic table 750-800mm with 700mm clearance beneath
3 Cantilevered table legs
4 460-480mm seat height
5 Firm level surface
6 Accessibility zone of 1800mm around all sides of the table/bench unit
Figure 31 – Picnic area
98 Introduction
The seat height should be within 460-480mm
7.7 Outdoor Environments from the ground level and the minimum depth of
the seat should be 450mm. The seating areas
7.7.1 Background should provide a mix of seating options, eg some
Consider safety and access for all potential visitors with back rests, some with arm rests and some
with different level of abilities. with both. The back support of the seat should be
a minimum 455mm in height.
7.7.2 Entry to Parks, Gardens and
Playgrounds
The access gates and entrances to parks, gardens
and playgrounds should provide a clear entry 7.7.4 Pathways
route of 1000mm. The use of ‘kissing gates’ is not Paths and pavements in a park should have
recommended as they can be complicated to smooth, regular, firm, non-slip surfaces. Loose
negotiate for people with limited mobility. gravel is difficult to navigate for a wheelchair user.
However, if used, the design should allow access A 75mm raised edge helps to keep the path clear
for people using mobility scooters. from soil wash-off. It also guides people who are
blind or have a visual impairment, when using a
Accessible routes from the entry/car parking area
cane, and prevents wheelchair users from going
to various locations and facilities should be clearly
off the path. Level surface and guard rails should
signposted at the appropriate levels.
be provided at viewing points. Where viewing
For information on signage please equipment/telescopes are provided, at least one
see Section 5.4 on page 46
should be provided at a height of 1100mm from
the surface level.
An information map should include details in
different formats of optional routes, details of Recommended pathway widths area as follows:
pathway surfacing, widths, gradients, cross slopes, • 1200mm pathway accommodates a
locations of bench/picnic facilities and accessible wheelchair user
toilets. Clear visibility of signs and walkways,
• 1500mm pathway accommodates a
especially from overhanging vegetation, must be
wheelchair user and a person walking
maintained, with a clear headroom height of
alongside
2300mm.
• 2000mm pathway accommodates two
7.7.3 Picnic Areas wheelchair users passing safely in an
Picnic benches and resting areas should be external environment.
adjacent to accessible routes with access from
For information on pathways, routes, seating and
these routes to the picnic/resting areas. crossings see Section 4.2 on page 27
The picnic table/bench should be located on a
firm and level surface and have a clear, smooth See Figure 1 on page 17
non-slip accessibility zone of 1800mm around all
sides of the table/bench unit. Unsuitable surfaces
7.7.5 Play Areas
such as cobbles or loose gravel should be avoided.
Playgrounds provide all children with an
The height of the picnic table should be between
opportunity to engage in safe risk-taking. The
750–800mm with a clear knee space area of
challenge and thrill factor of playground
700mm in height, 800mm in width and 480mm in
experience is crucial for motivating all children,
depth. Cantilevered ends on tables facilitate
including children with disability.
wheelchair users.

Playground equipment should be chosen with
due regard to children with different abilities and 7.8 Outdoor Events
should provide various options of swinging, and Festivals
climbing, rocking, sliding and balancing as well as
sensory activities. Supported swing seats with 7.8.1 Background
harnesses, wheelchair accessible roundabouts, This section covers unique, one-off entertainment
wide/embankment slides, basket hoops, sand and events, such as concerts, festivals, fairs, markets,
water tables, etc are some good examples of ways shows, etc. These are events taking place at a
in which a playground can be made inclusive for temporary location such as parklands, sports
children with different abilities. stadia, public and private parks.
The surface of the playground must be soft
7.8.2 Arriving at the Event
enough to limit injury from falls, but firm and
stable enough for a wheelchair user or person
People with limited mobility who travel to events
using a walking aid to manoeuvre. A minimum
and festivals by car need to be able to park, have
access zone of 900mm in width is required to
sufficient space to enter and leave their vehicle, on
move around any playground structure.
occasions move to the rear of their vehicle, then
Recommended reach ranges for a person seated walk or travel in a wheelchair to the main
in a wheelchair are: entrance. Accessible car parking involves the
appropriate designation and location of both car
• 500–910mm for 3–4 year-olds
and multi-purpose vehicle parking bays and the
• 460–1010mm for 5–8 year-olds provision of set-down/pick-up points.
• 400–1115mm for 9-12 year-olds The design of the parking bay should also plan for
the safe transfer (dished kerbs, level approach
For further information please refer to:
‘Accessibility Guidelines for Playgrounds’
routes, adequate lighting, etc) from the bay to the
(2010), published by the United States access route to the event without undue effort,
Access Board and available on its website: barriers to wheelchairs or hazards that could
www.access-board.gov/play cause tripping. The size of the bay should allow for
Refer also to ‘Manual of Best Practice –
the safe transfer of a passenger or driver to a
A Guide to including Disabled Children in
Childcare and Play Settings’, published by wheelchair, including a space allowance or
the Disability Equality Specialist Support accessibility zone for the use of a transfer hoist or
Agency and available on its website: ramp which may be attached to some vehicles.
www.dessa.ie
If using a temporary car park area, the bays should
be clearly signposted with an upright sign sited
out of the circulation space. It is important that
the car park attendants responsible for this area
receive disability awareness training and
understand the importancce of maintaining
adequate space between cars. The accessible
route from the car park to the outdoor event
should be clearly marked.
Set-down points should be positioned as close as

possible to the main entrances and should be
clearly identified an online Accessibility Guide to
100 Introduction
any event. If it is not possible to provide a set- All of the major routes to the entertainment, food,
down/pick-up point within close proximity to the and services areas should be linked with a level
main entrance then accessible transport should pathway.
be provided to ‘ferry’ people with limited mobility
from this point to the main entrance. 7.8.5 Marquees and Exhibition Tents
Marquees and tents are used for a variety of
Provision should also be made for people with
purposes at outdoor events. We recommend the
limited mobility arriving by public transport. Please
following:
check with your local transport provider to ensure
that accessible transport is available on this route • Marquees and tents should be sited at lower
(eg Dublin Bus). This information should be levels
included in an online an Accessibility Guide. • Ramps into marquees and tents should have
gentle slopes
7.8.3 Wayfinding and Signage at the Event
• There should be no upstands at the end of
Accessible routes from the entry/car parking area
ramps where ramps transition to another
to various locations and facilities should be
surface
clearly signposted at the appropriate levels.
• There should be handrails on ramps
Clearly defined logical routes can be identified
with the use of colour contrasts and textural • Doors into marquees and tents should be
changes in paving. Planting can assist in defining held open to provide level landing platforms
routes or identifying hazards through scent and • Metal ramps can be slippery when wet;
colour, but should not obstruct or present an providing a covering on ramps works well
overhead hazard. • Level flooring should be provided inside the
An information map should include details in marquees.
different formats of optional routes; pathway
7.8.6 Raised Platforms
surfacing, widths, gradients and cross slopes;
Often at outdoor concerts, a temporary raised
locations of bench/picnic facilities; and accessible
platform is constructed in the main ‘standing’
toilets. This information should be included in an
spectator area. Great care must be taken in the
online Accessibility Guide for the event. Clear
positioning of this platform. It should be placed at
visibility of signs and walkways, especially from
a reasonable and safe distance from the main
overhanging vegetation, must be maintained,
stage and should be at a height that allows an
with a clear headroom height of 2300mm.
uninterupted view. Special consideration should
7.8.4 Circulation at the Event be given to sight lines for wheelchair users. People
Pavements and approach routes to the main event standing during an event should not obstruct the
areas should be designed to give easy and safe clear view of a wheelchair user, nor should pillars
access to all. The pathway should be sufficiently or columns obstruct clear sightlines. Staggered
wide for all users to move freely and to pass each seating offers more opportunity for positions with
other. The surface of the pathway should be level, better sight lines.
smooth and slip-resistant, with no obstacles It is recommended that at least one
located within the circulation route. We companion/personal assistant should be allowed
recommend providing a tracking route throughout to sit beside the person with limited mobility and
the site that can be independently used by a a chair should be provided for them.
wheelchair user. This route should provide a flush
surface with no breaks or joins to pathways and
ramps leading to marquees and service areas.

7.8.7 Facilities – Toilets, Showers 7.8.10 Accessibility Guide for the Event
and Camping An Accessibility Guide to the event, in both a
Accessible WC cubicles should be provided. printed version and an online version should be
Where portaloos are required, they should be of made available. This should include information
the larger size to accommodate a 1800mm about the following:
diameter turning space. There should be an
• Pre-event ticket sales, including information
accessible toilet provided at all toilet locations. An
on concessionary pricing
accessible toilet should be provided within close
• Choice of seating areas and tickets prices
proximity to the main wheelchair spectator stand
• Travelling to the event
if one is provided.
• Set-down and pick-up areas
For events and festivals where overnight camping • Accessible entrances
facilities are provided, there should also be • Parking facilities
accessible showering facilities. We recommend a • Services map
size of 2500 mm x 2500 mm for WC and shower • Accessible routes
room combined. • Accessible toilets
A designated area should be reserved for people • Accessible services
with limited mobility who are camping. It is • Disabilty Liasison contact information
recommended that this area should be located • Accessible showers
close to the services area. A level pathway should • Accessible camping
link this area with the main entrance, all the • Departing from the event
services areas and the entertainment stages and • Contact telephone numbers and emails for
venues. queries and for on-site support staff and
services.
7.8.8 Departing from the Event
In the case of a large concert where the
entertainment finishes at a scheduled time, it may 7.9 Built and Natural
be advisable to request people with limited Heritage Sites
mobility to wait until the main part of the
7.9.1 Background
audience has departed to allow for a safer exit.
The Irish Government made a commitment in the
7.8.9 Disability Awareness and Staff Disability Act (2005) to make built and natural
Training heritage sites visitable with ease and dignity by
people with disabilities. 5 While the goal of
Disability Awareness training for staff should be
improving access to the built and natural
carried out for any outdoor event.
environments is to give independent access to all,
A Disability Liaison Officer should be appointed to there is an innate tension to be managed between
the event. Prior to the event the Event Promoter improving access and maintaining the essential
should conduct an audit to determine the and unique fabric of a heritage site and/or
accessibility requirements. building. The policy of universal, equal and
integrated access for all has to be balanced with
5 Under the Disability Act (2005) the Government aims to the conservation and preservation policy
“ensure that heritage sites in its ownership are, as far as requiring minimum intervention and reversible
practicable, accessible to people with disabilities, subject to
solutions. An ideal solution would give physical
the National Monuments Act and in compliance with the
terms of Part V of the Planning and Development Act” . access while minimising any adaptation or
102 Introduction
alteration to the original structure. Within this 7.9.2.1 Pre-Visit Information
context, and in order to devise a solution which Pre-visit information should be provided in
meets minimum intervention policy while alternative formats, ie brochure, webpage, audio
improving physical access, bespoke solutions are etc. The information given should include specifics
required for each individual situation. Such on the level of access provisions throughout the
solutions would typically be developed through visiting experience and any areas where access is
in-depth consultation between conservationists, not possible for people with different
heritage architects, access consultants and people impairments. Contact numbers for information
with disabilities. and assistance in planning a visit should be easily
The National Disability Authority has developed a available.
Code of Practice to provide access to built and
natural heritage sites. Compliance with this NDA 7.9.2.2 Car Parking
Code of Practice 6 implies compliance with the Ideally, public car parking should be provided at a
Disability Act (2005). Refer also to the Department of location adjacent to the main site/building
Environment, Community and Local Government’s entrance. If this is not possible due to the character
guidance document ‘Access Improving the and setting of a protected structure, it is
Accessibility of Historic Building and Places’. recommended that there should be dedicated
parking for drivers and passengers with disabilities
7.9.2 Devising Access Solutions close to the entrance. If this is also not possible,
Access solutions should be devised through set-down areas or accessible mini-bus transport
access auditing, consultation with people with from the main car park area may be a solution.
disabilities and access planning. Ideally, a bespoke
solution to providing full and easy access for all to For further information on car parking please
refer to Section 4.1 on page 21
a historic building or site would commence with
pre-visitor information at the site entrance. It
would then progress to create greater access to 7.9.2.3 Walkways
the building, within the building, and to any Walkways must avoid surfaces which are difficult
public facilities provided. Where architectural to walk on or impede wheelchair movement. Slip-
barriers to equal and integrated access are resistant hard surfaces such as brick or stone
identified, the principles of removal, alteration, paving are more suitable than gravel, chippings,
addition, avoidance or alternative provisions will cobbles and decking. Careful consideration is
apply as appropriate. In developing plans to required to ensure that the surface is in keeping
provide access, the ability of the building and site with the colour and texture of the site.
to incorporate the required access provisions with
minimum intervention to the historic fabric must For further information on paths, routes
and seating please refer to Section 4.2 on
be carefully considered. Solutions that are in
page 27 and Section 7.7.4 on page 99
keeping with the existing design, incorporated
within existing structures, or reversible are ideal;
though permanent integrated adaptations or 7.9.2.4 Building Entrance
additions of a sympathetic design are also The principal entrance should be accessible to
possible. Each individual aspect of access everyone. If a barrier exists, solutions can be
provision may require its own considered and devised involving the use of:
unique solution. • Well-designed ramps, steps and
handrails, which respect the existing
6 NDA Code of Practice on Accessible Heritage Sites. ambience of the building, can be used at the

main entrance. Ramps which use existing standards is recommended, ie with fire-
ground slopes and planting can be less resistant properties and suitable for use in an
obtrusive. New walls should be constructed emergency evacuation. These lifts reduce
with materials that harmonise with the reliance on assisted evacuation for people
existing walls and buildings. with disabilities.
• Platform lifts, which when positioned at the • Platform Stair Lifts. Where the installation
main entrance may sometimes be of a passenger lift is not possible, the
incorporated within an existing porch and in installation of a platform stair lift on a
this way be visually less intrusive. secondary staircase may be an option.
• Temporary ramps, where all other options The location of a lift shaft will require special
have failed. Though not compatible with individual consideration. Options include:
independent access, temporary ramps can • Locating the lift shaft in an existing structure
occasionally be a necessary solution. within the building
• Alternative entrances, where a ramp or • Locating the lift shaft externally on the
platform lift is not an option. It may be building
possible to create an alternative entrance by • Using a hydraulic lift which can provide a
reorganisation of the internal space. It is solution where it is not possible to use a
important that this new point of entry is conventional lift. Hydraulic lifts do not
available to all, and not exclusive to visitors require the location of lift gears above the
with limited mobility. roof line, which is often a problem in historic
buildings.
• Doors which, where heavy, are fitted with
automatic door-opening devices. 7.9.2.6 Alternative Experiences
Where it is genuinely impossible to provide access
7.9.2.5 Vertical Internal Circulation to all or some parts of a building or site due to
Access to changes of level within a historic special historic features, an alternative experience
building must be managed sensitively and the of that part of the site or building should be
solutions must be in keeping with the historic provided. Alternative experiences could include:
fabric of the building. Minor changes of level can • Audio visual presentation
be overcome by sensitive design in the location of • Viewing points
steps, ramps and handrails. Other solutions
• Reconstructions
include:
• Virtual representative tours, mock-ups, etc.
• Platform Lifts. Positioned in a sensitive All presentations and experiential mock-ups
manner with minimal structural disturbance, should be accessible to all people.
platforms lifts can be a solution where the
level change is relatively large or where a 7.9.2.7 Access to Public Facilities
ramp is not possible. Consideration should Access to public facilities includes access to
be given to the use of platform lifts that are reception areas and desks, WCs, restaurant and
built into steps to maintain the character of a shop facilities, etc. Preferably, these facilities
building. should be located close to the main
• Passenger Lifts. The installation of a thoroughfare of the site/building. See the
passenger lift provides the most effective relevant sections on WCs and use of restaurant
means of vertical movement. The installation and other public facilities in the earlier sections
of internal lifts that meet evacuation of this book.
104 7.
Introduction
Specific Building and Site Types
Quick Summary of: 7. Specific Building and Site Types
Hotels
4 Provision of one in every 15 guest bedrooms for 4 Level deck shower room dimensions are 2500mm x
independent use and one in every 20 for assisted 2500mm (for independent use).
use by a wheelchair user.
4 Assisted bedroom should have a turning circle of
4 Doors should have a clear opening width of 900mm 2300mm adjacent to bed.
with 1800mm diameter turning space in bedrooms.
4 Bathroom for assisted use should be 2700mm x
4 Bedroom to incorporate 900mm access zone around 3000mm.
bed.
4 Clear space of 900mm required on transfer side of
4 Clear space of 300mm required underneath bed for WC.
footrests and hoist feet.
Restaurants
4 Seating provided on different levels should be 4 Access to self-service counters should be 850mm
accessible to all. high, with 700mm knee clearance.
4 Table height of 760mm with knee clearance of 4 Queuing lines should be at least 1200mm wide.
700mm.
4 Clear access route of 900mm maintained
throughout all seating areas.
Auditoriums and Stadiums

4 A choice of wheelchair accessible seating on all 4 Access aisles/routes should have a minimum width
levels and vantage points. of 1200mm.
4 One in every 50 spaces should be provided for 4 Entry point to accessible seating should be located
wheelchair users where a capacity is not more than away from stairs/raked floor.
1000.
4 Acoustic and audio systems should be provided.
4 Dimensions for a wheelchair space are 900mm wide
4 Consideration should be given to sight lines for
by 1400mm deep.
wheelchair users.
Sports and Leisure Facilities

4 Assisted use WC cum shower room should be 4 Width of walkway around a swimming pool area
3500mm wide by 3000mm deep and include a should be no less than 3000mm.
height-adjustable changing bench, 1000mm wide x
4 Sauna/Steam room should have a clear floor area of
1950mm long.
1800mm in diameter.
4 One in four shower cubicles (open type cubicle with
4 Dual purpose exercise equipment should be
no door) should be 1000mm deep x 1500mm wide
provided with a clear access route of 1200mm
to accommodate a wheelchair user.
between each piece of equipment.
4 Floor material in shower area should be non-slip
with anti-slip grading of R11 (DIN).

Health Facilities and Treatment Rooms
4 Treatment rooms should be of sufficient size to 4 Provide at least one accessible dressing room,
accommodate the use of a hoist with a clear turning 2000mm wide x 2500mm deep, and with a door
circle area of 2300mm. width of 900mm.
4 A height-adjustable examination table should be
provided.
Outdoor Events
4 All event accessibility information to be available 4 Provide large size accessible WC cubicles
both in print and online. (sized1800mm x 2500mm with door opening out).
4 Accessible car parking, setting-down points and 4 Provide raised viewing platforms.
public transport options should be available for
4 Disability awareness training should be provided for
arrival at the event.
staff and volunteers.
4 Level pathways to all event facilities. Accessible
marquees and exhibition tents.
Heritage Sites
4 Car parking should be provided adjacent to the 4 Where access to a building is not possible, an
main site/building entrance. alternative experience such as audio visual
presentation, viewing points or virtual tours should
4 Ramps or platform lifts should be in place if the
be provided.
principal entrance is not accessible.
4 Access to public facilities such as reception, WCs,
4 Doors that are heavy should be fitted with
restaurant, and shop should be provided.
automatic door opening devices.
106 Introduction
8 Emergency Evacuation
designated fire protected ‘refuge space’ on the

8.1 The Requirements same level. This refuge space should be on, or
close to, the escape stairs on any level of the
8.1.1 Background building where the egress is not level with the
The matter of building evacuation is a key element external environment. The person can then be
to be addressed in any organisational health and evacuated vertically from this designated refuge
safety management plan. Organisations using and space. Escape assistance can be provided either by
managing a building are required by various designated staff or others, as outlined in the
pieces of Irish legislation 7 to ensure that all building emergency evacuation plan, developed
users of a building, including people with by the management of the building.
disabilities, can escape safely from the building in The achievement of an effective emergency
the event of an emergency. evacuation plan from a building for people with
Part B of the Irish Building Regulations requires disabilities requires planning, management and
that, regular review as part of an overall evacuation
policy and plan. Good practice would dictate that
“a building shall be so designed and
an evacuation policy and plan be developed that
constructed that there are adequate
includes consideration of both structural and
means of escape in case of fire from the
management provisions.
building to a place of safety outside the
building, capable of being safely and 8.1.2 Structural Provisions
effectively used”. At the design stage of the building, structural and
The design provisions set out in the Building fire-resistant decisions will have been made that
Regulations (2006) Technical Guidance Document determine or influence the evacuation strategy for
Part B are provided as a guide to minimum that building.
standards required for compliance with these Principal evacuation strategies include:
regulations. They are largely based on the
assumption that all people evacuating from the • Total Evacuation – When everyone in a
building will be fit and well, moving at the same building leaves at the same time.
speed and independently of each other. The • Phased Evacuation – When a pre-alarm
guidance in Part B in relation to the safe stage in remote areas of a building is
evacuation of people with disabilities is extremely activated shortly before a general alarm.
limited, and refers the reader to a British Standards
• Zoned Evacuation – When the building is
document BS: 9999 for further guidance. This
evacuated progressively as the emergency
British Standards document considers the
develops and people are moved
concepts of horizontal and vertical escape. It
progressively away from the area of danger.
advises that people with disabilities escape, either
independently or with assistance to a place of
safety outside the building, or by moving to a
7 1989 Workplace Directive, 89/654; EEC Safety, Health and Welfare at Work Act (2005/2007); Fire Services Act (1981);
The Building Regulations (2000); Indoor Events Act (2003); The Equal Status Acts (2000–2004); Employment Equality Act (1998/2004);
Disability Act (2005).
8. Emergency Evacuation 107

Knowledge of the structural and fire-resistant accommodation and/or where people are
properties of a particular building, including those isolated or remote from others.
of any internal lifts, and the ensuing evacuation
strategies will be essential in developing any 8.1.2.3 Signage and Wayfinding
evacuation plan. This knowledge can be obtained The presence of suitable escape and refuge
by consultation with the designers and signage and aids to wayfinding, is essential to the
management of a particular building. quick and safe evacuation of a building.
Evacuation routes should have consistent layouts
8.1.2.1 Evacuation Plans and be easy to locate and follow intuitively.
At lobbies and reception areas on all floors of a
Signage needs to be simple, short, consistent and
building, location plans showing the direct route
easily understood. Alongside text, consideration
for exit should be replicated at heights of 1000–
should be given to the use of pictograms which
1100mm, and 1600–1700mm from the floor. The
give information in a simple, coherent and
plans should be colour contrasted with the
consistent manner. Pictograms should include
background and include Braille. It should also be
clear information relating to people with
provided in the form of a tactile map, which is
disabilities. Additional wayfinding aids on
capable of being read by touch by people who
corridors and staircases can include the use of
are blind or have a visual impairment, but are not
colour contrasted handrails on horizontal
Braille readers.
circulation routes, emergency escape lighting and
These plans should be accompanied by the use of photo-luminescent wayfinding
operational procedures for fire safety evacuation, guidance systems which become visible in low
including details of refuge spaces and light conditions.
signposting of their locations. Alongside text,
For further information on signage please
consideration should be given to the use of see Section 5.4 on page 46
pictograms which can give information in a
simple, coherent and consistent manner.
8.1.2.4 Doors and Door Fittings
Pictograms should include clear information
relating to people with disabilities. The total force required to open a door in a
pressurised escape route should not exceed 1.6kg
at the handle. All doors for use as exits in case of
8.1.2.2 Provision of Fire Alarms
emergency should open outwards. Internal fire
It is important that people who have a visual or
doors should have magnets which usually hold
hearing impairment or who are blind, can be
the doors open and are connected to the fire
alerted in case of emergency. Fire alarms
alarm system. When the alarm is activated these
therefore need to be in both visual and auditory
magnets should automatically release the doors.
format. Visual alarms which use strobe lighting
should operate at a frequency of 2-4 hertz and
8.1.2.5 Internal Corridor Dimensions
should be placed so that the signal is visible
throughout the enclosed space. Visual alarms To facilitate horizontal movement, escape routes
should also be installed in washrooms where should have minimum corridor widths of
someone who has a hearing impairment may be 1800mm. Ramps, if required, should comply with
alone. Consideration should also be given to recommendations.
vibrating pager systems as a means of alerting For further information on corridor design please
people who have a hearing impairment, see Section 5.3 on page 43
particularly in buildings where there is sleeping
108 Introduction
8. Emergency Evacuation
Fire exits should have level thresholds to the “Refuge areas are within a building,
outside and outward-opening doors. Final fire exit separated by fire resisting construction
doors should be easy and intuitive to operate. The and provided with a safe route to a storey
pavement outside the fire door should be level exit where people with disabilities can
with the surrounding area or dished to give access await assistance for evacuation. Refuge
down from the pavement. areas may be within the enclosure of an
escape stairway, within a protected lobby
8.1.2.6 Stairwell Design or corridor leading to an escape stairway
Flights and landings of stairways should have an or in a compartmented part of a storey
unobstructed minimum width of 1500mm. A which contains an escape stairway.”
central handrail should be provided when the The refuge area/s should:
width of the stairs exceeds two metres.
• Be clearly and consistently signposted.
This stair width of 1500mm is recommended to
• Be sized 900mm x 1400mm for a single
facilitate the assisted escape of people with
refuge space and be situated clear of the
disabilities and accommodate contra flow in
escape route.
circulation spaces during emergency evacuation.
• Be located either within, or be a space with
For further information please direct access to, each protected stairway or
see Section 4.4 on page 31
internal fire-protected lift provided for
means of escape.
8.1.2.7 Refuges or Areas of Rescue Assistance
• Be equipped with a two-way
Many people with disabilities cannot use stairs
communications system linked to a
unassisted, so it is necessary to ensure that they
management control point and situated
can remain in a place of relative safety until help
900–1100mm above floor level.
arrives. This provision must be forward-planned
and provided. One solution is to provide a refuge • Contain instructions as to the procedures to
space or area of rescue assistance. The refuge be followed in the event of an emergency
space should be provided within a designated and the expected response.
fire-protected area of a building, on any floor • Contain a manually operated evacuation
where the egress from the building is not level lift/chair to assist in the egress of people for
with the external environment. whom such a lift/chair is advised. As most
See Figure 32 on page 111 evacuation equipment requires a wheelchair
user to transfer from their wheelchair, there
must be another wheelchair available in the
A refuge area as a minimum requirement should
area to where the person is evacuated.
be constructed as indicated in the Building
Regulations (2006) Technical Guidance Document The number of refuge spaces required in a
Part B. building will be determined by an assessment of
the number of people likely to require the use of
such a space. A minimum of two spaces on each
level in any building is desirable.

8.1.2.8 Lifts person from a building using standard evacuation
The installation of internal lifts that meet equipment, then careful research is required to
evacuation standards is recommended, ie with determine alternative provisions. There is manual
fire-resistant properties and suitable for use in an evacuation equipment available onto which a
emergency evacuation. Existing lifts can be wheelchair user can manoeuvre while remaining
upgraded to be usable for evacuation purposes. seated in their wheelchair. The use of this type of
Fire-protected lifts reduce reliance on assisted equipment may have design implications and
evacuation from the building for people with should be considered at planning stage. However,
disabilities and are the most effective means of reliance on self-evacuation from a building using a
evacuation. Manual handling of wheelchair users fire-protected lift is by far preferable.
in a fire evacuation staircase, even with training, is Where a fire-protected lift is installed there is still
hazardous for the person in the wheelchair and for the requirement for manually operated
those people giving assistance. evacuation equipment to be present in the event
Where lifts with fire-resistant properties are of unforeseen difficulty with, or failure of, the lift.
installed, there is still the need for manual
evacuation equipment to be present in the event
of internal lift failure.
8.2 Management Provisions
8.1.3 Evacuation Aids/Equipment 8.2.1 Background

At each refuge location there should be manual It is the responsibility of the building
evacuation equipment conveniently located with management to ensure that in the event of
clear instruction as to its use. Evacuation emergency all people can safely escape to a
equipment is used to transport people with designated place of safety. Good management
limited mobility up/down the stairwell by people procedures, staff knowledge and training are
who are trained in its use and in manual handling essential for the safe evacuation of a building in
techniques. Not all evacuation equipment can go the event of an emergency. Building management
both up and down stairs. Careful research and should develop an egress policy and action plan
consultation is required to ensure the choice of which is recorded in a building evacuation
the most effective equipment for a particular handbook.
situation.
8.2.2 Evacuation Plan
As most evacuation equipment requires a The development of a building evacuation plan
wheelchair user to transfer from their wheelchair, for both users and visitors to a building is
there must be another wheelchair available in the essential to the safe evacuation of all people in
area to where the person is escaping. the event of an emergency. The needs of all
Not all wheelchair users will be able to transfer or people will have to be anticipated in planning for
be transferred onto standard evacuation emergencies. Consultation with disability
equipment in order for the building to be organisations is advised in relation to the needs
evacuated. If it is not possible to evacuate a of people with disabilities. Where appropriate,
Unless a person can get out of a building in an emergency,

then it is not truly accessessible at all.
– IWA member, Dublin
110 Introduction
5
1
3 4
1100mm
900mm
mm
700 6
900
140 mm 120
0m 0m
m 900 m
2 mm
mm
400
Figure 32 – Refuge area

1 Display procedures to be followed in the event of an emergency 7
2 Minimum two 900mm x 1400mm refuge spaces clear of escape route

400 mm
mm 800
3 Two-way communications system linked to management control point
4 Evacuation chair
5 Housing for evacuation equipment Ø18

00m
m
6 Installation of internal lifts that meet evacuation standard, ie with fire-resistant properties and
suitable for use in an emergency evacuation, reduces reliance on assisted evacuation for people with disabilities
7 Corduroy tactile warning
111
signing in and out procedures for visitors are • Regular maintenance and good
recommeded. The essential elements of an management of fire-resistant building
evacuation plan are as follows: properties, equipment and egress areas of
the building.
• Knowledge of the fire safety features of a
building and the ensuing evacuation 8.2.2.1 PEEPs – Personal Emergency Evacuation
strategy indicated. Plans
• The identification of staff members with It is essential to develop Personal Emergency
responsibility for ensuring the safe Evacuation Plans (PEEPs), in consultation with
evacuation of all from the building, regular users of a building who have an
including one single person with ultimate impairment that would impede their egress
responsibility. (either horizontally or vertically), from the
• Regular staff training in: manual handling; building. The PEEP essentially matches the needs
fire safety and evacuation procedures (eg of the person with a disability to the capabilities of
total, phased or zoned, horizontal and the egress design and should be regularly
vertical); and the use of any equipment reviewed and updated. A PEEP may involve:
provided eg evacuation lift/chair. • The use of a buddy system, whereby other
• The identification of persons regularly staff members will, moving horizontally,
using the building and requiring assistance accompany the individual to the outside.
to evacuate from the building in the event • Where vertical or horizontal movement
of an emergency. poses a difficulty, accompanying the person
• The development of Personal Emergency to a refuge area.
Evacuation Plans (PEEPs), with persons who • Using a lift/chair evacuation system to
are regularly using the building and transport the person vertically to the
requiring assistance to escape. outside.
• The identification of persons using the • Staying with the person within a refuge area
building and requiring the use of vibrating until the fire services have been alerted and
pager/alarm systems, and the development arrive to lift the person to safety.
of a distribution and return system.
In all of the above matters, consultation with
• The development of a system to ensure relevant local authority fire officers, fire
that, in the event of an emergency, should consultants, users of a building and disability
some people not have been able to escape organisations is critical to the development and
or be evacuated from the building, there is implementation of an evacuation policy and plan
a system to ensure immediate and clear that is effective and gives confidence to the users
identification to the fire services of the of a building.
locations and numbers of these people.
8.2.3 Additional Reading
• Clear communication of the emergency
evacuation plan to all those who have a For further information please refer to Safe
role to play, including outside agencies eg Evacuation for All, published by the National
the fire services. Disability Authority and available on its website:
www.nda.ie. Refer also to the Building Regulations
• Regular practice and review of the
(2006), Technical Guidance Document Part B – Fire
emergency evacuation plan and
Safety, published by the Department of the
procedure.
Environment, Community and Local Government.
112 Introduction
Quick Summary of: 8. Emergency Evacuation
‘Technical Guidance Document Part B 2006 - Fire

Safety’, Departement of Environment.
4 Building evacuation is a key element in any 4 A refuge area should be located within a protected
organisational health and safety management plan. stairway, equipped with a two-way communications
system with controls at 900–1100mm from floor
4 Part B of the Irish Building Regulations and British
Standards BS: 9999 relate to the safe evacuation of level, and contain an evacuation chair.
people with disabilities. 4 Internal lifts should be fire-resistant. Existing lifts can
4 Principal evacuation strategies include: Total be upgraded to be usable in an emergency
Evacuation, Phased Evacuation and Zoned evacuation.
Evacuation. 4 Good management procedures and staff training are
4 Evacuation plans should be displayed at heights of essential for safe evacuation of a building in an
emergency.
1000–1100mm and 1600–1700mm from floor level.
4 Develop an Egress Policy and Action Plan which is
4 Fire alarms should be both visual and audible.
recorded in a building evacuation handbook.
4 Suitable escape and refuge signage is essential to
4 Develop a Personal Emergency Evacuation Plan
safe evacuation of a building.
(PEEP) for people needing assistance to evacuate
4 Signage should be easily understood and use of the building.
pictograms can be helpful.
4 Identify trained staff members with responsibility for
4 Escape routes should have minimum corridor widths ensuring the safe evacuation of all.
of 1800mm.
4 Regular practice and review of emergency
4 All doors for use as emergency exits should open evacuation plan is required.
outwards.
4 Maintenance of fire equipment and egress areas of
4 Stair width of 1500mm is recommended to facilitate the building is essential.
the assisted evacuation of people with disabilities.
4 Refuge areas should be clearly signposted, and sized
900mm x 1400mm for a single refuge space.

114
9 Building Management and Maintenance
a point in time. An access audit rates the access

9.1 Maintaining High provided against given access standards. An
Levels of Access access audit will review and comment on the
levels of access provided and any upgrading
9.1.1 Background required to bring access provisions up to the
Access to the built environment and to services required legislative and/or design standards. An
and facilities cannot be guaranteed by good access audit should also include assessment of
design alone. An integral part of ensuring good issues such as communications, information,
access for all involves the constant and ongoing customer service and staff training. An access
maintenance and management of the building, audit should be carried out by a trained access
the surrounding areas and the services and consultant prior to any building work being
facilities provided within. undertaken. It is recommended that people with
disabilities be directly involved in any access
In order to achieve good practice in maintaining
auditing process.
high levels of access, both management and
maintenance issues should be addressed.
9.1.2.2 Building Manual
9.1.2 Access Management Programme It is recommended that the management and
An effective management programme will: occupiers of a building develop and maintain a
Building Manual which would combine
• Provide regular staff training in all matters
information handbooks containing the required
pertaining to understanding access
information on pertinent areas, ie evacuation,
provisions, and in maintaining high levels of
health and safety and access provisions.
access.
A Building Manual is a simple way of listing and
• Establish and manage the provision of a
explaining the features and facilities of a building,
high standard and efficient maintenance
which must be maintained in order to ensure
programme.
proper access, evacuation and safety for
• Ensure that any refit/refurbishment does everyone. It should include a set of plans of the
not diminish existing levels of access, but building, indicating all the locations where clear
builds on what is present, and improves dimensions and equipment must be maintained
access for all. for access, evacuation and safety purposes. The
• Plan strategically, whereby regular reviews manual should be readily available to staff and be
of access provisions take place in promoted through training within the
consultation with people with disabilities. organisation.
These reviews should identify areas where
access may be poor, and where 9.1.2.3 Alternative Provision of Service
opportunities exist for change and An easily available and alternative method of
improvement. service provision should be in place in situations
where self-service is the usual operational mode.
9.1.2.1 Access Audits This provision should be clearly signposted with
An access audit is a useful way of taking stock of instruction as to how this service can be
access provisions within the built environment at accessed.
9. Building Management and Maintenance 115

9.1.3 Access Maintenance Programme • The swift replacement of blown light bulbs,
An efficient and high standard maintenance at the appropriate lux or illuminations level,
programme will establish procedures to address along circulation routes, in lobbies, in WC
the following issues on a regular basis: compartments, etc.
• The regular maintenance of parking bays • Signage replacement that ensures new
and approach routes to ensure that they are signage is consistent with access
unobstructed, free of debris and that non- specifications, that it integrates with existing
disabled drivers do not occupy disabled signage, and that signs are replaced
parking bays. correctly following removal.
• Keeping circulation areas within buildings • Regular review of the efficiency of the
clear of all obstruction and, where there is systems in place to distribute and recall any
movable furniture, as in equipment available to users of the building,
restaurants/refreshment areas, maintaining eg vibrating fire alarms, audio description
the required width of an access route. units, hoists, etc.
• The regular maintenance of doors and door • The clear advertisement of the availability of
entry systems, including intercom facilities, communication enhancement equipment
to ensure that they remain in good working within the building, eg loop systems, text
order and that the opening force at the phone, etc.
leading edge of a door remains no more • The clear advertisement of the availability
than 20 newton. of supports to users of a building in
• Ensuring that WCs, refuge areas and lifts are relation to access to the building and
never used as storage areas for supplies or services and facilities within, eg use of a
furniture, and that transfer spaces adjacent mobility aids, personal assistance to and
to the toilet are kept clear of refuse bins. from the car parking facilities, sign
language interpreter, etc.
• Ensuring that all facilities are kept clean and
well stocked, as in the case of WCs. 9.1.4 Additional Reading
• Maintaining alarm systems regularly to For further information please refer to the
ensure systems in WCs, lifts, etc, are always in National Disability Authority Guidelines for Access
working order. Auditing of the Built Environment, available at
www.nda.ie
• Ensuring regularly that the required alarm
response is provided swiftly, as outlined in Refer also to the Building Regulations (2006),
the building emergency protocol document. Technical Guidance Document Part B – Fire Safety,
published by Department of the Environment,
• Maintaining floor surfaces that are level,
Community and Local Government.
unobstructed and not made slippery by the
use of unsuitable cleaning and polishing
products.
• Ensure that redecoration of a building, or
part of a building, does not compromise or
diminish a colour scheme designed to assist
people with a visual impairment to orient
themselves and identify fixtures and fittings.
116 9.Introduction
Building Management and Maintenance
Quick Summary of: 9. Building Management and Maintenance
Access Management
4 Constant maintenance of buildings and approach 4 Any refurbishment/refit should not reduce existing
areas is required. access levels.
4 Provide regular staff training regarding access 4 Carry out access reviews in consultation with people
provision. with disabilities.
4 Maintain high levels of accessibility.
Access Audits
4 An access audit rates access provision against stated 4 An access audit also includes assessment of issues
access standards. such as communications, information, customer
service and staff training.
4 Access audits review and provide suggestions on
upgrades needed to meet legislation and best 4 Access audits should be carried out by a trained
practice. access consultant prior to any building work being
undertaken.
Access Maintenance Programme

4 Ensure regular maintenance of parking bays and 4 Maintain alarm systems.
approach routes.
4 Keep all floor surfaces clean and ensure they are
4 Keep circulation areas within the building clear of non-slip.
obstruction and maintain clear access routes.
4 All signage should be consistent throughout the
4 Ensure regular maintenance of all fittings and building.
equipment throughout the building.
4 There should be clear advertisement of the
4 Ensure WCs are not used for storage and are free of availability of communication enhancement
clutter. equipment within the building.
9. Building Management and Maintenance 117

118
10 Housing
include direct provision of housing, information

10.1 IWA Housing Support Services and advice, lobbying, advocacy and individual
support to members.
Irish Wheelchair Association (IWA) regards the
The housing needs of people with disabilities can
availability of accommodation of a suitable design
include housing adaptation, independent living,
and type, in a fitting location, with the required
supported housing, and transitional housing. IWA
personal supports, as a basic right. The availability
responds to these housing needs through a
of such accommodation directly supports people
number of initiatives.
with a disability to participate in and to contribute
to the life of the community in which they live.
10.1.1.1 IWA Operation Sign-Up
The UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with
‘Operation Sign-Up’ is an IWA initiative, which
Disabilities 8 states that people with disabilities
encourages and supports people with disabilities
should have the opportunity to choose their place
who wish to live in their own homes, but are
of residence and where and with whom they live
unable to do so from their own resources, to apply
on an equal basis with others, and not be obliged
for social housing through local authorities. Being
to live in a particular living arrangement. In
registered on a local authority social housing list
addition, people with disabilities should have
can act as a gateway to a variety of social housing
access to a range of in-home, residential and other
opportunities. By hosting events in partnership
community support services, including the
with local authorities, through various local and
personal assistance necessary to support them to
national media outlets, by viral email, through
live and be included in their community, and to
community and youth groups, in IWA’s SpokeOut
prevent their isolation or segregation from the
magazine, and in various other ways, IWA has
community (United Nations, 2008).
publicised Operation Sign-Up and encouraged
This section of the IWA Best Practice Access
people with disabilities to make contact with the
Guidelines publication describes the various
Housing Department of their local authority.
housing supports that IWA has developed to
Operation Sign-Up supports people with
support people towards independent living,
disabilities through the process of a social housing
including a section on housing design. The section
application with online information and personal
on housing design sets out requirements for both
support if required, with the aim of achieving a
‘Wheelchair Accessible Housing’ and ‘Life Time
successful housing outcome.
Adaptable Housing’.
10.1.1.2 Information and Advice

10.1.1 Background
The IWA Operation Sign-Up initiative includes a
People with disabilities often have very specific
housing website www.iwa.ie/house which provides
housing and accommodation requirements and
a step-by-step guide to applying for social
can find it difficult to gain access to their preferred
housing. IWA has broken down the ten steps
living situation. Irish Wheelchair Association
involved in the housing application process and
represents the specific housing interests of its
has also listed on the website all the relevant
members through a range of initiatives which
housing-related information an individual will
8 Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities and Optional Protocol.
10. Housing 119

require during and subsequent to the application IWA has a long history of delivering quality
process. This includes contact details for local housing and services to people with physical and
authorities, information links to local health sensory disabilities. Currently IWA provides a
centres, information on housing adaptation grants range of accessible and affordable social housing
and also details of all local IWA centres. Staff in units to people who cannot afford to build or
local IWA Resource and Outreach Centres can be purchase a house of their own from their personal
available to support people through a social resources. Tenants lease the housing units at
housing application or in seeking to resolve other affordable rates, relative to the private rental
housing-related matters. market. In many cases the houses are designed or
adapted to meet the varying and complex needs
10.1.1.3 Lobbying and Advocacy of individual tenants to support them to live more
IWA actively lobbies and works with the independent lives in their local community. The
Department of the Environment, local authorities, installation of specific aids and appliances at
other disability representative groups and design stage supports the tenant’s independence.
voluntary housing providers to promote good As of 2014, IWA has a housing stock of
wheelchair accessible design and the delivery of a approximately 60 accessible and affordable one
supply of accessible housing suitable to the and two bedroom housing units available to its
requirements of IWA members. IWA is a member members.
of Housing Advisory Groups in the Department of
the Environment, the Disability Federation of IWA’s Accessible Housing models include:
Ireland and the Irish Council for Social Housing.
• Transitional Housing
These units provide a level of on-site
10.1.1.4 IWA as a Voluntary Housing
assistance and support to tenants who wish
Association
to take the first steps towards independent
Driven by its mission to support and promote living and to gain the confidence and skills
independence, dignity and enhanced quality of to progress to their own long term housing
life for people with disabilities, Irish Wheelchair in the community of their choice.
Association (IWA) provides accessible and
affordable housing units to its members in various This model supports individuals and their
locations throughout Ireland. Approved Housing families in addressing the natural anxieties
Body (AHB) Status was granted to IWA by the and fears associated with living
Department of the Environment on 17th independently for the first time and to take
September 1984 under Section 12 of the Housing the steps towards a more independent
Act (1966). As an Approved Housing Body the IWA lifestyle.
can avail of funding, when available, from the
Department of the Environment to provide social This is usually a time limited tenancy with an
housing. The majority of IWA’s housing units are independent living skills development plan
purchased through the Department of the which links with and avails of existing
Environment, Community and Local Government community resources such as Money Advice
Capital Assistance Scheme (CAS) which currently & Budgeting Service (MABS), IWA driving
provides AHB’s with 100% funding to either lessons, Home Help, Personal Assistance,
purchase existing properties or build new Training and Employment opportunities,
properties, depending on the conditions of the public transport, and other personal
funding from year to year. development opportunities.
120 10. Housing

• Independent Living Housing household facilities, and the equipment therein,
Tenants in these housing units may or may is specifically designed to be accessible for the
not require formal or informal supports in wheelchair user. Forward planning which
order to live independently in the considers internal design and also the siting of
community. The units do not provide wheelchair accessible units both within a
personal assistance supports, however many development and within an apartment building is
tenants avail of visiting services specific to critical to a successful outcome for the occupant.
their needs and delivered on an agreed basis
The housing design guidelines in this document,
either by the IWA or other service providers.
while informed by many recent publications, 9
Services may include Personal Assistance,
have been devised by IWA to meet the access
HSE Home Help, Public Health Nursing
requirements of its members. The room sizes
and/or informal personal supports like
required will depend on the accessible space
family and friends.
requirements, in conjunction with the furnishings
• Supported Independent Living Housing to be placed within the room. The guidance
This model of service facilitates individuals specifications given in this document relate to
who wish to live independently in the accessible space requirements. These
community and require a higher level of specifications are general and intended to
support to do so. Tenants, supported by accommodate the majority of wheelchair users.
staff, maximise their independence and live
The space requirements and interior design of a
active and participative lives in their local
unit of accommodation may need to be
community.
customised to the individual home occupant’s
Support services vary according to the
needs. When the individual housing occupant is
needs of tenants and may include personal
known then his/her specific access requirements
assistance, meals and other supports.
must be designed into the plans from the outset.
These different housing models offer individuals This inclusive design process is generally
with disabilities a greater range of support options achieved by direct consultation with the person
as they progress to independent living. with a disability, their advising access consultant,
(often an occupational therapist), and the
architect.
10.2 Design Guidelines for IWA recommends that four percent of houses in
Wheelchair Accessible Housing new housing developments should be fully
wheelchair accessible.
10.2.1 Background
Wheelchair accessible houses are purpose- The guidance given in this section concerning
designed considering the specific space and ‘Wheelchair Accessible Housing’ is for both
access requirements of a person using a apartments and for individual houses. The
wheelchair. These houses are larger in floor area guidance for the approach to, for car parking, for
than standard housing to provide sufficient entry and circulation to apartment buildings and
circulation space and to accommodate personal to individual houses is dealt with under these
assistance if required. Every area of the house, the separate headings.
9 Wheelchair Homes Design Guidelines (The South East London Housing Partnership); Wheelchair Accessible Housing – Best Practice
Guidelines (Mayor of London); The UK Housing Standards Review; BS 9266:2013 ‘Design of Accessible and Adaptable General Needs
Housing – Code of Practice’; Universal Design Guidelines for Homes in Ireland NDA/CEUD.
10. Housing 121

To achieve good wheelchair accessibility the
design of approach routes, entry points and For further information on external ramps
and steps see Section 4.3 on page 30 and
internal circulation is as critical as the interior
Section 4.4 on page 31
design of the living space.
All pedestrian approach routes/footpaths should

10.2.2 Apartment Buildings
be free of projecting hazards and preferably have
10.2.2.1 Approach Route to an Apartment a clear width of 2000mm. Localised obstructions
Building should be set back so that they do not narrow the
Any external call buttons/intercom systems route or occur within 1200mm either side of a
situated on approach routes and at the apartment doorway or change of direction. In exceptional
building entry gates at the public path/roadway, circumstances where there is known to be low
should have both auditory and visual displays and usage of the footpath, a minimum acceptable
be situated at a height between 900-1050mm approach route width is 1500mm. Where the
above ground level and at least 500mm from any pathway reduces to 1500mm in width, passing
corner. spaces of 2000mm in depth x 2000mm in width
should be provided at intervals of 25m.
The connection points between the public
path/roadway and the environs of the apartment Where there are road crossing points on the
building should be seamless, with level access approach routes/footpaths, these should be
joining these connections points. Any approach dished flush with the roadway, always on
route to an apartment building from a public opposing sides, and the appropriate tactile paving
path/roadway, from a boundary wall, from a should be provided at the crossing points.
set-down location, or from a car parking area
For further information on tactile paving see
should be sufficiently wide and be on firm, level Section 4.2.2.2 on page 27
non-slip ground to give ease of access to all. Any
external gates, doorways, or openings on the
Sensory activated lighting should be provided on
approach route should have a clear width of
approach routes, at car parking areas and at the
1000mm, with 500mm clear space to the leading
entry points to the apartment building. The
edge side of the gate/doorway. Any latches or
illumination should be 150 lux on the general
opening mechanisms on the gate/doorway
grounds and 200 lux on ramps/ steps.
should be easily usable with minimum strength
and dexterity, preferably using only one hand in a 10.2.2.2 Car Parking and Setting Down Points –
closed fist position. The latch or opening Apartment Buildings
mechanism should be no higher that 1000mm
Where car parking for both residents and visitors
from ground level.
is provided, it should include a proportion of
All approach routes should be level or have a accessible parking bays.
slope of not more than 1:50. Where the plot
gradient does not allow a level approach, both For design guidance, dimensions and
stepped and ramp access must be provided. A recommended number of accessible parking
bays, see Section 4.1 on page 21
ramp should be gently sloping with a gradient not
exceeding 1:20 (1:15 is a minimum acceptable
slope in exceptional circumstances). See also Figures 3 and 4 on pages 22 and 23
A stepped approach should be suitable for use by
ambulant disabled persons.
122 10. Housing

As the demand for accessible parking from area of 1800x1800 that is weather protected.
residents in apartment buildings is likely to Weather protection can be achieved either by
change over time the management company enclosing the space within a recessed area or by
should devise a system of monitoring need and the provision of a canopy or a combination of
allocating accessible bays as the demand changes. both. Any canopy should extend 700mm either
Each wheelchair accessible house should have the side of the entrance.
option of a designated accessible parking bay. In
The main entrance door to an apartment building
addition, there should also be a priority accessible
should provide a1000mm clear width with
parking bay allocation given to holders of
500mm clear space to the leading edge side of the
disabled parking badges. The design of standard
door. The main entry door should have a
parking bays could include the future option of
door-release intercom communication system and
some standard bays being increased in size,
power-assisted or automated doors. The entry and
should additional accessible parking bays be
locking system on the main door should be usable
required.
with minimum strength and dexterity. Lever-type
Accessible parking bays should be situated close handles are recommended and should be placed
to the apartment building entry points, preferably at a height of 900–1000mm from the floor level.
within a distance of 25m. Access from the car Doors that are automated can have a choice of
parking areas to approach routes and to building entry systems including use of a coded key pad,
entry points should be level and seamless and push pad and proximity card/fob.
should comply with the general guidance on
The door call/entry systems should be located on
approach routes in the referenced sections above.
the latch side of the door on the adjacent wall at a
If parking is provided within an enclosed area height between 900mm and 1050 from floor level.
there is a height requirement of 2.6m to The system provided should contain an LED (Light
accommodate high top adapted vehicles and Emitting Diode) display to facilitate people who
vehicles with roof-top boxes that store a are deaf or hard of hearing. The communication
wheelchair. system and door release indicator should be both
visual and audible.
A drop-off or setting-down point should be
provided close to the communal entrance to an There should be a level space of 1800x1800mm
apartment building. inside the entrance door that is clear of the door
swing.
For design of setting-down points
see Section 4.1.6 on page 26
10.2.2.4 Lobbies and Internal Doors within
Apartment Buildings
10.2.2.3 Main Entrance to Apartment Buildings
Lobbies within apartment buildings should be
There should be sensor-activated lighting and designed and constructed so there is sufficient
level entry at all apartment building entry points. space to enable a wheelchair user and a person
The entrance should have a level external landing assisting the wheelchair user to move clear of one
I built my house in 1988 and never noticed the steps at

the back door until I got sick.
– IWA member, Co Mayo
10. Housing 123

door before using the next door, while also these should be situated at 1050mm and 1500mm
allowing space for a person to pass in the opposite above floor level to enable viewing by persons in a
direction. seated or standing position.
The minimum clear door widths leading into and
10.2.2.5 Communal Corridors
from a lobby/foyer area and throughout the
Communal corridors should ideally have a clear
apartment building should be 900mm, with
unobstructed width of 1800mm. Any corridors
preferably 500mm (min 300mm) clear space to the
less than 1800mm in width should have a turning
leading edge side of the door. The size of the
space of 1800mm x 1800mm at the end of the
lobby/foyer area will be determined by the size of
corridor and at corridor junctions. This turning
the door opening into and from the lobby area,
space should be repeated at intervals of 25 metres
and by whether the doors are opening in the
as the length of the corridor continues. Any
same or opposite directions. The clear space
corners on a corridor should be rounded.
enclosed by the lobby area must be maintained at
a clear internal footprint of 900mm in width x The minimum acceptable clear unobstructed
1700mm in depth. This area must remain free of corridor width is 1500mm. Where the communal
door swing. Ideally the recommended lobby corridor is reduced in width to 1500mm there
width is 1800mm; however, a minimum lobby should be a clear space of 1800x1800mm
width of 1500mm is acceptable. provided external to each individual apartment
entry point. To facilitate horizontal movement in
Negotiation of heavy doors presents a barrier to
emergency evacuation, designated escape routes
many people (wheelchair users, people carrying
should always have minimum corridor widths of
parcels, people with buggies, etc.) Doors leading
1800mm.
into and from lobbies and all internal doors within
communal areas of an apartment building should
10.2.2.6 Vertical Circulation within Apartment
be power-assisted or automated. Fire doors
Buildings – Stairs
should be held open with a magnetised release
system that will automatically close the doors in Straight flights of stairs are recommended as they
the event of a fire alarm. are easier to negotiate than curved ones. Ideally,
the unobstructed width of the flights of steps
At the entrance doors to individual apartments
should be no less than 1500mm. A stair width of
there should be a clear external space of
1200mm is acceptable where the stairs is not part
1800x1800mm. The individual apartment
of an evacuation route. Handrails should be
number/name should be large, in strong contrast
continuous and provided at a height of 900mm
with the background and located in a prominent
from the pitch line on both sides of the steps, and
place for ease of identification.
they should extend 300mm beyond the top and
The entry and locking system on the individual bottom step and finish in a closed end. The
apartment door should be usable with minimum handrail should contrast with the background in
strength and dexterity. Lever-type handles are tone and colour. Flights should contain no more
recommended and should be placed at a height than 12 risers between landings and the number
of 900–1000mm from the floor level. of risers in successive flights should be uniform.
A view of callers for all people, including children Level landings, at least 1500mm in length and free
and people in a seated position, can be achieved of cross door swings, should be provided.
from within the apartment with the use of wide When the stairs forms part of an evacuation
angle viewers located in the door. Where wide route the unobstructed clear width should
angle viewers are provided in the entrance door, always be 1500mm.
124 10. Housing

10.2.2.6.1 Steps flight of stairs and should not cause anyone to
The rise of each step should be consistent and negotiate the stairs in their own shadow, with a
between 150–180mm. The going of each step non-glare minimum illuminate of 200 lux.
should be consistent and between 300mm–
10.2.2.7 Vertical Circulation within Apartment
450mm. Nosings should be integral with the step,
Buildings – Lifts
and distinguishable in colour and tone. Nosings
should be used on the front face and the top of Lift access is required in all apartment buildings.
each step so as to be visible while ascending or Lifts should be conveniently located in relation to
descending. the lobby, be clearly signposted and be seen from
the entrance. The landing in front of a lift should
Open risers should not be used and single steps
be a minimum of 1800mm x 1800mm.
are also to be avoided.
Where wheelchair accessible units are above
ground floor these should ideally be accessed by
For further information on the design two lifts in different locations to create alternative
of external and internal steps and stairs
evacuation routes.
see Section 4.4 on page 31 and Section 5.5
on page 47 As the use of lifts is the most effective means of
evacuation for people with disabilities, all lifts in
apartment buildings should be fire-protected and
10.2.2.6.2 Tactile Surfaces
capable of being used for evacuation purposes.
Top and bottom landings should be provided with
a tactile surface in a ridged pattern to give
For further information on evacuation
advanced tactile warning of the change in level. see Section 8 on page 107
This tactile surface should comprise of rounded
bars running transversely to the direction of 10.2.2.7.1 Lift Landings
pedestrian travel. The ridged surface should start
There should be a clear unobstructed space of
400mm from the nosing of the first step. When
1800mm x 1800mm in front of the lift entrance,
steps are in the direct line of travel, a depth of
and this area should be well lit with a minimum
800mm is required for the tactile surface. The
illumination of 150 lux. A change of floor surface
tactile bars should be 6mm (+/− 0.5 mm) high,
and texture should be present to indicate the
20mm wide and spaced 50mm from the centre of
approach to the lift. Lift controls at each landing
one bar to the centre of the next.
should be embossed to enable tactile reading as
Hazard warning surfaces must also be installed at well as visual, and at a height of not less than
intermediate landings where there is access onto 900mm and not more than 1100mm. The controls
the landing other than from the steps themselves. should be visually contrasting with the colour of
Where it may not be possible to use a tactile the surrounding face plate.
hazard warning surface indoors – which can be
problematic with different frictional qualities of 10.2.2.7.2 Lift Door Design
indoor surfaces – then floor finishes that contrast The lift doors should have a minimum clear
visually and in texture and sound should be used opening width of 900mm. The lift doors should be
to highlight and to warn of the top and bottom of clearly distinguishable from the background by
the stairs. tone and colour contrast. The lift doors should be
fitted with a reacting device which relies on infra-
10.2.2.6.3 Lighting red or photo-eye systems to ensure no person can
Lighting should be even and consistent along the become trapped in the doors. The lift door should
10. Housing 125

stay open for a minimum of 20 seconds. A control Audible, visual and tactile notification of the floor
button to keep the doors open should be situated level reached and notice of door opening/closing
on both the inside and outside of the lift. Both should be provided at each lift landing.
visual and auditory warning should be given,
The internal lighting within the lift car should be
before the lift doors open and close.
uniformly distributed at approx. 150 lux at floor
level. The internal walls of the lift car should be
10.2.2.7.3 Lift Car Design covered with a non-reflective matt material. Light
Single door lifts should provide sufficient internal coloured walls provide contrast with a darker floor
cabin space to accommodate a turning circle of shade. The floor should have frictional qualities
1800mm x 1800mm. In lifts where a front-on similar to or higher than the floor of the landing. A
alternative exit door is present, an internal turning handrail should be situated at a height of 900mm
circle of 1800mm x 1800mm is not necessary. In above the floor level, and along both the side and
this situation, a minimum clear space of 1200mm back walls.
in width and 1700mm in depth within the lift car is
In lifts with one door, a mirror at the rear of the lift
required.
cabin is required to assist wheelchair users to
In smaller buildings it may not be possible to reverse out of the lift. To avoid causing confusion
provide a lift with the above internal dimensions. to people with a visual impairment, this mirror
In such situations, a Class 3 lift, 1400mm in width x should not extend the full height of the cabin but
2000mm in depth, is recommended in order to should start at 900mm above floor level and
comfortably accommodate a wheelchair user and continue to the top of the lift car.
other person.
10.2.2.7.5 Lift Emergency Service Notification
Where a lift car is not square, it is always
Passenger lifts should be fitted with emergency
preferable that the lift car be deeper rather than
instructions in visual and tactile format at a height
wider, to facilitate the entrance and exit of
between 900–1100mm. A push-button control
mobility scooters.
with tactile indicator should activate an
See Figure 12 on page 51 emergency communication system situated
within the lift car. A visual and auditory response
indicator should also be fitted. The function of this
10.2.2.7.4 Lift Controls and Fixtures and Fittings response indicator is to confirm receipt of an
In the lift, the control pad should be situated at a emergency call, to detail the expected response
height of between 900–1100mm and located action and time, and to allow on-going
750mm from the door opening. Control pad communication. The communication system
buttons should be well spread, and accessible to should incorporate an induction coupler for the
wheelchair users by parallel approach. Lift control benefit of people who use hearing aids.
buttons should not be flush with the surrounding
panel. Control buttons should contrast in 10.2.2.7.6 Refuge Areas in Apartment Buildings
tone/colour with their background. It is helpful for
As many people with a disability cannot use stairs
people with vision impairment if buttons light up
unassisted it is necessary to ensure that people
when pushed. Braille as well as tactile
can remain in a place of relative safety until help
letters/numbers should be provided beside each
arrives. One solution is to provide a refuge space
of the control buttons, to enable people with
or area of rescue assistance. The refuge space or
impaired vision to identify them. Tactile indicators
spaces should be provided within a designated
should contrast with the background design of
fire protected area and on any above or below
the lift car.
126 10. Housing

ground floor level where there is not level access purpose vehicle is to be accommodated. The car
to an external place of safety. The refuge area parking space should be on level and firm ground
should contain a two-way communication system and preferably have covered access to the main
linked with a management control point, clear house entry.
instructions on procedures to be followed, and
Where car parking is required for a high top
evacuation equipment.
adapted vehicle or a vehicle with a roof-top box
For more information please see used for storing a wheelchair, a clear height of
Section 8 on page 107 2600mm is required.
For more information on accessible car parking

10.2.3 Houses see also Section 4.1 on page 21
10.2.3.1 Approach to the House

At least one point of access at the boundary of the 10.2.3.3 Main Entrance
house site should have a minimum clear opening There should be level entry to the house. The main
width of 1000mm. house entrance should have an inward opening
door with a clear width of 900mm and with an
The approach to the main house entrance from
unobstructed space of at least 500mm on the side
the site boundary and from the car parking space
next to the leading edge of the door. The entrance
should have a clear unobstructed minimum width
should be protected by the provision of a canopy
of 1200mm and have a firm surface, suitable for
or recess. The recessed area or area enclosed by
wheelchair users, which minimises the risk of
the canopy should be a minimum size of 1800mm
slipping.
x 1800mm, extending beyond the door on the
Both the approach from the exterior pathway to lock side by 550mm, with a maximum height of
the site boundary access point and the approach 2300mm.
to the house entrance from the plot boundary
Lighting should be provided to/from the entrance
should be level or have a slope of not more than
and along the route to/from the car parking space.
1:50. Where the plot gradient does not allow a
Passive Infra-Red (PIR) sensor and internal
level approach, both stepped and ramped access
switching is recommended.
must be provided. A ramp should be gently
sloping with a gradient not exceeding 1:20. Ideally, there should be no thresholds at any
doors. This may require innovative design. A place
A stepped approach should be suitable for use by
to put packages while opening the main entrance
ambulant disabled persons.
door is useful. This could be provided by the use of
For further information on external ramps a built-in shelf, bench or table with knee space
and steps see Section 4.3 on page 30 and below, located preferably on the leading edge
Section 4.4 on page 31 side of the door.
An additional level access entrance/exit should

10.2.3.2 Car Parking be provided at the rear of a ground level house –
A car parking space should be provided adjacent consideration should also be given here to a
to or within the boundaries of the house, and patio entrance/exit door within the ground level
should be 3600mm in width and 6000mm in accessible bedroom. Where the house is located
length. This size will allow a 1200mm ‘Access Zone’ above ground level the access to an
to the rear and to one side of the vehicle. The car outside/external location can be achieved with
parking space will need to be larger if a multi- the provision of balcony space.
10. Housing 127

10.2.3.3.1 Door Fixtures 10.2.3.3.3 Smart Homes and Environmental
The house number/name should be large, in Controls
strong contrast with the background, and located Environmental controls can enable a person to live
in a prominent place for ease of identification. more independently and safely by using technology
to manage and control activities and equipment
The entry and locking system on the main door
within the home environment. Technology can be
should be usable with minimum strength and
wired into living spaces and used to control and
dexterity. Lever-type handles are recommended
manage such activities as: opening and closing
and should be placed at a height of 900–1000mm
doors/windows/curtains, and turning on and
from the floor level.
controlling TV, radio, music systems, heating, etc.
Where the main entrance door has a letter box for
In the design of a new wheelchair accessible house
delivering letters, the letter box should be situated
it is advisable to install any necessary wiring to allow
between 700–1200mm from the floor level. The
for present or future use of such home technologies.
door design should be such that if a letter catch
While these technologies can be retrofitted into a
basket is used on the rear of the door, it should
house it is preferable to forward plan for such
not affect the clear door opening width of
eventualities when a new house is being designed.
900mm.
For full information on the range of SMART home
10.2.3.3.2 Door Entry System technology, a consultation with an expert in the
The doorbell or intercom system, if connected to a area is recommended. Such expertise can be
security release door opener, should have a visual accessed in consultation with an occupational
and audible signal at the entrance to indicate that therapist or other accessible design advisory service.
the door has opened. In addition, the doorbell
10.2.3.4 Interior Circulation and Design of
should have a visual indicator inside each area of
Houses and Apartments
the house. The various provisions for visitors to
An open-plan interior design that minimises hall
communicate with residents, such as a lighted
and doorways while maximising sight lines is
doorbell, an intercom with portable telephone link,
recommended. Corridors, passageways and doors
and/or a hardwired intercom should all be situated
to habitable rooms, on every level, should be
at a height between 900–1000mm. A view of
sufficiently wide and free of any stepped changes
callers for all people, including children and people
so as to allow for convenient circulation by all.
in a seated position, can be achieved with the use
Consideration should be given to the provision of
of wide angle viewers, TV monitors, windows in
storage space for additional equipment such as
doors, and/or windows placed nearby. Where wide
exercise equipment, an additional wheelchair, a
angle viewers are provided in the entrance door,
powered wheelchair charging location, etc. One
these should be situated at 1050mm and 1500mm
large storage area capable of being accessed by a
above floor level to enable viewing by persons in a
wheelchair user is preferable to several smaller areas.
seated or standing position.
A space of 1100mmx1700mm in length, outside of
Automated or power-assisted doors are
any access route and supplied with power sockets,
recommended. A push and go power assist door
is required for a wheelchair charging location. This
will swing fully open from a closed position when
space should be fire-protected and could be
the user begins opening it, taking at least three
incorporated into the hallway or provided
seconds to open and remaining open for a
elsewhere within the house.
minimum of five seconds. Automated doors are
operated by a variety of means including a coded See Figure 33 on page 131
key pad, a push pad and proximity card or fob.
128 10. Housing

An 1800mm clear turning circle is required in the should be sought beforehand, as the installation
hallway. The minimum acceptable hall width is of these controls may have design implications.
1200mm with an 1800mm turning circle at both
the main entrance door, and at the far end of a 10.2.3.7 Living Room Design
long hallway. Circulation space within each room should be
large enough to accommodate access to all
Where two doors are positioned on adjacent walls
facilities in that room when furnished. At least two
in an internal corner situation, the combined length
turning circles of 1800mm diameter should be
of the two nibs between doors should be at least
provided in all living areas. These turning circles
800mm to allow for turning from room to room.
should not be overlapping. There should be a
10.2.3.5 Internal Doors clear access route at least 900mm wide from the
door to the windows.
The doors to all rooms should have a minimum
clear opening width of 900mm, and an There should be space provision for a work station
unobstructed space of 500mm on the side next within the living areas, placed at a height of
to the leading edge of a single leaf door. All door 760mm from the floor level, with a clear knee
handles should be easily gripped, and visually space underneath of 700mm in height and
contrast with door surfaces. Lever-type door 800mm in width. There should be electrical points
handles that are easy to use, requiring little serving this area.
strength and flexibility, are recommended.
Plug sockets should be located between 400–
Doors should open into a room and against the
1000mm above floor level. Plug sockets that are in
internal wall.
frequent use and large rocker-type light switches
Consideration should be given to the use of should be situated between 750–1000mm. Easy
electronically operated or internal swing doors visual identification of switches, power points and
which can be useful to persons who have limited heating or other controls should be achieved by
manual dexterity. having a visual contrast with the background and
surroundings.
The use of pull handles and kick plates could be
considered, depending on individual need and See Figure 33 on page 131
preference.
For more information please see

Section 5.1.2.3 and 5.1.2.4 page 38
10.2.3.6 Windows
Window glazing should begin at 800mm from
floor level and should have lever-type low level
catches and handles that are easy to operate with
one hand and with limited strength. Window
catches or handles should be situated at or below
1000mm from floor level.
No transoms should be placed between

850−1200mm to allow a clear view through the
window. Environmental control devices to operate
windows, curtains, blinds and doors may be useful
for some individuals. Relevant professional advice
10. Housing 129

10.2.3.8 Kitchens drop-down door or the pull-out oven board is at
Kitchens should have a minimum unobstructed 760mm in height. There should be a worktop area
floor space of 1800mm x 1800mm between facing adjacent to the oven.
units and between any units and an opposing The oven door can be side-hung or drop-down
wall. All appliances, work surfaces and electrical type. Where a side-hung door is used, a pull-out
sockets should be easily accessible to the board of a minimum 250mm in depth should be
wheelchair user. A split level oven and hob is provided directly beneath the oven. This pull-out
recommended. A knee clearance space of 700mm board should be strong enough to support a
in height and 800mm in width, under the sink, heavy cooking vessel. The side-hung door must
hob and preparation areas allows easy access from open away from the approach route.
a seated position. The sink and hob should be
insulated on the underside to avoid the possibility 10.2.3.8.2 Storage Presses
of a burn injury. The depth of the shelves in storage presses should
A 600mm work top depth is recommended. The not be more than 250mm. Any shelving above the
worktop height should be 760mm from floor level. worktop should be no higher than 1150mm from
A height-adjustable worktop area incorporating floor level. Pull-out and drop-down wire baskets
the sink, hob and preparation area can also or preferably drop-down shelving units serve a
accommodate different users over the life time of wide range of users. Consideration should be
the house. given to the use of deep drawers for storage and
carousels, to access goods stored in corner
See Figure 34 page 132 presses.
Additional storage can be achieved with the use

Note: When the individual housing occupant is
of portable trolleys on wheels that are stored
known, his/her needs must be incorporated into
beneath open work top surfaces and they can be
the kitchen plans from the outset. An inclusive
moved around as required.
design process is generally achieved by direct
consultation with the occupant with a disability,
10.2.3.8.3 Kitchen Appliances
the architect, and an access consultant, eg an
Occupational Therapist (OT). Dishwashers and washing machines should be
installed on a plinth with their base set at 200mm
10.2.3.8.1 Cooker from floor level.
The controls of the cooker and hob should be Refrigerators and freezers of ‘over and under type’
positioned to the front of the appliance and are difficult to access for wheelchair users.
should not require over reaching across burners to Separate refrigerator and freezer units should be
operate. The controls should be no higher than fitted on a 200mm high plinth. The doors of the
1050mm and no lower than 700mm. The hob refrigerators and freezers must open away from
should be situated preferably within the worktop the approach route.
at a height of 760mm and with an insulated clear
knee space of 700mm beneath. 10.2.3.8.4 Location of Electrical Sockets and
Switches
A ceramic hob is preferable as heavy pots can be
moved by sliding them across the hob. The All switches and sockets, including those for
hob/cooker top should have an adjacent work appliances, (ie cooker hoods, kettles), should be
surface of at least 400mm wide. accessible for a wheelchair user, and placed
between 900–1000mm from the floor level. Where
The oven should be located so that the level of the
130 10. Housing

12
6
1300mm
7
800mm
Ø2300mm
Ø1800mm
Ø1800mm
3 4
8
11
10 5
2 Ø1800mm
1 Hall 7 Living room

2 Storage 8 Kitchen
3 Toilet and shower 9 Bedroom 2
4 Hot press 10 750mm: distance of front of WC bowl from back wall
5 Guest toilet 11 600mm: Worktop depth with 700mm clearance beneath
6 Bedroom 1 12 Work station
Figure 33 – Floor plan for a typical wheelchair accessible dwelling
10. Housing 131

132
10. Housing
Introduction
2
700mm
3
700mm
Figure 34 – Kitchen
200mm
Ø1800mm
1 Carousel corner unit

2 Pull-down shelving
3 Pull-out shelf
a clear space is provided under the worktop, and situatied adjacent ot the bed head at a
switches and sockets should be on the wall at the height of 900mm. The controls should contrast
back of the worktop at 1000mm from floor level with the background colour.
and positioned 500mm from any corner. Where
Storage closets should have an 800mm x 1300mm
there is no clear space under the worktop,
clear floor area in front of them. Use pull handles
switches should be positioned on a return wall at
(not knobs) on drawers and cabinet doors. Sliding-
the end of the worktop, at 100mm above and
type doors are recommended for the wardrobes,
150mm back from the front edge of the worktop.
as they save space within a room. Power-operated
or pull-down clothing carousels are also
10.2.3.8.5 Kitchen Sinks recommended.
Sinks should be fitted with a swivel neck mixer tap
that can be used by one hand. Sinks should have 10.2.3.10 Bathrooms
700mm in height for knee clearance, should not There should be a wheelchair accessible toilet and
be more than 150mm deep, and should have heat shower room on the level used by the wheelchair
protection on the underside. user, and preferably en suite to their bedroom. The
provision of a second bathroom or WC for other
Note: Windows positioned above worktops should
family members, visitors or personal assistants
be fitted with remote control window openers.
may require consideration.
10.2.3.9 Bedroom Design See Figure 35 and Figure 36 on pages 134 and 135
The bedroom design should incorporate an en-

The ceiling in the bathroom should be sufficiently
suite bathroom. The bedroom size should be large
strong to hold a ceiling hoist if presently required,
enough to accommodate parking spaces for any
or to allow for future installation. The walls in the
equipment used eg wheelchairs, shower chairs,
bathroom should be capable of holding
hoist, walkers, etc. There should be an 1800mm
adaptations, such as grab rails and shower seats.
diameter clear manoeuvring space within the
Where walls are not solid the wall reinforcements
bedroom clear of the door swing, a 900mm clear
for grab rails should be located between 300–
access zone around the bed, and a clear access
1500mm from the floor level. Flooring material in
route at least 900mm wide from the door to the
the bathroom should be non-slip with R 11 (DIN)
window.
anti-slip rating.
If a manual hoist is to be used within the
Note: When the individual housing occupant is
bedroom, then the turning circle on one side of
known, his/her needs must be incorporated into
the bed, most likely the bathroom side, will need
the bathroom plans from the outset. An inclusive
to be 2300mm.
design process is generally achieved by direct
The ceiling of the bed room should be sufficiently consultation with the occupant with a disability,
strong to hold a ceiling hoist, if presently required, the architect, and an access consultant, eg
or to allow for future installation. Occupational Therapist (OT).
10.2.3.9.1 Fixtures and Fittings 10.2.3.10.1 Room Size

Extra electrical points may need to be provided The size of toilet/shower room should be a
close to the bed for charging a battery-powered minimum of 2500mm x 2500mm. If a bath is
wheelchair. In addition, light, heating, provided, the room size should be 2700mm x
ventilation, TV, internet, phone, door entry, 3000mm. These dimensions will allow for an
curtain and all other controls, could be grouped 1800mm turning circle.
10. Housing 133

500mm
1200-2200mm
900mm
800mm
700mm
700mm
460-480mm
480mm
650mm
2500mm
1500mm
200mm 600mm 470mm 500mm
320mm 750mm
600mm
150mm
2500mm
900mm
Figure 35 – Accessible shower room with toilet for independent use
134 Introduction
10. Housing
1800mm
250mm
600mm
400mm
250mm
480mm 100mm
150mm
400mm
2700mm
470mm
900mm
320mm
500mm
750mm 250mm
3000mm
Figure 36 – Accessible bathroom with toilet for independent use
10. Housing 135

If the person uses an assistant-operated mobile 10.2.3.10.3 Bath Provision
hoist for transfers, then the bath/shower room size When a bath is the preferred option, the height of
should be 2700mm x 3000mm, which will allow the bath tub should be 480mm. The bathtub
for a 2300mm turning circle. This size will also should maintain a lip on the side adjacent to the
accommodate the use of a shower trolley. wall to facilitate the use of a bath seat. A 400mm
ledge at the end of the bath should also be
10.2.3.10.2 Shower Area
maintained. The taps used on the bath should be
The shower area should have minimum floor area lever-type and easy to operate for people with
dimensions of 1500mm x 1500mm. The slope of limited dexterity and strength. In order to facilitate
the floor in the shower recess should have a the use of a hoist, a space allowance of 150mm
gradient of between 1:50−1:60. The outside area under the bath tub is required.
of the shower floor should have a gradient of
between 1:70–1:80, draining into the shower 10.2.3.10.4 WC Provision
recess. Transition into the shower recess should be The centreline of the toilet bowl should be
level without a step down, a raised step or kerb at 500mm from the adjacent side wall and finish at
the entry to the recess. The waste outlet should be between 460mm to 480mm height from the
located in the corner. floor level. The height should be suited to the
The shower head should be detachable and individual user and will require discussion. The
adjustable within the height range of 1200– front of the toilet bowl should be 750mm from
2200mm above the floor level. A 1500mm long the back wall.
flexible hose is required for the shower head. A clear space of 900mm is required on the
Lever controls for temperature and flow should be transfer side of the toilet bowl to accommodate
placed at 900mm from the floor. space for the wheelchair to be positioned. The
Consideration should be given to the use of a flip- decision as to whether this transfer space will be
up seat (with legs), located on the shower wall, or to the right or the left will require discussion as
the use of a self-propelling shower chair, individual users may have a preference.
depending on individual preference. A spatula-shaped flush handle should be placed
If a flip-up seat is to be used, it should be located on the transfer side of the toilet bowl. A toilet
on the wall adjoining the wall with the shower paper dispenser should be within easy reach
controls. The width of this seat should be 500mm, while sitting on the toilet seat.
finishing at a height of 480mm from the floor The need for grab rails may be specific to the
level. The centreline of the seat should be 500mm individual and will require individual
from the corner, and the front edge of the seat consultation with the existing or intended
should be 650mm from the back wall. resident. There may not be the need for the
A drop-down grab rail should be placed at 320mm usual grab rails that are commonly seen in
from the centreline of the seat, at a height of public WCs.
700mm from the floor on the open side of the Individual consultation with the occupant and
seat. On the side wall, where the shower controls their advising access consultant is advised
are located, a 600mm long horizontal grab rail regarding the type and location of any grab rails.
should be located, starting at 200mm from the
Note: It is not correct to use the ‘DOC M Kit’
corner and at a height of 700mm. A second
within the home environment. This kit, which
600mm long vertical grab rail should be placed at
contains a high toilet bowl, finger rinse basin
800mm from the corner with its lower end fixed at
and grab rails, is used by many building
800mm in height from floor level.
professionals while fitting public WCs.
136 Introduction
10. Housing
10.2.3.10.5 Wash-Hand Basin and entrances should provide 900mm clear
The wash basin should be fixed to the wall with no opening width with 500mm (min 300mm) clear
pedestal underneath. The rim of the wash basin space to the leading edge side, and be easily
should be 800mm from floor level. The wash basin operated with limited strength and dexterity.
should be of the usual domestic type. The wash
basin does not need to be located in close
proximity to the WC bowl. The wash-hand basin
10.3 Lifetime Adaptable Housing
should be situated on the wall adjacent to the
10.3.1 Background
door opening or adjacent to the level-floor
shower, so long as it does not block access to the The concept of Lifetime Adaptable Housing
shower or WC transfer areas. The tap/s should be design is about making the home environment
lever type and easily operated with minimum more suited to the needs of a wide range of
dexterity and strength. people. It is also about making the home more
readily adaptable to the changing needs of its
A bathroom mirror should start at a height of residents over the lifetime of the house. When a
600mm and finish at 1800mm above floor level. house is designed with level access, wide hallways,
good door widths, a generously sized main
10.2.3.11 Vertical Circulation Within a House bathroom and expandable space adjacent to the
Handrails should be provided on both sides of the ground floor WC, then the house will be able to
stairs at a height of 900mm from the pitch line. A accommodate many of the accessibility
minimum 900mm clear distance should be requirements that occur as people age and
maintained between the stair wall and the edge of acquire some level of mobility impairment.
the opposite handrail, to allow for the
A Lifetime Adaptable House can safely and easily
present/future installation of a stair lift.
accommodate or potentially accommodate the
In a two-storey house, the design should also give space, access and bathroom requirements of a
consideration to the provision of a stair lift or variety of people including young children,
through-floor lift as an alternative to ground floor people with short-term limited mobility, elderly
bed/bathroom accommodation. The through- people with age-related limited mobility, and
floor lift would go from ground floor to a bedroom some people with a minimal long-term limited
on the first floor, with an adjacent ensuite mobility.
bathroom.
Lifetime adaptable houses are designed and
10.2.3.12 Outdoor Spaces constructed so that all people, including some,
but not all wheelchair users, can:
There should be level access provided to and from
all outdoor spaces including balconies, gardens • Safely and conveniently approach a house
and refuse collection points. A balcony should • Gain access to and use the rooms provided
incorporate a 1800mm x 1800mm turning space at entry level
that is clear of any door swing. Door swing ought
• Safely use the WC provided at entry level
not to obstruct the general approach to entry/exit
points. Turning spaces of 1800mm x 1800mm • Safely use the main bathroom
should be located at internal and external entry • Whether provided at entry level or on a
points and at the endings of any pathways. A patio storey above entry level, have adaptations
area 2m deep and not less than 8m2 will suffice as done to increase access and space at
a seating area. Pathways should be minimum minimum cost and with minimum
1200mm in width with protected edges. All gates disruption.
10. Housing 137

Significant home adaptation and extension will approach and level threshold access eliminates
only be required in a minority of situations. The the need for any ramp provision.
design and layout of a Lifetime Adaptable home
Where the plot gradient does not allow a level
will be capable of accommodating the changing
approach, both stepped and ramped access must
space and access requirements of a majority of
be provided. A ramp gradient should be gently
people over their lifetimes.
sloping with a gradient not exceeding 1:20. A
The design guidelines given here have been stepped approach should be suitable for use by
informed by other guidance documents, ambulant disabled persons.
particularly the Lifetime Homes Standards of the
Joseph Rowntree Foundation, the UK Housing For information on external ramps and steps
Standards Review and the BS: 9266:2013 ‘Design of for detail see Section 4.3 on page 30 and
Section 4.4 on page 31
Accessible and Adaptable General Needs Housing –
Code of Practice’. However given the increased
prevalence of apartment living, where space is not All entrances should provide a minimum clear
expandable, IWA has expanded somewhat on the entrance width of 900mm. There should be an
Joseph Rowntree Standards, particularly regarding unobstructed space of 300mm to the side of the
bathroom provision. leading edge of the door. The entrance should be
illuminated, covered, and have level access across
To provide the full diversity of space and access
the threshold.
requirements, as required by people with varying
levels of limited mobility, IWA recommends that 4%
3 Communal Approach Routes, Car Parking,
of all houses should be built to be fully wheelchair
Entrances and Circulation within Apartment
accessible, while the remaining 96% of new houses
Buildings
should be designed and constructed so that they
follow and apply Lifetime Adaptable design criteria. All approach routes to apartment buildings,
communal car parking, entrances to apartment
10.3.2 Lifetime Adaptable Housing Criteria buildings, internal doors, and circulation within
apartment buildings should comply with the
Lifetime Adaptable Housing design as
guidance set out in Section 10.2.2.1 of this book.
recommended by IWA will incorporate the
following 14 design criteria: 4 Communal Lifts and Stairs within Apartment
Buildings
1 Car Parking Where homes are above ground level, lift access in
Where there is car parking adjacent to the home, it addition to communal stairs should be provided.
should be capable of enlargement to attain The stairs and lift should provide safe and easy
3600mm x 6000mm. This size will allow a 1200mm access to all homes above ground level. All lifts
access zone to the rear and to one side of vehicle. should be fire-protected and capable of being
The distance from the car parking space to the used for evacuation purposes.
home should be kept to a minimum, and it should
be level or gently sloping, and preferably covered. For further information see Section 10.2.2.6 on
page 124 and Section 10.2.2.7 on page 125
2 Approach and Entrance
The approach to the main house entrance should 5 Internal Hallways

be level or gently sloping, with a slope of not Inside the house, the minimum hall/corridor width
more than 1:50 gradient. The provision of a level should be 1200mm with clear door widths of
138 10. Housing

850mm where the door is approached head on, or 1500mm x 2000mm with an outward opening door.
900mm clear door width when the door is The WC room should be adjacent to the required
approached side on. There should be 300mm clear space to expand the room to a full shower room size
space on the leading edge side of any door. of 2500mm x 2500mm size. This space could serve
as valuable storage until required.
6 Interior Design
Open plan type interior design layouts provide 11 WC and Bathroom Wall Reinforcement
easy circulation and are easy to modify. The living, Where walls are not solid, wall reinforcements
kitchen, bathroom and bedroom layout should all should be placed in both the ground floor WC and
be sufficiently large to accommodate a minimum main bathroom, between 300mm and 1500mm
of one 1500mm turning circle. The bedroom from the floor, giving an option to place grab rails
design should preferably allow for a direct access at desired heights in the future.
route for the future use of a ceiling hoist from the
bedroom to any en-suite bathroom. Where all 12 Vertical Circulation
bedrooms are situated above ground floor level A minimum clear distance of 900mm between the
there should be an identifiable bed space on the stair wall and the edge of the opposite handrail
ground floor. In houses of two or more storeys, the should be maintained to allow for the future
living room should be on the entrance level. installation of a stair lift.
7 Windows The house design should also make provision for

Livingroom window glazing should begin at the future installation of a through-floor lift from
800mm or lower, and the windows should be easy the ground floor to an en-suite bedroom on the
to open and operate. The controls for opening the first floor.
windows should be located at or below 1000mm 13 Main Bathroom
from ground level. The main bathroom should be en suite or
adjacent to the main bedroom, with possibly a
8 Door Ironmongery second entrance door from the hallway if ensuite.
Door handles and fittings should be lever-type, The en suite door to the bathroom should be in
easily used and manipulated by all, including line with the positioning of the bed to allow for
someone with restricted hand movement and/or the possible future use of a tracking hoist.
limited strength. The bathroom size should be a minimum of
2500mm x 2500mm and designed to incorporate
9 Switches and Plug Sockets ease of access to the bath/shower, WC and wash-
All plug sockets should be located at a minimum hand basin. The bathroom should be plumbed for
of 400mm above floor level. All frequently used both shower and bath.
plug sockets, switches, fuse boxes and other
electrical controls should be placed at a height 14 External Access to Bins and Drying Facilities
between 750–1000mm from the floor level, and a External access to bins and drying facilities should
minimum of 500mm from internal corners. be accessible through a level threshold doorway
that is not obstructed by door swing and with a
minimum 1500mmx1500mm turning space at the
10 Ground Floor WC
end of any pathway.
There should be a drainage provision in place in the
ground floor toilet room for the future installation of
a shower. The entry level WC room should be
10. Housing 139

Quick Summary of: 10. Housing
IWA Housing Support Services

4 IWA is a Voluntary Housing Association with 60 4 Staff in local IWA centres will support people with
housing units across the country. social housing applications.
4 IWA housing tenancies can be short 4 IWA is a member of Housing Advisory groups
term/transitional or long term. including: Disability Federation of Ireland (DFI);
Irish Council for Social Housing (ICSH); and the
4 Operation Sign-Up sets out a ten-step guide to
Department of the Environment, Community and
applying for social housing. For further information
Local Government.
visit: www.iwa.ie/house.
Wheelchair Accessible Housing

4 When the person who will live in the house is 4 Provide sufficient accessible storage for mobility
known, the best design will be worked out between aids, including a charging point for powerchairs.
the person, the architect and the access advisor
4 Consider including SMART technologies or wiring
(often an Occupational Therapist).
for their future installation.
4 Design for both the present and future needs.
4 The parking, approach routes, entrances, internal
4 Provide 500mm clear space to the leading edge side doors, lifts and circulation routes in apartment
of any door. buildings should all be designed to be accessible to
wheelchair users.
4 Ensure clear door widths of 900mm.
4 Provide 1800mm turning space at both ends of any
hallway. Minimum hall width is 1200mm.
4 Minimum shower room size is 2500 x 2500mm.
Lifetime Adaptable Housing

4 Lifetime Adaptable Housing is designed to suit 4 IWA sets out 14 design criteria for Lifetime
many needs. Adaptable Housing.
4 The interior is designed so it can be altered as access 4 It is potentially suitable for some but not all
requirements change. wheelchair users.
140 Introduction
10. Housing
Additional Information
For further information or enquiries please

contact the IWA Access Team
Tel: 01 818 6400
www.iwa.ie
141
142
11 List of Contributors
Editorial Team
Chris Hoey Director, Community Supports Directorate (Chairperson)
Bridget Boyle Service Coordinator, Cavan
Dolores Murphy Housing Support Officer, Clontarf, Dublin
Vijoy Chakraborty Senior Occupational Therapist, Clontarf, Dublin
Contributors
Carol Marnell IWA Access Group Member
Gerry Sharvin IWA Access Group Member
John Graham Customer Care & Information Services, Clontarf, Dublin
Liam O’Rourke Finance Manager, Cuisle and National Fundraising Coordinator
Mairéad Farquharson Customer Care Manager, Clontarf, Dublin
Mark Barry Sports Development Officer, Clontarf, Dublin
Martin Kelly Training, Management and Staff Development, Clontarf, Dublin
Mary McGrenra Service Coordinator, Donegal
Nicky Hamill Director of Sports, Clontarf, Dublin
Nicky O’Brien Service Coordinator, Arklow
Ursula Jermyn Service Coordinator, Cork
Joanna Marsden Editor, SpokeOut/Editorial Adviser
Colette Molloy Editorial Support
Anita Matthews Public Relations and Media Support
Design
Garreth Greene Senior Graphic and Web Designer
Donny Keane Finished Artwork
In the preparing of this document IWA acknowledges the input of IWA members and staff in 40 of our
Resource and Outreach Centres across the country, including members of the IWA Youth Service. We thank
everyone involved for taking the time to share their experiences and opinions.
IWA also acknowledges the work of the following, who contributed to this and previous editions of
IWA’s Best Practice Access Guidelines.
Oliver Murphy Founding Member of IWA IWA ICT Team

Ronnie Conlon (RIP) André Negri
Hugh Farrell Noel Clarke
Joe Sargent Betty Lawler
Daragh Kennedy Zoe Egner
Linda Collins Claire Crehan Dowdall
Bronagh Lee Anne Lowry
Michelle Abbott Rita Doyle
John O’Grady Sinéad Foskin
11. List of Contributors 143

12 References and Further Information
Building for Everyone – A Universal Design Approach Safe Evacuation for All (2011), National Disability
(2012), National Disability Authority. Authority.
Review of the Effectiveness of Part M of the Building Designing for Accessibility (2004), The Centre for
Regulations (2005), National Disability Authority. Accessible Environments and RIBA Enterprises.
Building Regulations, Technical Guidance International Best Practices in Universal Design –

Documents Part M – Access and Use (2010), A Global Review (Revised Aug 2007), Canadian
Department of the Environment, Community and Human Rights Commission.
Local Government.
Design of Buildings and their Approaches (2010),
Proposed Amendments to Technical Guidance British Standards 8300:2001 and
Document, Part M, to give Universal Access to the BS 8300:2009+A1:2010.
Built Environment (August 2006), Irish Wheelchair
Association. Good Loo Design (2004), The Centre for Accessible
Environments.
Approved Document M: Access to and Use of
Buildings (2013), HM Government. Removing Barriers to Health Care – A Guide for
Health Professionals (2007), The Center for
Step-by-Step Guide to New Building Regulations and Universal Design and the North Carolina Office on
to Lifetime Homes (1999), Joseph Rowntree Disability and Health.
Foundation.
Architectural Heritage Protection, Guidelines for
Towards an Access Standard for Housing Within the Planning Authorities (2011), Department of the
Building Code of Australia (March 2003), Australian Arts, Heritage and the Gaeltacht.
Accessible/Adaptable Housing National Network.
Access: Improving the Accessibility of Historic
Best Practice, Wheelchair Accessible Housing Buildings and Places (2011), Department of the
(Sept 2007), Greater London Authority. Arts, Heritage and the Gaeltacht with the support
of the National Disability Authority.
Housing Design Guidelines for Occupational
Therapists (2007), Association of Occupational ‘Disability Access Provisions for Historic Buildings’,
Therapists Ireland. article by Robin Kent reproduced from The
Building Conservation Directory (1998).
Wheelchair Homes Design Guidelines
(Revised 2011), South East London Housing Disability Rights Section – Code of Practice, US
Partnership. Department of Justice, Civil Rights Division,
Disability Rights Section.
Building Regulations Technical Guidance Document,
Part B – Fire Safety (2006), Department of the Changing Places (Revised June 2013), Changing
Environment, Community and Local Government. Places Consortium.
144 12. References and Further Information

Accessible Stadia – Sports Ground and Stadia Guide Accessibility Guidelines for Playgrounds (2010),
No.1 (2003), The Football Stadia Improvement United States Access Board.
Fund and the Football Licensing Authority.
Guide to the Design of Accessible Angling Stands
The Green Guide – The Guide to Safety at Sports (July 2011), Inland Fisheries Ireland.
Grounds (1973–2008), written by The Football
Licensing Authority and published by the UK Sign Design Guide, A Guide to Inclusive Signage
Department of Culture, Media and Sport. (March 2004), JMU Access Partnership, published
jointly by Sign Design Guide (SDS) and the Royal
Irish National IT Accessibility Guidelines, National National Institute of Blind People (RNIB).
Disability Authority, Centre for Exellence and
Design. Shared Space, Shared Surfaces and Home Zones
from a Universal Design Approach for the Urban
Access Handbook Template, a tool to help manage Environment in Ireland (2012), TrinityHaus, Trinity
accessibility of the Built Environment (Sept 2005), College Dublin, contracted by the National
National Disability Authority. Disability Authority.
Road and Street Design for All (2009), Kildare Housing Standards Review, (March 2014), UK
County Council. Department for Communities and Local
Government.
Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) Accessibility
Guidelines for Buildings and Facilities; Architectural Design of Accessible and Adaptable General Needs
Barriers Act (ABA) Accessibility Guidelines (Revised Housing, Code of Practice (July 2013), British
Act 2002), Architectural and Transportation Standards BS 9266:2013.
Barriers Compliance Board.
Wheelchair Housing Design Guide (2006), Habinteg
Building Construction – Accessibility and Usability of Housing Association.
the Built Environment, (ISO/TC 59/SC 16N) (March
2011) International Organisation for Universal Design Guidelines for Homes in Ireland
Standardisation. (2013), Centre for Excellence in Universal Design,
National Disabiltiy Authority.
Access Sports Facilities (2012), Sport England
Design and Guidance Notes.
NDA Access Officers Conference (2008 Fingal

Experience), Fingal County Council.
Childcare Inclusive Policy and Practice, Childcare

Inclusion Programme (2006-2007), Disability
Equality Specialist Support Agency (DESSA).
12. References and Further Information 145

13 Useful Links
Irish Wheelchair Association, www.iwa.ie
National Disability Authority, www.nda.ie
National Council for the Blind, www.ncbi.ie
Deaf Hear, www.deafhear.ie
IT Accessibility Guidelines,
www.universaldesign.ie/it-accessibleguidelines
Accessible Stadia – Sports Grounds and Stadia Guide,

www.levelplayingfield.org.uk
Access for Disabled People, Sport England Design

Guidance Notes, www.sportengland.org
ADA Accessibility Guidelines for Playgrounds,

www.access-board.gov/play
Disability Equality Specialist Support Agency (DESSA),

www.dessa.ie
Safe Evacuation for All, National Disability Authority,

www.nda.ie/egress
The Central and Regional Fisheries Board,

www.fishingireland.info
Building for Everyone, National Disability Authority,

www.universaldesign.ie/buildingfor everyone
Changing Places Consortium,

www.changing-places.org
146 13. Useful Links

14 List of Figures in the IWA Best Practice Access Guidelines
Figure No: Page

Figure 1: Space requirements.........................................................................................................................................17
Figure 2: Common reach zone.......................................................................................................................................18
Figure 3: Accessible parking showing different size bays....................................................................................22
Figure 4: Accessible parking showing shared access zone..................................................................................23
Figure 5: Accessible parallel parking bay ...................................................................................................................24
Figure 6: Ramp and steps.................................................................................................................................................33
Figure 7: Building entrance (plan view)......................................................................................................................39
Figure 8: Entrance with single vision panel...............................................................................................................40
Figure 9: Entrance with intermediate horizontal section.....................................................................................41
Figure 10: Internal lobbies with doors opening in the same direction .............................................................44
Figure 11: Internal lobbies with doors opening in the opposite direction ......................................................45
Figure 12: Passenger lift......................................................................................................................................................51
Figure 13: Reception desk..................................................................................................................................................55
Figure 14: ATM........................................................................................................................................................................59
Figure 15: Public telephone ..............................................................................................................................................60
Figure 16: Kitchen .................................................................................................................................................................62
Figure 17: Ambulant WC Cubicle ....................................................................................................................................67
Figure 18: Enlarged Ambulant WC Cubicle..................................................................................................................68
Figure 19: Unisex Accessible WC......................................................................................................................................69
Figure 20: Urinals...................................................................................................................................................................70
Figure 21: Changing Places WC .......................................................................................................................................71
Figure 22: Hotel room with toilet and shower for independent use ..................................................................77
Figure 23: Hotel room with toilet and bath for independent use .......................................................................78
Figure 24: Hotel room with toilet and shower for assisted use ............................................................................79
Figure 25: Hotel room with toilet and bath for assisted use..................................................................................80
Figure 26: Wheelchair spaces in spectator facility ....................................................................................................87
Figure 27: Sight lines in stadium facility .......................................................................................................................88
Figure 28: Wheelchair accessible toilet with shower and changing facility ...................................................91
Figure 29: Accessible shower cubicle.............................................................................................................................92
Figure 30: Wheelchair accessible shower bank ..................................................................................................................................................93
Figure 31: Picnic area ...........................................................................................................................................................98
Figure 32: Refuge area ......................................................................................................................................................111
Figure 33: Floor plan for a typical wheelchair accessible dwelling...................................................................131
Figure 34: Kitchen...............................................................................................................................................................132
Figure 35: Accessible shower room with toilet for independent use ..............................................................134
Figure 36: Accessible bathroom with toilet for independent use.....................................................................135
14. List of Figures in the IWA Best Practice Access Guidelines 147
15 Glossary
Access: with a view to providing easy access to people

Ability to approach, enter, use any facilities using wheelchairs, prams and bicycles.
provided, and safely leave a building.
Flight:
Accessible: Ramp or a continuous series of steps between two
Able to be used by people with disability. landings.
Cantilever: Going:
A horizontal structure which is supported only at Horizontal distance between two consecutive
one end. This design allows for overhanging nosings of a step measured on the walk-line, or
surfaces without any supporting structure the horizontal distance between the start and
beneath. Cantilevered tables allow wheelchair finish of a flight of a ramp.
users to get closer to the table easily without any
Handrail:
obstruction caused by structures underneath.
Component of stairs, steps or ramps that provides
Clear opening door width: guidance and support at hand level.
Available width measured at 90º to the plane of
Kissing gates:
the door-way for passage through a door opening,
Half-round, rectangular, trapezial or V-shaped
clear of all obstructions such as door handles, pull
enclosure with a hinged gate trapped between its
handles and weather boards on the face of a
arms. The gate can be pushed to give access to the
hinged door, when a door is opened through 90º
small enclosure, then moved in the opposite
or more, or when a sliding or folding door is
direction to close the first opening and allow exit
opened to its fullest extent. It is NOT the distance
from the enclosure to the other side.
between two sides of the door frame.
Landings:
Cross fall:
Platform or part of a floor structure at the end of a
The gradient across the width of the ramp,
flight or ramp, or to give access to a lift.
perpendicular to the usual direction of travel.
Leading edge of door:
DIN:
The edge of a swing door which is away from the
German standard (DIN 51130: 2004) to test anti-
door hinges and nearer to the door handle/door
slip properties of a floor covering. This is used by
lock side.
many European flooring manufacturers for anti-
slip rating. Lux:
Unit of measurement of the intensity of light. It is
Disability Access Certificate (DAC):
equal to the illumination of a surface one metre
A certificate of compliance issued by the Building
away from a single candle or equal to one lumen
Control section of local authorities with respect to
per square metre.
requirements under Part M of the Building
Regulations. Newton:
Unit of force which is equal to the force that
Dished kerbs:
produces an acceleration of one metre per second
Lowered road side kerbs which bring pedestrian
on a mass of one kilogram.
way down to the same height as carriage way,
148 15. Glossary

Nib wall: Tactile paving:
A short section of a wall jutting out at 90º and Surface/paving material with specific tactile
designed like a pillar that sticks out of a wall. properties which can warn, guide or inform a
person with visual impairment about the
Nosing:
immediate environment.
Projecting front edge of a tread or landing that
may be rounded, chamfered or otherwise shaped. Transoms:
A transverse horizontal beam or bar in a window
Minicom:
frame.
An electronic device for text communication over
a line. This is designed to be used by persons with Tread:
hearing or speech difficulties. This is also known as Horizontal component of a step.
Teletypewriter (TTY) or Textphone.
Unisex:
Pitch line: A facility designed for use by a person of either
The notional line connecting the nosings of all sex, with or without an assistant of either sex.
treads in a flight of stairs.
Platform lift:
Lift with a platform and low walls, which travels
vertically between two levels, and is intended for
use standing up or seated on a chair or a
wheelchair.
Platform stair lift:

Lift with a horizontal platform which
accommodates a wheelchair user and travels from
one level to another along a line parallel with the
pitch line of the stair.
Ramp:
Construction, in the form of an inclined plane 1:20
or steeper from the horizontal, or a series of such
planes and an intermediate landing or
intermediate landings, that makes it possible to
pass from one level to another without
encountering a step.
Rise:
Vertical distance between the upper horizontal
surface of two consecutive treads, or of a landing
and the next tread above or below it, or of a flight
between two consecutive landings.
Riser:
Vertical component of a step between tread or
landing above or below it.
15. Glossary 149

Notes
150 Notes
Notes
Notes 151
Notes
152 Notes
Cover_Layout 1 25/06/2014 10:58 Page 1
Irish Wheelchair Association

Best Practice
Access
Guidelines
Vertical sign post to identify Dished access

accessible parking to footpath
1200mm
Mirror
Hand rail
Best Practice Access Guidelines |
4800mm
1400mm
1000mm
900-1100mm
6000mm
900mm
m
500m
700mm
700mm
Ø180
Carousel corner unit 0mm
200mm
Min
. do
or op
enin
1200mm
Ø1800mm g 90
0m
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1800 mm
mm 1800
1200mm 2400mm 1200mm

4800mm
DESIGNING ACCESSIBLE ENVIRONMENTS
Áras Chúchulainn
Blackheath Drive
Clontarf, Dublin 3
Tel: 01 818 6400
Fax: 01 833 3873
www.iwa.ie
I.W.A. Limited, trading as
Irish Wheelchair Association, is a company limited Access to Independence
Registered Charity No CHY 5393 I.W.A. Limited Company Registration No 352483 by guarantee and not having a share capital.

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1.2 Developing an Access Resource .................................................................................................................................................12

1.5 Using IWA’s Best Practice Access Guidelines .........................................................................................................................14

1.6 IWA’s Best Practice Access Guidelines – Making a Difference ..................................................................................14

1.7 Summary .....................................................................................................................................................................................................15

2 The Design Base of IWA’s Best Practice Access Guidelines ......................................................16

2.1 Principle of Universal Design ........................................................................................................................................................16

2.2 IWA’s Definition of Access in the Built Environment ...................................................................................................16

2.3 Space Requirements ............................................................................................................................................................................16

2.4 Jurisdiction ..................................................................................................................................................................................................16

3 Policy and Legislative Background ........................................................................19

4 The External Environment and Building Approach ..............................................21

4.1.1 Background ......................................................................................................................................................................21

4.1.2 Design Criteria................................................................................................................................................................21

4.1.3 Number of Accessible Car Parking Bays Required .............................................................................25

4.1.4 Location of Car and Multi-Purpose Vehicle Bays .................................................................................25

4.1.5 Controlled Parking Facilities ................................................................................................................................26

4.1.6 Design of Setting-Down and Picking-Up Points..................................................................................26

4.2 Pavements, Crossings and Approach Routes ....................................................................................................................................27

4.2.2 Pavement Widths and Gradients .....................................................................................................................27

4.2.3 Controlled and Uncontrolled Crossings .....................................................................................................29

4.2.4 Shared Space, Shared Surfaces .........................................................................................................................29

4.2.5 Building Approach .....................................................................................................................................................30

4.3 External Ramps ........................................................................................................................................................................................30

4.3.1 Background ......................................................................................................................................................................30

4.3.2 Gradient ..............................................................................................................................................................................30

4.3.3 Widths of Flights and Landings ........................................................................................................................30

4.3.4 Tactile Provisions ..........................................................................................................................................................31

4.3.5 Surface Finish ..................................................................................................................................................................31

4.3.6 Edge Protection.............................................................................................................................................................31

4.3.7 Lighting ..............................................................................................................................................................................31

4.4 External Steps ...........................................................................................................................................................................................31

4.4.1 Background ......................................................................................................................................................................31

4.4.2 External Step and Stair Design ..........................................................................................................................32

4.4.3 Tactile Provisions ..........................................................................................................................................................32

4.4.4 Headroom Provision ..................................................................................................................................................32

4.4.5 Lighting ...............................................................................................................................................................................32

4.5 Handrails to Ramped and Stepped Access Routes ......................................................................................................32

4.5.1 Background ......................................................................................................................................................................32

4.5.2 Location of Handrails ................................................................................................................................................34

4.5.3 Design of Handrails ....................................................................................................................................................34

5 Access to and Circulation Within a Building......................................................................................37

5.1.1 Background ......................................................................................................................................................................37

5.1.2 Door Dimensions and Design ............................................................................................................................37

5.1.4 Powered and Automatic Doors.........................................................................................................................38

5.1.5 Intercom Systems ........................................................................................................................................................42

5.2 Entrance Foyers .......................................................................................................................................................................................42

5.2.1 Background ......................................................................................................................................................................42

5.2.2 Lobby Design ..................................................................................................................................................................42

5.2.3 Internal Doors .................................................................................................................................................................42

5.3 Corridor Design .......................................................................................................................................................................................43

5.3.1 Background ......................................................................................................................................................................43

5.3.2 General Design of Corridors ................................................................................................................................43

5.3.3 Floor Levels .......................................................................................................................................................................43

5.4 Signage and Wayfinding ..................................................................................................................................................................46

5.4.1 Background ......................................................................................................................................................................46