Archigos

A Data Set of Leaders 1875—2004

Case Description File: July 2006

Hein Goemans
Kristian Skrede Gleditsch
Giacomo Chiozza
Archigos is a data base of political leaders.1 For each state considered an independent
state in the Gleditsch and Ward (1999) compilation of independent states, we identify the
effective primary ruler. The data identify the manner by which rulers enter and leave
political power, the post-tenure fate of the ruler, as well as other personal characteristics.
This case description file often contains additional information. No claim of
completeness of such additional information for the whole data set is made, except for
information on potential family relations to previous rulers. Additional documented
information is of course always welcome. The current version of Archigos covers 1875—
2004. For their excellent research assistance, we thank Jinhee Choung, Martin Steinwand,
and users who have pointed out discrepancies, problematic codings or raised questions.

Notes on coding
Many countries have multiple heads of states. In some cases, the formal head of a state
may be a primarily a ceremonial position (as in most present day monarchies in Europe),
where executive power is delegated to another position such as a prime minister. In other
cases, a strongman (or woman) may formally step down but remain the effective leader
of a state.

We have tried to identify the actual effective ruler based on our knowledge of the
particulars of each state. In most cases, identifying effective rulers is relatively clear and
uncontroversial, but in other cases the coding may be more contentions. The case
description file identifies our rationale and reasoning for handling potentially
controversial cases in particular ways.

In general we have followed a couple of simple coding rules. In Parliamentary regimes,

the Prime Minister is coded as the ruler, in Presidential systems, the president. In
communist states we generally code the Chairman of the Party as the effective ruler.
There are, inevitably, exceptions to these broad rules.

Nota bene, we base our universe of cases on the Gleditsch and Ward data set of countries.
When a country is conquered and occupied, but the government is by autochtone leaders,
as in the cases of Denmark 1940-1943, Vichy France, and Estonia 1940, those leaders are
included in our data. This may create some minor compatibility issues with Polity IV
which codes regime transitions in these cases. We recommend changing the exit code to
“removal by foreigners” in such cases.

We employ the CCODE and IDACR variables from the Correlates of War project to
identify countries. The LEADER variable records the leader’s name. In many cases,
different spellings are used. The case description file below often provides those different
spellings and more detail on the leader’s name. The STARTDATE and ENDDATE
variable indicate the beginning and end of one leader-spell. Since leaders may enjoy more
than one spell in office, the same leader may have more than one STARTDATE and
ENDDATE.

The name Archigos is taken from the Greek term for ruler (αρχηγός).

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Archigos codes the manner in which transfers between rulers occur. Our main interest is
whether transfers of power between leaders take place in a regular or irregular fashion.
We code transfers as regular or irregular depending on the political institutions and
selection mechanisms in place. We identify whether leaders are selected into and leave
political office in a manner prescribed by either explicit rules or established conventions.
In a democracy, a leader may come to power through direct election or establishing a
sufficient coalition of representatives in the legislature. Although leaders may not be
elected or selected in particularly competitive processes, many autocracies have similar
implicit or explicit rules for transfers of executive power. Leader changes that occur
through designation by an outgoing leader, hereditary succession in a monarchy, and
appointment by the central committee of a ruling party would all be considered regular
transfers of power from one leader to another in an autocratic regime. Future versions of
Archigos will provide much more finer-grained codings on how leaders entered and
exited office.

Leader transfers have two components, entry and exit into power. The variable ENTRY
identifies the manner with which a leader reaches power. The variable can take the
following values:

0 Leader reached power through regular means

1 Leader reached power through irregular means
2 Leader directly imposed by another state

In order for a leader to qualify as entry = 2, we need direct imposition. It is not sufficient
that another state supports a particular choice of leader or tries to influence leader
selection indirectly. Note also that cases where a previous leader exits in an irregular
fashion but a vice president takes over or an interim leader is appointed by the legislature
as prescribed by rules and procedure the latter will be coded as entry=0. However, in
cases such as Afghanistan 1979, where Prime Minister Amin stages a coup against
President Taraki, and takes over power, we do code this entry as irregular, even though
techinically he was supposed to be next in line. In cases where the perpetrator of the coup
takes over power as a result of the coup, we always code this as an irregular entry,
regardless of the legal position of this person. In future versions of Archigos, we will
provide much finer-grained codings on how leaders entered office. There are 4 cases
where we could not identify how a leader came into power, these are considered missing
and coded -666. These are Fevzi Bej of Albania (1914), Oskars Borkovskis of Latvia
(1919) and Smetona and Mindaugas II of Lithuania (1917 and 1918). Any additional
information on these will be much appreciated.

The variable EXIT indicates the manner with which a leader lost power. It can take on
the following values

-888 Leader still in power

1 Leader lost power through regular means
2 Leader died of natural causes while in power

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 2.1 Leader retired due to ill health
2.2 Leader lost office as a result of suicide
3 Leader lost power through irregular means
4 Leader deposed by another state

Removal from office is coded as Regular when the leader is removed in accordance with
explicit rules or established conventions of his or her particular country. Examples of
Regular removal include voluntary retirement, term limits and defeat in elections.
Removal from office is coded as Irregular when the leader was removed in contravention
of explicit rules and established conventions. Most Irregular removals from office are
done by domestic forces. Irregular removal from office is overwhelmingly the result of
the threat or use of force as exemplified in coups, (popular) revolts and assassinations.

Note that assassinations are coded as removal by irregular means. Assassinations may or
may not have a clear political motivation, and we prefer to make no judgments about the
“real” intention behind assassinations. In some cases, whether a leader dies of natural
causes or is assassinated may be disputed. We identify our judgments in the case
descriptions when potentially controversial. These case descriptions are presented below.

To follow up, our coding of foreign removal includes only cases where a foreign state
invades and directly removes a foreign leader. In particular, cases where someone is seen
as orchestrating a removal of a leader through a coup carried out by domestic forces (for
example, Allende or Mossadeq) are not coded as foreign removal, but exit==3. In future
versions of Archigos, we will provide much finer-grained codings on how leaders left
office, to distinguish, amongst others, the threat or use of force both by domestic and
foreign foces.

There are 4 cases where we could not identify how a leader left power, these are
considered missing and coded -666. These are Fevzi Bej of Albania (1914), Oskars
Borkovskis of Latvia (1919) and Smetona and Mindaugas II of Lithuania (1917 and
1918). Any additional information on these will be much appreciated.

The variable PREVIOUS TIMES IN OFFICE records the number of times a leader has
previously been in office. Some leaders have been in office before Archigos starts
collecting date (1875). These leaders may therefore start with values for this variable
greater than zero.

The variable POST TENURE FATE indicates the fate of the leader in the period up to
one year after the leader lost power. This period is chosen to exclude as much as possible
that the leader's behavior after he or she lost office rather than his or her behavior in
office is responsible for any form of punishment.

0 OK
1 Exile
2 Imprisonment (including house arrest)
3 Death

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Note: Refuge in foreign Embassy is exile; embassy is foreign soil, and house arrest is
imprisonment. We record the highest level of punishment; there are many cases of
relatively brief house arrest followed by exile. The case description file below also notes
in some instances if a leader was exiled, imprisoned or killed in the period after one year
beyond his or her loss of office. No claim is made here to a comprehensive coding of the
leader’s fate beyond one year after he or she lost office. On some leaders no information
could be found on their posttenurefate, they are considered missing and coded -666. Any
information on such missing cases will be very much appreciated. Leaders who died
while in office are coded as missing (-777) as are leaders who died less than six months
after they left office. Leaders who are still in office are also coded as missing (-888).

The variable BORNIN records the leader’s birthdate or birthyear. Whenever possible, we
record the more precise birthdate. For 67 leaders we could not find information to
identify either birthyear or birthdate, they are considered missing and coded -999. Any
additional information will therefore be very much appreciated. This variable can be used
to construct the leader’s age.

The variable DIED records the leader’s death date. It contains many missing values (-999
or NA). Future versions of Archigos will complete this variable.

The variable GENDER records the leader’s gender, 0 = male, 1 = female.

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 CASE DESCRIPTIONS
General Format is:
COUNTRY NAME
Country-year ccode Abbr Leader Name Entrydate Exitdate

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

The main effective ruler is the president. Term limits are introduced in the 22nd
Amendment (ratified February 27, 1951).

USA-1869 2 USA Grant 04/03/1869 04/03/1877

USA-1877 2 USA Hayes 04/03/1877 04/03/1881

USA-1881-1 2 USA Garfield 04/03/1881 19/09/1881

Assasinated.

USA-1881-2 2 USA Arthur 19/09/1881 04/03/1885

USA-1885 2 USA Cleveland 04/03/1885 04/03/1889

USA-1889 2 USA Harrison 04/03/1889 04/03/1893

USA-1893 2 USA Cleveland 04/03/1893 04/03/1897

USA-1897 2 USA McKinley 04/03/1897 14/09/1901

Assassinated.

USA-1901 2 USA Roosevelt, T. 14/09/1901 04/03/1909

USA-1909 2 USA Taft 04/03/1909 04/03/1913

USA-1913 2 USA Wilson 04/03/1913 04/03/1921

USA-1921 2 USA Harding 04/03/1921 03/08/1923

USA-1923 2 USA Coolidge 03/08/1923 04/03/1929

USA-1929 2 USA Hoover 04/03/1929 04/03/1933

USA-1933 2 USA Roosevelt, F. 04/03/1933 12/04/1945

Natural death while in office (hemorrhage)

USA-1945 2 USA Truman 12/04/1945 20/01/1953

USA-1953 2 USA Eisenhower 20/01/1953 20/01/1961

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USA-1961 2 USA Kennedy 20/01/1961 22/11/1963
Assasinated

USA-1963 2 USA Johnson 22/11/1963 20/01/1969

USA-1969 2 USA Nixon 20/01/1969 09/08/1974

Withdrew under threat of being impeached. We code Nixon exit as regular since he
withdrew voluntarily and in accordance with procedures.

USA-1974 2 USA Ford 09/08/1974 20/01/1977

USA-1977 2 USA Carter 20/01/1977 20/01/1981

USA-1981 2 USA Reagan 20/01/1981 20/01/1989

USA-1989 2 USA Bush 20/01/1989 20/01/1993

USA-1993 2 USA Clinton 20/01/1993 20/01/2001

USA-2001 2 USA G.W. Bush 21/01/2001 31/12/2004

Son of George Herbert Walker Bush (#41), President 1989 –2004.

CANADA

CAN-1873 20 CAN Mackenzie 07/11/1873 17/10/1878

Mackenzie Bowell was forced to resign as prime minister by his own cabinet the
Manitoba Schools Question on minority education rights. Mackenzie Bowell later called
his cabinet a “nest of traitors”. We have coded his removal from power as a constitutional
exit, as the cabinet appears to have acted within its domain of authority.

CAN-1878 20 CAN Macdonald 17/10/1878 06/06/1891

Macdonald died of natural causes.

CAN-1891 20 CAN Abbott 16/06/1891 05/12/1892

Abbott resigned due to ill health.

CAN-1892 20 CAN Thompson 05 /12/1892 12/12/1894

Thompson died of a hearth attack.

CAN-1894 20 CAN Bowell 21/12/1894 01/05/1896

Bowell was forced to resign by his own cabinet.

CAN-1896-1 20 CAN Tupper 01/05/1896 11/07/1896

CAN-1896-2 20 CAN Laurier 11/07/1896 10/10/1911

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CAN-1911 20 CAN Borden 10/10/1911 10/06/1920
Borden was in power from 1911 to 1920. Lentz notes: “Borden retired on July 10, 1920
due to poor health, and was succeeded as prime minister by Arthur Meighen.” Thus the
variable “lost” is coded according to this information.

CAN-1920 20 CAN Meighen 10/07/1920 29/12/1921

CAN-1921 20 CAN King 29/12/1921 28/06/1926

CAN-1926-1 20 CAN Meighen 29/06/1926 25/09/1926

CAN-1926-2 20 CAN King 25/09/1926 07/08/1930

King was appointed by governor general, defeated in no confidence vote.

CAN-1930 20 CAN Bennett 07/08/1930 23/10/1935

CAN-1935 20 CAN King 23/10/1935 15/11/1948

Lentz notes: “King resigned as prime minister on November 15, 1948, due to ill health.
He died of pneumonia on July 22, 1950.” Thus the variable “lost” is coded according to
this information.

CAN-1948 20 CAN St. Laurent 15/11/1948 21/06/1957

CAN-1957 20 CAN Diefenbaker 21/06/1957 22/04/1963

CAN-1963 20 CAN Pearson 22/04/1963 20/04/1968

CAN-1968 20 CAN Trudeau 20/04/1968 04/06/1979

CAN-1979 20 CAN Clark 04/06/1979 03/03/1980

CAN-1980 20 CAN Trudeau 03/03/1980 30/06/1984

CAN-1984-1 20 CAN Turner 30/06/1984 17/09/1984

CAN-1984-2 20 CAN Mulroney 17/09/1984 25/06/1993

CAN-1993-1 20 CAN Kim Campbell 25/06/1993 04/11/1993

CAN-1993-2 20 CAN Chretien 04/11/1993 12/12/2003

CAN-2003 20 CAN Paul Martin 12/12/2003 31/12/2004

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BAHAMAS

BHM-1967 31 BHM Pindling 16/01/1967 21/08/1992

BHM-1992 31 BHM Ingraham 21/08/1992 03/05/2002

See Rulers.org on Hubert Ingraham.

BHM-2002 31 BHM Christie 03/05/2002 31/12/2004

CUBA

CUB-1902 40 CUB Palma 20/05/1902 28/09/1906

On September 28, 1906, Tomas Estrada Palma, still refusing to negotiate, and seeing no
military aid forthcoming from the US abruptly resigned. With no government,
intervention by the US was inevitable and, the next day, 200 US marines landed near
Havana. Estrada left Havana for Matanzas on October 2, 1906. He died on November 4,
1908. He was OK after he lost power, thus the variable lost is coded accordingly.

CUB-1909 40 CUB Gomez 28/01/1909 20/05/1913

Lentz notes: he rebelled against Menocal when he ran for reelection in 1917. He was then
captured and imprisoned for a year.
NYT, May 30, 1913, p.2 notes “Ex-President Gomez has arranged to go to New
York on June 15. NYT, Aug. 24, 1913, p. C3: “INTERLAKEN, Aug. 23 notes that Gen
Porfirio Diaz, ex-President of Mexico, accompanied by his wife and other members of
his family and Gen. José Miguel Gomez, ex-President of Cuba, have left here for Lucerne
and will proceed to Paris. See also NYT, Jan. 4, 1914, p. for his enthusiastic reception on
his return to Cuba on Jan. 3.

CUB-1913 40 CUB Menocal 20/05/1913 20/05/1921

Lentz notes: He is defeated in a reelection bid in 1924. He made an unsuccessful attempt
to oust President Gerardo Machado in 1931. He was arrested and imprisoned for over six
months before going into exile in the United States where he remained until 1933. See
NYT, May 23, 1921, p. 9: “General Menocal sailed away for a well-earned vacation in
Europe.” See also Wall Street Journal, Jun 11, 1921, p.7. (His brother also left for US.
NYT, Feb. 14, 1922, p.14) See also his obituary, The Washington Post, Sept. 8, 1941,
p.2.

CUB-1921 40 CUB Zyas y Alfonso 20/05/1921 20/05/1925

Zayas Y Alfonso. Lentz notes that Alfonso retired to a private life. NYT, Sep. 26, 1925,
p.27, notes that he was visiting Washington on a pleasure trip.

CUB-1925 40 CUB Machado Morales 20/05/1925 12/08/1933

Machado Y Morales, fled or forced on a plane to Nassau, the Bahamas. Later he went to
Montreal and then New York, Dominican Republic, Haiti, and Europe, Bermuda, and
Canada, Miami. He was exiled after a coup.

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CUB-1933-1 40 CUB de Cespedes 12/08/1933 05/09/1933
Carlos Manuel de Cespedes y Quesada, (1871-1939). On September 6, 1933, after he had
been in office for less than a month, the so-called “revolution of sergeants” led by
Fulgencio Batista, demanded and received his resignation. Céspedes then became
ambassador to Spain until August 1935, when he finally returned to Cuba.

CUB-1933-2 40 CUB Grau San Martin 10/09/1933 15/01/1934

CUB-1934-1 40 CUB Hevia 15/01/1934 18/01/1934

Carlos Hevia was a provisional president, 1934.

CUB-1934-2 40 CUB Mendieta 18/01/1934 12/12/1935

See Lentz on Gen. Mendietta.

CUB-1935 40 CUB Barnet 12/12/1935 20/05/1936

See Lentz on Barnet.

CUB-1936-1 40 CUB Gomez y Arias 20/05/1936 28/12/1936

Dr. Miguel Mariano Gomez Y Arias was impeached by Congress. (After machinations by
Col. Batista.) See NYT, Dec. 27, 1936, p.E5.

CUB-1936-2 40 CUB Laredo Bru 28/12/1936 10/10/1940

Lentz notes: Laredo Brú served as Batista’s minister of justice from 1940 to 1944.

CUB-1940 40 CUB Batista 10/10/1940 10/10/1944

Lentz notes that : “He left Cuba and eventually settled in Florida”. He left the country
after he lost power.

CUB-1944 40 CUB Grau San Martin 10/10/1944 10/10/1948

CUB-1948 40 CUB Prio Socarres 10/10/1948 10/03/1952

Lost power as a result of a coup, and was sent to exile in the US.

CUB-1952 40 CUB Batista 10/03/1952 01/01/1959

He fled the country and went to exile in Portugal.

CUB-1959 40 CUB Castro 02/01/1959 31/12/2004

HAITI
Sources consulted on Haiti include Pascal-Trouillot (2001), Von Grafenstein (1988),
Rotberg (1971), and Fatton (2002).

HAI-1874 41 HAI Dominique 11/06/1874 15/04/1876

Michel Domingue was sent into exile after he lost power. President Dominique died in
exile in Kingston Jamaica, on June 24, 1877. See NYT, Aug 10, 1877. p.5.

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HAI-1876 41 HAI Canal 23/04/1876 17/07/1879
See New York Times, Jul 19, 1879, p.2 on Canal. For his exile also see New York Times,
Aug. 2, 1879 p.2. Fled to Jamaica.

HAI-1879-1 41 HAI Herrise 17/07/1879 26/07/1879

General Herissé. Central Committee of Public Safety: 17 July 1879 – 26 July 1879. This
was a period of multiple leadership led by General Herissé of the Artibonete Department,
as President, according to New York Times, Aug 9, 1879, p.8 ; also NYT, Aug. 6, p.2
and Aug. 2, 1879, p.2. Also, reaffirming Herissé, is NYT, Aug 15, 1879. See NYT,
Oct.21, 1879, p.1.

HAI-1879-2 41 HAI Lamothe 26/07/1879 02/10/1879

Joseph Lamothe was was the President of Provisional Government. See New York
Times, Aug 9, 1879, p.8. NYT, Sept. 24, 1879,p.2 on him. For coup and the president’s
fate see NYT, Oct. 21, 1879, p.1. He lost power as a result of a coup.

HAI-1879-3 41 HAI Salomon 23/10/1879 10/08/1888

Lysius Salomon (jeune) was sent to exile. See New York Times, Aug 25, 1888, p.8. He
was besieged in his palace from 10 August on. The new government was formed on 14
August. He died from an operation in Paris, 19 October 1888. Also see the Washington
Post, Oct. 20, 1888, p.1 on him.

HAI-1888-1 41 HAI Canal 10/08/1888 16/10/1888

Pierre Théoma Boisrond-Canal gained power on 10 August 1888.

HAI-1888-2 41 HAI Legitime 16/10/1888 22/08/1889

“Legitime’s prosperity fast began to wane. A devastating war was waged between the
two factions, and now Ligitime has given up the vain struggle and followed in the path of
the great army of his predecessors. It is thought that he will go to Paris, as did his
predecessor, poor old Solomon, and General Hippolyte will begin his career as ruler of a
people who will hardly uphold him more than a year or two.” See the Washington Post,
Sept. 1, 1889, p.16. See also, NYT, Aug 25, 1889, p.1. He was forced out office.

HAI-1889 41 HAI Hippolyte 25/08/1889 24/03/1896

Note, entry date differs from both www.rulers.org and www.worldstatesmen.com. See
NYT, Aug 27, 1889, p. 1; message from US Consul, mentions Hyppolyte as Provisional
President. See in particular. NYT, Sept 3, 1889, p. 5. Gen. Monpointe (jeune) was
Hippolyte’s representative. Dies in office, apoplexy.

HAI-1896 41 HAI P. A. T. Simon 31/03/1896 12/05/1902

Simon was sent to exile after loosing power. Also known as Tiresias Simon Sam.

HAI-1902-1 41 HAI Canal 26/05/1902 21/12/1902

HAI-1902-2 41 HAI Nord 21/12/1902 02/12/1908

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President Nord Alexis fled to French Cruiser. See The Washington Post, Dec. 26, 1909,
p.1 .

HAI-1908 41 HAI A. Simon 17/12/1908 02/08/1911

Simon was sent into exile after he lost power. Fled to Jamaica.

HAI-1911 41 HAI Leconte 14/08/1911 08/08/1912

Lentz records that he was probably murdered before blown up in an arms cache
explosion.

HAI-1912 41 HAI Tancred Auguste 08/08/1912 02/05/1913

Lentz notes: “His death on May 2, 1913, was thought to be the result of poisoning.” The
Washington Post, May 10, 1913, p. 1 “Haiti President Poisoned” records “Kingston,
Jamaica, May 9.—News received here by mail from Haiti is to the effect that President
Tancrede Auguste died from poison which was administered in his food. The other
members of the family were revived after much difficulty.” For further confirmation of
his poisoning, see also NYT, Dec. 28, 1913, p. SM11 “Two dozen men and women of
note have met violent deaths in 1913.”

HAI-1913 41 HAI Michel Oreste 04/05/1913 27/01/1914

Oreste was sent to exile. Fled to Jamaica.

HAI-1914-1 41 HAI Oreste Zamor 08/02/1914 29/10/1914

Zamor was executed on 27/7/1915.

HAI-1914-2 41 HAI Theodore 06/11/1914 22/02/1915

J Davilmar Theodore was exiled after he lost power.

HAI-1915 41 HAI Velbrun-Guillaume 04/03/1915 26/07/1915

Velbrun-Guillaume was impaled, on the French embassy’s fence. Also known as
Vilebrun-Guillame Sam. Son of Simon Sam.

HAI-1934 41 HAI Vincent 15/08/1934 15/05/1941

Vincent was elected in 1930. US troops left in 1934.

HAI-1941 41 HAI Lescot 15/05/1941 11/01/1946

Elie Lescot, was overthrown by Col. Frank Levaud, the Army Chief of Staff.

HAI-1946-1 41 HAI Lavaud 11/01/1946 16/08/1946

Lavaud 16 August 1946. Some argue he was the real power behind Estimé, based on
below, we put in Estimé as a separate leader. Lavaud was exiled in the US.

HAI-1946-2 41 HAI Estime 16/08/1946 10/05/1950

NYT, May 8, 1950, p.3 records: “Port au Prince, Haiti, May 7—The Haitian Cabinet
resigned early today as the climax of a dispute over the political future of President
Dumarsais Estimé. The Cabinet had proposed that Haiti’s Constitution be amended to

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enable Senor Stimé to seek re-election in 1952. The proposal met strong opposition in the
Senate and there were some signs of public protest despite the state-of-siege regulations
in force here. The present Constitution provides that no President may serve two
consecutive terms.”
Christian Science Monitor, May 11, 1950, p.18. “Military rulers have seized the
government after almost four years on the sidelines. They came back to power after
President Estimé tried unsuccessfully tried to insure his own re-election. M. Estimé
resigned and was succeeded by the same three-man military junta which threw out his
predecessor in January, 1946. The junta, which had ruled the country until M. Estimé’s
election in August, 1946, announced the President and his family had been placed under
its “protection.” … The junta which returned to power is made up of Brig. Gen. Frank
Lavaud, leader of the 1946 coup, Maj. Antoine Levelt, and Maj. Paul Magloire. They said
in a proclamation their return was asked by the army general staff because M. Estimé had
“lost control” of a “complicated and dangerous situation which stopped the life of the
nation.”
President Estimé, was first held under house arrest, later sent to exile. See NYT, May 28,
1950, p.61. For exile in Paris, see NYT, May 20, 1950, p.31.

HAI-1950-1 41 HAI Lavaud 10/05/1950 06/12/1950

The Chicago Defender, Dec. 23, 1950, p. 12. reports that Brig. Gen. Frank Lavaud was
appointed Ambassador to France by Magloire, while the other former junta member,
Colonel Antoine Levelt “has been promoted to the rank of Brigadier General and
elevated to the post of Chief of the Army, formerly held by Gen. Lavaud.

HAI-1950-2 41 HAI Magloire 06/12/1950 12/12/1956

For Magloire’s entry as a result of an election, see The Chicago Defender, Dec. 23, 1950,
p. 12. Which records that he is a graduate of the Military School of Port-au-Prince, and
was elevated to the rank of Colonel in 1946, “He came from a military background, his
father having been a General in the Army. President Magloire studied law for two years
and headed the military tribunal trying President Lescot’s political enemies. … Later,
when the military junta, of which has was a member, came to power, he communted all
of the prison terms and freed the men.”
Magloire, was sent to exile to the US, and his property was seized. He was forced to
resign, We code Magloire as an irregular removal, since Lentz notes that Magloire was
forced to resign under pressure from the military on December 12, 1956 following
general strikes that occurred throughout the country. See also Chicago Daily Tribune,
Dec. 13, 1956, p. D3 “Army Forces President of Haiti To Quit.” The Daily Defender,
Dec. 13, 1956, p. 1 notes that “Magloire’s constitutional six-year term had expired the
Thursday before. He stepped down as president then, but quickly took power again in the
name of the Army as chief of State.” For his exile, see the Chicatgo Defender, Dec. 22,
1956, p.1.

HAI-1956 41 HAI Pierre-Louis 12/12/1956 03/02/1957

Joseph Nemours Pierre-Louis, President of the Supreme Court. For his entry, see Chicago
Daily Tribune, Dec. 13, 1956, p. D3. “Army Forces President of Haiti To Quit.” Which
notes “[Magloire] and Pierre-Louis, and Gen. Antoine Levelt, chief of staff joined in a

13
broadcast transferring powers. … Gen. Levelt said in the broadcast that Haiti’s political
crisis had worsened and that the army staff in a conference decided to transfer
governmental power to Pierre-Louis.” However, The Washington Post and Times Herald,
Dec. 7, 1956, p. A14, notes: “To cover the interval until the April 30 presidential election
Zephirin said, Magloire offered to turn the presidency over to Judge Nemours Tierre-
Louis, head of Haiti’s Supreme Court, as specified in the constitution. But Tierre-Louis
refused the post, Zephirin said …” Hence we code his entry as regular.
Chicago Daily Tribune, Feb. 4, 1957, p. B12 records, “Feb. 3—Provisional President
Joseph Nemours Pierre-Louis has resigned, informed quarters said tonight. … Pierre-
Louis’ resignation followed reports that a movement was underway to unseat him.” See
also Daily Defender, Feb. 5, 1957, p. 2 and NYT, Feb. 5, 1957, p. 1.

HAI-1957-1 41 HAI Sylvain 07/02/1957 02/04/1957

On his entry, see Chicago Daily Tribune, Feb. 8, 1957, p. 6, voted in by the legislature.
CDT reports “Before naming him, the senate and chamber of deputies voted to ignore
constitutional procedure [sic, HG] for naming a provisional president.” Sylvain was a
specialist in constitutional law.
On his fate see CSM, Apr. 3, 1957, p.20. NYT, April. 3, 1957, p.1. and NYT, April. 7,
1957, p. 14. He was placed under house arrest and forced to resign the presidency.
According to Lentz, “Haiti was beset by another general strike in March 1957. Sylvain
was placed under house arrest and forced to resign the presidency on April 2, 1957.” See
also http://www.geocities.com/francesco.chirico/country/hai.htm

HAI-1957-2 41 HAI Cantave 02/04/1957 06/04/1957

General Leon Cantave, army chief of staff. It could be argued that he was the real power
behind the throne of both Pierre-Louis and Sylvain. See NYT, June 16, 1957, p. E8
“More Bad News From Haiti.”

HAI-1957-3 41 HAI Executive council 06/04/1957 20/05/1957

Executive Council was in power from 6 April 1957 to out 20 May 1957. See NYT, April.
7, 1957, p. 14. Duvalier, Dejoie, Fignole.

HAI-1957-4 41 HAI Cantave 20/05/1957 26/05/1957

Cantave came to power on 20 May 1957. After the coup he was sent to exile.

HAI-1957-5 41 HAI Fignole 26/05/1957 14/06/1957

Fignole, was placed aboard a Coast Guard Vessel. He was sent to exile in Colombia or
Panama. See NYT, Jun. 15, 1957, p.1.

HAI-1957-6 41 HAI Kebreau 14/06/1957 15/10/1957

Ambassador at the Vatican.

HAI-1957-7 41 HAI Duvalier, Francois 15/10/1957 22/04/1971

Coup, exile in France.

HAI-1971 41 HAI Duvalier, Jean- 22/04/1971 07/02/1986

14
HAI-1986 41 HAI Namphy 07/02/1986 07/02/1988

HAI-1988-1 41 HAI Manigat 07/02/1988 20/06/1988

President Manigat, flees to the Dominican Republic. Coup, exile

HAI-1988-2 41 HAI Namphy 20/06/1988 17/09/1988

General Namphy, lost power on 7 Feb 1998. He was placed under house arrest June 14,
1988. Then he was freed by troops who storm the palace. See NYT, Apr. 3, 1989, p. A8.
Coup, exile in Dominica.

HAI-1988-3 41 HAI Avril 17/09/1988 10/03/1990

There was a coup attempt against General Prosper Avril, on Sunday, April 2, 1989. See
Christian Science Monitor, 4 April 1989, p. 3 and NYT, Apr. 4, 1989, p. A5.Avril was
forced to resign and exiled in the US.

HAI-1990-1 41 HAI Abraham 10/03/1990 13/03/1990

Liet. Gen Hérard Abraham. See NYT, Feb 9. 1991.

HAI-1990-2 41 HAI Pascal-Troillet 13/03/1990 07/02/1991

Former President Ertha Pascal-Trouillot says she is released from house arrest but is
barred from leaving Haiti while the authorities investigate charges that she was involved
in an attempted coup against her own government. See NYT April 11, 1991, P. A8.
Arrested one week earlier. See also, NYT, Apr. 5, 1991, p. A6 which reports she was
brought to the courthouse to be charged, then driven to the national penitentiary. She was
also held hostage during Lafontant’s attempted coup of Jan 7. Arrested in April 1991.
Keesing’s Vol. 37, 1991, reports: “Former interim President Ertha Pascal Trouillot, who
had been under house arrest following allegations of her involvement in the January 1991
coup attempt, left for Florida, USA, on Sept. 9.”

HAI-1991-1 41 HAI Aristide 07/02/1991 30/09/1991

Keesing’s Vol. 37, September 1991. Military Coup. “Fr Jean-Bertrand Aristide, Haiti's
first democratically elected President, was deposed in a violent military coup on Sept. 30.
He had just returned from addressing the UN General Assembly in New York where he
had given an assurance that democracy was now firmly rooted in Haiti. The coup leader,
Armed Forces C.-in-C. Brig.-Gen. Raoul Cedras, called for calm and promised that new
elections would be held, .… Among those killed was the prominent politician Sylvio
Claude, leader of the Christian Democratic Party (PDCH) and consistent critic of
Aristide, who was murdered in an apparent backlash by government supporters in the
coastal town of Les Cayes, 160 km south-west of Port-au-Prince. Soldiers fired on
Aristide's home in the poor suburb of Plains de Cul-de-Sac, where he continued to live,
killing his security chief before leading him away to army headquarters. The ambassadors
of Canada, France, the United States and Venezuela then successfully intervened and
persuaded the coup leaders not to kill Aristide but to allow him to leave the country, in
order to prevent widespread bloodshed. Aristide left for exile by air late on Sept. 30
bound for the Venezuelan capital of Caracas. … Former interim President Ertha Pascal

15
Trouillot, who had been under house arrest following allegations of her involvement in
the January 1991 coup attempt, left for Florida, USA, on Sept. 9.”
Coup on Sept 30. On Oktober 7 army forces lawmakers at gunpoint to ratify coup.
Aristide was ousted, and sent to exile.

HAI-1991-2 41 HAI Cedras 30/0/91991 14/10/1994

In 1998 General Cédras was living in Panama, when request for extradition. Lt. Col.
Joseph Michel François in Honduras & Gen Philippe Biamby in Miami. See NYT, Mar.
3, 1998, p.A6. Cedras resigned under pressure from US/OAS, and was exiled.

HAI-1994 41 HAI Aristide 15/10/1994 07/02/1996

HAI-1996 41 HAI Preval 07/02/1996 07/02/2001

Forbidden by law to run for a second consecutive term. (Fredriksen.)

HAI-2001 41 HAI Aristide 08/02/2001 29/02/2004

HAI-2004 41 HAI Boniface Alexandre 29/02/2004 31/12/2004

DOMINICAN REPUBLIC

DOM-1874 42 DOM Gonzalez 06/04/1874 23/02/1876

Ignacio Maria Gonzales (born in 1840 – died in 1915). He was in power between
2 Jan 1874 - 22 Jan 1874 (1st time), 6 Apr 1874 - 23 Feb 1876 (2nd time). Lost and gained
power through coups.

DOM-1876-1 42 DOM Espaillat 29/04/1876 05/10/1876

Ulises Francisco Espaillat, (b. 1823 - d. 1878). Rebellions in the south and the east forced
Espaillat to resign, see NYT Nov 12., 1876, p.7. “Gen Gonzales [upon his return, HG]
has not imprisoned nor banished a single partisan of the fallen government.” NYT Oct
25, 1876, p.5. “A pronunciamento took place in the Capitol on the 5th inst., in favor of ex-
President Gonzales. President Espaillat made no resistance. He was accompanied from
his residence by the British Consul to the French Consulate, passing through the armed
multitude, and not one shot was fired.” Clearly fled to the French consulate and exile.

DOM-1876-2 42 DOM Gonzalez 11/11/1876 09/12/1876

Gonzalez was sent to exile. See NYT, Dec. 25. 1876, p.4 “President Gonzalez, who was
called back to power when President Espaillat was deposed, again resigned his office on
the 9th inst., and embarked for Mayaguez, Porto Rico.”

DOM-1876-3 42 DOM Cabral 10/12/1876 26/12/1876

Marcos Antonio Cabral, President of the Provisional Governing Junta of the Dominican
Republic. He was removed with a coup.

DOM-1876-4 42 DOM Baez 26/12/1876 02/03/1878

16
Buenaventura Báez was exiled permanently to Puerto Rico.
See NYT, Mar. 16, 1878, p.1 “News had been received at St. Thomas that
President Baez, of San Domingo, with his family, arrived at Mayaguez, in the Island of
Porto Rico, on March 5. The fact of his arrival is all that was known in St. Thomas, when
the steamer left. No further particulars had been received from Porto Rico to explain the
President’s departure from San Domingo.” See also, NYT, Aug. 10, 1882, p.4.
The period after Baez was forced into exile on 2 March 1878 is one where leaders of
different regions compete. It appears as if there is no functional national state until
Guillermo takes over on 27/2/1879.

DOM-1878-1 42 DOM Guillermo 05/03/1878 06/07/1878

Cesáreo Guillermo (President of the Central Government) (b. 1847 - d. 1885).
See NYT Nov. 13, 1878, p.5. Elections were held so we coded that power transfer is
constitutional. See NYT, Jun. 7, 1878, p.1 & The Washington Post, Jun. 19, 1878, p.1,

DOM-1878-2 42 DOM Gonzalez 06/07/1878 02/09/1878

Ignacio María Gonzalez was in power 5th time. See NYT Sept. 25, 1878, p.1. “Havana,
Sept. 24 – Advices from Santo Domingo by the St. Thomas steamer confirm the repot of
the success of the revolutionists, the capitulation of President Gonzalez and his departure
from the country on the 2d inst. for Curacao.” Gen Gonzalez is therefore elected
constitutionally. See NYT, Jun. 7, 1878, p.1 & The Washington Post, Jun. 19, 1878, p.1
& NYT, Aug. 17, 1878. The Washington Post, June 7, 1878. p.1 Runs for president, May
24-6, plus receives plurality. “The Camara has fixed the presidential term at one year.”

DOM-1878-3 42 DOM del Rosario de Castro 07/09/1878 29/09/1878

Jacinto del Rosario de Castro.

DOM-1878-4 42 DOM Guillermo 30/09/1878 06/12/1879

President (Gen.) Guillermo was removed unconstitutionally, and was sent to exile in
Porto Rico. See NYT, Oct.24, 1879, p.5; NYT, Dec. 11, 1879, p.2. (Killed November
1885, see NYT, Dec. 1, 1885, p.2). See also NYT Aug. 21, 1881, p.7.

DOM-1879 42 DOM Luperon 06/12/1879 01/09/1880

NYT, Aug. 10, 1882, p.4 records that General Luperon has returned from Paris, having
satisfactorily completed his mission for the renewal of the treaties with the principal
European governments. Looks OK-ish but slightly fishy. Rulers.org records that when
Ulises Heureaux becomes president in 1882, he exiles Gregorio Luperon. On Luperon,
Merino & Heureaux, see NYT, Sept. 17, 1882, p.6.

DOM-1880 42 DOM de Merino 01/09/1880 01/09/1882

De Merino. See NYT, Sept. 17, 1882, p.6. The Washington Post, Nov. 12, 1912, p.3,
which records “In 1880 Archbishop Fernando Arturo de Merino, having received
permission from the Pope to accept the position of chief executive in Santo Domingo. He
served in the capacity for two years.” NYT, Jul 27, 1899, p.1 says Merino served 3 terms.
On Luperon, Merino & Heureaux, see NYT, Sept. 17, 1882, p.6.

DOM-1882 42 DOM Heureaux 01/09/1882 01/09/1884

17
Heureaux was assassinated, had served 4 consecutive terms, just reelected in 97. His
successor is his Vice President, Gen. Wenceslao Figuereo. See NYT, Jul 27, 1899, p.1.
Heureaux lost power on Sept. 1884. Rulers.org notes that in1884 and 1885 he selected his
country’s presidents while he continued to direct the government; from 1887 to his death
he ruled almost uninterruptedly after abolishing the constitutional barrier against
reelection. On Luperon, Merino & Heureaux, see NYT, Sept. 17, 1882, p.6.

DOM-1884 42 DOM Billini 01/09/1884 16/05/1885

Francisco Gregorio Billini, resigned on May 16, 1885. Crisis was provoked by Heureaux.

DOM-1885 42 DOM Woss y Gil 16/05/1885 06/01/1887

Alejandro Woss Y Gil, is Heureaux’s man, is Consul General in the US in 1899. See
NYT, Sept. 2, 1899, p.7.

DOM-1887 42 DOM Heureaux 06/01/1887 26/07/1899

Heureaux was assassinated.

DOM-1899-1 42 DOM Figuereo 27/07/1899 31/08/1899

See NYT, Aug. 3, 1899. He accepts becoming president on July 31, but as the NYT of
Aug 3 reports that the Constitution of The Dominican Republic provides that in the event
of the death of the President, the VP shall be empowered to exercise the functions of the
Chief Magistrate. NYT, Sept. 1, 1899, p.7 reports that Figeureo retired to Azua in the
interior. Revolts occurred but he was ok after he lost power.

DOM-1899-2 42 DOM Vasquez 01/09/1899 14/11/1899

Gen. Vasquez became Vice President under Jimenez.

DOM-1899-3 42 DOM Jimenez 15/11/1899 02/05/1902

President Jimenez, lost power on 2 May 1902. He took refuge and shelter in the French
and United States Legations. See NYT, May 8, 1902, p.8 and NYT, May 10, 1902.
Dateline May 9. “Former President Jimenez of the Dominican Republic and his Ministers
have left the foreign legations here, where they had sought refuge. NYT May 10, p.9
reports “Ex-President Jimenez of Santo Domingo has embarked on board a French
steamer and is expected here (=Haiti).” Jimenez was son of previous President Jimenez,
elected in 1848. Jimenez was ousted in coup.

DOM-1902 42 DOM Vasquez 02/05/1902 18/04/1903

Horacio Vasquez was in power between May 2, 1902 – April 18, 1903. Provisional
government.

DOM-1903-1 42 DOM Woss y Gil 18/04/1903 04/11/1903

Alejandro Woss Y Gil was exiled.

DOM-1903-2 42 DOM Morales 04/11/1903 25/12/1905

Carlos F. Morales is forced to resign and wounded in the leg after he fled. Has all the
markings of a coup. The Washington Post, Jan 13., 1906, p.3.Also records that he fled on

18
a US Gunboat going to Porto Rico. (In jail in the US (?) in 1912. See NYT, Nov. 3, 1912,
p.C4). NYT, March 31, 1912, p. C4. "Gen. Carlos Morales, also an ex-President of Santo
Domingo, is now in prison."

DOM-1905 42 DOM Caceres 25/12/1905 19/11/1911

Ramon Caceres was assassinated.

DOM-1911 42 DOM Victoria 02/12/1911 28/11/1912

President Victoria, lost power on 28 November 1912. Is the result of revolutionary
domestic and US pressures. Announced he would resign in 1914. Looks very much like
an unconstitutional change. NYT, Nov. 14, 1912. (On the date: NYT, Nov. 29, 1912, p.4)
See also NYT, Nov 23, 1912, p. 4. “Santo Domingo – a decree is published here, calling
Congress into special session on November 26, when President Eladio Victoria will
resign. Pending the President’s retirement there will be a cessation of hostilities between
the revolutionists and the Government forces.” See also Lentz who mentions US
pressure. Nothing could be found on his fate.

DOM-1912 42 DOM Nouel y Bobadilla 01/12/1912 31/03/1913

Archbishop Adolfo Nouel Y Bobadilla resigns, goes to Europe. He was “Elected” by
congress, but under US influence. See The Washington Post, Nov. 30, 1912, p.6.

DOM-1913 42 DOM Bordas y Valdes 13/04/1913 27/08/1914

Jose Bordas Valdez who “reigned from April until August, when revolution broke out
again. Bordas’s former revolutionary compadres being opposed to him.” NYT Jun 10,
1916, p.11. CSM Aug 27, 1917, p.6. “It is now more than a year that there has been
continuous trouble both in Santo Domingo and in Haiti. The United States exercises a
protectorate over the Dominican Republic.” See also The Washington Post, Aug. 22,
1914, p.2. Apparently he ‘agreed’ to resign. CSM, Aug. 28, 1914, p.5. “President Bordas
of San Domingo has agreed to resign today and Roman Baez, head of the National
University of San Domingo will succeed him. This agreement by all factions was reached
Thursday at the conference with American peace commissioners.” Christian Science
Monitor, Jul. 26, 1916 records that “At present former Presidents Borda and Jimenez are
both on this island (== Porto Rico).” We don’t know exactly when he left, but given SD
history, we code him as exile. Resigned, exiled.

DOM-1914-1 42 DOM Baez 27/08/1914 05/12/1914

Baez, son of a former President (Buenaventura Baez) of The Republic. See NYT, Jun 10,
1916, p.11. “This revolution (which removed Valdez) was ‘settled’ by the commission
headed by ex-Governor Fort of New Jersey. In addition to ‘seating’ Dr. Baez as
Provisional President, this commission ‘whitewashed’ Sullivan. Dr. Baez continued until
an ‘election’ proclaimed Juan I. Jiminez as the ‘Constitutional President.’”

DOM-1914-2 42 DOM Jimenez 05/12/1914 08/05/1916

19
Jimenez, ousted 8 May 1916. Christian Science Monitor, Jul. 26, 1916 records that “At
present former Presidents Borda and Jimenez are both on this island (== Porto Rico).”
US occupation.

DOM-1925 42 DOM Vasquez 01/01/1925 27/02/1930

Horacio Vazquez. Has held office for 2 terms, and had his second term extended for two
years. See NYT. Feb. 26, 1930, p. 11. & NYT, Feb 27, 1930. Elections organized by US
administrator.

DOM-1930-1 42 DOM Estrella Urena 02/03/1930 16/08/1930

Estrella Urena. First is VP under Trujillo. Then later he is sent into exile, says Lentz.
Christian Science Monitor. Aug 27, 1931. p.5. Urena leaves for the US and Europe ‘on a
vacation’ but, ‘it was generally predicted that he would not return while the present
administration is in office.” Note that this is more than a year after losing office. Sent into
exile by Trujillo.

DOM-1930-2 42 DOM Rafel Trujillo 16/08/1930 30/05/1961

Elected after coup, assassinated.

DOM-1961 42 DOM Balaguer 30/05/1961 17/01/1962

Joaquin Balaguer is forced out of office. See Lentz and CSM, Jan 17, 1962, p.3. Looks
decidedly unconstitutional. See also NYT, Jan 17. 1962, p.1. Born 1 September, 1907.
We code Balaguer as an irregular removal based on Lentz: “Balaguer was forced to
resign as president on January 17, 1962, and was replaced by a military junta following
riots in Santo Domingo.” The NYT, Jan 18, 1962, p.1, and p.3 also makes it clear he was
overthrown in a coup.

DOM-1962-1 42 DOM Echavarria 17/01/1962 19/01/1962

For his entry, see NYT, Jan. 18, 1962, p. 1 & p. 3. “Street Fighting Erupts.” Bogaert is
listed in Rulers.org and Lentz, but he was a front man for Maj. Gen. Rodriguez
Echavarria. (After the coup fails, Bogaert is jailed. See NYT, Jan 19, 1962, p.1.)
"Although Senor Bogaert was described as the President of the junta, General Rodriguez
Echavarria, not a member of the junta, appeared last night to be directing operations at
the Presidential Palace." On the same page, but in a different article, it is also noted
"Officials had no doubt that the man who was behind yesterday's coup d'etat and who
forced the resignation of President Balaguer was Maj. Gen. Rafael Ramon Rodriguez
Echavarria, chief of the armed forces." See also
http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ho/frus/kennedyjf/xii/35159.htm, which notes “On January
18, General Echavarria’s coup ended when he was arrested by his own men. The original
Council of State was reinstated and Rafael Bonnelly was sworn in as its President.” For
Echavarria’s arrest, see CSM, Jan. 19, 1962, p. 1 and NYT, 1962, p.1 “Dominican Junta
Ousted.” This article also lists him as 37 –years old, and “imprisoned in a military
counter-coup d’état.” For his subsequent exile see NYT, March 8, 1962, p. 9 “Ousted
Leaders Leave the Dominican Republic.”

DOM-1962-2 42 DOM Filiberto Bonnelly 19/01/1962 27/02/1963

20
We code Bonelly as entry is regular as he had been elected vice president of the Council
of State under Joaquin Balaguer. See also
http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ho/frus/kennedyjf/xii/35159.htm. Lentz notes: “Bonnelly
was briefly arrested before the junta was overthrown. He succeeded to the presidency.”
For his arrest at San Ysidro Air Force Base, see NYT, Jan. 18, 1962. p.3

DOM-1963-1 42 DOM Bosch 27/02/1963 25/09/1963

For his exit, see Keesing’s Vol. 9, November 1963. Exile.

DOM-1963-2 42 DOM de los Santos 26/09/1963 22/12/1963

Dr. Emilio de lost Santos, former president of the Electoral Commission. For his entry,
see Keesing’s Vol. 9, November 1963. Resigns in protest to army's harsh tactics.
Chicago Tribune, Dec. 23, 1963, p. 14. notes that he resigns.

DOM-1963-3 42 DOM Cabral 22/12/1963 25/04/1965

Donald Joseph Reid Cabral, 29 Dec 1963 - 25 Apr 1965, OK. See NYT, April 26, 1965,
p.1; The Washington Post, April 29, 1965, p. G6. Resigns in face of military coup.

DOM-1965-1 42 DOM Molina Urena 25/04/1965 27/04/1965

Refuge in Colombian Embassy.

DOM-1965-2 42 DOM Bartolome Benoit 27/04/1965 07/05/1965

Pedro Bartolomé Benoit, (chairman military junta). He was fine after he lost power . See
NYT, May 8, 1965, p. 8. Replaced by five man junta. See also LA Times, May 8, 1965,
p. 1 which reports he is a member of the new junta as well. Some form of “auto-golpe.”
New Junta takes over, but coded as regular exit.

DOM-1965-3 42 DOM Berreras 07/05/1965 30/08/1965

For Gen. Antonio Imbert Barreras’ entry, see NYT, May 8, 1965, p.8. This is one of
some form of “auto-golpe.”

DOM-1965-4 42 DOM Godoy 03/09/1965 01/07/1966

Godoy, out 1 July 1966. Lentz.

DOM-1966 42 DOM Balaguer 01/07/1966 01/07/1978

On his post tenure fate see CSM, Oct. 10, 1978 and Lentz.
Keesing’s Vol. 24, September 1978: “Dr Balaguer had held office for three consecutive
terms since 1966 and contested the 1978 election despite his undertaking in August 1974,
when he began his third term of office, that in future no President would be permitted to
serve more than two consecutive terms. Sr Guzman a landowner and former Minister of
Agriculture under President Juan Bosch (in 1962elow), gave an assurance that his
Government would amend the constitution to prevent future Presidents from serving
more than one term of office.”

DOM-1978 42 DOM Fernandez 01/07/1978 04/07/1982

21
Guzman Fernandez committed suicide. Lentz notes : Guzman died of a self-inflicted
gunshot wound when he shot himself in the head at his office in Santo Domingo on July
4, 1982. Fernandez had run on ticket of limiting himself to one term.

DOM-1982-1 42 DOM Azar 04/07/1982 16/08/1982

Azar takes over constitutionally.

DOM-1982-2 42 DOM Blanco 16/08/1982 16/08/1986

Blanco in constitutionally. Out constitutionally in 1986. Lentz: Gets indicted on charges
of misappropriation of funds. Convicted and sentenced to twenty years imprisonment in
August 1991. He was convicted of misappropriation of public funds. 20 years
imprisonment in August 1991.

DOM-1986 42 DOM Balaguer 16/08/1986 16/08/1996

Balaguer can’t be thrown in jail because of “laws limiting punishment of the elderly.”
See NYT, Nov. 24, 1996, p.14. Term shortened by agreement.

DOM-1996 42 DOM Fernandez Reyna 16/08/1996 16/08/2000

Fernandez Reyna out 2000. Barred by law from running again.

DOM-2000 42 DOM Hipolito Mejia 17/08/2000 16/08/2004

DOM-2004 42 DOM Fernandez Reyna 16/08/2004 31/12/2004

JAMAICA

JAM-1962 51 JAM Bustamante 06/08/1962 22/02/1967

Chirico records that both Bustamante and Manley stepped down because of health
reasons. Lentz also notes: Bustamante suffered a major stroke in the spring of 1965 and
relinquished most of his duties to Donald Sangster. Bustamante retired from office on
February 22, 1967. He died on August 6, 1977.

JAM-1967-1 51 JAM Sangster 22/02/1967 11/04/1967

JAM-1967-2 51 JAM Shearer 11/04/1967 02/03/1972

JAM-1972 51 JAM Manley 02/03/1972 01/11/1980

JAM-1980 51 JAM Seaga 01/11/1980 10/02/1989

Retired due to bad health.

JAM-1989 51 JAM Manley 10/02/1989 30/03/1992

Keesing’s Vol. 38, March 1992 notes: “Prime Minister Michael Manley, 68, announced
his resignation on March 15, on grounds of ill-health. His resignation took effect from
March 28 when delegates of the ruling People's National Party (PNP) elected a new party
president who automatically became Prime Minister.” Manley dies on March 6, 1997.

22
JAM-1992 51 JAM Patterson 30/03/1992 31/12/2004

TRINIAD &TOBAGO

TRI-1962 52 TRI Williams 31/08/1962 29/03/1981

Dies a natural death.

TRI-1981 52 TRI Chambers 30/03/1981 18/12/1986

TRI-1986 52 TRI Robinson 18/12/1986 07/12/1991

Chief Minister A. Robinson faces a coup that starts on July 27, 1990. The coup fails
August first. Robinson is shot in the leg. He was kidnapped for a month after a coup
attempt, later defeated in elections.

TRI-1991 52 TRI Manning 16/12/1991 09/11/1995

Appointed due to split parliament.

TRI-1995 52 TRI Panday 09/11/1995 24/12/2001

TRI-2001 52 TRI Manning 25/12/2001 31/12/2004

BARBADOS

BAR-1966 53 BAR Barrow 18/11/1966 08/09/1976

Barrow died in office, natural death.

BAR-1976 53 BAR Adams 08/10/1976 11/03/1985

Adams died on 11 March 1985. He died in office, natural death.

BAR-1985 53 BAR St. John 11/03/1985 29/05/1986

BAR-1986 53 BAR Barrow 29/05/1986 01/06/1987

BAR-1987 53 BAR Sandiford 01/06/1987 07/09/1994

BAR-1994 53 BAR Arthur 07/09/1994 31/12/2004

MEXICO
Lentz lists fate of most of the leaders.

MEX-1872 70 MEX de Tejada 19/07/1872 21/11/1876

Exiled.

MEX-1876 70 MEX Diaz 23/11/1876 25/05/1911

23
Exiled to Paris.

MEX-1911-1 70 MEX de la Barra 26/05/1911 06/11/1911

Diplomatic missions after out of office.

MEX-1911-2 70 MEX Madero 06/11/1911 19/02/1913

Arrested, murdered.

MEX-1913 70 MEX Huerta 19/02/1913 15/07/1914

Exiled.

MEX-1915 70 MEX Carranza 19/10/1915 06/05/1920

Lentz notes: “Carranza attempted to secure Ignacio Bonnillas as his successor in the
presidential election of 1920. However, the military supported Alvaro Obregon and led a
coup that ousted Carranza. He fled Mexico City for Veracruz on horseback. He was
ambushed and killed by troops under Rodolfo Herrera at Tlaxcalaltongo, Puebla State, on
May 21, 1920.” Thus he was killed while fleeing after the coup.

MEX-1920-1 70 MEX de la Huerta, A 24/05/1920 01/12/1920

De la Huerta “was chosen as provisional president on June 1, 1920, after Carranza's
ouster and murder. De la Huerta's government conducted elections and he relinquished
office to Alvaro Obregon on December 1, 1920. He served in Obregon's cabinet as
secretary of the treasury from 1920 to 1923.” He was sent to exile in 1923

MEX-1920-2 70 MEX Obregon 01/12/1920 01/12/1924

On Obregon see NYT, Mar 1., 1925, p.19 & The Washington Post, Mar 2, 1925, p.5.
He was killed when he won the 1928 election, 17 July 1928. He was assassinated.

MEX-1924 70 MEX Calles 01/12/1924 01/12/1928

Calles forced into exile in 1936. More than 6 years after out of power. Exile, but 6 years
out of power.

MEX-1928 70 MEX Portes Gil 01/12/1928 05/02/1930

MEX-1930 70 MEX Ortiz Rubio 05/02/1930 04/09/1932

Retires to California for a couple of years after he lost power.

MEX-1932 70 MEX Rodriguez 04/09/1932 01/12/1934

MEX-1934 70 MEX Cardenas 01/12/1934 01/12/1940

MEX-1940 70 MEX Avila Camacho 01/12/1940 01/12/1946

MEX-1946 70 MEX Aleman Valdes 01/12/1946 01/12/1952

24
Aleman Valdes becomes head of airline. See NYT, Dec. 28, 1952. Goes to Paris 20 Feb
1953. See NYT, 20 Feb, 1953, p.4. Still is there when graft allegations get aired. See also
NYT, Apr 9. 1952, p.14. Still in Europe May 15, now visiting behind the Iron Curtain.
June 27 visiting the Dutch Queen. Returns October 6 to Mexico city. Corruption charges
while in Europe.

MEX-1952 70 MEX Ruiz Cortines 01/12/1952 01/12/1958

MEX-1958 70 MEX Lopez Mateos 01/12/1958 01/12/1964

MEX-1964 70 MEX Diaz Ordaz 01/12/1964 01/12/1970

MEX-1970 70 MEX Echeverria Alvarez 01/12/1970 01/12/1976

Echeverria Alvarez. See http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A57581-
2005Jan7.html.“Facing Charges, Not Discomforts. Former Latin American leaders Live
the Good Life While in Confinement. Washington Pose, Saturday, January 8, 2005, Page
A10. “In Mexico, former president Luis Echeverria is the target of a special prosecutor's
probe into the killings of students and other anti-government activists during his term
from 1970 to 1976. Last summer, the prosecutor asked a judge to issue an arrest warrant
charging Echeverria with genocide. The judge refused. While the prosecutor has vowed
to continue pressing criminal charges, Echeverria, 82, lives in his comfortable home in
Cuernavaca, a plush weekend retreat south of Mexico City. “
Ambassador at large from 1977 to 1978.
See also: Thursday 22 September 2005. BBC News, World Edition.
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/4270658.stm
A Mexican judge has refused to issue an arrest warrant for a former president accused of
genocide.
The judge said the charges against Luis Echeverria did not amount to genocide.
Mr Echeverria, now 83, was accused of ordering a massacre of student protesters in 1968,
days before the Olympic Games opened in Mexico City. As many as 300 people may
have died when government agents hidden among regular soldiers opened fire on
students, prosecutors allege. Judge Ranulfo Castillo said several other officials charged
with Mr Echeverria over the massacre could not be prosecuted because the statute of
limitations - a legal time limit for bringing a case to trial - had expired. In Mr.
Echeverria's case, Judge Castillo said the 1968 killings could not be classed as genocide,
which is defined as an attempt to destroy an entire ethnic or national group. "I won,"
defence lawyer Juan Velasquez told the Reuters news agency. "It's the end of the
process." A spokesman for Special Prosecutor Ignacio Carillo told the agency they would
appeal against the ruling. Mr Echeverria also faced a kidnapping charge over the 1969
disappearance of activist Hector Jaramillo, but this was thrown out by the judge because
of a lack of evidence.
Snipers
Mr Echeverria is the first former Mexican president to have faced the possibility of
charges for human rights abuses allegedly committed during his time in office. He was
serving as interior minister and head of national security at the time of the massacre. Mr
Carrillo filed the charges after a judge ruled in July that Mr Echeverria could not be
charged over separate killings in 1971. Mr Carrillo said his investigations had exonerated

25
the Mexican army of responsibility for the massacre, and said he hoped to end 37 years of
"impunity and injustice". Mr Echeverria has acknowledged that some died in Tlatelolco
Square in 1968. He denies prosecution allegations that he posted snipers on scores of
buildings to fire into the crowd and gave orders to fire. Mexico's current President,
Vicente Fox, has vowed to punish public figures found to be responsible for killings and
oppression in the past.

MEX-1976 70 MEX Lopez Portillo 01/12/1976 01/12/1982

MEX-1982 70 MEX de La Madrid 01/12/1982 01/12/1988

De La Madrid Hurtado

MEX-1988 70 MEX Salinas 01/12/1988 30/11/1994

Salinas de Gortari
Electoral fraud alleged, exile

MEX-1994 70 MEX Zedillo 01/12/1994 30/11/2000

Ernesto Zedillo; born in 27 December 1951. At Yale, but not exile.

MEX-2000 70 MEX Vicente Fox Quesada 01/12/2000 31/12/2004

BELIZE

BLZ-1961 80 BLZ Price 07/04/1961 17/12/1984

BLZ-1984 80 BLZ Esquivel 17/12/1984 07/11/1989

BLZ-1989 80 BLZ Price 07/11/1989 03/07/1993

BLZ-1993 80 BLZ Esquivel 03/07/1993 28/08/1998

BLZ-1998 80 BLZ Musa 28/08/1998 31/12/2004

GUATEMALA

GUA-1873 90 GUA Justo Rufino Barrios 04/06/1873 06/04/1885

Formally elected in 1873, but instigated 1871 coup. He was killed in war against El
Salvador.

GUA-1885 90 GUA Barillas 06/04/1885 15/03/1892

General Barillas, after he lost power on 15 March, 1892, was appointed as Inspector
General of the forces. See NYT, Apr. 22, 1892. General Barrios, allegedly thrown in jail
before put into office. He was assassinated in April 7, 1907.

GUA-1892 90 GUA Reina Barrios 15/03/1892 08/02/1898

26
Reina Barrios was assassinated.

GUA-1898 90 GUA Estrada-Cabrera 08/02/1898 15/04/1920

President Estrada Cabrera lost power on 15 April 1920. He was under arrest in the
Polytechnic School. See NYT, April 18, 1920, p.1, NYT, April. 20, 1920 and the
Washington Post, May 30, 1920, p.22. See NYT, Dec. 9, 1921, p.16. He was overthrown.
For him fleeing to the American legation in Orellana’s coup, see Washington Post, Dec.
12, 1921, p. 6 “Herrera To Quit Guatemala.”

GUA-1920 90 GUA Herrera y Luna 08/04/1920 07/12/1921

Carlos Herrera, NYT, April 16, 1922 argues that Herrera was arrested and imprisoned by
armed forces under the command of Ubico. Herrera y Luna was removed by coup by J
Orellana. Lentz notes “…he was ousted in a military coup the following year on
December 9, 1921…. Orellana was a leader of the military coup that ousted Herrera on
December 9, 1921.” For the date of his ouster, see Boston Daily Globe, Dec. 8, 1921, p.
12 which has the coup occurring on 7 December. CSM Dece. 8, 1921, p. 4 “Guatemala
Revolt Led By Minority” also has the date on 7 December, and reports “President Carlos
Herrera and the members of his Cabinet, including Luis P. Aguirre, Minister of Foreign
Affairs, are prisoners. President Herrera is under guard in his home …” For his
subsequent exile, first in the Salvadorian legation, see Washington Post, Dec. 12, 1921, p.
6 “Herrera To Quit Guatemala.”

GUA-1921 90 GUA Orellana, J. 09/12/1921 26/09/1926

General Jose Maria Orellana, Chief of Staff of the Guatemalan Army. Later organizes
elections and gets legally elected President. And recognized as such by the US. See NYT,
April 16, 1922, p. 18. Heart attack.

GUA-1926 90 GUA Chacon 27/09/1926 13/12/1930

Chacon was in power from 1926 to 1930. Lentz notes : “Chacon resigned on December
12, 1930, after suffering a stroke. He went to the United States for medical treatment and
died at his home in New Orleans on April 10, 1931.” He died less than 6 months after he
lost power.

GUA-1930-1 90 GUA Palma 13/12/1930 17/12/1930

Palma takes over Unconstitutionally, he was Second Designate, the Secretary of War,
Gen Mauro de Leon, killed in street fighting later, is First Designate. The Washington
Post, Dec. 18, 1930, p.1. Lentz records that he dies in San Salvador June 20, 1946.
Probably exile. NYT, records his death on 20 June 1944 in San Salvador. See NYT, Jun.
22, 1944, p.19. Coup by Orellana.

GUA-1930-2 90 GUA Orellana, M. 17/12/1930 31/12/1930

Manuel Orellana. According to NYT (Jan 1, 1931, p. 23, Lentz just notes that he resigns,
without giving causes), he resigns after being informed the US would not recognize his
government on the basis of the Central American Treaty 1928, because he came to power
by force. His resignation is seen as way to find a constitutional solution. This is no threat

27
of foreign military force, but also does not involve domestic actors. See CSM, Jan 2,
1931, p.4; NYT, Jan 8, 1931, p.26. No evidence anywhere that he is related in any way to
J. Orellana, hence we assume he’s not.

GUA-1931-1 90 GUA Reina Andrade 01/01/1931 14/02/1931

Reina Andrade in constitutionally. CSM, Jan 2, 1931, p.4 Also Lentz. Born in 1860.

GUA-1931-2 90 GUA Ubico Castaneda 15/02/1931 01/07/1944

NYT, Oct. 22, 1944, p.30 notes: “Ubico, who had been accused of continuing control of
Guatemala through his successor, General Ponce, was reported already out of the
country, en route to New Orleans. … Senor Ponce is now interned in the Mexican
Embassy.” Subsequent exile in Mexico.

GUA-1944-1 90 GUA Ponce Valdez 01/07/1944 21/10/1944

Federico Ponce Valdez, head of Revolution junta. Christian Science Monitor, Oct. 21,
1944, p.13. “In Mexico City Vicente Saenz, General Secretary of the Union Democratica
Centroamericana, said he received a telegram saying that President Ponce and all
members of his Cabinet had found refuge in the United States Embassy in Guatemala
City.” See also: NYT, Oct.21, 1944. “The triumvirate issued a statement guaranteeing the
safety of General Ponce and his Cabinet, who are to be exiled, ….” See NYT, Oct. 24,
1944, p.12. Ponce arrives in Mexico City on Oct. 23.
Coup by Arbenz. NYT, Oct. 22, 1944, p.30 notes: “Ubico, who had been accused of
continuing control of Guatemala through his successor, General Ponce, was reported
already out of the country, en route to New Orleans. … Senor Ponce is now interned in
the Mexican Embassy.” Hence, may be a figure heard. However, Lentz notes: “Ponce
attempted to retain the presidency and was ousted in a military coup …”

GUA-1944-2 90 GUA Arbenz Guzman 21/10/1944 15/03/1945

NYT, Oct. 22, 1944, p.30 records, “The new regime is headed by Maj. Francisco Javier
Arana, 32; Capt. Jacobo Arbenz, 28 and Jorge Toriello, a civilian. The triumvirate began
forming a Cabinet today.” Lentz notes he was in exile under the Ponce regime. Junta
announces elections. He lets elections take place and hands over power.

GUA-1945 90 GUA Arevalo 15/03/1945 01/03/1951

For his entry, elected as president, see CSM, Dec. 21, 1944, p. 3 “Arevalo Is Elected
Guatemala President.” Which also notes he “will be inaugurated March 15, when the
present revolutionary junta, …, will retire.Decrees by the Junta have limited the
Presidency to one four-year terms, established women’s suffrage and mandatory voting
by all literate persons, and called for a constitutional convention to write a new
Constitution before March 15.” Apparently, according to the Washington Post, April 1,
1845, p. B6, he has a Ph.D. in education, and had been a professor at the University of
Tucman in Argentina. Constitution was put in force March 11 by the constituent
assembly.
Arevalo, serves after out in 1951 as “ambassador-at-large in the government of Jacobo
Arbenz Guzman.” Later out of the country and secretly returns in 1963. “Arevallo

28
entered from Mexico, where he has spent much of his self-imposed 13-year exile.” The
Washington Post, Mar. 31, 1963, p.A10. Self-imposed exile in Mexico.

GUA-1951 90 GUA Arbenz Guzman 01/03/1951 27/06/1954

Arbenz, in 1954 is removed in a coup organized by the CIA. See NYT, Dec. 1996, p.8
Coup by CIA, exile in France

GUA-1954-1 90 GUA Diaz 27/06/1954 29/06/1954

Carlos Diaz, (Col.) 27.06.1954-29.06.1954. The Washington Post, Jun 30, 1954, p.1.
Diaz is arrested. Ousted at gun point.

GUA-1954-2 90 GUA Monzon 29/06/1954 08/07/1954

GUA-1954-3 90 GUA Castillo Armas 08/07/1954 20/07/1957

He is shot to death by a leftist sympathizer.

GUA-1957-1 90 GUA Gonzalez Lopez 20/07/1957 24/10/1957

GUA-1957-2 90 GUA Mendoza Azurdia 24/10/1957 27/10/1957

Mendoza Azurdia. See NYT, Oct. 25, 1957, p.1 & The Washington Post, Oct, 27, 1957. ,
p. A5. Guatemala was ruled by a military Junta headed by Mendoza Azurdia.

GUA-1957-3 90 GUA Flores Avendano 28/10/1957 02/03/1958

Flores Avendano. See Lentz and NYT, Mar 4, 1958, p.8.

GUA-1958 90 GUA Ydigoras Fuente 02/03/1958 31/03/1963

Gen. Ydigoras survives an air force coup attempt by the air force in 1962. See NYT,
April 1, 1963, p.1. Ydigoras first taken into custody, then allowed to leave for Nicaragua.
Later US.

GUA-1963 90 GUA Peralta Azurdia 31/03/1963 01/07/1966

Gen. Peralta Azurdia, Lentz

GUA-1966 90 GUA Mendez Montenegro 01/07/1966 01/07/1970

Mendez Montenegro, not a military man. After his tenure, he serves as Guatemala’s
ambassador to Mexico. Lentz.

GUA-1970 90 GUA Arana Osorio 01/07/1970 01/07/1974

Arana Osorio is a colonel again. Lentz.

GUA-1974 90 GUA Laugerud Garcia 01/07/1974 01/07/1978

Gen. Laugerud Garcia, Lentz. Gen Kjell Eugenio Laugerud. It appeared that the
opposition candidate had won the vote by a wide margin, but the govt later declared that
the candidate of the ruling right-wing coalition, Laugerud had won. The Washington
Post, Mar. 24, 1982, p.A17.

29
GUA-1978 90 GUA Lucas Garcia 01/07/1978 23/03/1982
He lost power as a result of a coup led by junior officers, and he was held under house
arrest. Lentz records that “junior officers led a coup that ousted Lucas Garcia on March
23, 1982. Lucas Garcia and Anibal Guevara were put under house arrest.” Coup by
young officers March 23, declare the elections null and void.
Election had been 7 March.

GUA-1982 90 GUA Rios Montt 23/03/1982 08/08/1983

On Rios Mont. See http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A57581-
2005Jan7.html.
He is held under house arrest in Guatemala’s capital since 2004. He is investigated for the
killings of thousands during the 1980s military campaign against the Marxist rebels. “But
several weeks ago, the retired general threw a grand bash for his daughter's wedding at
his mansion in this colonial city at the foot of postcard-perfect volcanoes. Fine scotch
flowed, and the guest list included both the U.S. ambassador and a member of the U.S.
Congress, who happened to be the groom. Rios Montt is one of more than a dozen former
Latin American leaders who are under investigation on criminal charges ranging from
murder to embezzlement, yet who continue to enjoy the comforts of home and even high-
profile social lives, arousing the ire of ordinary citizens and human rights groups across
the country.” “Here in Antigua, renowned for its cobblestone streets and stunning views
of high volcanoes, news of Rios Montt hosting a wedding bash while under house arrest
was particularly galling. Rios Montt's daughter, Zury Rios Sosa, a Guatemalan senator,
married Rep. Gerald C. Weller (R-Ill.), in November, and Rios Montt hosted the party at
his expansive weekend home. John Hamilton, the U.S. ambassador, was among those in
attendance. "People with power can buy the law," said Miguel Angel Lopez, 49, who was
standing outside the former dictator's mansion, which is guarded by a 250-foot-long stone
wall capped by a double coil of razor wire. A sprawling lawn is visible when guards open
the gate. There was nothing illegal about Rios Montt hosting the party. Victor Hugo
Herrera, the judge in the case, said in an interview that Rios Montt asked for permission
to travel 30 miles from his house in Guatemala City to the mansion in Antigua for
"political reasons." He said he later saw in a newspaper that Rios Montt had gone there
for his daughter's wedding. Herrera said he granted the request because Rios Montt had
"been complying with the rules" of his confinement. He said the rules allow him to leave
his house, provided he stays within Guatemala City, but that travel outside the capital
requires permission. He is under house arrest, the judge said, after being charged with
organizing a riot by thousands of his supporters in Guatemala City in July 2003 in which
a Guatemalan journalist died. Human rights activists here said that charging Rios Montt
in that "Black Thursday" riot was akin to charging Al Capone with tax evasion. "He is a
symbol of genocide," said LaRue, the human rights official. But the attorney general's
three-member task force, which is looking into what many have called Rios Montt's
"scorched-earth campaign" to root out anti-government insurgents, faces a daunting task.
One of the prosecutors, Sandra Sosa Stewart, said the task force was working with
declassified U.S. government documents and examining bones unearthed in ongoing
exhumations of mass graves found throughout the country. "We don't have enough
people," she said. "We don't even have Internet access." Despite the difficulties, Juan

30
Luis Pons, another human rights activist, said criminal investigations of former Latin
American leaders, including Rios Montt, constitute a "a small light giving people hope"
that presidents are no longer above the law. Still, he added, the sight of a former dictator
under criminal investigation and house arrest hosting a wedding for 300 people, including
an A-list of Guatemala's elite, "shows that justice is still politicized in Latin America."”
See Washington Post Foreign Service, Saturday, January 8, 2005; Page A10.
He lost power with a coup and hold under house arrest.
BBC News: Tuesday 31 January 2006. “A court in Guatemala has dismissed
manslaughter charges against former military ruler Efrain Rios Montt. He was accused of
orchestrating a violent protest by his supporters against a ruling which banned him from
standing for president in 2003. A journalist died of a heart attack while running away
from protesters. … The 2003 protests, which caused chaos in Guatemala City, became
known as Black Thursday. Gen. Rios Montt eventually contest the election this year, but
he was defeated. He took part in the poll despite a constitutional rule that no-one who had
overthrown a government could stand for the presidency.”

GUA-1983 90 GUA Mejia Victores08/08/1983 14/01/1986

Lentz..

GUA-1986 90 GUA Cerezo 14/01/1986 14/01/1991

Cerezo Arevalo non military man. Survived attempted coup in May 1988. Lentz

GUA-1991 90 GUA Serrano Elias 14/01/1991 31/05/1993

Serrano Elias attempts ‘auto-golpe’ 27 May 1993, by enlisting the army to help him
abolish Congress, the courts and the Constitution. See NYT, May 27, 1993, p.A26.
Flees over failed attempt to dissolve parliament and supreme court.

GUA-1993 90 GUA Leon Carpio 01/06/1993 14/01/1996

Leon Carpio, was Government’s human rights ombudsman.

GUA-1996 90 GUA Arzu Yrigoyen 14/01/1996 14/01/2000

Arzu Yrigoyen, former businessman.

GUA-2000 90 GUA Alfonso Portillo Cabrera 15/01/2000 14/01/2004

See The Washington Post, May 23, 2004. p. B01. “According to Guatemalan news
reports, he was tipped off to the imminent loss of his Parliamentary immunity. He fled to
Mexico, where he remains, pending Guatemala’s extradition request..” Also see
http://www.nytimes.com/aponline/international/AP-Mexico-Guatemala-Former-
Leader.html. AP, August 29, 2004 and http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-
dyn/articles/A57581-2005Jan7.html.
“Facing Charges, Not Discomforts. Former Latin American leaders Live the Good Life
While in Confinement. Washington Pose, Saturday, January 8, 2005, Page A10. “Another
former president of Guatemala, Alfonso Portillo, is also under criminal investigation and
has fled to Mexico. Guatemalan authorities have asked the United States for help in
tracking Portillo's financial transactions. Meanwhile, his vice president, finance minister
and other top officials in his administration are in jail on corruption charges.”

31
When his political immunity was revoked on February 19 2004 Portillo immediately
fled to Mexico. On August 16, 2004, immigration authorities there granted him a year-
long work visa. He lives in Mexico City in an apartment in one of the city's most
exclusive neighborhoods.

GUA-2004 90 GUA Berger Perdomo 14/01/2004 31/12/2004

He was born in 1946.

HONDURAS

HON-1874 91 HON Leiva 13/01/1874 08/06/1876

Ponciano Leiva, provisional leader. Leíva is forced to resign the presidency.
NYT, Mar. 28, 1876, p.1 records: “It is said that Salvador continues to afford an asylum
to Leiva, the deposed President of Honduras, and that Guatemala has sent 1,000 men,
under Marco A. Soto, into Honduras to pacify that state.”
http://dodgson.ucsd.edu/las/honduras/1821-1899.html. Cites from a 1979 book, however,
argues that Lieva was toppled from power in 1875. Apparently Leiva was forced to
resign the presidency, “by the intrigues of President Barrios of Guatemala.”

HON-1876 91 HON Soto 27/08/1876 19/10/1883

Exiled.

HON-1883-1 91 HON Council of Ministers 19/10/1883 30/11/1883

HON-1883-2 91 HON Bogran 30/11/1883 30/11/1891

See NYT, Aug. 21, 1892. “Ex-President Bogran has suffered a severe attack of illness
and is now en route to California for the restoration of his health.” NYT, Aug. 19, 1892.
Bogran is in San Fran on his way to Europe.

HON-1891 91 HON Leiva 30/11/1891 07/08/1893

Ponciano Leiva in power for the 2nd time. Leiva resigned in January under threat of civil
war and a provisional government was established. He was not elected in 1893. See
NYT, Jan 31, 1894, p.3. Fate is relatively unclear, he’s disappeared; some note he’s in
exile in British Honduras.

HON-1893 91 HON Vasquez 07/08/1893 22/02/1894

Domingo Vásquez, was overthrown in 1894 as the result of a disastrous war (civil war)
with Nicaragua. He escaped to San Salvador in March-April 1894, but returned to his
country.

HON-1894 91 HON P. Bonilla 22/02/1894 01/02/1899

President P. Bonilla, (Goemans 2000). M. and P. Bonilla NOT related: NYT, Nov. 6,
1902, p. 6, "Failed to Elect President."

HON-1899 91 HON Sierra 01/02/1899 30/01/1903

32
Sierra was sent to exile to El Salvador

HON-1903 91 HON M. Bonilla 01/02/1903 11/04/1907

Bonilla was sent to exile in Guatemala.
http://sshl.ucsd.edu/collections/las/honduras/1902.html :
“Haggerty and Millet 1995: "Sierra's efforts to perpetuate himself in office led to his
overthrow in 1903 by General Manuel Bonilla, who proved to be an even greater friend
of the banana companies that Sierra had been...Conservative Manuel Bonilla was an
opponent rather than a relative or friend of Sierra's liberal predecessor, Policarpo Bonilla.
During Manuel Bonilla's term in office, he imprisoned ex-president Policarpo Bonilla for
over two years and took other steps to suppress his political opposition, the liberals, who
were the only group with an organized political party....Manuel Bonilla made some
efforts to reorganize the conservatives into a 'national party.' The present-day National
Party of Honduras traces its origins to his administration" (page 19).” M. and P. Bonilla
NOT related: NYT, Nov. 6, 1902, p. 6, "Failed to Elect President."

HON-1907 91 HON Davila 18/04/1907 28/03/1911

Under pressure from the United States, which is supporting General Bonilla's attempts to
overthrow the government, Dávila tenders his resignation March 28.
See the Washington Post, Aug. 28, 1911, p.3: “Former President Davila, who was
deposed by the recent successful revolution, headed by Gen. Manuel Bonilla, and who is
now in Salvador, is supposed to be interested in the plot.”

HON-1911 91 HON Bertrand 28/03/1911 02/02/1912

HON-1912 91 HON M. Bonilla 02/02/1912 20/03/1913

Dr. Manuel Bonilla dies in office. See NYT, March 22, 1913, p. 4.

HON-1913 91 HON Bertrand 20/03/1913 28/07/1915

Francisco Bertrand, vice president under Bonilla, enters power as the interim President.
For his entry, see See NYT, March 22, 1913, p. 4. He stepped down to run for president.

HON-1915 91 HON Alberto Membreno 28/07/1915 01/02/1916

Lentz notes: He was born in 1858.
Membreno led unsuccessful revolts against the government in October 1919. Apparently
involved in the overthrow of Bertrand. See CSM, Sept.13, 1919. He was the Vice
President under Bertrand. See CSM, Sept. 19, 1919, p.4.

HON-1916 91 HON Bertrand 01/02/1916 09/09/1919

Francisco Bertrand was in power from February 1, 1916, to September 9, 1919.
He handed power over to a council of ministers and fled. Dr. Francisco Bogran becomes
President designate. See the NYT, Sept. 23, 1919, p.16. Vice President Membreno was
first jailed by Bertrand and then fled.

HON-1919 91 HON Bogran 13/09/1919 01/02/1920

33
For entry and exit, see The Washington Post, Oct. 19, 1919, p. ES16., Dec. 8, 1919, p.6,
See NYT, Nov. 2, 1919, p.X2. NYT, Sept.16, 1919, p.7 notes that Bogran has been
named as provisional President. He was born in 1849. He handed over power
constitutionally.

HON-1920 91 HON Lopez-Guitierrez 01/02/1920 01/02/1924

Rafael Lopez Gutiererez was a general. Lentz notes: “Lopez Gutierrez planned to extend
his term of office, but several factions went into revolt and forced him from office. Lopez
Gutierrez fled the capital in February 1924 and went to Ampala. He was suffering from
diabetes and attempted to go to the United States for Insulin treatment. He died of
complications from his condition on March 10, 1924.” We follow Lentz, and record his
death regularly from diabetes, less than six months after he was ousted.
For this leader also see : http://sshl.ucsd.edu/collections/las/honduras/1902.html
which reports that he died on 10 August, 1924.
See also http://www.biografiasyvidas.com/biografia/l/lopez_gutierrez.htm
(1854-1924) Militar y político hondureño. Elegido presidente de su país en 1920, se
proclamó dictador al terminar su mandato (1924), provocando un alzamiento de los
partidos de la oposición.
Gutierrez was elected president on 31 October, 1919. CSM, Nov. 1, 1919, p.10.

HON-1924 91 HON Vicente Tosta 01/02/1924 01/02/1925

Vicente Tosta was in power from April 30, 1924 to February 1, 1925. He was born in
1876. He stepped down as a result of agreements with rebels.

HON-1925 91 HON Paz Baraona 01/02/1925 01/02/1929

President Miguel Paz Baraona, plans tour of Europe after retiring from office. See NYT,
Jan. 24, 1929, p.10. NYT, May, 9, 1931, p.18 shows that he was fine after losing power.
Note that Paz Baraona was the running mate of General Carias Andino. Paz was
apparently chosen “in negotiations sponsored by the United States.” NYT, Dec. 24, 1969,
p.25. This article also records that until about 1936, President and Vice President were
previously forbidden to win re-election without a gap of at least four years.

HON-1929 91 HON Mejia Colindres 01/02/1929 01/02/1933

Colindres was forced to exile.

HON-1933 91 HON Carias Andino 01/02/1933 01/01/1949

General Carias Andino changes the constitution, around 1936, at the end of his first term.
“a new Constitution was enacted that enabled the President and Vice President (who were
previously forbidden to win re-election without a gap of at least four years) to remain in
office until 1943. The principle of continuismo was invoked three years later to extend
the leaders’ tenure until January, 1949. See NYT, Dec. 24, 1969, p.25.

HON-1949 91 HON Galvez 01/01/1949 15/01/1954

Lentz notes : He suffered from poor health during the final year of his term, and his vice
president, Julio Lozano Diaz, serve as acting president from January 15, 1954. Galvez

34
left Honduras for medical treatment on December 6, 1954 . He died on August 19, 1972.
See below on his son being involved in a subsequent Junta (56-7).

HON-1954 91 HON Lozano Diaz 15/01/1954 21/10/1956

Lentz notes that “Lozano went to Miami, Florida, in September 1956 for treatment for
hypertension. He was ousted by a military coup on October 21, 1956. He remained in
exile in Miami.” The Washington Post and Times Herald, Aug. 21, 1957, p. B2. “Julio
Lozano Diaz, 72; Ex-Chief of Honduras. Miami, Fla. Aug. 20. Former Chief of State
Julio Lozano Diaz of the Republic of Honduras died at a hospital here tonight. Lozano,
72, died of cerebral thrombosis complicated by pneumonia. As vice president, Lozano
took over the reins of government when the Honduran congress failed to ratify a
controversial election majority for Dr. Ramon Villedas Morales. Morales deposed
Lozano last October and the former Chief of State came here to live. He had been
hospitalized since July 27 when he was stricken with an intestinal ailment. He suffered a
stroke five days ago. He had been in ill health before his overthrow. He came here last
September to be treated for a heart ailment. He returned to Honduras after that but
suffered a heart attack in February, 1957, following his return here to live.”

HON-1956 91 HON Caraccioli 21/10/1956 21/12/1957

Col. Hector Caraccioli Moncada, Commander of the Air Force, General Roque J.
Rodríguez, head of the military academy. and Maj. Roberto Galvez, son of former
President Juan Manuel Galves. We code Caraccioli as leader, and not Rodriguez, see
below. On his entry see The Washington Post and Times Herald, October 23, 1956, p.
A10, which reports “a bloodless coup” and that “A show of force was sufficient to cause
the president to resign. … Villeda Morales, 49-year old exiled Liberal Party leader, called
the election a fraud. Villeda Morales, who was exiled to Costa Rica last July on charges
of seditious agitation, has asked the Honduran junta for permission to return home.”
NYT, Oct. 25, 1956, p.3 notes that Caraccioli voided the October 7, 1956, election is
annulled. It also writes: “Last Sunday, a three-man junta led by Colonel Caraccioli ousted
Dr. Lozano in the first bloodless coup in the history of Honduras.” NYT, October 22,
1956, p.1 “Honduran Military Junta Ousts Lozano in Bloodless Revolution. … Colonel
Caraccioli was responsible for the coordination between the Air Force and the infantry,
military school and the national police. The fact that these groups united made the coup
possible. The colonel said that by the action of the military group, the rule of the “strong
man and the politician who placed his own welfare above the welfare of the people as at
an end.” …. General Rodriguez, 55 years old, is an old-time Honduran commander. He is
the only one of the three who was not educated in the United States. He was invited to
join the junta because he controlled the military school and the two other members of the
junta did not want to risk bloodshed.”
For Rodriguez’ removal NYT, Jul 7. 1957, p.25 “Army ousts member of Honduran Junta.
Tegucicalpa, Honduras July 6. … A statement released to the press and radio stated that
ranking officers of the armed forces had invalidated the appointment of General
Rodriguez to the junta, made last Oct. 21. The statement also said that a new appointment
would not be made, thus reduce the junta to two members, Col. Hector Caraccioli and
Major Roberto Galvez Barnes. …” See also LA Times, Jul. 14, 1957, p. B “Hondurans
Seek Stable Government by Ballot. … On July 6 military supporters of Galvez and Col.

35
Hector Caraccioli, 34, removed from power the third member of the ruling junta ….”
Irregular entry. … Earlier this year a decision by the junta contributed to the series of
incidents that set off the brief border war between Nicaragua and Honduras. The military
triumvirate created a new State in the Mosquitia area, claimed by Hondurans since
1906as part of their nation and by Nicaragua as territory in dispute. The junta exhorted
“20th centurypioneers” to settle the new State of Gracias a Dios and transform the isolated
jungle Mosquitia area into cotton and coffee plantations.”
NYT, Nov.19, p. 21 “Honduran Officer Leave Junta: Tegucigalpa, Honduras, Nov. 18—
Maj. Roberto Galvez Barnes withdrew from the Honduran military junta Saturday. He
was replaced by the Defense Minister, Col. Oswaldo Lopez. ….. Major Galvez said he
had withdrawn because of disappointment at the Constituent Assembly’s election of Dr.
Ramon Villeda Morales, Liberal leader, as President.” He hands over power, peacefully,
to Villeda Morales, hence regular exit. For the Constitution of 19 December 1957, which
he signs, see:
http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/01478404433725684232268/p00
00001.htm
Coup attempt against him by Colonel Armando Velasquez Carrato in May 1957. It fails
and the colonel finds refuge in the Guatemalan Embassy.
He dies, is killed (?) 1975. Had been the first pilot to use an emergency chute in
Honduras, 25 January 1945.

HON-1957-2 91 HON Villeda Morales 21/12/1957 03/10/1963

On 11 November 1956, the Junta – see above – sent an Air Force plain to fetch Villeda
from Costa Rica.
NYT, September 25, 1957, p.28 notes on what brought him to power: “The man who has
once again risen to the top—Dr. Villeda Morales—has given good reasons for hope that
he will lead his country with intelligence and ability. He won a plurality of the votes in
the 1954 Presidential elections but was unfairly pushed aside. In recent months he was a
respected Ambassador to Washington, where he and Senora Morales made friends for
themselves and for their country.” NYT, Aug. 3, 1957 records that the two-man junta had
accepted the resignation of Villeda Morales as Ambassador to the US.
For his entry, see Kirk Bowman, The Sam Nunn School of International Affairs, Georgia
Institute of Technology. “Militarization and Democracy in Honduras, 1954-1963.”
Although the Junta had declared that there should be a direct election (which Villeda
would have easily won), the Junta and the Liberal Party suddenly switch course on 14
November 1957, and “decide that there should be no direct election and that Villeda
should be declared president.” “The Armed Forces decreed that "due to the difficult
circumstances that affect the country, it has not been possible to strictly comply" with our
promise to hold a second election (Oquelí 1981, 3). One member of the Ruling Military
Junta--Roberto Gálvez--resigned in protest and was replaced by Oswaldo López
Arrelano, who quickly became the strong man of the armed forces. The Liberals publicly
argued that Villeda had won the two previous elections and that the country could not
afford to have another election when the outcome was already known (Becerra
1988, 169). For Villeda to agree to become president without a presidential election
appears to be completely irrational. He was wildly popular and revered almost as a saint
by the majority of the people. Pictures of the bookish doctor with thick horn-rimmed

36
glasses appeared on newspaper front pages and were hung on the walls of homes
throughout the country (Interview with Matías Funes 12 December 1995, Tegucigalpa,
Honduras; Interview with Ramón Oquelí 24 July 1997, Tegucigalpa, Honduras). And
before the sudden move to have him declared president, Villeda had unequivocally and
publicly declared that he would not take the presidency without a direct election by the
people ( El Cronista 24 September 1957). What happened? A deal was made between
Villeda and the military junta, the details of which remain a shrouded mystery of secret
meetings, threats, and backroom deals. … Ramón Oquelí, the noted Honduran scholar
and journalist, and an objective and dispassionate fountain of information on the country,
provides the most logical explanation. According to Oquelí, the arrangement was
masterminded by the calculating strong-man of the military, Oswaldo López. López had
previously declared to the people that "on one day not very far off, the (armed forces)
will become the maximum representation of the national conglomerate" and that the
"armed forces could no longer be considered a fleeting phenomenon in the institutional
life of the country" (Funes 1995, 92-93). To make this dream a reality, López tricked
Villeda by telling him that the very popular Roberto Gálvez Barnes of the military junta
would be the unified candidate of the military, the Nationalists, and the Reformists if a
direct election were held. He also warned Villeda that the military would not be able to
guarantee a clean and fair election. Villeda was left with no better option than to accept
the deal. After the deal was consummated, Roberto Gálvez Barnes left the ruling junta to
protest the decision to forego the presidential elections. In a conversation with Villeda,
Gálvez told him that he had never contemplated plans to run for the presidency. Villeda
discovered the trick, but it was too late (Interview with Ramón Oquelí, 24 July 1997,
Tegucigalpa, Honduras).” Hence entry is irregular.
Morales lost power as a result of a military coup by Osvaldo Arellano. He was sent to
exile to Costa Rica. Lentz notes that “Two months before Villeda Morales was scheduled
to complete his term of office, he was ousted in a military coup by Osvaldo Lopez
Arellano on October 3, 1953.”

HON-1963 91 HON Lopez Arellano 03/10/1963 06/06/1971

Gen Oswaldo Lopez Arellano lost power on 6/6/1971. Note that he had been involved in
the Junta of 1956-1957, (then as Col.) see NYT, Nov. 20, 1957, p. 19.
Keesing’s Vol. 17 (1971) April notes: “About 16 months after the 1963 coup, a
Constituent Assembly had been elected on Feb. 16, 1965, and it elected (the then)
Colonel Lopez Arellano President of the Republic for a six-year term on March 23. in the
absence of the Liberal Party members who boycotted the Assembly's sessions. Under the
new Constitution drawn up by the Assembly, President. Lopez Arellano (who had
meanwhile been promoted General) was installed as constitutional President on June 6,
1965; the Constituent Assembly became the country's Parliament as the National
Assembly, in which the Liberal Party members took their seats; and a Government
consisting of 10 Secretaries of State was appointed.” Thus, perfectly fits the six years
term.
After he lost power Arellano was placed under house arrest in Tegucigalp (the Honduran
capital) only relatively briefly. See Keesing’s Vol. 21 (1975) May.

37
Oswaldo Lopez Arellano overthrown on 22 April 1975, after he had refused to allow an
investigatory commission to examine his foreign bank accounts. General Lopez Arellano
was prevented by a court order of May 16 from leaving the country. (Keesing’s)

HON-1971 91 HON Cruz 06/06/1971 04/12/1972

Cruz also came into power constitutionally. See Keesing’s Vol. 17 (1971) April: Senor
Ramon Ernesto Cruz, duly elected President for a six-year term, will assume office in
June 1971.--(New York Times - Times - Financial Times - Le Monde)

HON-1972 91 HON Lopez Arellano 04/12/1972 22/04/1975

Gen. Oswaldo Lopez Arellano lost power in 1975. He was placed under house arrest in
Tegucigalp (the Honduran capital) for a short time. See Keesing’s Vol. 21 (1975) May.
According to NYT, April. 23, 1975, p.89, he was not under arrest. Arellano Implicated in
the bribe scandal involving United Brands. Later he was “allowed to remain in the
country and subsequently became president of an air transportation service in Honduras.”
See Lentz. NYT, April 24, 1975, p.3, notes he’s not allowed to leave the country. NYT,
May, 23, 1975, p.55, notes “Both the former President and Mr. Bennaton Ramos have
been under virtual house arrest since the bloodless coup on April 22.“

HON-1975 91 HON Castro 22/04/1975 07/08/1978

Col. Alberta Melgar Castro was a former justice minister.

HON-1978 91 HON Paz Garcia 07/08/1978 27/01/1982

HON-1982 91 HON Suazo Cordova 27/01/1982 27/01/1986

HON-1986 91 HON Azcona Hoyo 27/01/1986 27/01/1990

HON-1990 91 HON Callejas 27/01/1990 27/01/1994

HON-1994 91 HON Reina 27/01/1994 27/01/1998

HON-1998 91 HON Flores Facusse 27/01/1998 27/01/2002

HON-2002 91 HON Ricardo Maduro 27/01/2002 31/12/2004

EL SALVADOR
El Salvador has terms limits for presidents.
Sources consulted include Baloyra (1982), Penate and Sanchez (2000), and White (1973)

SAL-1871 92 SAL Gonzalez 15/04/1871 11/02/1876

Santiago Gonzalez dies in 1887. He lost power constitutionally. See
http://countrystudies.us/el-salvador/6.htm.

SAL-1876-1 92 SAL Andres del Valle 12/02/1876 01/05/1876

38
Government overthrown.
NYT, June 12, 1876.p.7. records that “Ex-President Falle, of Salvador, has gone to
California.” (Note search: The Historical New York Times. With “Salvador” entered in
“Article Text” and period 1/1/1876 to 1/1/1877.)
He fought a war with Guatemala and Guatemala, each invading the other. According to
NYT, May 13, 1876. Guatemala was victorious.
Coup, engineered by Guatamalan president Barrios

SAL-1876-2 92 SAL Zaldivar 01/05/1876 14/05/1885

Zaldivar was exiled.

SAL-1885 92 SAL Menendez 22/05/1885 22/06/1890

Menendez had a Heart attack because of betrayal.

SAL-1890 92 SAL Ezeta 22/06/1890 10/06/1894

Carlos Ezeta, for his post tenure fate, see NYT, Jul. 2, 1894. He was exiled.

SAL-1894 92 SAL Guttierez 10/06/1894 14/11/1898

Rafael Gutiérrez. He lost power because of the government overthrown by General
Tomás Regalado in 1898. Guttierez was removed by Regalado because of his and other
Salvadorians’ opposition to the Federal Union of The United States of Central America
which was about to be formed.
See NYT Dec. 1, 1898. p.5: “Much curiosity is aroused as to the whereabouts of former
President Guiterrez [sic, HG], as the reports do not say what has become of him. One of
the officials here believes that Guiterrez has been allowed to escape.”
See The Washington Post. Feb 4, 1899. p.9. “FROM PRESIDENT TO PAUPER. …
Guiterrez was forced to fly to Honduras for safety. All of Guiterrez’s property is heavily
mortgaged, and his family is forced to subsist on the meager income derived from the
mortgaged plantations.”

SAL-1898 92 SAL Regalado 14/11/1898 01/03/1903

Regolado lost power on Mar 1, 1903. Lentz, notes that he continued to serve in the
military and led Salvadoran troops into battle with Guatemala in 1906. He was killed
during the fighting at El Jicaro on July 11, 1906. See also NYT, Jul. 13, 1906, p.1

SAL-1903 92 SAL Escalon 01/03/1903 28/02/1907

Escalon, may have attempted a coup against Figueroa. See NYT, Jun. 15, 1907. p.4. We
could not find anything on him afterwards. Lentz notes that he died on September 6,
1923.

SAL-1907 92 SAL Figueroa 01/03/1907 28/02/1911

Lentz notes that he died on June 18, 1919. He created a government of national
reconciliation. See http://www.biografiasyvidas.com/biografia/f/figueroa_fernando.htm

SAL-1911 92 SAL Araujo 01/03/1911 09/02/1913

See NYT, Dec. 28, 1913, p. SM11 Assassinated.

39
SAL-1913 92 SAL C. Melendez 11/02/1913 15/08/1914
Lentz: Steps down 28 August, 1914, in order to run for President again. “He stepped
down in favor of his brother-in-law, Alfonso Quinonez y Molina, on August 28, 1914, to
become a candidate in the presidential election. He was victorious and resumed office on
February 28, 1915. … He remained in office until December 21, 1918, when he stepped
down for reasons of health after arranging the succession of his younger brother Jorge
Melendez. Carlos Melendez died of cancer in a New York City clinic on October 9, 1919.

SAL-1914 92 SAL Quinonez Molina 29/08/1914 28/02/1915

See Lentz.

SAL-1915 92 SAL C. Melendez 01/03/1915 21/12/1918

Carlos Melendez lost power in December 1918. Lentz: Steps down for reasons of health.
He died of cancer in New York on October 9, 1919.

SAL-1918 92 SAL Quinonez Molina 21/12/1918 28/02/1919

SAL-1919 92 SAL J. Melendez 01/03/1919 28/02/1923

Jorge Melendez was the brother of Carlos. See Lentz.

SAL-1923 92 SAL Quinonez Molina 01/03/1923 28/02/1927

See Lentz. He was exiled to Paris by handpicked successor.

SAL-1927 92 SAL Romeo Bosque 01/03/1927 28/02/1931

Romero Bosque. Lentz records him as dying in Managua, Nicaragua, on December 10,
1934. Given the coup, his fate is coded as exile.

SAL-1931-1 92 SAL Arajuo, A. 01/03/1931 02/12/1931

See Lentz and NYT Dec. 4, 1931, p.1.He was captured and exiled, to Guatemala and
assassinated.

SAL-1931-2 92 SAL Hernandez Martinez 04/12/1931 29/08/1934

See Lentz and the NYT Dec. 4, 1931, p.1. He was not behind coup but was Vice
President and constitutional successor. NYT records that the coup is led by Colonel
Osmin Aguirre. Exiled.

SAL-1934 92 SAL Menendez, A.I. 29/08/1934 28/02/1935

Andres Ignacio Menendez was born in 1879.

SAL-1935 92 SAL Hernandez Martinez 28/02/1935 09/05/1944

SAL-1944-1 92 SAL Menendez, A.I. 09/05/1944 21/10/1944

Andrés Ignacio Menéndez was forced to resign, sent to exile to Guatemala, but returned
to his country in April 1945. See Lentz. He suggests constitutional entry. But NYT, Oct.

40
22, 1944, p.30. records that Menendez “led an army coup that overthrew Gen. Hernandez
Martinez.”. See also the NYT, Mar. 26, 1945, p.8.

SAL-1944-2 92 SAL Aguirre Salinas 21/10/1944 28/02/1945

Aguirre Salinas tries a revolt against Castaneda Castro, June 1945. See NYT, Jun. 13,
1945, p.4. Flees to Honduras.

SAL-1945 92 SAL Castaneda Castro 28/02/1945 14/12/1948

Castaneda Castro was imprisoned after he lost power.

SAL-1948 92 SAL Cordova 15/12/1948 04/01/1949

Manuel de Jesus de Cordova.
See NYT, Jan 7, 1949, p.15. “The Revolutionary Council of Government, which has
ruled here since President Salvador Castaneda Castro was forced to resign Dec. 14,
announced today the resignation of the head of the Council or Junta, Lieut. Col. Manuel
de Jesus Cordoba, who left El Salvador yesterday.”

SAL-1949-1 92 SAL Osorio 04/01/1949 22/10/1949

Lentz notes: Steps down to campaign for presidency. His entry isn’t really constitutional,
but in line with the Junta’s rules. He was the real leader of junta before he formally
gained power.

SAL-1949-2 92 SAL Oscar Bolanos 22/10/1949 14/09/1950

Oscar Bolanos. Takes over from Osorio. His entry is not really constitutional but in line
with the Junta’s rules.

SAL-1950 92 SAL Osorio 14/09/1950 14/09/1956

Osorio is elected President, and serves his term. On his regular and “properly
constitutional” exit, see LA Times, Jan. 25, 1958, p. 6 “Past Offers Hope for
Venezuelans.” Also http://www.biografiasyvidas.com/biografia/l/lemus.htm; New York
Times September 15, 1956, p. 4; Lentz 1994, p. 254.

SAL-1956 92 SAL Lemus 14/09/1956 26/10/1960

Colonel Jose Maria Lemus. Minister of Interior under Osorio. See on Lemus’s policies,
CSM, Oct. 5, 1956, p. 19. Lemus was allowed to leave the country after his overthrow,
took refuge in Guatemala, and subsequently flew to Costa Rica. See Keesing’s Vol. 6
(1960) November. Fraud alleged in election; defeated in coup, flees the country.

SAL-1960 92 SAL Castillo 26/10/1960 25/01/1961

Miguel Angel Castillo, (Lieut.-Col). Military and civilian junta, January 25: Government
overthrown.
Keesing’s Vol. 7 (1961) February records: The six-man civilian and military junta which
seized power in October last by a bloodless coup d'etat was itself overthrown on Jan. 25
by the Army; according to press despatches from San Salvador, several people were
killed and about 25 injured in clashes following the uprising, while a number of
Communists and supporters of Dr. Castro were reported to have been arrested. The

41
members of the former junta were variously reported as under house arrest or in exile in
Guatemala; it was also stated that Colonel Oscar Osorio, a former President and leader of
the Social Democratic Party, had been arrested and subsequently sent into exile. +
Christian Science Monitor 27/1/1961: “Two deposed members of the former junta were
ordered out of the country by Colonel Portillo.” NYT Times, records that many of the
former Junta were exiled. See NYT, Jan 5, 1962 p.14. Also Washington Post, 28 Jan
1961, p.A10. “One of the new junta’s first acts was to arrest four members of the
previous Government and 30 alleged Communist leaders.” Coup.

SAL-1961 92 SAL Portillo 25/01/1961 25/01/1962

Col. Anibal Portillo. Lost power constitutionally. See Christian Science Monitor. Jan 26.
1962. “ELECTED LEADER TAKES OVER IN EL SALVADOR. Dr. Eusebio Rodolfo
Cordon was sworn in Thursday as Provisional President of El Salvador, and he civil and
military directorate which had ruled the country for the past year was dissolved. Dr.
Cordon, a former journalist turned lawyer who became a supreme court judge was elected
Jan. 10 by a constituent assembly elected last December to complete the term of
President Jose Maria Lemus. Dr. Cordon will hold office until July 1, when he will hand
over to a new President to be elected in April….. The Cabinet is the same as that under
the former civil and military directorate (minor exceptions, HG)

SAL-1962-1 92 SAL Rodolfo Cordon 25/01/1962 01/07/1962

Dr. Eusebio Rodolfo Cordon. Cordon was the former President of the Supreme Court.

SAL-1962-2 92 SAL Rivera 01/07/1962 01/07/1967

See Lentz on Rivera.

SAL-1967 92 SAL Sanchez Hernandez 01/07/1967 01/07/1972

Sanchez Hernandez. See Lentz. Sanchez and his daughter are captured by rebels in 1972,
but freed by military. He could not run again because of term limit. President term was
limited in 1972.

SAL-1972 92 SAL Molina 01/07/1972 01/07/1977

Molina Barraza is Ruling Party Candidate. The opposition claims vote fraud and that
Duarte won. See The Washington Post, May 2, 1982 A2. He was elected after
questionable recount.

SAL-1977 92 SAL Romero Mena 01/07/1977 15/10/1979

Electoral fraud alleged; defeated in coup, sent into exile

SAL-1979 92 SAL Majano Ramos 15/10/1979 07/12/1980

Majano Ramos was offered a diplomatic position in Spain. He refused it and went
underground. He was arrested in Guatemala, and returned to El Salvador. Ramos was
briefly imprisoned by the Duarte junta before being sent into exile. See Lentz.

SAL-1980 92 SAL Duarte 13/12/1980 02/05/1982

Duarte was named by the junta.

42
SAL-1982 92 SAL Magana Borjo 02/05/1982 01/06/1984
Magana Borjo was elected by parliament, under US pressure.

SAL-1984 92 SAL Duarte 01/06/1984 01/06/1989

Duarte died of cancer at his home in San Salvador on February 23, 1990. Term limited.

SAL-1989 92 SAL Cristiani 01/06/1989 01/06/1994

SAL-1994 92 SAL Calderon Sol 01/06/1994 01/06/1999

SAL-1999 92 SAL Flores 01/06/1999 01/06/2004

SAL-2004 92 SAL Saca González 01/06/2004 31/12/2004

NICARAGUA

NIC-1871 93 NIC Quadra 01/03/1871 01/03/1875

Pres. Quadra. Circumstantial, but newspapers point to the peaceful nature of pol. +
dominance of his party.

NIC-1875 93 NIC Chamorro 01/03/1875 01/03/1879

Dr. Pedro J. Chamorro. Flees into exile, kicked out, under Sacasa. See NYT, Aug. 26,
1891; p.5

NIC-1879 93 NIC Zavala 01/03/1879 01/03/1883

Zavala. Tries a coup against Sacasa in 1891, gets kicked out of the country. See NYT,
Aug. 26, 1891; p.5

NIC-1883 93 NIC Cardenas 01/03/1883 01/03/1887

Adan Cardenas, dies a ‘natural’ death. Reported as “somewhat mysterious.” See NYT,
Aug. 2, 1889, p5. The Washington Post, Aug. 2, 1889, p.1. See also NYT, Aug, 26, 1891,
p.5. www.rulers.org has him dying in 1916. The Times (London), Saturday October 13,
1888, p.12: “Foreign Office, Oct. 10. It is hereby notified that on the 4th inst. Senor
Doctor Don Adan Cardenas presented, thought her Majesty’s Principal Secretary of State
for Foreign Affairs, Senor Don Jose Pasos’s Letter of Recall and his own Credentials as
Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary from the republic of Nicaragua.”
Hence, we code him as OK after losing office.

NIC-1887 93 NIC Carazo 01/03/1887 01/08/1889

http://www.ihnca.edu.ni/Histori_no%20Cont/Histori_I/040.el-pdte-carazo.htm
Born in Carthage, Costa Rica, 24 October 1821. Dies a natural death in office.
Others have him born in Grenada, Nicaragua.

43
NIC-1889 93 NIC Roberto Sacasa Sarria 01/08/1889 01/06/1893
Roberto Sacasa was ousted. There was a revolt in April 1893 and after the revolt Sacasa
went to the USA and Europe. See NYT, Aug. 7, 1893, p.6.
See NYT, Aug. 2, 1889, p5,The Washington Post, Aug. 2, 1889, p.1. and NYT, Aug, 26,
1891, p.5. Constitutionally, Sacasa takes over. Also See NYT, Oct. 10, 1890, p.2. on the
procedure (very unique) see NYT, Aug. 30, 1891, p.10. ALSO, AT THIS TIME,
PRESIDENTS COULD SERVE ONLY FOR ONE TERM. Dispute over whether that
included the unfinished term of his predecessor or only his own election. “The succession
of the Presidency in the event of the death of the incumbent is not provided for as in this
country, by a Vice President, but the Constitution requires that the names of five Senators
shall be written upon slips of paper and inclosed in separate envelopes, which are then
placed in a box. After the box has been shaken so as to mix the envelopes up, two are
drawn out and destroyed without exposing the names contained therein. The other three
are then filed away in the archives of the State. If the President dies, these envelopes are
taken out, again placed in a box, and a properly-designated officer draws one out. The
Senator whose name is contained therein is immediately declared President. It was
supposed by the framers of the Constitution that this method would effectually guard
against the name of the possible successor to the Presidency being known in advance, and
thereby prevent any plotting against the life or tenure of the incumbent.
So far as the writer was able to ascertain, it was not charged that on the death of
President Carazo, in October, 1888, Dr. Sacasa secured his succession to the office by
unfair means, but it was his subsequent course which stirred the opposition. The
Constitution provides that no one shall be eligible to more than one term as President. It
was held by his political opponents that this provision was applicable to unexpired terms
as well as to full terms. President Sacasa took the opposite view and when he announced
his intention to seek election at the end of the term for which Carazo had been elected,
the real trouble began. Then it was charged that he resorted to unfair means to secure his
election.” See also: NYT, Jul. 11, 1893, p.8 & NYT, Aug. 7, 1893, p.1. But apparently
(??) later minister for foreign affairs under Zelaya, or someone of the same name. The
Washington Post, Feb. 23, 1910, p.4.
HG: The above claim that Carazo dies in October, 1888 is incorrect, he dies in 1889.
Ousted in coup.
For his family relationship with later Juan Bautista Sacasa Sacasa, see
http://www.grupoese.com.ni/1999/bn/09/27/otr990927.htm and
http://www.grupoese.com.ni/1999/bn/09/28/otra990928.htm, which is a site
maintainted by the Institute of Geneaology and History of Nicaragua, IGHN.

NIC-1893 93 NIC Zelaya 31/07/1893 16/12/1909

Pres. Zelaya’s escape (to Mexico first) see The Washington Post, Dec. 26, 1909, p.1. Out
1909. Exile in US.

NIC-1909 93 NIC Madriz 16/12/1909 20/08/1910

Resigned under pressure from US, exile in Mexico

NIC-1910-1 93 NIC J. D. Estrada 20/08/1910 29/08/1910

44
Forced out by brother

NIC-1910-2 93 NIC J. J. Estrada 29/08/1910 09/05/1911

Jose Dolores Estrada (b. 18... - d. 1911). See NYT, Aug. 28, 1910, p.7. Exiled in US.
Brother of J. D. Estrada.

NIC-1911 93 NIC Diaz 09/05/1911 31/12/1916

Adolfo Diaz. Out December 31, 1916. Gen. Luis Mena leads a revolt against him, US
supports him with marines.

NIC-1917 93 NIC Chamorro Vargas 01/01/1917 31/12/1920

Emiliano Chamorro Vargas. Lentz. Unknown if related to earlier Chamorro: NIC-1875.
Opposition boycott his election

NIC-1921 93 NIC Diego Chamorro 01/01/1921 12/10/1923

Diego Manuel Chamorro is the son of Dr. Pedro J. Chamorro, who was president 1875-
79 and the uncle of Chamorro Vargas. Fraud alleged in election; died in office

NIC-1923 93 NIC Martinez Bartol 12/10/1923 07/12/1924

Exile in El Salvador.

NIC-1925 93 NIC Solorzano 01/01/1925 14/01/1926

Forced to resign, exile in the US

NIC-1926-1 93 NIC Chamorro Vargas 17/01/1926 30/10/1926

Emiliano Chamorro Vargas was the nephew of Chamorro, since D. M. Chamorro was the
son of Dr. P. Chamorro, E. Chamorro Vargas must have been a grandson (through his
mother?) of Dr. P. Chamorro. He, in turn, is the great-uncle of Violeta Chamorro’s
husband.

NIC-1926-2 93 NIC Aldolfo Diaz 30/10/1926 01/01/1929

NIC-1929 93 NIC Moncada 01/01/1929 31/12/1932

Jose Maria Moncada. See Lentz and NYT, Mar. 21, 1933, p.7.

NIC-1933 93 NIC Sacasa Sacasa, Juan Buatista 01/01/1933 06/06/1936

NYT, May 7, 1950, p.106, on Roman y Reyes’ death notes that Juan Sacasa was the
uncle (of the wife) of Anastasio Somoza, and that he was forced from office by Somoza
Exiled in US. Wikipedia has the fact that Sacasa was the uncle of the wife of Somoza.
On his exile in the US to Los Angeles, see Wikipedia. Juan Bautista Sacasa had been
previously Vice President.
http://www.grupoese.com.ni/1999/bn/09/27/otr990927.htm
records that Juan Sacasa Sacasa is the son of of ex-President Roberto Sacasa Sarria.

NIC-1936 93 NIC Carlos Alberto Brenes Jarquin 06/06/1936 18/12/1936

45
Carlos Alberto Brenes Jarquin (b. 1884 - d. 1942), See NYT, Jan 15, 1937, p.12. In 1937
was appointed as a chief minister to Washington.
Lentz says chosen by Congress to serve as President on June 9, 1936. He relinquishes
office to Amastasio Somoza Garcia, following Somoza’s election to the presidency. So
Constitutional exit. (Somoza ran unopposed.) He first wants to resume his medical
practice (NYT, Dec. 28, 1936, p.5, then is appointed. Nicaraguan Minister to
Washington. NYT, Jan. 15, 1937, p.12. He leaves Feb. 26, with wife and children. See
NYT, Feb. 27, 1937, p.7. But Dec. 15, 1937, new Nicaraguan Envoy to US. He left the
country.

NIC-1937 93 NIC Anastasio Somoza Garcia 01/01/1937 01/05/1947

NYT, May 7, 1950, p.106, reports that Somoza is the nephew of Juan Sacasa.
Somoza remains power behind the scenes.

NIC-1947-1 93 NIC Arguello 01/05/1947 26/05/1947

Set up by Somoza as an intended puppet, struck out on his own, defeated, refuge in
Mexican Embassy, exiled.
For his entry, see NYT, May 2, 1947, p. 5. NYT reports “Immediately after “affirming”
that he would uphold the Constitution …. President Arguello told a joint session of
Congress: “I will not—you can be sure of that—be a mere figurehead President.” For his
exit, see Chicago Daily Tribune, May 27, 1947, p.7, which records: “San Jose, Costa
Rica, May 26 –Gen. Anastasia Somoza, chief of the Nicaraguan army and former
president, today took over the government of Nicaragua. The post was reported turned
over to him by President Leonardo Arguello. … Gen. Somoza after leaving the
presidency became head of the army. He was reported to have become displeased with
Arguello’s dismissal of several Somoza supporters from high governmental positions.
Informants said events in Managua were precipitated when Arguello summoned Somoza
and told him he had 24 hours to leave the country. Somoza, it was said, went to the army
garrisons and arranged a coup. … Travellers said Arguello is held prisoner in the
presidential palace.” On his exile, and shelter by Mexico, see NYT, May 28, 1947, p.11.
NYT, Oct. 5, 1947, p. 9. “Panama, Oct. 4—Former President Anastasio Somoza of
Nicaragua has refused safe conduct for former President Leonardo Arguello, reported to
be seriously ill in the Mexican Legation in Mangagua, where he took refuge iwhen his
government was overthrown, unless Senor Arguello resigned the Presidency, according
to a report in The Nation.” Chicago Daily Tribune, Dec. 16, 1947, p.27 records Arguello
died Dec. 15, in Mexico City of a heart attack.

DELETE
NIC-1947-2 93 NIC Lacayo Sacasa 26/05/1947 15/08/1947
NYT, May 28, 1947, p.11. “Washington, May 27 – Benjamin Lacayou Sacasa has been
designated Provisional President of Nicaragua by the Congress, pending the calling of
new elections, …. Senor Lacayo Sacasa is one of the three designates who had been
named under the Constitution as a panel from which to make a selection in event of a
vacancy in the Presidential office. [Senor Lacayo Sacasa is 60 years of age and was
President of the Camber of Deputies, The Associated Press said.]” NYT, May 29, 1947,
p.7 reports “Former President Gen. Anastasio Somoza was appointed today as Minister of

46
War, Navy and Aviation and commander in Chief of the National Guard by Provisional
President Benjamin Lacayo Sacasa. General Somoza thus retains virtual control of the
country as head of all its armed forces.” NYT, Jun 20, 1947, US declares policy of Non-
Recognition of Lacayo Sacasa rule.
NYT, Aug. 3, 1947, p. 14. “Nicaragua will hold a Constituent Assembly election
tomorrow which the regime backed by Gen. Anastasio Somoza apparently hopes will
bring about recognition from American republics …”
This Sacasa was also related—as a “political nephew” to the previous Roberto
Sacasa Sarria, see http://www.grupoese.com.ni/1999/bn/09/28/otra990928.htm.

NIC-1947-3 93 NIC Roman y Reyes 15/08/1947 06/05/1950

NYT, Aug. 3, 1947, p. 14. “Nicaragua will hold a Constituent Assembly election
tomorrow which the regime backed by Gen. Anastasio Somoza apparently hopes will
bring about recognition from American republics …”
NYT, Aug. 15, 1947, p.7. “Managua, Nicaragua, Aug. 14—Dr. Victor Roman Y Reyes,
Foreign Minister in the recent Somoza regime, was chosen President of Nicaragua today
by the Constitutent Assembly, which had been elected Aug. 3. The new President will be
inaugurated Saturday, replacing Provisional President Beanjamin Lacayo Sacasa. Dr.
Roman y Reyes, 73, a member of a prominent Liberal family, was educated at
Hahnemann Medical College in Philadelphia and practied medicine for some years in the
United States. His first wife was an American and several of his children reside in the
United States.
For Somoza being in charge, see for example, NYT, April 20, 1948, p.16 about
Nicaraguan troops crossing into Costa Rica. Also, NYT, Dec. 12, 1948, p.13.
On Reyes’ natural death, see his obituary NYT, May 7, 1950, p.106.
He was also related—as a “political nephew” to the previous Roberto Sacasa Sarria, see
http://www.grupoese.com.ni/1999/bn/09/28/otra990928.htm

NIC-1950 93 NIC Anastasio Somoza Garcia 07/05/1950 29/09/1956

NIC-1947-2 93 NIC Anastasio Somoza Garcia 26/05/1947 29/09/1956

We previously had Lacayo Sacasa (26/05/1947 – 15/08/1947) and Roman y Reyes
(15/08/1947—06/05/1950) in before Somoza Garcia returned to power. However, these
two leaders were clearly figureheads and puppets. See NYT, May 28, 1947, p.11.
“Washington, May 27 – Benjamin Lacayou Sacasa has been designated Provisional
President of Nicaragua by the Congress, pending the calling of new elections, …. Senor
Lacayo Sacasa is one of the three designates who had been named under the Constitution
as a panel from which to make a selection in event of a vacancy in the Presidential office.
[Senor Lacayo Sacasa is 60 years of age and was President of the Camber of Deputies,
The Associated Press said.]” NYT, May 29, 1947, p.7 reports “Former President Gen.
Anastasio Somoza was appointed today as Minister of War, Navy and Aviation and
commander in Chief of the National Guard by Provisional President Benjamin Lacayo
Sacasa. General Somoza thus retains virtual control of the country as head of all its armed

47
forces.” NYT, Jun 20, 1947, US declares policy of Non-Recognition of Lacayo Sacasa
rule.
NYT, Aug. 3, 1947, p. 14. “Nicaragua will hold a Constituent Assembly election
tomorrow which the regime backed by Gen. Anastasio Somoza apparently hopes will
bring about recognition from American republics …”
For Somoza Garcia’s decision to run again in 1950, see NYT, Feb. 13, 1950, p.4.
As above, his “uncle-in-law was Juan Sacasa Sacasa, in other words, Somoza is married
to Sacasa Sacasa’s niece. For his entry, see NYT, May 8, 1950, p. 11. “Managua,
Nicaragua, May 7—Gen. Anastasio Somoza, Natioanl Liberal (Government( candidate in
this month’s Presidential elections, was unanimously elected President by a special
session of Congress today to serve out the unexperied term of Dr. Victor M. Roman y
Reyers, who died last night in Philadelphia.
Shot and seriously wounded 21 September 1956. Dies of wounds

NIC-1956 93 NIC Luis Somoza Debayle 29/09/1956 01/05/1963

Luis Somoza Debayle, son of Somoza Garcia. Lentz.

NIC-1963 93 NIC Shick Gutierrez 01/05/1963 03/08/1966

Regarded as Somoza puppet

NIC-1966 93 NIC Guerrero Gutierrez 04/08/1966 01/05/1967

Regarded as Somoza puppet

NIC-1967 93 NIC Anastasio Somoza Debayle 01/05/1967 17/07/1979

Anastasio Somoza Debayle. Son of Somoza Garcia, brother of Luis. Officially “out” in
1972. Fraud alleged. Chicago Tribune, Oct. 26, 1972, p. B24 Headline: “Somoza Holds
Firm Grip. Nicaragua Government Control: Still a Family Affair.” Lentz: Assassinated
with bazooka and machine-gun fire on Sept. 17, 1980 in Asunción, Paraguay. Exiled,
murdered.
Although Chicago Tribune Oct.26, 1972 reports “A three-man panel now makes up the
nation’s chief executive office, ….” it is clearly understood Somoza and his family still
run things. Somoza is not ruling because the constitution did not allow him to run. For his
rule, see also Wall Street Journal, Oct. 22, 1973, p. 22.
Lentz: Assassinated with bazooka and machine-gun fire on Sept. 17, 1980 in Asunción,
Paraguay. Exiled, murdered.

DELETE
NIC-1972 93 NIC Triumvirate 01/05/1972 01/12/1974
Set up by Somoza.

NIC-1979 93 NIC Daniel Ortega 18/07/1979 25/04/1990

Coup, and then defeated in elections.

NIC-1990 93 NIC Violeta Chamorro 25/04/1990 10/01/1997

48
Violetta de Chamorro. Born Violeta Barrios Torres. So not directly related to previous
Chamorros. She married Pedro Joaquin Chamorro Cardenal. On her husband: Pedro
Joaquin Chamorro Cardenal (1924-1978). He was a Nicaraguan revolutionary who in
1952 took over the family owned newspaper, La Prensa. He turned the paper into a
leading opposition voice to the dictatorial and repressive Somoza regime. He was
repeatedly jailed and in 1957 was sent into exile. He returned to Nicaragua in 1960
following an amnesty, however he suffered from further harassment and was assassinated
in 1978. He was the great-nephew of Emiliano Chamorro Vargas, previous president.
(ECV is great-uncle.) She is also related to the Sacasa family.

NIC-1997 93 NIC Aleman 10/01/1997 10/01/2002

Aleman is stripped of his immunity from prosecution in December 2002, but remains
member of the legislature. LA Times, Dec. 13, 2002, p.A27. Gets convicted of corruption
in 7 December 2003. Chicago Tribune, December. 8, 2003, p.4. Sentenced to 20 years
confinement at his ranch. More than a year after out (unfortunately …). See also
http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A57581-2005Jan7.html. Washington
Post Foreign Service, Saturday, January 8, 2005, Page A10. “Former Nicaraguan
president Arnoldo Aleman, who was convicted in December 2003 and sentenced to 20
years on corruption charges involving $100 million in public funds, is serving his term at
his own ranch outside the capital. Aleman, who ran Nicaragua from 1997 to 2002, did
spend a few months in prison before returning home, but it was in a special section with
extra comforts that included air conditioning, cable television and massages. "It's
scandalous," said Alberto Novoa, Nicaragua's attorney general. "Of course it's not fair."
… Nicaragua's Aleman has become a particularly potent symbol of the abuse of power.
His personal fortune ballooned while he headed a nation where many people earn less
than $2 a day. Prosecutors produced records showing that he and his wife charged
massive sums to government credit cards, including a $13,755 bill for the Ritz Carlton
hotel in Bali and $68,506 for hotel expenses and handicrafts in India. Aleman, 58, is
suffering from several ailments, many of them related to his obesity, his attorneys say. It
was on medical grounds that the presiding judge allowed him to return last year to his
leafy hacienda, where he is free to receive visitors and chat on his cell phone.”
Convicted of corruption in 2003.

NIC-2002 93 NIC Enrique Bolanos 11/01/2002 31/12/2004

COSTA RICA

COS-1870 94 COS Guardia 10/08/1870 06/07/1882

Guardia, takes office in 1870 with a revolution. See NYT, Jul. 26, 1882, p.5

COS-1882-1 94 COS Lizano 06/07/1882 20/07/1882

Lizano. See NYT, Jul. 26, 1882, p.5.

COS-1882-2 94 COS Prospero Fernandez Oreamuno20/07/1882 12/03/1885

COS-1885 94 COS Bernardo Soto Alfaro 12/03/1885 07/11/1889

49
Bernardo Soto Alfaro. See NYT, Nov. 26, 1889, p.5. Removed under pressure from
armed supporters of the newly elected Pres. Rodriguez. Washington Post of Jan 31, 1890,
p.1 records Soto’s incognito arrival in Chicago Jan. 30. But he runs again for office in
1906.

COS-1889 94 COS Carlos Duran Cartin 07/11/1889 08/05/1890

Duran does take over more or less constitutionally, so, manner & lost are correct. See
NYT, Nov. 26, 1889, p.5. The article suggests that Rodriguez will take over in
December. But Rodriguez’s entry date of May is right (but NYT, May 8, 1891, p.1, has it
as 14 May). Can’t find anything about his fate, but Rodriguez exiled many. He runs for
President again in 1914. See NYT, May 8, 1914, p.1. Dies, Nov. 23, 1924. NYT, Nov.
24, 1924, p.17. Was a physician. Forced legislature to elect chosen successor, after
disputed elections, goes to Europe.

COS-1890 94 COS Jose Joaquin Rodriguez 08/05/1890 08/05/1894

Rodriguez. Goes to Europe, from US. NYT, Jul 7, 1894, p.6. NYT, Jul. 8, 1894, p.12.

COS-1894 94 COS Rafael Yglesias Castro 08/05/1894 08/05/1902

Iglesias is son in law of Pres. Rodriguez, Lentz, Washington Post (The Washington Post,
Mar. 25, 1894, p.16). Presidents (since Constitution of 1859), can serve only one term of
four years, no second term. See NYT, Apr. 5, 1894. p.5. (NYT has him as nephew of
Rodriguez.) Is constitution altered under him? He wins a second term? Lentz:

COS-1902 94 COS Ascension Esquivel Ibarra 08/05/1902 08/05/1906

Esquivel. See The Washington Post, Apr. 3, 1906., p.6.

COS-1906 94 COS Gonzalez Viquez 08/05/1906 08/05/1910

COS-1910 94 COS Jimenez Oreamuno 08/05/1910 08/05/1914

COS-1914 94 COS Alfredo Gonzalez Flores 08/05/1914 27/01/1917

Alfredo Gonzalez Flores’ entry is a bit iffy. Congress chose him when elections failed to
produce a victor. See NYT, May 8, 1914 (filled with errors), p.1 & Lentz. He was Vice
Prez under Jimenez. Flees to US, arrested in 1919. See NYT, Oct. 11, 1919, p.15. Exiled
in US.

COS-1917 94 COS Federico Tinoco Granados 27/01/1917 13/08/1919

NOTA BENE, he may have been a figurehead for his brother Jose Joaquin Tinoco. See
The Atlanta Constitution, Sept. 13, 1919, p. 2 “Murder of Tinoco Unsolved Mystery.”
This records: “When on January 27, 917 [sic, HG], his [e.g., Joaquin’s] brother Federico,
who was minister of war in the cabinet of President Alfredo Gonzalez, deposed the latter
and became head of the government, Joaquin as given the war portfolio and thereupon, it
is said, became the real president of Costa Rica. … On the day before the assassination
Joaquin went before the Costa Rican congress and asked to be relieved as vice president,
a position he held by virtue of his cabinet post. At the same time his brother, the
president, asked official permission to leave the country because of “ill health.” Both

50
requests were granted and the two Tinocos were preparing to depart when Joaquin was
shot down.”
We code this as an irregular exit, since he (either Joaquin or Federico) had not yet handed
over power.
On Federico’s Tinoco’s entry, see Boston Daily Globe, Jan 31, 1919, p.3, which reports
Tinoco, ex-War Minister, came into power several years ago through a bloodless
revolution. He has been elected President since, but recognition has been refused by the
United States under President Wilson’s policy of withholding recognition from any
Government set up by violence.”
On Tinoco’s exile see Washington Post, Aug. 16, 1919, p.1, and Lentz. Exiled in Europe.
NYT, Jan 28, 1919, p.7 reports: “Jan. 27—Travelers arriving from Costa Rica report that
the Tinoco Government has a large number of men under arms and that a very strict
censorship is being enforced. … The travelers say that President Tinoco evidently fears
an invasion of Costa Rica by Costa Ricans driven from the country when he gained
control there.” For more on that invation, see NYT, Feb. 19, 1919, p. 4, which reports
“Eight thousand Costa Rican troops have been mobilized on the border between Costa
Rica and Nicaragua and threaten the invasion of the latter country. Dispatches to the
Nicaraguan Legation today announcing this threat to the peace of Central America said
the leader of the troops was Julian Irias, Premier of Nicaragua under the Zelaya
Government, which was overthrown by revolution ten years ago. With the exception of
police and a legation guard of 100 United States marines, there are no armed forces in
Nicaragua, as that country does not maintain a standing army.” See also: The Washington
Post Feb. 19, 1919, p. 5, which reports “The threatened war between Nicaragua and
Costa Rica is associated with the overthrow of Gonzales by Tinoco, now president of
Costa Rica. A considerable portion of Gonzales’ following fled to Nicaragua, where they
began collection money and resources to start a revolution against Tinoco. The
Nicaraguan government has winked at this and threats of the Costa Rican government to
take warlike measures against a neighboring state for harboring enemies and assisting
them have been held in abeyance because of the influence of the United States. Now,
however, Costa Rica apparently belies the United States Government is no longer a real
retraining factor, as it is interested only in peace doctrines and adverse to anything
resembling war.”
The Atlanta Constitution, May 3, 1919, p. 10 reports: Costa Rica Exiles Begin
Revolution. “Costa Rican exiles met and defeated a force of Costa Rican frontier guards
on the Rio Frio, near the southeastern shore of Lake Nicaragua Thursday. The frontier
guards retired after the fight.”
For more progress on the revolutionaries advances: The Washington Post, May 11, 1919,
ES 14. The Atlanta Constitution, Jun. 3, 1919, p.7 which records that the governments of
Guatemala, Honduras and Nicaragua recognized the belligerency of the anti-Tinoco
revolutionists in Costa Rica. The Wasington Post, Jun 5, 1919, p. 1 records that American
marines have been landed in Costa Rica. NYT, June 9, 1919, p. 1 records that the
revolution collapses in Costa Rica, and Nicaraguans fear invasion by Costa Ricans,
headed by Tinoco’s brother. See also CSM, July 4, 1919, p. 14. “Order Restored in Costa
Rica Capital.” CSM, July 5, 1919, p.4 President Tinoco’s Forces Dislodged. Costa Rican
revolutionists, under the leadership of the Mexican general, Manuel Chao, on Thursday

51
night attacked and dislodged the forces of President Tinoco of Costa Rica from their
advanced positions.”
Boston Daily Globe, Aug. 14, 1919 “Tinoco Out of Costa Rica. But Details Not Stated.”
Records: Washington, Aug. 13, -- President Tinoco has left Costa Rica. … There also
was no indication whether the President quit the country before his brother, Joaquin
Tinoco, Vice President of the Republic, was assassinated on Aug. 10.” Note, from above,
that it was Tinoco’s brother who led the armed forces. See also NYT, Aug. 14, 1919, p.2
“Tinoco Regime Gone.” which notes Joaquin’s assassination on the 10th, burial on the
11th and Federico’s fleeing on the 12th.
For Tinoco’s fleeing, see LA Times, Aug. 17, 1919, p.IV14 “Deposed President of Costa
Rica to Europe.” Which notes “Federico Tinoco … said several attempts thad been made
to assassinate him and that his brother, Jose, Minister of War, was shot in the back of the
head the night before the President left and died later.” Blamed for the assassination is
Nicaragua.
Hence, his exit looks rather irregular. However, Boston Daily Globe, Aug. 18, 1919, p. 9
records Federico Tinoco … said he believed the assassin of his brother Jose Joaquin
Tinoco, had come from Nicaragua and that the assassination had been planned in
Nicaragua and Washington. Gen. Tinoco said that he decided to leave Costa Rica on
account of his health about a month ago. At that time, he said, perfect order was being
maintained. Gen Tinoco had arranged for his brother to assume the reins of government
during his absence, but Joaquin, having decided to accompany the Generla to Europe,
resigned the Vice Presidency last Saturday night. It was arranged that the brothers and
their families should leave Costa Rica on Monday.”
The Washington Post, Aug. 21, p.1 “Bars Tinoco regime” records “Federico Tinoco
smuggled himself into a freight car and escaped to Port Limon, where he took the United
Fruit Company’s steamer Zacapa to Jamaica. Tinoco had arranged to leave the
presidential succession in the hands of Juan Bautista Quiros, who had been manager of
the National Bank and had assisted the Tinoco brothers in inssuing $15,000,000 in paper
money …. Quitos announced himself president and is now clinging to the wreckage of
the Tinoco regime. The popular armed movement to restore the authority of
constitutional government is headed by Julio Acosta, who was minister of foreign affairs
under President Gongalez [sic, HG]. Mr. Gonzales, from the time he was thrust from the
presidency, has lived in the United States.”

COS-1919-1 94 COS Juan Bautista Quiros Segura 20/08/1919 06/09/1919

For his entry, see The Washington Post, Aug. 17, 1919, p. E4 “Chief Now of Costa Rica.
Juan Baustiste Quiros assumed the duties of acting president of Costa Rica August 12,
according to dispatches here yesterday. Quiros was chosen vice president by Tinoco, who
recently obtained a leave of absence and is reported to have left Costa Rica.
Juan Bautista Quiros Segura, according to Lentz, was “Tinoco’s hand-picked successor
when he resigned on August 13, 1919.”
However, NYT, Aug. 15, 1919, p.3 “New Costa Rica President” records “the revolution
in Costa Rica is spreading rapidly in the interior of the republic. Julio Acosta has been
named Provisional President of the republic. He has designated Francisco Aguilar
Barquero to arrange for the holding of free elections.”

52
His government was not recognized by the US – neither was Tinoco’s, see The
Washington Post, Aug. 21, 1919, p.6 “Costa Rica Saved” and he was forced to resign.
CSM, Jun 16, 1920, p.10. For his exit, see also Washington Post, Sept. 7, 1919, p. E4
Quiros Quits Costa Rica.

COS-1919-2 94 COS Barquero 06/09/1919 08/05/1920

Little in Lentz. Third Designate. Washington Post, Sep. 7, 1919, p. E4. Is lawyer. Alleged
Us imposition. NYT, Aug. 15, 1919, p.3 “New Costa Rica President” records “the
revolution in Costa Rica is spreading rapidly in the interior of the republic. Julio Acosta
has been named Provisional President of the republic. He has designated Francisco
Aguilar Barquero to arrange for the holding of free elections.”

COS-1920 94 COS Acosta Garcia 08/05/1920 08/05/1924

COS-1924 94 COS Jimenez Oreamuno 08/05/1924 08/05/1928

See CSM, Dec. 20, 1928.

COS-1928 94 COS Gonzalez Viquez 08/05/1928 08/05/1932

A Revolt is threatened in February 1932. Revolt is put down. See NYT, Sept. 24, 1937,
p.21

COS-1932 94 COS Jimenez Oreamuno 08/05/1932 08/05/1936

See Lentz.

COS-1936 94 COS Cortes Castro 08/05/1936 08/05/1940

See Lentz.

COS-1940 94 COS Calderon Guardi 08/05/1940 08/05/1944

See Lentz. Exile in 1948.

COS-1944 94 COS Picado Michalski 08/05/1944 20/04/1948

Exiled in Guatemala.

COS-1948 94 COS Leon Herrera 20/04/1948 08/05/1949

See Lentz. Born in 874

COS-1949-1 94 COS Figueres Ferrer 08/05/1949 08/11/1949

He’s the leader who abolishes CR’s army to prevent coups.

COS-1949-2 94 COS Otilia Ulate 08/11/1949 08/11/1953

COS-1953 94 COS Figueres Ferrer 08/11/1953 08/05/1958

COS-1958 94 COS Echandi Jimenez 08/05/1958 08/05/1962

COS-1962 94 COS Orlich 08/05/1962 08/05/1966

53
COS-1966 94 COS Trejos 08/05/1966 08/05/1970

COS-1970 94 COS Figueres Ferrer 08/05/1970 08/05/1974

COS-1974 94 COS Quiros, Daniel 08/05/1974 08/05/1978

COS-1978 94 COS Carazo Odio 08/05/1978 08/05/1982

COS-1982 94 COS Monge Alverez 08/05/1982 08/05/1986

COS-1986 94 COS Arias 08/05/1986 08/05/1990

COS-1990 94 COS Calderon Fournier 08/05/1990 08/05/1994

Son of a former president. NYT, Feb. 5, 1990, p. A2. Son of Rafael Angel Calderon
Guardia, 1940—44. The elder is exiled after he tried to nullify the 1948 results. CSM,
Feb. 6, 1990, p. 3

COS-1994 94 COS Figueres Olsen 08/05/1994 08/05/1998

Keesing’s Vol. 40, February 1994. José María Figueres, elected 1994 president, is son of
Jose Figueres Ferrer, previous president.

COS-1998 94 COS Rodriguez Echeverria 08/05/1998 08/05/2002

Keesing’s Vol. 46, March 2000: “Former President Oscar Arias Sánchez (1986-90) of the
National Liberation Party (PLN), in his attempt to have the constitution amended so that
he could run for another term in the 2002 elections, conducted a non-binding nationwide
plebiscite on March 12 on whether he should be allowed to serve a second term. Some 80
per cent of the 120,000 people who voted said that he should be permitted. The current
constitution did not allow for a president to serve a second term.”

COS-2002 94 COS de la Espriella 09/05/2002 31/12/2004

PANAMA

PAN-1903 95 PAN Jose Agustin Arango 03/11/1903 20/02/1904

Arango, later becomes minister in Washington. The Washington Post, Jun 21, 1907, p.2 +
Jan. 2, 1908, p9. Later becomes First Vice President, dies May 10, 1909. Washington
Post, Mar. 2, 1910, p.2.

PAN-1904 95 PAN Manuel Amador Guerrero 20/02/1904 01/10/1908

Guerrero, dies a little over a year later. See Lentz.

PAN-1908 95 PAN Jose Domingo de Obaldia 01/10/1908 01/03/1910

PAN-1910-1 95 PAN Carlos Antonio Mendoza 01/03/1910 01/10/1910

Resigns under alleged US pressure.

54
PAN-1910-2 95 PAN Pablo Arosemena Alba 01/10/1910 01/10/1912
Change Pablo Arosemena entry date 1 October, 1910. See NYT, Mar. 8, 1912, p.6.
“Pablo Arosemena this morning resumed the office of President of the Panama Republic
in response to the appeals of friends, who thought he would not be chosen at the
approaching Presidential election. The resumption of office by President Arosemena
before the expiration of the six months leave of absence granted him by the Supreme
Court, February 1, excludes him from participation as a candidate in the Presidential
campaign. The constitution of Panama provides for the election of a President of the
Republic for four years and the holder of the office is not eligible for the succeeding
term. By taking leave of absence from the Executive Office for six months Arosemena
would have made himself eligible for re-election, but his present step now excludes him.”
For fate, see NYT, Dec. 14, 1913, p.C5.

PAN-1912 95 PAN Belisario Porras Barahona 01/10/1912 01/10/1916

Stays in power 4 years. Can’t serve two terms, is term extended to 4 years? Lentz notes
that he was subsequently minister to the US. In this case we code this as NOT
punishment. See: CSM, Oct.14, 1916, p.13.

PAN-1916 95 PAN Ramon Maximiliano Valdes 01/10/1916 03/06/1918

Valdes dies in office.

PAN-1918-1 95 PAN Ciro Luis Urriola 03/06/1918 01/10/1918

.

PAN-1918-2 95 PAN Belisario Porras Barahona 01/10/1918 30/01/1920

Belisario Porras. Lentz records he’s chosen by the national assembly to complete the
unexpired term of Valdes. Steps down briefly on Jan 30 1920 to run for another term.
Porras had to stand down 6 months before election to run again.

PAN-1920-1 95 PAN Ernesto Lefevre 30/01/1920 01/10/1920

He was born in 1876

PAN-1920-2 95 PAN Belisario Porras Barahona01/10/1920 01/10/1924

Felix Belisario in power again. After he lost power he became minister to France and
Great Britain from 1925 to 1926. He was in power between 1 Oct. 1920-October 1, 1924.

PAN-1924 95 PAN Chiari, Rudolfo 01/10/1924 08/09/1928

Rodolfo Chiari. Lentz notes that he was in power from October 1, 1924, to October 1,
1928. BUT .. NYT, Apr. 2, 1965 notes : “Mr. [Tomas Gabriel] Duque was Panama’s first
Vice President when, on Sept. 8, 1928, the retiring President, Rodolfo Chiari, went on
leave. Mr. Duque served as President until the inauguration, on Oct. 1, of President
Chiari’s elected successor, Florenzio Harmodio Arosemena. He was Secretary of Finance
and Treasury in the new Government until his resignation in September of 1930. He died
at age 75 April 1, 1965. He was born in 1890.

55
PAN-1928-1 95 PAN Tomas Duque 08/09/1928 01/10/1928

PAN-1928-2 95 PAN Florencio Harmodio Arosemena01/10/1928 03/01/1931

Arosemena (Guillén), Florencio Harmodio (b. Sept. 17, 1872, Panama City - d. Aug. 30,
1945), president of Panama (1928-31). He did engineering work in various parts of Latin
America and in Panama he built the Government Palace, the National Theatre, the City
Hall, and other public buildings, and played a prominent part in railroad construction. In
May 1928 he was nominated for president of Panama on the first ballot at the convention
of the Liberal Party at Aguadulce, receiving the vote of 69 of the 70 delegates. Previously
he had taken no part in politics other than membership in the Panama municipal council,
although he had always been identified with the Liberal Party and had represented
Panama at the Chicago Highway Congress of 1926. In the election of Aug. 5, 1928, he
defeated Jorge E. Boyd, candidate of the Union Coalition party. He pursued a policy of
reducing the expenses of the country, which met with approval in some quarters, but with
opposition in others, particularly through his cutting down of government salaries. In
November 1929 the salary cuts were restored, but the next year the government faced a
deficit. He was active in the promotion of public works, especially highway construction.
On Jan. 2, 1931, he was overthrown in a revolution which began at 2 A.M. with the
killing of ten persons. Arosemena was surprised in his palace by a group of armed men
and made prisoner with the members of his cabinet. He at first refused to resign, but later
agreed to and was permitted to go with his family to a hotel in the Canal Zone. After the
coup a manifesto was issued by 50 prominent citizens promising to give the country "a
just election law." Promulgation of new election laws had been one of the matters under
dispute during the Arosemena regime.
See rulers.org He was charged with fraud, exonerated.

PAN-1931-1 95 PAN Arias, H. 03/01/1931 16/01/1931

For his entry, see LA Times, Jan. 3, 1931, p. 1 which reports “A swift vigorous
revolution today brought the government of the Republic crashing down on the head of
President Florencio Harmodio Arosomena. He resigned and appointed Dr. Harmodio
Arias, one of the leaders of the revolt, to form a new government. The Supreme Court of
Panama after administering the oath of office to Dr. Arias as provisional President,
immediately telegraphed Dr. Ricardo J. Alfaro, Minister to the United States, requesting
him to return to Panama and assume the Presidency. Dr. Alfaro was First Vice-President
in the immediately precding term of office, and the Supreme Court held he was the legal
successor of President Arosemena. The Supreme Court decided the election of Tomas
Garbriel Duque, Carlos L. Lopez and Enrique Linares as First, Second, and Third Vice-
Presidents at the time President Arosemana assumed office was illegal, as it had not been
effected within the time limit stipulated by the constitution.” See also NYT, Jan 3, 1931,
p. 1 and NYT, Jan 16, 1931, p. 3

PAN-1931-2 95 PAN Alfaro 16/01/1931 01/10/1932

Lentz notes that he “resumed his position as minister to the United States the following
year.”

56
PAN-1932 95 PAN Arias, H. 01/10/1932 01/10/1936
Harmonio Arias.

PAN-1936 95 PAN Arosomena, Juan 01/10/1936 16/12/1939

PAN-1939 95 PAN Boyd 18/12/1939 01/10/1940

PAN-1940 95 PAN Arias, A. 01/10/1940 09/10/1941

Arnulfo Arias, extends the term of the President fro 4 to 6 years. Coup, exile. Brother of
Harmonio Arias.

PAN-1941-1 95 PAN Ernesto Jaen Guardia 09/10/1941 09/10/1941

Lentz records Ernesto Jaen Guardia in for a fraction of one day: October 9, 1941.
He is Arias’ Vice President, he is later voted replaced by the Cabinet. He was born in
1895.

PAN-1941-2 95 PAN Guardia, R. 09/10/1941 15/06/1945

R. de la Guardia. Suspends the constitution in 1945 to stay in office, but ousted by the
Panamanian congress. He became managing editor of newspaper mid August, 1945.
Proposal is made to have him arrested on Dec. 7, 1945, to be decided by the
Constitutional Congress. NYT, Dec. 8, 1945, p.3, records, that “it appears unlikely that
early action will be taken in the matter.” Nothing in subsequent papers. Arrested and
beaten and briefly imprisoned in 1951.

PAN-1945 95 PAN Jimenez 15/06/1945 01/10/1948

Enrique Adolfo Jimenez, escaped from the country after an arrest order was issued.
New Constitution was adopted March 1, 1946. NYT, says the 1941 Constitution gives the
President a 6 year terms, instead of the 4 year term of the 1946 Constitution? See NYT,
May 10, 1951, p.30. See NYT, Oct.4, 1948, p.4.
He was deposed by coup instigated by head of national guard Remon.

PAN-1948 95 PAN Diaz Arosomena 01/10/1948 28/07/1949

Lentz notes : “He suffered a heart attack in July of 949 and relinquished the office to his
vice president on July 28, 1949. He died in Panama City several weeks later at the age of
74 on August 23, 1949.”

PAN-1949-1 95 PAN Chaniz Pinzon 28/07/1949 20/11/1949

Chaniz Pinzon. Lentz: Chaniz was first vice president in the government of Diaz
Arosemena. Transfers engineered by Remon, exile

PAN-1949-2 95 PAN Chiari, Roberto 20/11/1949 25/11/1949

Lentz notes that he was second Vice President under Diaz Arosemena. Steps down when
the Supreme Court rules that Dr. Chanis was properly President. NB! Chiari had asked
for an opinion. “The Supreme Court had been told in Senor Chiari’s letter that “your
decision, whatever it may be, will be respectfully obeyed by me.” See NYT, Nov. 25,
1949, p.1. See also NYT, May 22, 1960, p. 23

57
Son of Rodolfo Chiari, president 10/1/1924—10/1/1928.

PAN-1949-3 95 PAN Arias, A. 25/11/1949 10/05/1951

Arnulfo Arias, ousted May 10, 1951. NYT, May 10, 1951, records that the National
Assembly had met in special session and taken action to impeach Arnulfo Arias as
President for violation of the Constitution. Then they swore in (on May 9, 11:40) A.
Arosemena, who was First Vice President. See also CSM, May 11, 1951, p.9. Arias is
jailed. NYT, May 13, 1951, p.7. NYT, May 26, 1951, p.5. NYT, Oct. 1, 1951, p.7. Chief
Justice of the Supreme Court announced that he was impeached constitutionally.
Impeached for violation of constitution

PAN-1951 95 PAN Arosomena, A. 10/05/1951 01/10/1952

Alcibiades Arosemena is First Vice President, and therefore in power constitutionally.
Transfers engineered by Remon, subsequently ambassador to France

PAN-1952 95 PAN Remon Cantero 01/10/1952 02/01/1955

Assassinated.

PAN-1955-1 95 PAN Guizado 03/01/1955 15/01/1955

On Guizado, Lentz notes that he was First Vice President in Remon’s government.
Removed by the National Assembly, Hence, all perfectly constitutional.
Tried and convicted of accomplice in Remon's murder. Serves two years, exonerated.

PAN-1955-2 95 PAN Arias Espinosa 15/01/1955 01/10/1956

Arias Espinosa, was Second Vice President in Remon’s government.
He next is appointed envoy in the US. See CSM, Dec. 31, 1956, p.12.

PAN-1956 95 PAN Guardia Jr., E. 01/10/1956 01/10/1960

Ernesto de La Guardia Jr. No evidence, anywhere he’s related to the earlier de la Guardia.
List in www.rulers.org as Ernesto de la Guardia Navarro.

PAN-1960 95 PAN Chiari, Roberto 01/10/1960 01/10/1964

PAN-1964 95 PAN Robles 01/10/1964 01/10/1968

Lentz notes that he is cousin of Roberto Chiari. (See Lentz’s entry under Chiari.) “The
National Assembly accused of using his influence as president to affect the outcome [of
the election, HG] and voted for his impeachment on March 15, 1968. Max Delvalle, the
first vice president, was proclaimed president, but Robles refused to vacate the office. He
was supported by the National Guard, and the Panamanian Supreme Court ruled in early
April of 1968 that his impeachment was invalid.”
Election is on May 12. He is out on October 1, constitutionally Arias takes over. LA
Times, Oct. 1968, p.E2. See also Keesing's Vol. 14, June 1968. He is out constitutionally!
He is not effectively impeached.
Keesing's Vol. 14, June 1968: "Senor Robles, however, refused to recognize the
Assembly's decision and remained in the Presidential Palace. Meanwhile Senor del Valle
had appealed for calm and begun to issue decrees and appoint a Cabinet. Shortly

58
afterwards General Vallarino and his two deputies issued a communiqué in which they
stated that the National Guard was "not qualified to intervene in the dispute between the
Government and the Assembly"; announced that, because of the court injunction obtained
by Senor Robles, they could not carry out the Assembly's decision and would remain
under President Robles's orders until the Supreme Court had met to give its ruling; and
declared that in the meantime they would maintain law and order. After Dr. Arias, in a
broadcast the same night, had called on Panamanians to carry out "civil resistance" until
"the Republic returns to its constitutional course," National Guard troops in the early
hours of March 25 dispersed a crowd which had built barricades in front of the
headquarters of the Union Nacional; occupied the building; wrecked a radio transmitter
which had criticized the Guard's refusal to obey the National Assembly; seized
documents and some weapons; and made a number of arrests. They also surrounded the
National Assembly building and on March 26 used tear-gas to prevent the deputies of the
Union Nacional and the new President from entering. A call by the Opposition parties for
a general strike on April 2 was unsuccessful, being supported only by four small trade
unions. A silent demonstration took place on March 28, when 3,000 women in mourning
dress and carrying banners draped in black, led by Senora Yvonne del Valle and Senora
Mary Morgan de Arias (wife of the President of the National Assembly, Senor Carlos
Agustin Arias) marched through Panama City; thousands of youths, however, joined the
demonstration, overturned and burned motor cars, looted shops, knocked down parking
meters, and attacked the headquarters of the Samudio group. Troops of the National
Guard used tear-gas to disperse the rioters, two people being killed and eight others
injured during the disorders. Similar silent protest marches by women and children in
several other towns on March 29 were dispersed by the National Guard using tear-gas,
several people being arrested. The Supreme Court duly met on April 1 to consider the
dispute, and on April 5 eight of the nine judges declared that the National Assembly,
motivated by "political pressure," had acted unconstitutionally in deposing President
Robles, on the ground that it should have suspended its decision when President Robles
had lodged an appeal against it. Opposition members, however, protested that four of the
judges were related to Senor Robles and that the rest belonged to his party, whilst Senor
del Valle, denying the Supreme Court's authority to overrule decisions of the Legislature,
maintained that his Government remained the only legitimate one."
Exile in the US.

PAN-1968-1 95 PAN Arias, A. 01/10/1968 12/10/1968

Awarded electoral victory by parliament, deposed in coup and exiled

PAN-1968-2 95 PAN Torrijos Herrera 12/10/1968 31/07/1981

Killed in plane crash; perhaps sabotaged by Noriega

PAN-1981 95 PAN Florez Aguilar 31/07/1981 03/03/1982

Florez Aguilar, Commander of the National Guard, see Lentz. He was displaced one year
later by General Rubén Darío Paredes. OK.
Lentz: Florencio Florez Aguilar was a colonel in the Panamanian National Guard when he was
selected to succeed Omar Torrijos Herrera as commander after his death on July 31, 1981. He
was not granted the full powers that were exercised by Torrijos, as his powers were limited by the
general staff of the National Guard.”

59
See NYT, Apr. 5, 1982, p.A8. Briefly “detained” and forced to “retire.” Still.
Florez Aguilar, not really constitutional exit, he’s simply a colonel in (and commnader
of) the Panamanian National Guard, not President or anything official. For exit date and
fate (scant on fate, but all we have). See NYT, April 5, 1982. CSM, Mar. 5, 1982. Lost
power on 3 March 1982. Forced to resign.

PAN-1982 95 PAN Dario Paredes 03/03/1982 15/08/1983

Dario Paredes, Commander of the National Guard, see Lentz. He came to power on 3
March 1982.
Keesing’s, Vol. 29, November 1983, “Internal Political Developments,” notes: “Gen.
Paredes, who was regarded as a key contender for the presidency in 1984, announced in
June that he was to resign as Commander of the National Guard, a post which under the
new constitutional amendments would automatically have disqualified him from
contesting an election. It was announced on Aug. 1 that the new Commander, with effect
from Aug. 12, would be Col. Manuel Antonio Noriega Morena, who was promoted to the
rank of general. Col. Noriega had been Chief of Staff of the National Guard since
December 1982, when he replaced Col. Armando Contreras (for whose appointment );
his successor as Chief of Staff was Col. Roberto Diaz Herrera. It was reported on Aug. 7
that Gen. Paredes had been nominated as PRD candidate for the forthcoming presidential
election, having already been nominated by two minor groups, the newly-formed right-
wing Labour Party (Pala) and the centre-left Broad Popular Front (Frampo). The
opposition parties, however, objected vociferously to his candidature and he declared on
Sept. 7 that he would renounce all presidential aspirations 'for the good of the fatherland'
and for the sake of the National Guard.” For Paredes running in the 1984 election, and
losing the election, see Keesing’s Vol. 30, October 1984, “Election Cabinet Changes
Foreign relations.” Noriega takes over as Commander of the Defence Forces, and
therefore effective leader. Paredes is thus a regular exit.

PAN-1983 95 PAN Noriega 15/08/1983 03/01/1990

Deposed by US invasion, imprisoned in the US. Noriega’s entry – see above – is coded as
irregular since completely in-house by military. A case could be made, however, that this
is regular by Panama’s norms.

PAN-1990 95 PAN Endara 04/01/1990 01/09/1994

Endara, who ruled Panama after Noriega until 1 September 1994 was born in 1936.
Chirico records that Endara Galimany was installed with the help of the US.

PAN-1994 95 PAN Balladares 01/09/1994 01/09/1999

Balladares. Term limited. Constitutionally.

PAN-1999 95 PAN Mireya Moscoso 01/09/1999 01/09/2004

Mireya Moscoso. See also : http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A57581-
2005Jan7.html.
Washington Post Foreign Service, Saturday, January 8, 2005, page A10. « Facing
Charges, Not Discomforts. Former Latin American Leaders live the good life While in
Confinement ».

60
“In Panama, former president Mireya Moscoso, whose term ended last year, faces
inquiries about as much as $70 million in government funds that were not accounted for
under her administration. No formal charges have been brought.”

PAN-2004 95 PAN Martin Torrijos 01/09/2004 31/12/2004

COLOMBIA
Sources consulted include Gomez Aristizabal (1999).

COL-1874 100 COL Perez 01/04/1874 01/04/1876

Santiago Perez, Becomes Minister to the US. See NYT, Oct. 28, 1876. Later he was in
Ecuador. See NYT, Jul. 8, 1888. He was born in 1830.

COL-1876 100 COL Parra 01/04/1876 14/05/1877

On Aguileo Parra see http://www.biografiasyvidas.com/biografia/p/parra_aquileo.htm
He stepped down for health reasons. He was born in 1825.

COL-1877-1 100 COL Camargo 14/05/1877 15/08/1877

COL-1877-2 100 COL 15/08/1877 01/04/1878

Parra was exiled. He was born in 1825.

COL-1878 100 COL Trujillo 01/04/1878 08/04/1880

Gen. Juan Trujillo. http://dodgson.ucsd.edu/las/colombia/1850-1899.html quotes Park,
1985 that “At the time of Trujillo’s election the Radicals controlled the government of
every state except Bolivar, where Nunez served as governor from 1876 to 1879.
For his post tenure fate , see NYT, Aug. 4, 1880, p.1. He was born in 1828.

COL-1880 100 COL Nunez 08/04/1880 01/04/1882

Nunez was born on 28/9/1825. See The Washington Post, Nov. 21, 1893, p.6 on him.

COL-1882-1 100 COL Zaldua 01/04/1882 21/12/1882

Zaldua dies in office. See the Washington Post, Nov. 21, 1893, p.6. Nunez is Vice
President, First designado, but at that time the governor of Panama and away from
Bogota. So Otalara takes over as second designado.

COL-1882-2 100 COL Otalora 22/12/1882 01/04/1884

COL-1884 100 COL Nunez 01/04/1884 12/09/1894

Since he stays in power more or less continuously either right up front or behind the
scenes, and since he often rules through C. Holguin who is in Bogota while he is in
Cartagena, perhaps we code Nunez in from 1884 through his death 12 Sept. 1894. Most
likely also simply more in line with realities in Colombia at the time.
Nunez leaves most of the executive work/power in the hands of his Vice Presidents …
“Under the Constitution, the moment the President steps across the municipal bounds of

61
the capital there insures a sort of Presidential interregnum, which the Vice President fills,
the entire responsibility of Government devolving on him.” NYT, Aug. 3, 1891,p.2.
On Nunez see also: http://dodgson.ucsd.edu/las/colombia/1850-1899.html
He was born on 28/9/1825. Encyclopedia Brit records him dying Sept. 12, 1894. Takes an
overdose of a sedative in 1893. The Washington Post, Nov. 17, 1893,6. See also NYT,
Sept.20, 1894, p.1. NYT, Oct. 28, 1894, p.17. Carlos Holquin dies in October.

COL-1894 100 COL Caro 18/09/1894 07/08/1898

Miguel Caro, is Vice President. See NYT, Aug. 3, 1891, p.2
He was born in 1843. For fate, see
http://www.biografiasyvidas.com/biografia/c/caro_miguel.htm
He was in power from 18 September 1894 to 7 Aug 1898.

COL-1898 100 COL Sanclemente 07/08/1898 31/07/1900

See The Washington Post, Sept. 7, 1900p.2, NYT, 7 Sept. 1900, p.6 and The Washington
Post, Oct.16, 1902, p. 1 all refer to this as a coup. The Washington Post of 1902 notes:
President Marroquin procured the office of President of Colombia by arbitrarily deposing
for President Sanctemente [sic, HG], July 31, 1900. NYT, 7 Sept. 1900 also records that
Sanclemente has been imprisoned. And says, “Great confusion exists in Government
affairs, several branches of the Government refusing to extend recognition to Marroguin.
The Washington Post, Sept. 7, 1900p.2, NYT, 7 Sept. 1900, p.6 and The Washington
Post, Oct.16, 1902,p. 1 all refer to this as a coup. The Washington Post of 1902 notes:
President Marroquin procured the office of President of Colombia by arbitrarily
deponsing for President Sanctemente [sic, HG], July 31, 1900. NYT, 7 Sept. 1900 also
records that Sanclemente has been imprisoned. And says, “Great confusion exists in
Government affairs, several branches of the Government refusing to extend recognition
to Marroguin. He was unseated in coup.

COL-1900 100 COL Marroquin 31/07/1900 07/08/1904

See NYT, Sept.22, 1908, p.9.

COL-1904 100 COL Reyes Prieto 07/08/1904 08/07/1909

Reyes Prieto. See The Washington Post, Jul 27, 1909, p.1. He was in Hamburg, and plans
to stay. Exiled.

COL-1909-1 100 COL J. Holguin 08/07/1909 03/08/1909

Lentz

COL-1909-2 100 COL Gonzales Valencia 03/08/1909 15/07/1910

Gen. Valencia was elected first presidential substitute. See The Washington Post, Jul 17,
1910. p.1 Later he became ambassador to Venezuela.

COL-1910 100 COL Restropo 15/07/1910 07/08/1914

Carlos Restrepo. Lentz suggests he’s OK, see also NYT, Jul 31, 1918, p.5. see The
Washington Post, Aug. 7, 1918, p.7

62
COL-1914 100 COL Concha 07/08/1914 07/08/1918

COL-1918 100 COL Suarez 07/08/1918 11/11/1921

See Lentz and The Washington Post, Aug. 10, 1926, p.4

COL-1921 100 COL J. Holguin 11/11/1921 07/08/1922

COL-1922 100 COL Nel Ospina 07/08/1922 07/08/1926

Lentz, lost power on Aug. 7, 1926, and died on July 1, 1927. Since he died after 6 months
after leaving office, and only one month before his year after losing office ended, we
code him as not punished and his post-exit fate as OK.

COL-1926 100 COL Abadia Mendez 07/08/1926 07/08/1930

See NYT, May 17, 1947, p.16

COL-1930 100 COL Olaya Herrera 07/08/1930 07/08/1934

See Lentz

COL-1934 100 COL Lopez Pumarejo 07/08/1934 07/08/1938

See Lentz. Term limited. Offers resignation in 1937. Barred from seeking re-election in
1938.

COL-1938 100 COL Santos 07/08/1938 07/08/1942

COL-1942 100 COL Lopez Pumarejo 07/08/1942 07/08/1945

Offers to resign in June, see NYT, June 28, 1945, p. 2. Leaves office in August. See
NYT, Aug. 9, 1945, p. 12. “Colombia Expropriation Signed.” Becomes Colombia’s
representative to the UN. Elected to the Colombian Senate March 1947, see NYT, March
18, 1947, p. 4. Lentz. Elected president of the United Nationas Security Council in 1947.
He “was the victim of right-wing extremism when his house was set on fire in 1952.
Lopez subsequently went into exile in Mexico during the presidency of Gustovo Rojas
Pinilla.”
Note: NYT, July 12, 1944, p. 4 “Lopez Is Rescued by Colombia Units” records “Bogota,
Colombia, July 11—President Alfonso Lopez Pumarejo, abducted early yesterday at
Pasto, capital of the southern State of Narino, by a rebellious Army group, has been
rescued from his captors by an expedition of citizens and loyal troops, according toa
report late tonight. He is expected to return to Bogota and resume his office. Vice
President Dario Enchandia has been acting head of the Government since the outbreak of
the revolt, which came while President Lopez was attending Army maneuvers at Pasto.”

COL-1945 100 COL Lleras Camargo 07/08/1945 07/08/1946

See Lentz. Term limited.

COL-1946 100 COL Ospina Perez 07/08/1946 07/08/1950

COL-1950 100 COL Laureanco Gomez 07/08/1950 05/11/1951

63
Lentz records: Laureano Gomez becomes seriously ill in November 1951 and Roberto
Urdaneta Arebelaz served as acting president in his stead. Appointed an interim due to
health problems.
After 1945, when the Conservaties resumed power Gomez was appointed foreign
minister, but as nominal party leader wields power behind the scenes. Gomez, feeling
himself targeted by violence, fled to Spain in 1948, but returned the following year.
He was elected President in 1950, suffered a heart attack in 1951. Colombia grew so
imperiled by instability that on June 13, 1953, General Gustavo Rojas Pinelilla overthrew
the government in a bloodless coup. Gomez was summarily exiled to Spain. (Until 1957.)
Fredriksen.

COL-1951 100 COL Roberto Urdaneta Arbelaez 05/11/1951 13/06/1953

Lentz records : Because of poor health condition of Laureano Gomez , Roberto Urdaneta
Arbelaez served as the acting President from November 1951 to 13 June 1953. Gomez
Castro dismissed Arbelaez on 13 June 1953 and resumed his duties. Later that same day,
Gomez is ousted by a coup, and banished to Spain. He is the interim for Laureanco
Gomez.

COL-1953-1 100 COL Laureanco Gomez 13/06/1953 13/06/1953

Gomez Castro dismissed Arbelaez on 13 June 1953 and resumed his duties. Later that
same day, Gomez is ousted by a coup, and banished to Spain.

COL-1953-2 100 COL Rojas Pinillia 13/06/1953 10/05/1957

Keesing’s Vol. 17, September 1971. Deposed in coup, exiled in Spain.

COL-1957 100 COL Paris 10/05/1957 07/08/1958

Keesing’s Vol. 17, September 1971
“General Gustavo Rojas Pinilla had seized power in a coup d'etat on June 13, 1953, when
he deposed the Conservative President Laureano Gomez, who had been declared elected
"unopposed" in November 1949. … On May 10, 1957, however, a five-man military
junta led by General Paris and also comprising Brigadier Rafael Navas Pardo (C.-in-C. of
the Army), Major-General Deogracias Fonseca (the chief of police), Rear-Admiral Ruben
Piedrahita (previously Minister of Public Works) and Brigadier Luis E. Ordonez (head of
the secret police) forced President Reins Pinilla to resign, and the latter thereupon left the
country to go into voluntary exile in Spain. The junta announced that it would hold office
until Aug. 7, 1958, i.e. the end of the outgoing President's term of office, and would then
form a Government from members of the traditional parties. The National Assembly was
dissolved and freedom of the press restored--although the state of siege under martial law
continued. Two former Presidents, Dr. Alberto Lleras Camargo (the leader of the Liberal
Party), and Senor Laureano Gomez, then living in exile in Spain, entered into protracted
negotiations and eventually reached agreement on co-operation between their two parties
in a National Front (Frente de Transformacion National) in order to set up a stable
coalition Government width would restore peace to the country. The principal provisions
of the agreement were as follows:

64
(a) The Presidency should be held, during the 16 years from 1958 to 1974, for a four-year
term each by a Liberal and a Conservative in rotation (so that irrespective of the election
result a Liberal President would be followed by a Conservative one, and vice versa).
(b) Both parties would have an equal number of seats in both Houses of Congress (the
Chamber of Representatives and the Senate), and complete parity in all governmental and
administrative bodies.
(c) The Cabinet would consist of an equal number of Ministers from both parties, with
the Foreign Minister being of the same party as the President, plus one Army officer.
(d) Elections for the Chamber of Representatives would be held every two years, and
those for the Senate every four years together with the presidential elections.
(e) All legislation would require a two-thirds majority in Congress.
The junta thereupon recommended that the agreement should be incorporated in the
country's Constitution as "a means of ending party strife" and "the bloody internal
struggles", which had caused "complete devastation in agriculture and unprecedented
economic chaos". The agreement was accordingly approved by a majority of 3,885,440
votes (against 172,867 negative and 8,820 blank votes) in a referendum held on Dec. 1,
1957. The Supreme Court ruled on Feb. 13, 1958, that the five members of the military
junta should act as constitutional Presidents with equal rights until Aug. 7, 1958.
In congressional elections held tinder the new Constitution on March 16, 1958, the
Liberals polled 1,745,319 votes and the Conservatives 1,262,122. Both parties obtained,
as laid down in the Constitution, an equal number of seats in the 148-member Chamber
of Representatives and in the 80-member Senate. In presidential elections held on May 4,
1958, the candidate of the National Front, the Liberal Dr. Alberto Lleras Camargo,
obtained 2,482,948 votes or 85 per cent of the total, against 614,861 votes or 12 per cent
polled by Dr. Jorge Leyva, who stood as an Independent Conservative, while the
remaining three per cent consisted of blank and invalid papers. President Lleras Camargo,
who had been President in 1945-46 after the resignation of President Alfonso Lopez
Pumarejo, assumed office and appointed a Cabinet of six Conservatives, six Liberals and
Brigadier Alfonso Saiz Montoya as Minister of War. On Aug. 28, 1958, the new
Government lifted the state of siege in all parts of the country except the departments of
Caldas, Cauca, Huila, Tolima and Valle del Cauca, where emergency restrictions
remained in force in order to cope with continuing violence. However, following the
discovery of a plot allegedly inspired by General Reins Pinilla, who had returned to
Colombia in October 1958, President Lleras Camargo temporarily reimposed the state of
siege from Dec. 3, 1958, to Jan. 12, 1959. General Rojas Pinilla, who had been arrested,
was subsequently sentenced to residence under surveillance, as well as loss of military
rank and of civic rights, on charges of violating the Constitution and degrading the
presidency by having, it was alleged, illegally enriched himself--this decision being
approved by the Senate on April 2, 1959, by 44 votes to 17. These penalties were
gradually relaxed during subsequent years, however, and the General was tacitly
permitted to engage in political activities.”

COL-1958 100 COL Lleras Camargo 07/08/1958 07/08/1962

Keesing’s Vol. 17, September 1971

COL-1962 100 COL Guillermo-Leon 07/08/1962 07/08/1966

65
COL-1966 100 COL Lleras Restropo 07/08/1966 07/08/1970
Keesing’s Vol. 17, September 1971: “President Lleras Restrepo, a distant cousin of ex-
President Lleras Camargo and a co-founder of the National Front, was an experienced
economist with liberal ideas on social policies; he had established numerous study groups
with the object of preparing plans for overcoming Colombian's difficulties as a country
relying heavily on its coffee exports, and unable to produce enough agricultural output to
maintain the people's standard of living”

COL-1970 100 COL Pastrana Borrero 07/08/1970 07/08/1974

COL-1974 100 COL Lopez Michelsen 07/08/1974 07/08/1978

Colombia: Keesing’s Vol. 20, June 1974: “Dr. Alfonso Lopez Michelsen--the son of Dr.
Alfonso Lopez Pumarejo, who was President from 1934 to 1938 and from 1942 to 1945--
was born in Bogota, in 1914 and trained as a lawyer.”

COL-1978 100 COL Turbay 07/08/1978 07/08/1982

Keesing’s Vol. 24, September 1978. “Dr Turbay Ayala (62), who is of Lebanese origin,
was a senator at the time of his election; he had been ambassador to the United States
until 1976, and had also been presidential substitute (designado) under various
Presidents, as well as Foreign Minister from 1958 to 1961 under President Alberto Lleras
Camargo.”
Turbay Ayala was banned by constitution from seeking a second term.

COL-1982 100 COL Betancur 07/08/1982 07/08/1986

COL-1986 100 COL Vargas 07/08/1986 07/08/1990

Keesing’s Vol. 32, December 1986. Barco Vargas: “was born in Cucuta, in northern
Colombia. A technocrat with a degree in engineering from the Massachusetts Institute of
Technology in the USA, he began his career as a Liberal politician in Norte de Santander,
where he assumed control of the party and was elected to the local and national
assemblies before entering the Cabinet as Minister of Public Works in 1958. He was
ambassador to London in 1961-62, then returned to Colombia to serve two years as
Minister of Agriculture in 1962-4. He was Mayor of Bogota in 1966-1969, an executive
director of the World Bank in the early 1970s and was twice ambassador to Washington.
In the 1982 presidential elections he withdrew his bid for the Liberal nomination after the
former president, Dr Alfonso Lopez Michelson, decided to run.”

COL-1990 100 COL Trujillo 07/08/1990 07/08/1994

COL-1994 100 COL Pizano 07/08/1994 07/08/1998

COL-1998 100 COL Arango 07/08/1998 07/08/2002

COL-2002 100 COL Alvaro Uribe Velez 08/08/2002 31/12/2004

66
VENEZUELA
http://countrystudies.us/venezuela/39.htm
The President
“The 1961 constitution continues the long tradition of a powerful president, who serves
as head of state and chief executive. He or she must be a Venezuelan by birth, at least
thirty years old, and not a member of the clergy. The president is elected by a plurality
vote under direct and universal suffrage, serves for five years, and cannot be reelected
until after two intervening terms have passed. President Carlos Andrés Pérez became the
first Venezuelan elected to serve two terms of office under this provision of the 1961
constitution; he won the December 1988 election after having served as president from
1974 to 1979.”

For a list of presidents and their professions, see:

http://www.auyantepui.com/historia/presidentes.html
For much more details, see: http://www.auyantepui.com/historia/posesiones.html
Also has details on electoral percentages, And election dates.

VEN-1870 101 VEN Guzman Blanco 27/04/1870 20/02/1877

Antonio Guzman Blanco He engineers a revolution.

VEN-1877-1 101 VEN Martinez de Aleman 21/02/1877 02/03/1877

Jacinto Gutierrez Martinez de Aleman was born in 1808.

VEN-1877-2 101 VEN Linares Alcantara 02/03/1877 20/11/1878

Linares Alcantara. See NYT, Dec. 16, 1877, p.1 and The Washington Post, Aug 13,
1878, p.1. Gen Pulido is attempting a revolt against him. His son graduates from the US
Military Academy, becomes General in Venezuela.. NYT, Aug. 8, 1901, p.1.
http://www.biografiasyvidas.com/biografia/l/linares_alcantara.htm
He was born in 1825.

VEN-1878 101 VEN Martinez de Aleman 20/11/1878 01/01/1879

Jacinto Gutierrez Martinez de Aleman also goes abroad, to US. NYT, May 29, 1879, p.5.
See also NYT, Jan. 26, 1879, p.1, which talks about revolutionaries wanting to put
Blanco back in power. He was born in 1808.

VEN-1879 101 VEN Guzman Blanco 26/02/1879 27/04/1884

See NYT, Jul. 4, 1879, p.1. He’s out of the country, in St. Thomas., and Diego Urbaveja,
Secretary of the Interior is charged with the Government during Blanco’s absence. Also
see NYT, Apr. 22, 1880, p2. Chooses exile after unrest.

VEN-1884 101 VEN Joaquin Crespo 27/04/1884 27/04/1886

Joaquin Crespo. NYT, Oct. 10, 1892, p.4, gets captured in 1888? NYT reports his death,
while fighting insurgents, Apr. 20, 1898, p.1. He was born in 1841.

VEN-1886-1 101 VEN Antonio Diez 27/04/1886 15/09/1886

67
Antonio Diez was born in 1838.

VEN-1886-2 101 VEN Guzman Blanco 15/09/1886 08/08/1887

See NYT, Sept. 8, 1887, p.4. Even though he goes back to Paris, it’s not punishment. See
NYT, Dec. 2, 1892, p.3. NYT. Feb. 20, 1888, p.3, “About 1877 or 1878, during one of
Blanco’s numerous terms of office, (out of 18 years had has been President for 14 years),
he gave to Venezuela a new Constitution, modeled on that of the Swiss republics, and to-
day, according to the articles of that Constitution, the method of electing a President in
the United States of Venezuela should be as follows—I say should be advisedly, because
there are many here who hold that the Electoral Convention is un unconstitutional device
of Blanco’s to secure in the end a President who will be entirely subservient to the
interests of the illustrious American [=Blanco, HG]: There are eight States in the union,
and each State is entitled to three Senators and to one Representative in Congress for
every 40,000 inhabitants. From Congress so constituted are, according to the Constitution
of Venezuela, to be selected one Senator and one Representative from each of the eight
States, making 16 members in all, who, with a Representative from El Distrito Federal
constitute the Federal Council. The Federal District, by the way, copied after the District
of Columbia, comprises Caracas, the capital of Venezuela, and its outlying suburbs. It has
no Representative in Congress, but is entitled to one Deputy to the Federal Council. The
17 members of the Federal Council, and they alone, are eligible to the Presidency of the
republic. Congress assembles on the 20th of February, and immediately proceeds to the
choice of the Federal Council, which elects a presiding officer, who by virtue of that
office is also President of the republic. This year Blanco and his friends have changed all
that. Five of the candidates agreed to leave their claims upon the Presidency to an
Electoral Convention, consisting of two members representing each candidate. Of this
convention Guzman Blanco was expected to act as Chairman—as arbitrator, so to speak,
of the conflicting rights of the candidates for recommendation to Congress. …. As we
have seen, this extra constitutional convention met in the municipal hall yesterday
morning, and to the surprise of all Venezuelans nominated, not Matos the brother-in-law
of Blanco, but Dr. Rojas Paul, and adjourned sine die. Therefore the name of Paul will be
recommended to Congress for election to the Presidency of Venezuela, and if he is
confirmed to that office by the Congress which should meet on Feb. 20 he will, if
permitted by Blanco on the one hand and the people on the other, serve as Chief
Magistrate of the republic for two years.”

VEN-1887 101 VEN Lopez 08/08/1887 05/07/1888

Gen. Hermogenes Lopez, see NYT, May 20, 1888, p.10.
http://www.auyantepui.com/historia/posesiones.html#rojas
notes that Rojas takes office, officially, on 5/7/1888.
Gen. H. Lopez, see NYT, Feb. 20, 1888, p.3. “Yesterday an Electoral Convention met in
El Concejo Municpal, (Municipal Council Chamber,) in this city [Caracas, HG], for the
purpose of selecting a candidate whom the convention will recommend to Congress for
confirmation as President of the United States of Venezuela to succeed Gen. Lopez, who
now occupies that important office. Contrary to all expectation, the choice of the
convention was Dr. Rojas Paul, …, a lawyer of some ability, a civilian, a politician, and,
to say the most in his favor, a statesman of moderate capacity. Dr. Paul is now a member

68
of the Cabinet and Minister of Finance. Up to the latest moment it was supposed that
Gen. Manuel Antonio Matos, the brother-in-law of Gen Guzman Blanco, would without
doubt be selected by the convention for recommendation to Congress.

VEN-1888 101 VEN Rojas Paul 05/07/1888 19/03/1890

Dr. Rojas. Lawyer, civilian. See NYT, Oct. 10, 1892, p.4. NYT, Feb. 20, 1888, p3. See
NYT, Dec. 2, 1892, p.3. He was born in 1826. He was exiled.

VEN-1890-1 101 VEN Palacio 19/03/1890 17/06/1892

Raimundo Andueza Palacio. His mandate was supposed to end Feb. 20, 1892. (But new
presidents officially take over office about 1 month later.) Flees to Paris. See also NYT,
Sept. 8, 1892, p.9. He was born in 1846. Exiled.
NYT, Oct. 10, 1892, p. 4. “Venezuela’s Revolution. “… in the early part of 1890 Dr.
Andueza Palacio became President of Venezuela, succeeding Dr. Rojas Paul, for the
constitutional period of two years. He was a lawyer, the son of a Chief Justice of the
Supreme Court, and had himself been a Judge of that court, and also a Cabinet officer
both under President Alcantara and President Paul. A peculiarity in the political system of
Venezuela has been its election of a new President each second year; and since the
incumbent is ineligible for re-election until after a term shall have intervened, a change of
administration has been inevitable every other year. When Dr. Palacio was elected, a
successful effort was made to change the Presidential term to four years, and also to
eliminate the Federal Council—a body itself chosen by Congress—as a factor in the
election of President, making this officer directly the choice of Congress. The required
number of States voted for these amendments to the Constitution, and the new
arrangement was to go into operation on the expiration of Dr. Palacio’s term, Feb. 20,
1892. A curious question, however, was became a party issue, arose. It was whether
Congress should first declare the new Constitution, under which a Congress should be
called to choose a President, or should reverse the order and itself elect the President first.
Palacio was accused by his opponents of trying, since his own candidacy was out of the
question, to control the election of a temporary successor, he favoring the former of the
alternatives spoken of. Bitter feeling was stirred up, and with the failure of those
representing Palacio’s views to appear in the Senate there was no quorum, no election of
President, and no putting in force of the new Constitution. Palacio meanwhile continued
in office, and they the cry arose that he was making himself Dictator. The Supreme Court
was appealed to, and that body decided that in any case Palacio had no right to be
President. Bu that time, however, matters had gone so far that Palacio defended his
course on the ground of supreme necessity and the importance of not leaving the republic
without a head. From the first there had been some disposition to resort to arms, and Gen.
Crespo, who four years before had been generously set at liberty by Dr. Rojas Paul after
being captured with his fellow-revolutionists, promptly raised the standard of revolt
again. About a week before the decision of the court, Palacio sent troops against a body
of the revolutionists and dispersed them. But, as the insurrection still continued, he held
that his duty was still to remain in power, to prevent anarchy, and began to arrest
Congressmen and even the Judges who opposed him, while the capital was practically
under martial law. This anomalous condition of affairs apparently favored the revolution,
for Crespo’s forces increased, and although the Government continually claimed victories

69
in the skirmishes, they continued to make headway and secured the advantage of a port,
Puerto Cabell, in which to receive arms and ammunition. At length Palacio proposed a
compromise; but his terms were not agreed to, and in disgust he left the country and went
to Paris.”

VEN-1890-2 101 VEN Tell Villegas 17/06/1892 02/09/1892

Guillermo Tell Villegas. NYT, Oct. 10, 1892, p.4. Flees to New York. NYT, Sept. 7.
1892, p.9. NYT, Sept.8, 1892, p.9. Finally also goes to Paris. NYT, Dec. 2, 1892, p.3 .
Born in 1823.

VEN-1892-1 101 VEN Tell Villegas Pulido 02/09/1892 06/10/1892

Guillermo Tell Villegas. See NYT, Sept. 7. 1892, p.9. Also see NYT, Oct. 10, 1892, p.4.
He was born in 1854. Exiled to Paris. He is a different person from the previous Tell
Villegas, see NYT, Sept. 7, 1892, p.9.

VEN-1892-2 101 VEN Crespo 07/10/1892 28/02/1894

Joaquin Crespo. See NYT, Oct. 10, 1892. The Washington Post, Jan 18, 1894, p.1. The
Washington Post, Mar 30, 1894, p.4. He gives power a couple of days to Guzman, but
that’s just for show. NYT, Feb. 22, 1898, p.7 “The Constitution of Venezuela obliges the
President to resign on Feb. 20 from which date, or until the time that the Venezuelan
Congress has deemed valid the election of Gen. Adrade, the Presidency will be
temporarily occupied by Gen. Guzman Alarez, the actual President of the Government
Council. Also: see NYT, April 20, 1898. p.7.

VEN-1894-1 101 VEN Guzman Alvarez 28/02/1894 14/03/1894

Guzman Alvarez. See NYT, Feb. 22, 1898. He was born in 1830.

VEN-1894-2 101 VEN Crespo 14/04/1894 20/02/1898

Joaquin Crespo. NYT, Feb. 22, 1898. p.7. See NYT, April 20, 1898. p.7. Dies, fighting
for the next president.

New:
VEN 101 VEN Guzman Alvarez 20/2/1898 28/2/1898
NYT, Feb. 22, 1898. Andrade defeats Rojas Paul. NYT, April. 20, 1898. p.7.
Corresponds also with www.rulers.org.

VEN-1898 101 VEN Andrade 20/02/1898 20/10/1899

President Andrade flees (through the back door) to Puerto Rico. See NYT. Nov. 6, 1899.
p.6. Later “works for a living” in Trinidad. See NYT, April 12, 1906, p.1. Also see NYT,
Feb. 22, 1898. Andrade defeats Rojas Paul. See NYT, April. 20, 1898. p.7.

VEN-1899 101 VEN Cipriano Castro 21/10/1899 10/12/1908

Cipriano Castro was in power from 1899 to 1908. Lentz notes: “Castro suffered from
poor health in 1908 and went to Germany for medical treatment. Soon after he left the
country, Vice President Juan Vicente Gomez seized power on December 20, 1908.”

70
VEN-1908 101 VEN Gomez 19/12/1908 18/12/1935
Survived multiple coups, death from natural causes

VEN-1935 101 VEN Lopez Contreras 18/12/1935 15/04/1941

Lopez Contreras. Out in 1941 See Lentz : exiled in 1945.

VEN-1941 101 VEN Medina Angarita 05/05/1941 18/10/1945

Military coup, exile in the US.

VEN-1945 101 VEN Betancourt 18/10/1945 15/02/1948

Exile.

VEN-1948-1 101 VEN Gallegos 15/02/1948 24/11/1948

Exile.

VEN-1948-2 101 VEN Delgado Chalbaud 24/11/1948 13/11/1950

Assassinated, other junta members are more opposed to transition to democracy. Lentz:
“Delgado was shot and beaten to death in Caracas by a mob of twenty assassins on
November 13, 1950. The leader of the assassinationsquad, retired General Rafael Simon
Urbina, was killed the following day when he tried to escape from a prison guard.” See
also LA Times, Nov. 14, 1950, p. 4 “Venezuelan Chief Slain by Assassins.”

DELETED: Figurehead for Perez Jimenez

VEN-1950 101 VEN Suarez Flamerich 27/11/1950 03/12/1952
German Suarez Flammerich (or Flamerich). See NYT, Nov. 25, 1952, p. 19. Promises
that Nov. 30 parliamentary elections would be completely free. Junta resigns. NYT, Dec.
3, 1952, p. 1 & 26 “Junta Head Takes Venezuela Power in Voting Sequel.” This article
suggests that Flammerich actually was a figurehead for Perez Jiminez all along. . Exile.
NYT, Nov. 26, 1952, p. 8 “Colombia and Venezuela End Last Border Dispute” Caracas
Nov. 25 “The Colombian Government has recognized Venezuelan sovereignty over Los
Monjes Archipelago [cross on map], or a group of small Caribbean islands situated
strategically off the Goajira Peninsula, Dr. Herman Swarez Flammerich, President of the
Venezuelan Government Junta announced today. … Because of the relative proximity of
the islands to oil-rich Lake Maracaibo, there were unconfirmed reports that they might
contain oil or uranium deposits.”

VEN-1952 101 VEN Perez Jimenez 13/11/1950 23/01/1958

NYT, Dec. 3, 1952, p. 1 & 26 “Junta Head Takes Venezuela Power in Voting Sequel.”
p.26 “Col. Perez Jimenez is an officer in his early forties who has had a meteoric rise
since 1945. He was one of the young officers who took part in the Army coup that
overthrew the Medina Angarita Government. In the Acción Democratica Government
that ensured he played an important part, and was the Army Chief of Staff. When Acción
Democratic, to which the Army had given its loyalty, was overthrown a three-man junta
was formed consisting of Col. Carlos Delgado Chalbaud, Col. Perez Jimenez and Col.
Llovera Paez. At the time Col. Perez Jimenez also assumed the Ministry of Defense.

71
When Col. Delgado Chalbaud was assassinated in November, 1950, Dr. German Suarez
Flamerich, a civilian, took his place in the junta. Since that time Col. Perez Jimenez has
emerged as the most important member of the triumvirate.” LA Times, Dec. 4, 1952, p.24
also names him as “a key member of the three-man junta which had ruled Venezuela
since 1950, …”
Lentz also records “Junta member Lt. Col. Marcos Pérez Jimenez remained largely in
control of the country while Suarez served as head of state.”
See also LA Times, Nov. 14, 1950, p. 4 “Venezuelan Chief Slain by Assassins.”
Since he is a member of the ruling junta, and takes over after Chalbaud is assassinated,
we code this as a regular entry. (As when a number two takes over after leader is
removed.)
See NYT, Nov. 30, 1952, p. 36. Candidates in the Nov. 30 election are Villalba and
Caldera. “Among observers there is speculation not so much as to what will happen
before or during the elections tomorrow but as to what will take place after them. They
feel that if the Government wins a substantial majority—say 70 per cent or more—it will
have no problems. Col. Marcos Perez Jimenez, in that case would unquestionably be
named provisional president and, if he proved equal to that test of leadership, no great
difficulties would be expected. If, on the other hand, the Government wins a precarious
majority, it is expected that opposition leaders will pose many problems. If the
Government does not win a majority of the delegates, there is a possibility of a coalition
by it with the Cope party. However, the Copei has not indicated its willingness to make
such a coalition.” Chicago Daily Tribune, Dec. 3, 1952, p.B9 records Perez Taking over
power and also notes that results of the elections published by the government do not
match preliminary unofficial returns published in the Caracas newpapers. “The returns
had showed the leftist opposition, URD, leading with 294,595 votes in a political upset,
FEI [=Government, HG] a poor second with 147,528, and COPEI [Christian Democrats,
HG] trailing with 89,095]. Irregular entry; forced to resign; exile in the US. Lentz records
that “he was extradited to Venezuela in August 1963 on charges of embezzling
government funds. Pérez Jimenez remained imprisoned until 1968, when he was elected
to the Venezuelan Senate.” Election is subsequently annulled and he goes into exile in
Madrid Spain. There had been a military rebellion against him on January 1, 1958, but it
was crushed and its leaders arrested.

VEN-1958-1 101 VEN Larrazabal 23/01/1958 14/11/1958

VEN-1958-2 101 VEN Sanabria 14/11/1958 13/02/1959

VEN-1959 101 VEN Betancourt 13/02/1959 01/12/1963

Traveled through Europe settled in Switzerland

VEN-1963 101 VEN Leoni 01/12/1963 11/03/1969

VEN-1969 101 VEN Caldera Rodriguez 11/03/1969 12/03/1974

VEN-1974 101 VEN Andres Perez 12/03/1974 12/03/1979

72
VEN-1979 101 VEN Campins 12/03/1979 02/02/1984

VEN-1984 101 VEN Lusinchi 02/02/1984 02/02/1989

VEN-1989 101 VEN Andres Perez 02/02/1989 31/08/1993

LA Times, Dec. 7, 1988, p. 23 “Perez's center-left party, Democratic Action, belongs to
the Socialist International. As a young activist, Perez opposed the dictatorship of Gen.
Marcos Perez Jimenez (1952-58) and was jailed twice, once for a year. He also spent
time in exile. In 1978 and 1979, when Perez was president, he gave aid and diplomatic
support to the Marxist-oriented Sandinista guerrillas who seized power in Nicaragua.
After he left office in the early 1980s, he often chastised the Reagan Administration for
supporting the anti-Sandinista Contras, but in recent years Perez's relations with the
Sandinistas apparently have cooled.”
Court rules that there is sufficient evidence to try the president for the embezzlement of
$17.2 mill. + Ordered to stand trial. Impeached by the Senate. See NYT, Sept. 22, 1994.
Records he was in jail for two months in 1994, now under house arrest. See also CSM,
May 24, 1994, Survives coup attempt. ordered to stand trial for embezzlement.

VEN-1993 101 VEN Velasquez 31/08/1993 02/02/1994

VEN-1994 101 VEN Caldera Rodriguez 02/02/1994 02/02/1999

VEN-1999 101 VEN Hugo Chavez 02/02/1999 31/12/2004

Survives a coup attempt.

GUYANA

GUY-1966 110 GUY Burnham 26/05/1966 06/08/1985

GUY-1985 110 GUY Hoyte 06/08/1985 09/10/1992

GUY-1992 110 GUY Jagan Cheddi 09/10/1992 06/03/1997

GUY-1997-1 110 GUY Samuel Hinds 06/03/1997 19/12/1997

GUY-1997-2 110 GUY Janet Jagan 19/12/1997 11/08/1999

Janet Jagan was in power between 1997 – 1999. Stepped down for health reasons. Jagdeo
completed her term. Janet Jagan was the widow of ex-president Cheddi Jagan.

GUY-1999 110 GUY Bharrat Jagdeo 11/08/1999 31/12/2004

SURINAM

SUR-1975 115 SUR Ferrier 25/11/1975 13/08/1980

Ferrier fled the country a couple of months after Bouterse’s coup.

73
SUR-1980 115 SUR Bouterse 13/08/1980 25/01/1988
A military coup in 1980 brought Desi Bouterse to power. In 1987, free elections were
held. Bouterse staged another coup in 1990, and remains influential. We do not consider
him the effective leader after he formally steps down from power as he does not appear to
effectively rule the country on a day to day basis.

SUR-1988 115 SUR Shankar 25/01/1988 24/12/1990

SUR-1990-1 115 SUR Graanoogst 24/12/1990 29/12/1990

Ally of Bouterse. Birthdate is unknown, explicitly so noted in Wikipedia and elsewhere.

SUR-1990-2 115 SUR Kraag 29/12/1990 16/09/1991

Ally of Bouterse

SUR-1991 115 SUR Venetiaan 16/09/1991 15/09/1996

Ally of Bouterse

SUR-1996 115 SUR Wijdenbosch 15/09/1996 12/08/2000

Ally of Bouterse

SUR-2000 115 SUR Venetiaan 12/08/2000 31/12/2004

ECUADOR
For Ecuadorian Presidents, see the excellent site:
http://www.edufuturo.com/educacion.php?c=206
Sources consulted include Pérez Marchant (1928)

ECU-1869 130 ECU Moreno 19/01/1869 06/08/1875

Hacked to death with a machete on the steps of the presidential palace

ECU-1875 130 ECU Borrero y Cortazar 09/10/1875 08/09/1876

Exiled.

ECU-1876 130 ECU Veintemilla 08/09/1876 09/07/1883

See NYT, Feb. 3, 1883, p.4 and NYT, Jul 15, 1883, p.2.

ECU-1883-1 130 ECU Aloy Alfaro Delgado 09/07/1883 11/10/1883

Eloy Alfaro Delgado. Later becomes president in 1895. See NYT, Jul 15, 1883, p.2.
NYT, Dec. 3, 1884. He was born 25 June 1842.

ECU-1883-2 130 ECU Borrero y Cortazar 11/10/1883 15/10/1883

Borrero y Cortazar 11 October 1883 - 15 Oct. 1883. He was born in 1827 and died on 9
Oct. 1911. Was elected president in 1875, but kicked out, jailed and held
incommunicado, lived then subsequently in exile until 1883.

74
ECU-1883-3 130 ECU Perez Pareja 15/10/1883 23/11/1883

ECU-1883-4 130 ECU Caamano 23/11/1883 30/06/1888

Then Caamano y Gomez Cornejo lost power on 30 June 1888. NYT, Oct. 22, 1883, p.1.
Attacked in 1886, coup attempt. See NYT, Feb. 9, 1886, p.1. It looks like he was exiled
See NYT, Sept. 23, 1889, p.8. But this was more than a year after out.

ECU-1888 130 ECU Flores 03/08/1888 01/07/1892

Flores, lost power in 1892. He was also appointed Minister Plenipotentiary to the US.
The Washington Post, Aug. 24, 1892, p.2. Son of the first constitutional president of
Ecuador. Exiled, but it has to be recognized that he liked to travel.

ECU-1892 130 ECU Cordero 01/07/1892 16/04/1895

Luis Cordero, 1985 – was forced to resign, rumors: escaped to Columbia? Exile.
Cordero.

ECU-1895 130 ECU Aloy Alfaro Delgado 16/04/1895 31/08/1901

Lentz.

ECU-1901 130 ECU Plaza Gutierrez 01/09/1901 31/08/1905

Exile.

ECU-1905 130 ECU Garcia 01/09/1905 15/01/1906

Lizardo Garcia, was ousted by Gen. Colon Alfaro. Rumors: escaped to Brazil. Exiled.

ECU-1906 130 ECU Aloy Alfaro Delgado 17/01/1906 11/08/1911

He was exiled. Lynched on 28/1/1912.

ECU-1911-1 130 ECU Freile 11/08/1911 31/08/1911

See Lentz He went to Europe in 1912. Also see NYT, Mar 7, 1912, p.4.

ECU-1911-2 130 ECU E. Estrada 01/09/1911 22/12/1911

ECU-1911-3 130 ECU Freile 22/12/1911 06/03/1912

Exiled.

ECU-1912-1 130 ECU Andrade Marin 06/03/1912 10/08/1912

Based partially on Lentz and Rulers.org and CSM, Aug. 29, 1912, p.4
He was born on 15 February 1841.

ECU-1912-2 130 ECU Alfredo Baquerizo Moreno 10/08/1912 01/09/1912

Alfredo Baquerizo Moreno. See Rulers.org and CSM, Aug. 29, 1912, p.4. and
http://www.explored.com.ec/ecuador/baqueriz.htm. He died in NY, on 20 March 1951.
http://www.mmrree.gov.ec/mre/documentos/ministerio/cancilleres/alfredo%20baqu
erizo.htm He was in power from 10 Aug 1912 to 1 September 1912. He was born on 28
September 1859.

75
ECU-1912-3 130 ECU Plaza Gutierrez 01/09/1912 01/09/1916

ECU-1916 130 ECU Alfredo Baquerizo Moreno 01/09/1916 01/09/1920

Alfredo Baquerizo Moreno. Not much can be found on his fate… and many were forced
to leave. See
http://www.mmrree.gov.ec/mre/documentos/ministerio/cancilleres/alfredo%20baquerizo.
htm

ECU-1920 130 ECU Tamayo 01/09/1920 01/09/1924

Tamayo. His wife dies 7 June 1924. see NYT, Jun. 8, 1924, p.26. See
http://www.edufuturo.com/educacion.php?c=206. He was previously exiled.

ECU-1924 130 ECU Cordova 01/09/1924 09/07/1925

See Lentz, and The Washington Post, Jul. 14, 1925, p.8. He was exiled in Chile.

ECU-1925 130 ECU Ayora 09/07/1925 24/08/1931

See CSM, Aug 25, 1931, p.1: he fled to the American Legation. See also NYT, Sept. 13,
1931, p.E4. NYT, Oct. 10, 1931, p.10.

ECU-1931-1 130 ECU Larrea Alba 24/08/1931 15/10/1931

Larrea Alba, provisional president, was forced to resign, first - Jail. Larrea Alba, later on
exiled as an alien. See NYT, Feb. 23, 1935, p.4

ECU-1931-2 130 ECU Alfredo Baquerizo Moreno 15/10/1931 27/08/1932

See Lentz and
http://www.mmrree.gov.ec/mre/documentos/ministerio/cancilleres/alfredo%20baqu
erizo.htm. He lost power on August 27, 1932. Exiled in the US.

ECU-1932-1 130 ECU Freile Larrea 27/08/1932 02/09/1932

On the basis of Lentz: Freile Larrea was in power from Aug. 27, 1932 to Sept. 2, 1932.
He was born on July 15, 1892.

ECU-1932-2 130 ECU Guerrero Martin 02/09/1932 06/12/1932

Guerrero Martin. On the basis of Lentz: Forced to step down as Pres of the Senate
afterwards. See NYT, Dec. 9, 1932. p.26.. N0 more info on the
http://www.edufuturo.com/educacion.php?c=206

ECU-1932-3 130 ECU Martinez Mera 06/12/1932 18/10/1933

Martinez Mera, was removed by senators. He left the country but came back later on.
He was deposed constitutionally by Congress. See Wall Street Journal, Oct. 19, 1933,
p.10; CSM, Oct. 24, 1933,p.3 and NYT, Oct. 28, 1933, p.6. Nothing can be found on his
fate.

ECU-1933 130 ECU Montalvo 20/10/1933 31/08/1934

76
ECU-1934 130 ECU Velasco Ibarra 01/09/1934 21/08/1935
See NYT, Aug. 21, 1935. Arrested, then exile to Colombia. Velasco placed under arrest
because of attempt at dictatorship. See Barron’s. Aug. 26, 1935; 15, 34 p.2.

ECU-1935-1 130 ECU Pons 21/08/1935 26/09/1935

Barron’s. Aug. 26, 1935; 15, 34 p.2. Notes: Ex-Premier Antonio Pons named President of
provisional government.
NYT, Sept. 27, 1935, p. 6 “Ecuador Upset Reported,” reports: Guyaquil, Ecuador, Sept.
26 – A local broadcasting station announces that at 6 P. M. today Antonio Pons called in
the military chiefs at Quito and resigned the Presidency. They thereupon apponted
Federico Paez, lately Minster of Public works, as Dictator. … It was rumored that
Congress was prepared to vote censure of Mr. Pons and his Cabinet.” See also CSM,
Sept. 27, 1935, p. 1. which reports “Either President Pons or the army leaders, it
appeared, found that more central authority was required to keep control away from the
Conservative Party.”
Chicago Daily Tribune, Nov. 29, 1936, p. 15 reports, however, “Paez—who himself
became “Jefe Supreme” [supreme chief] through a military coup last year—… [In Italics,
HG and in brackets “Federico Paez set up a military dictatorship in Ecuador in September
1935, forcing the resignation of President Antonio Pons. …] This suggests a struggle
within the armed forces and an irregular removal.
Antonio Pons (Campuzano) died in 1980.

ECU-1935-2 130 ECU Paez 26/09/1935 23/10/1937

See above. Exiled in Costa Rica. Chicago Daily Tribune, Nov. 29, 1936, p. 15 reports,
that sections of the Ecuadorian army revolted, November 28, 1936.

ECU-1937 130 ECU Enriquez Gallo 23/10/1937 10/08/1938

ECU-1938-1 130 ECU Manuel Maria Borrero 10/08/1938 02/12/1938

ECU-1938-2 130 ECU Mosquera Narvaez 03/12/1938 19/11/1939

ECU-1939-1 130 ECU Arroyo del Rio 19/11/1939 10/12/1939

Arroyo del Rio, asylum in US Embassy, exile in Colombia

ECU-1939-2 130 ECU Cordova Nieto 11/12/1939 10/08/1940

Exile in Argentina

ECU-1940-1 130 ECU Moreno 10/08/1940 31/08/1940

Flees, exile in Argentina

ECU-1940-2 130 ECU Arroyo del Rio 01/09/1940 29/05/1944

Peru Invades.

ECU-1944 130 ECU Velasco Ibarra 31/05/1944 23/08/1947

Returns to Argentina.

77
ECU-1947-1 130 ECU Mancheno 24/08/1947 03/09/1947

ECU-1947-2 130 ECU Suarez 03/09/1947 17/09/1947

ECU-1947-3 130 ECU Tola 17/09/1947 21/08/1948

ECU-1948 130 ECU Plaza Lasso 01/09/1948 01/09/1952

ECU-1952 130 ECU Velasco Ibarra 01/09/1952 01/09/1956

ECU-1956 130 ECU Ponce Enriquez 01/09/1956 01/09/1960

Ponce Enriquez. http://www.edufuturo.com/educacion.php?c=206 records that he went to
Europe after his tenure, and opposed the junta of 1963. Died 13 September 1976.
Judgment call. Because of his repression of the Guayaquil repression, exile. Arrested and
imprisoned by Junta, July 10, 1965, see NYT, July 11, 1965, p. 20. He was born on 31
January 1912.

ECU-1960 130 ECU Velasco Ibarra 01/09/1960 07/11/1961

Asylum in Mexican embassy; exiled in Argentina

ECU-1961 130 ECU Arosemena Monroy 07/11/1961 11/07/1963

See Keesing’s Vol. 50, 2004. March. Lentz records he was overthrown because of what
the military called his “drinking escapades.” Short exile in Panama. Brief Obituary is
available in The Washington Post, Mar. 8, 2004. B07. He was sent to exile in Panama.

ECU-1963 130 ECU Castro 11/07/1963 29/03/1966

Exiled in Brazil.

ECU-1966-1 130 ECU Yerovi Indaburu 29/03/1966 16/11/1966

Yerovi Indaburu. See Keesing’s Vol. 13, 1967, April.

ECU-1966-2 130 ECU Arosemena Otto 16/11/1966 01/09/1968

ECU-1968 130 ECU Velasco Ibarra 01/09/1968 15/02/1972

Exiled in Argentina.

ECU-1972 130 ECU Rodriguez Lara 15/02/1972 11/01/1976

Removed in bloodless coup.

ECU-1976 130 ECU Poveda Burbano 11/01/1976 10/08/1979

See Keesing’s Vol 25, (1979), November.

ECU-1979 130 ECU Roldos Aquilers 10/08/1979 24/05/1981

Natural death. Death in plane crash, conspiracies alleged.

78
ECU-1981 130 ECU Hurtado Larrea 24/05/1981 10/08/1984
See Lentz.

ECU-1984 130 ECU Febres Cordaro 10/08/1984 10/08/1988

Brief military revolt in March 1986 and kidnapped. See Lentz.

ECU-1988 130 ECU Borja Cevallos 10/08/1988 10/08/1992

Term limited. See San Francisco Chronicle, Jul. 6, 1992. A 11. See Chicago Trib, Feb.
18, 1995, p.16.

ECU-1992 130 ECU Duran Ballen 10/08/1992 10/08/1996

Appointed roving ambassador by Bucaram. See Keesing’s Vol. 42 (1996) August.

ECU-1996 130 ECU Bucaram Ortiz 10/08/1996 06/02/1997

Ousted by Congress for mental incompetence. See NYT, Feb 9, 1997, p.1.22..Political
Asylum granted in Panama, on April 28, 1997. See Keeising’s Vol. 43 (1997) April.
Dismissed through insanity clause by congress, granted.

ECU-1997-1 130 ECU Alarcon Fabian 06/02/1997 09/02/1997

President of the Congress, appointed by Congrees, over the head of Rosalia Arteaga, the
Vice President. Apparently, Alarcon led a march on Friday night to take the President’s
Palace by force. But for Constitutionality of Alarcon, see NYT, Feb. 9, 1997, p1.22. See
also Keesing’s Vol. 43 (1997) February. (Based on Keesing’s Vol. 43 (1997) February.

ECU-1997-2 130 ECU Arteaga Serrano 09/02/1997 11/02/1997

ECU-1997-3 130 ECU Alarcon Fabian 11/02/1997 10/08/1998

ECU-1998 130 ECU Mahuad 10/08/1998 21/01/2000

Forced to resign, exile in Peru after a couple of months

ECU-2000 130 ECU Gustavo Noboa 22/01/2000 15/01/2003

ECU-2003 130 ECU Lucio Gutierrez 15/01/2003 31/12/2004

Was colonel.
Washington Post. Com.
Ecuador's Congress Votes to Remove President
By Monte Hayes
Associated Press Writer
Wednesday, April 20, 2005; 2:57 PM
QUITO, Ecuador –
http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A5002-2005Apr20.html
. Ecuador’s Congress voted to removed President Lucio Gutierrez from office.
“Legislators based the decision [62-0 in the 100-seat unicameral Congress, HG] on a
clause in the Constitution that allows Congress to remove a president for “abandonment
of the position.” Congressman Remiro Reivera made the motion, arguing that since
Gutierrez had not faithfully carried out the responsibilities of the presidency, Congress

79
should declare it vacant. The measure avoids a drawn-out impeachment process and is
similar to what Congress did in 1997 when it dismissed President Abadal Bucaram for
“mental incapacity.” Gutierrez remained inside the palace even though soldiers who had
set up a protective perimeter withdrew from the plaza in from of the buidling
immediately after the vote.” “Gutierrez took refuge in Brazil’s embassy and sought
asylum as the new president ordered his arrrest following a week of escalating protests.”
BBC News world edition, Thursday 21 April, 2005 “Ex-Ecaudaor leader granted
asylum.” He is given asylum in Brazil. Vice President Palacio takes over.
CNN, 23 April 2005 reports that Ecuador is dragging its feet on allowing Gutierrez to
leave the country. And that the OAS sent a high-level diplomatic delegation to investigate
wither Gutierrez removal was constitutional. ... So far no country has recognized the new
government as legitimate.
http://www.cnn.com/2005/WORLD/americas/04/23/ecuador.president.ap/index.html

Follow up: 22 September, 2005. BBC News,World edition. “Ecaudor’s ousted President,
Lucio Gutierrz, who faces charges of damaging his country’s security, has requested
asylum in Colombia. ... the Colombian authorities have granted him a 90-day safe
conduct, to give him time to make a formal request. Mr. Gutierrez, who arrived from
Peru, was reportedly told at Bogota airport that there was an international warrant for his
arrest. Mr. Gutierrez was ousted by congress in April followng mass protests. He
previously stayed in Brazil and the United States, before traveling to Peru. Colombian
officials have said they have no knowledge of any arrest warrant for Mr. Gutierrez. But
advisers to Mr. Utierrez say it could have been issued after he recently said in the US that
he was still president of Ecuador. ... The asylium request also covers Mr. Gutierrez’s
brother, Yomar, as well as a former colonel and a businessman from Ecuador who also
face charges in their home country.”

Follow up: Saturday, 4 March 2006. BBC News: “A judge in Ecuador has released the
country's former president, Lucio Gutierrez, from prison. Mr Gutierrez had been held
since last October on charges of endangering national security. The judge dismissed the
charges, which were based on Mr Gutierrez' refusal to acknowledge the legitimacy of his
interim successor, Alfredo Palacio.”

PERU
Sources consulted include Alberto (1966-7)

PER-1872 135 PER Pardo 02/08/1872 02/08/1876

Exile, assassinated 16 November 1878, more than two years after leaving office. exile,
assassinated 16/11/1878.

PER-1876 135 PER Prado 02/08/1876 17/12/1879

See NYT, Dec. 25, 1885, p.5. For fate see also NYT, Jan 8, 1880, p.4.Exiled.

PER-1879 135 PER Pierola 23/12/1879 12/03/1881

80
NYT, Sep. 25, p. 8. Lima falls and is occupied January 17, and Pierola flees. He appoints
Mentoero as Commander of the Army of the North. Washington Post, Feb 15, 1881, p.3.
So, I’d change exit date to January 17, 1881. “Gen Saavedra … has been acting as
Political Chief of Lima since the 17th of last month [most likely refers to Jan 17, since it’s
filed “March 2”], has resigned office.” See NYT, Mar. 13, 1881, p. 7.
Chilean Gen. Baquendano is more or less in real control. Exile, Chilean general assumes
control.

PER-1881 135 PER Patricio Lynch Solo de Zaldivar17/05/1881 31/08/1882

Chilean Governor Patricio Lynch Solo de Zaldívar. Chilean Occupation. He was born in
1824 and died in 1886.

PER-1882 135 PER Iglesias 31/08/1882 03/12/1885

Iglesias. 31 August 1882 (following rulers.org) – 3/12/1885. See NYT, Dec. 25, 1885,
p.5. Especially see NYT, Jul. 2, 1893, p.10. That article, however, also says that the
Chileans made Iglesias, the Peruvian Commander, “acting president for the purposes of
negotiating a treaty.” Instituted by Chile.

PER-1885 135 PER Caceres 03/12/1885 10/08/1890

Does got to New York, then Europe, as accredited Minister from Peru to London and
France. See Washington Post, Feb. 15, 1891, p. 4. Bermudez was his choice to succeed
him. See NYT, Jul. 2, 1893, p.10.

PER-1890 135 PER Bermudez 10/08/1890 01/04/1894

Natural Death.

PER-1894-1 135 PER Borgono 01/04/1894 10/08/1894

Borgono Castaneda. On his unconstitutional entry, see NYT, Nov. 15, 1894, p.16. New
York Times (1857. Apr 3, 1894. p. 1) He is seen as acting on behalf of Caceres.

PER-1894-2 135 PER Caceres 10/08/1894 19/03/1895

The Washington Post, of Apr. 5, 1895 reports that Caceres is expected in Chili any day,
after which he will cross the Andes and go to Argentina or Uruguay. See Washington
Post, Nov. 3, 1894, p.10. See also NYT, May 22, 1896. p. 5. He “stepped down” after
“Manuel Candomo was the man accepted for the provisional Presidency of Peru in 1895
by the revolutionists under the leadership of Nicholas de Pierola and President Caceres
when both agreed to stop fighting.” See also The Washington Post, May 8, 1904, p.
11.Exiled.

PER-1895-1 135 PER de Candamo 21/03/1895 08/09/1895

De Candamo. See Washington Post, Sep 3, 1899, p.9

PER-1895-2 135 PER Pierola 08/09/1895 08/09/1899

Pierola, dies June 23, 1913. See NYT, Jun 25, 1913, p. 9 and CSM, Sep. 181913, p.8

PER-1899 135 PER de Romana 08/09/1899 08/09/1903

81
Attempted assassination of De Romana on 28 Oct. 1903.

PER-1903 135 PER de Candamo 30/09/1903 07/05/1904

Manuel de Candamo 1895 and 1903-1904, De Candamo dies in office. See The
Washington Post, May 8, 1904, p. 11.

PER-1904-1 135 PER Serapio Calderon 07/05/1904 24/09/1904

Serapio Calderon. Lentz. He was born in 1843.

PER-1904-2 135 PER Pardo y Barreda 24/09/1904 24/09/1908

Pardo Y Barreda: Lentz notes that he goes to Europe for five years, returns only on eve of
WW I. Washington Post, Apr. 2, 1909, p. 1. He takes his brother, wife and children with
him. An attempt revolt against him was launched in May 1908, by Augusto Durand. The
Washington Post, May 30, 1909, p.1. Judgment: exile. Pardo was son of former President
Manuel Pardo y Lavalle, pres 1872-1876.

PER-1908 135 PER Leguia 24/09/1908 24/09/1912

Leguia. Coup attempt May 29, 1909. President of Peru in enemies hands for a short time.
Durand again, and also Isais Perola (=Isias Pierola?). See The Washington Post, May 30,
1909, p.1. On lost and posttenurefate, see Lentz, (I), p.342. Prison/exile.

PER-1912 135 PER Billinghurst 24/09/1912 04/02/1914

For posttenurefate, see Lentz (I). NYT, May 16, 1914, p.20. records first “thrown into
prison” later exiled. He lost power on 4 February 1914. Sent to exile in Chile.

PER-1914 135 PER Benavides 04/02/1914 18/08/1915

Benavides. NYT, May 16, 1914, p.20 notes that “Col. Benavides has been at the head of
the junta of six, elected by an extraordinary session of the Peruvian Congress on Feb. 4,
to govern that country until general elections could be held.” Posttenfate is from Lentz
(I), p.343. He become legal later, when he wins election in May. CSM, May 20, 1914,
p.4. Steps down peacefully, CSM, Aug. 17, 1915. Attempted assassination attempt(s?)
two days after he leaves office, See NYT, Aug. 20, 1915, p.11. He came to power on 4
February 1914

PER-1915 135 PER Pardo y Barreda 18/08/1915 04/07/1919

Pardo y Barreda was arrested on July 4, 1919. See Washington Post, Jul 5, 1919, p.1. see
also CSM, Jul. 5, 1919, p.1 and The Atlanta Constitution, July 6, 1919, p.10 for his
incarceration. Apparently Gen. A. A. Caceres (former President) was behind the coup,
but turned over control to Augusto B. Leguja.) See also Lentz. Briefly arrested, exile in
France. As noted for his earlier spell, son of Pardo Y Lavalle, president 1872-1876.

PER-1919 135 PER Leguia 20/07/1919 25/08/1930

For his entry, see The Atlanta Constitution, July 6, 1919, p.10 Revolution Wins In Peru
Capital.” Which, by the way, also records “State Department officials declined to
comment on suggestions that the overthrow of the Pardo government created a situation
similar to that in Costa Rica, which resulted in a refusal of the United Staes to recognize

82
the government of President Tinoco.” For his fate see Lentz (I). and, NYT, Aug 27, 1930,
p.1. Died in prison.

PER-1930-1 135 PER Ponce Brousset 25/08/1930 27/08/1930

See NYT, Aug 31, 1930, p. E5 records that Sanchez Cerro served an ultimatum on Ponce.
It looks like irregular transfer here as well. See also CSM, Aug 28, 1930, p.1 and NYT,
Aug. 28, 1930, p.7. Ponce is not member of the new cabinet. Faced with ultimatum.

PER-1930-2 135 PER Sanchez Cerro 27/08/1930 01/03/1931

Has to be flown into Lima, hence the delay. Washington Post, Aug 26, 1930, p.1.
Attempted revolt against him on Feb 20. CSM, Feb 21, 1931, p.1. For ouster 1 March,
see NYT, Mar 2, 1931, p.1, Washington Post, Mar. 2, 1931, p.1. Steps down, retires to a
hotel. Cheered there. See NYT, Mar 2, 1931, p.1. Threat of punishment, but see Lentz,
Washington Post, Mar 6, 1931, p.1; NYT Mar. 8, 1931, p.12 records that he set sail for
Europe on March 7; NYT, Mar. 15, 1931, p.9. NYT, Apr.3, 1931, p.8. Allowed back in
June, NYT, Jun 28, 1931, p.25. He was in power from August 27, 1930, to March 1,
1931. He was assassinated.

PER-1931-1 135 PER Ricardo Leonicio Elias 01/03/1931 05/03/1931

Chief Justice. See NYT, Mar 2, 1931, p.1. He was born in 1874.

PER-1931-2 135 PER Gustavo Jimenez 05/03/1931 10/03/1931

Exiled. See NYT, Aug. 18, 1832, p.8, arrived in Santiago Chile, on August 17, 1832,
more than a year after losing power. No mention of prior arrest. He was born in 1886.

PER-1931-3 135 PER Samanez Ocampo 10/03/1931 08/12/1931

For his fate, we know that he was in New York, July 1935, but not when he arrived there.
See NYT, Jul 12, 1935, p.17. He was OK after he lost power , based on obituary in NYT,
Jul 15, 1947, p.23. (Washington Post, Mar 11, 1931, p.14) Lentz: He was led a caretaker
government. The Washington Post, Dec. 9, 1931, p. 7 notes he resigned just before the
new president’s inauguration.

PER-1931-4 135 PER Sanchez Cerro 08/12/1931 30/04/1933

For his election and inauguration as constitutional president of Peru, see The Washington
Post, Dec. 9, 1931, p. 7.

PER-1933 135 PER Benavidez 30/04/1933 08/12/1939

Promoted to Field Marshal and ambassador to Spain in 1940, Lentz.

PER-1939 135 PER Ugarteche 08/12/1939 28/07/1945

Manuel Prado Y Ugarteche. Is son of former President Mariano Ignacio Prado, pres
1865-1868 and 1876-1879. His brother becomes Ambassador to US on 12 Jun 1946. See
Lentz.

PER-1945 135 PER Bustamante 28/07/1945 28/10/1948

83
Bustamante faced a coup attempt on 3 October by leftists. Suppressed, then coup by the
right. Left for exile in Chile on Oct. 30: CSM, Oct. 30, 1948, p.1. Is in Buenos Airs on
Oct. 31. NYT, Nov. 1, 1948. Becomes judge and then president of ICJ at the Hague.
Deposed in coup exile in Chile.

PER-1948 135 PER Odria 29/10/1948 01/06/1950

On the basis of Rulers.org, but especially CSM Oct.30, 1948, p.1, we DROP Noriega,
because the real power was Odria. Odria was in power between October 29, 1948 and
June 1, 1950

PER-1950-1 135 PER Noriega 01/06/1950 28/07/1950

On Noriega see Lentz; attempts an unsuccessful revolt in August 1954, and again Jan
1955 (NYT, Jan 26, 1955, p. 11) and is sent into Exile.

PER-1950-2 135 PER Odria 28/07/1950 28/07/1956

Odria. Lentz: goes into voluntary exile in the US. Coup attempts by Noriega in Aug ’54
and Jan 55. (NYT, Jan 26, 1955, p. 11).

PER-1956 135 PER Ugarteche 28/07/1956 19/07/1962

Manuel Prado Y Ugarteche. See The Washington Post, Aug. 12, 1962. Exile in Paris. Son
of Pres. Prado, see above. Military annuls the election. Ugarteche should lose office
constitutionally on July 28. Is aware of military coup threat. See Chicago Daily Tribune,
June 9, 1962, p. C10. It looks like he is term limited?

PER-1962 135 PER Perez Godoy19/07/1962 03/03/1963

Removed in 1963, and was under home arrest.

PER-1963-1 135 PER Lindley Lopez 03/03/1963 28/07/1963

NYT, Oct. 4, 1968, p.2, says that Lindley Lopez backed the election of Belaunde.

PER-1963-2 135 PER Belaunde 28/07/1963 03/10/1968

See Lentz: coup, exile in the US.

PER-1968 135 PER Velasco Alvarado 03/10/1968 29/08/1975

Is in Washington DC, arrived in US in April 1976, for outpatient treatment at Walter
Reed (previously had a leg amputated)., 1976. See especially NYT, Aug. 30, 1975, p.1 &
6. Coup lead by Bermudez.

PER-1975 135 PER Morales Bermudez 30/08/1975 28/07/1980

See Lexis Nexis: Latin America Weekly Report, June 26, 1981, Section: WR-81-25, Pg.
6. No retribution for alleged misdeeds by earlier Bermudez Regime.

PER-1980 135 PER Belaunde 28/07/1980 28/07/1985

See Lentz on his post tenure fate.

PER-1985 135 PER Garcia Perez 28/07/1985 28/07/1990

84
See Lentz, After leaving office elected to the Senate, but goes into hiding after Fujimori
suspends constitutional government on April 5, 1992, and granted asylum in Columbia in
June 1992.

PER-1990 135 PER Fujimori 28/07/1990 22/11/2000

Resigned under pressure by congress when opposition won majority; flees to Japan

PER-2000 135 PER Valentin Paniagua 23/11/2000 28/07/2001

PER-2001 135 PER Alejandro Toledo 28/07/2001 31/12/2004

BRAZIL

Sources consulted include: Brasil Bandecchi, Leonardo Arroyo & Uribatan Rosa (eds.).
Novo Dicionario de Historia do Brasil. Sao Paulo: Melhoramentos de Sao Paulo. 1970

BRA-1840 140 BRA Pedro II 23/07/1840 15/11/1889

Pedro II abolishes slavery in 1888.

BRA-1889 140 BRA M. D. da Fonseca 15/11/1889 23/11/1891

Marshall. Under pressure from the Navy resigns, but allegedly was quite ill. NYT, Nov.
24, 1891, p.8. Is quite close to a coup, especially given that the weeks before there were
rumblings of a revolution. NYT: “A deputation of naval officers waited on Gen. da
Fonseca to-day and stated that his acts as Dictator had created profound dissatisfaction
among the people of the country, and that if he refused to accede to the popular request
for his resignation they would not be answerable for the consequences.” We code him as
irregularly removed.
His successor Peixotto “issued a manifesto, in which he declares that the members of
Fonseca’s government are traitors to the constitution.” Washington Post, Dec. 8, 1891,
p.4. Fonseca dies August 23, 1892, less than a year after losing office. For fate see NYT,
Aug. 24, 1892, p.1

BRA-1891 140 BRA Peixoto 23/11/1891 15/11/1894

He dies within the year.

BRA-1894 140 BRA de Moraes Barros 15/11/1894 15/11/1898

For more on him and his cabinet, see NYT, Jan 27, 1895, p.21. Assassination attempt 6
(Friday) November 1897. NYT Nov. 6, 1897, p.1. Moraes is clearly in power end of
1897. Washington Post of Jun. 7, 1895 reports that Moraes is in bad health and will ask
for a vacation. No other evidence anywhere of him stepping down temporarily.

BRA-1898 140 BRA de Campos Salles 15/11/1898 15/11/1902

Subsequently Brazil’s minister in Argentina. Not punishment. See Lentz

BRA-1902 140 BRA Rodriguez Alves 15/11/1902 15/11/1906

85
Francisco Rodrigues Alve. Lentz notes: “He was reelected to the presidency on
November 15, 1918, but poor health prevented him from carrying out his duties. He died
in Rio de Janeiro on January 16, 1919.” He served abroad and was not punished. See
Lentz.

BRA-1906 140 BRA Moreira Penna 15/11/1906 14/06/1909

Dies from Influenza. See Lentz.

BRA-1909 140 BRA Pecanha 14/06/1909 15/11/1910

BRA-1910 140 BRA H. R. da Fonseca 15/11/1910 15/11/1914

H. R. da Fonseca was Nephew of previous Fonseca, first president of the republic. See
Lentz. Attempts coup in 1922.

BRA-1914 140 BRA Braz Pereira Gomez 15/11/1914 15/11/1918

VP under Fonseca. Lentz.

BRA-1918 140 BRA da Costa Ribeiro 15/11/1918 28/07/1919

Lentz notes that: “resumed the position of vice president until his death the following
year on July 1, 1920.” He was the vice president to president Rodrigues Alves who was
too sick. da Costa Ribeiro was sick himself, many of his duties carried out by Alfranio de
Melo Franco, Minister of the Interior. da Costa Ribeiro was VP again under Pessoa. See
Lentz.

BRA-1919 140 BRA de Silva Pessoa 28/07/1919 15/11/1922

Elected a member of the ICJ at the Hague. See Lentz and NYT, Sep.8, 1923.

BRA-1922 140 BRA da Silva Bernardes 15/11/1922 15/11/1926

de Silva Bernardes. See Lentz: Exile after unsuccessful revolt in 1932, to Portugal.
Attempts at Revolts. See also NYT, Jul. 9, 1924, p.21. Threat of Civil War. See
Washington Post, Jul. 15, 1924, p.5. Alleged Plot. See NYT, Jan. 18, 1925. Still OK,
May 22, 1927, NYT, May 22, 1927, p. E1.Member of the Senate. See Washington Post,
May 27, 1927, p.5. NYT, Jun 16, 1927, p.16 records that Bernardes arrived in Lisbon
(Portugal) on June 15. Given the previous protests and other threats against him, I
conclude he’s fleeing the hostile grounds. For his obituary, see NYT, March 24, 1955,
p.31.

BRA-1926 140 BRA de Souza 15/11/1926 24/10/1930

See Lentz. Exile in Europe and the US. NYT, Oct6.25, 1930, p.1 Says President is
prisoner. Washington Post says held in government palace under guard. See Washington
Post, Oct. 25, 1930, p.1, also ibid, Oct. 27, 1930, p.1. Month-long civil war, forced from
office, exile in Europe.

BRA-1930 140 BRA Vargas 25/10/1930 30/10/1945

CSM, Oct.30, 1945 p.1, says he is held under military guard at the Guanabara Palace. But
next day flies to his ranch. See NYT, Nov. 1, 1945, p.11. See also Lentz. Hints of being

86
sent into exile. See NYT, Nov 6, p.1945, p.13. Coup attempt reported NYT, Mar. 27,
1940, p.6. We drop Prestes de Albu, who is listed in Lentz as leader, based on NYT, and
Washington Post, Oct. 25, 1930, p1, which show that Prestes never really ruled, and was
in hiding. Vargas was offered the presidency. See also NYT, Dec. 9, 1930, p.10. Prestes,
however, a refugee in the British consulate general at Sao Paulo. Washington Post, Nov.
4, 1930, p.7

BRA-1945 140 BRA Linhares 30/10/1945 31/01/1946

Lentz says, “In accordance with the constitution, he succeeded Getulio Vargas as
President.” See also CSM, Oct.30, 1945, p.1.

BRA-1946 140 BRA Dutra 31/01/1946 31/01/1951

Lentz

BRA-1951 140 BRA Vargas 10/02/1951 24/08/1954

Vargas committed suicide after he was forced to hand power to VP. See Lentz.

BRA-1954 140 BRA Cafe Filho 24/08/1954 08/11/1955

He suffered a heart attack in the week before 7 November. See NYT, Nov. 8, 1955, p.12.
He took power over constitutionally. See NYT, Nov.9, 1955, p. 8; he recovered from
heart attack later. Then was held as a prisoner (for at least a couple of days) when he
wanted to take back office Nov. 24. See NYT, Nov. 25, 1955, p.1. Café Filho says “that
he understood the police had orders to prevent him from leaving and he still considered
himself a prisoner.” NYT, Nov. 27, 1955, p.1
Lentz notes : “Since the Brazilian constitution did not allow a president to succeed
himself, Café Filho could not run in the elections of 1955. On November 8, 1955, he
suffered a heart attack and was replaced by Chamber of Deputies Speaker Carlos
Coimbra da Luz. Three days later, the military ousted Luz and installed Senate President
Nereu Ramos as president. Café Filho recovered from his illness and announced his
intention to resume the presidency on November 21, 1955. The Brazilian Congress
blocked this move by declaring a state of siege until the inauguration of Juscelino
Kubitschek.”

BRA-1955-1 140 BRA Coimbra da Luz 08/11/1955 11/11/1955

Is removed in a coup by the army. See The Washington Post and Times Herald, Nov. 18,
1955, p.5 and also Lentz. Also CSM, Nov. 11, 1955, p.6. He flees on board a Light
Cruiser, and “sailed back to Rio today [Nov. 13] and was placed under guard of marine
tommygunners in the naval arsenal while the government debated his fate. The
Washington Post, Nov. 14, 1955, p.6.

BRA-1955-2 140 BRA Oliveria Ramos 11/11/1955 31/01/1956

Oliveria Ramos enters constitutionally, elected by Chamber of Deputies and the Senate.

BRA-1956 140 BRA Kubitschek 31/01/1956 31/01/1961

87
Lentz. Completed his term and turned over power to his successor, subsequently elected
to the Senate. Stripped of political rights and briefly in exile when the junta of 1964
comes to power.

BRA-1961-1 140 BRA Quadros 31/01/1961 25/08/1961

Lentz : « Quadros resigned the presidency on Augest 25, 1961, after seven months in
office. It was believed that he offered his resignation in the hopes that the Chamber of
Deputies wold give him more power to carry out land and tax reform programs. … In
October 1962 Quadros was defeated in an election for governor of Sao Paulo. He was
prohibited from engaging in political activities following the military coup of 1964.»
Keesing’s, Vol. 7, October 1961. “Resignation of President Quadros.” « After only seven
months in office, Dr. Janio Quadros resigned on Aug. 25 as President of Brazil, saying
that he " felt crushed" and had been "defeated by the forces of reaction."”

BRA-1961-2 140 BRA Ranieri Mazzilli 25/08/1961 7/9/1961

Lentz: “He served eight times as president of Brazil’s Chamber of Deputies. While
holding this position he assumed the duties of acting president on five occasions.”
For his entry, see Keesing’s Vol. 7, October 1961. “Resignation of President Quadros.”

BRA-1961-3 140 BRA Goulart 07/09/1961 02/04/1964

Lentz: “Vice president under Kubitscheck, and reelected as VP in 1961. … He served as
vice president in August 1961. Goulart, who was out of the country at the time, was the
constitutional successor to the office, but the military feared his lefist leaning and led the
opposition to his assuming the presidency. Goulart received widespread popular support,
however, and even his political enemies supported his constitutional right of succession.
Goulart returned to Brazil on September 1, 1961, and received approval to assume the
presidency from the Brazilian Congress. The Congress placed some restrictions on his
succession by passing a constitutional amendment that was designed to curtail
presidential powers and place most of the executive powers in the hands of the prime
minister. Goulart accepted the restrictions and was sworn into office on September 7,
1961. Shortly after he assumed the presidency, Goulart began a campaign to have
executive power returned to the president. On January 6, 1963, a plebiscite was passed
that restored Goulart’s executive power.” Goulart deposed in coup, asylum, exile, in
Uruguay.

BRA-1964-1 140 BRA Ranieri Mazzilli 2/4/1964 15/4/1964

Following Lentz. And rulers.org

BRA-1964-2 140 BRA Castello Branco 15/04/1964 15/03/1967

Castello Branco dies in a plane crash 4 months after he leaves office. See Lentz. Castello
Branco of Brazil is coded as missing (in this case due to ill health -777) for fate, even
though he dies in an accident, because only 4 months after out. So he had another 8
months to be punished.

BRA-1967 140 BRA Costa de Silva 15/03/1967 01/09/1969

88
Lentz notes: Costa e Silva suffered a paralytic stroke on August 31, 1969, that left him
unable to perform his duties as president. The military refused to allow vice president
Pedro Aleixo to succeed in a constitutional fashion and instead a three-man junta,
consisting of General Aurelio de Lyra Tavares, Admiral Augusto Hamman Rademaker
Grunewald, and Air Marshall Marcio de Zouza e Mello, took control of the government.”
He had a natural death

BRA-1969-1 140 BRA Military Junta 01/09/1969 25/10/1969

After Da Costa has a stroke, the military won’t let the VP take over constitutionally,
instead a three man junta, ministers of nay, army and military aeronautics.
Mil Junta (= Rademaker Grunewald b. 1905, Tavares b. 1905 & de Souza Mello b.1906)
Military Junta was in power from September 1, 1969, to October 25 1969.

BRA-1969-2 140 BRA Medici 25/10/1969 15/03/1974

Medici is chosen by the Army High Command as its candidate and confirmed by the
Brazilian Congress. He is picked by the military after congress abolished.

BRA-1974 140 BRA Geisel 15/03/1974 15/03/1979

See NYT, Oct. 1990, p.A1. NYT, Sep. 13, 1996, p.B7.

BRA-1979 140 BRA Figueiredo 15/03/1979 21/03/1985

Neves was elected but died before inaugurated.

BRA-1985 140 BRA Sarnay 21/03/1985 15/03/1990

BRA-1990 140 BRA Mello 15/03/1990 02/10/1992

Impeached. Criminal charges before the Supreme Federal Tribunal in April 1993.
Acquitted first December 1994, then 10 Jan 1998. Convicted by the Senate of corruption
and official misconduct, and banned from holding public office for a period of eight
years. Keesing’s Vol. 44, 1998. January. Thus he was impeached and indicted, accused in
1994. Acquitted.

BRA-1992 140 BRA Franco, Itamar 02/10/1992 31/12/1994

BRA-1995 140 BRA Cardoso 01/01/1995 01/01/2003

BRA-2003 140 BRA Lula da Silva 01/01/2003 31/12/2004

BOLIVIA

The period between Fernandez Alonso (15/08/1896 to 10/04/1898) and Pando Solares
(12/12/1898 to 04/08/1904) is coded as an interregnum. Although Ortiz heads an Federal
Junta, there seems to be no clear leader until 12/12/1898 when both Ortiz and Pando form
a ruling committee.

89
Sources counculted include: Jose Roberto Arze. Figuras Centrales en la Historia de
Bolivia. La Paz: Cochabamba, 1991.

BOL-1874 145 BOL Frias 14/02/1874 04/05/1876

See NYT, Jun. 12, 1876, p.7. He was sent into exile.

BOL-1876 145 BOL Daza 04/05/1876 27/12/1879

See NYT, Jan. 7, 1880, p.5 . The Washington Post, Jan 7, 1880, p.1. directly attributes his
flight to the war. “The cause of his flight is assumed to be popular pressure brought to
bear upon his administration on account of the disastrous and unfortunate ending of the
late war with Chili.” Exiled.

BOL-1879 145 BOL Campero 27/12/1879 15/08/1884

Campero was a general, and provisional President of Bolivia. See NYT, May 29, 1880,
p.5. He died on 12 August, 1896. See the Washington Post, Aug. 16, 1896, p.5.

BOL-1884 145 BOL Pacheco 15/08/1884 15/08/1888

Nothing found on his fate. But there was no revolution when Arce is elected.

BOL-1888 145 BOL Arce 15/08/1888 01/08/1892

He was fine after loosing power, see NYT, Mar. 24, 1893, p.9.

BOL-1892 145 BOL Baptista 06/08/1892 15/08/1896

The windows of his house were smashed after he lost power but he was fine. See the
Washington Post, Jan. 20, 1897, p.8.

BOL-1896 145 BOL Fernandez Alonso 15/08/1896 06/10/1899

See Lentz. He was exiled.

BOL-1899 145 BOL Jose Manuel Pando 06/10/1899 04/08/1904

Jaun Jose Manuel Inocencio Pando Solares was assassinated in 1917 long after leaving
office. See Lentz

BOL-1904 145 BOL Montes 14/08/1904 24/10/1909

See Lentz. He was a Colonel, and his father was the minister of War. After his term in
office (which was extended by one year because the president elect died), he became
Bolivia’s minister to France and England.

BOL-1909 145 BOL Villazon 24/10/1909 15/08/1913

Villazon became the minister to Argentina in 1916. See CSM, Mar. 1, 1916, p.13.

BOL-1913 145 BOL Montes 15/08/1913 15/08/1917

See Lentz. He subsequently became minister to France.

BOL-1917 145 BOL Gutierrez Guerra 15/08/1917 11/07/1920

90
He lost power as a result of a bloodless coup, and was exiled to Chile. See CSM Aug 23,
1920, p.4.

BOL-1920 145 BOL Saavedra 11/07/1920 03/09/1925

President Abdon Saavedra, was the Vice President under Dr. Siles. Siles exiled Saavedra
in 1928, so more than 2 years after Saavedre loses power. See NYT, Jul 2, 1930, p.7.

BOL-1925 145 BOL Felipe Guzman 03/09/1925 10/01/1926

Felipe Guzman was born in 1879.

BOL-1926 145 BOL Siles 10/01/1926 25/06/1930

Hernando Siles Reyes. He tried to alter constitution to engineer his own reelection in
May 1930. Lost power as a result of a military coup and was sent into exile. See the
NYT, Oct. 17, 1930. For Hernando Siles Obituary, see NYT, Nov. 24, 1942, p. 25.
Educated at the University of Sucre, and Professor of Physics and Chemistry, Professor
of Civil Law and later head of the same university. Also has his exile in the summer of
1930.

BOL-1930 145 BOL Blanco Galindo 25/06/1930 05/03/1931

Blanco Galido, who overthrows Siles, is a retired army officer. (Retired because he
attempted a previous coup.)

BOL-1931 145 BOL Salamanca 05/03/1931 28/11/1934

Chaco war, goes badly, and he was deposed by the military. Some reports but
unconfirmed note that he was held by the army in the Chaco. He was overthrown by vice-
president, military coup, retired to Cochabamba.
Lentz notes: Deposed on Nov. 27, 1934. “He retired to his home on Cochabamba to write
his memoirs and died of a heart attack on July 17, 1935.” He died slightly more than 6
months after he lost power.

BOL-1934 145 BOL Tejada Sorzano 28/11/1934 18/05/1936

Sorzano assumes presidency when Salamance overthrown. Lentz notes that he was
elected Vice President under Salamanca in 1931 and assumed the presidency when
Salamanca was forced to resign. See also NYT, Nov. 29, 1934, p.1 & 22. The evidence
goes to his constitutional entry. He was removed by a coup d'etat (by Toro and Busch),
he was exiled to Chile and he never returned. For Sorzano’s exile, see NYT, Jun. 22,
1936, p.10.

BOL-1936 145 BOL Toro 18/05/1936 13/07/1937

David Toro, was removed in a coup d'etat (by Busch), fled to Chile, returned in 1938.
For posttenurefate, see The Washington Post, Jul. 18, 1937, p.3.

BOL-1937 145 BOL Busch, G. 13/07/1937 23/08/1939

Lentz notes that he committed suicide. See also NYT, Aug. 24, 1939, p.11; Also NYT,
Oct. 4, 1939, p.14.

91
BOL-1939 145 BOL Quintanila 23/08/1939 15/04/1940
Quintanila becomes President “by unanimous determination of the generals, chiefs of
garrisons and members of the Cabinet.” Washington Post, Aug. 24, 1939, p.1. He was
instituted by military. Assassination plan of Quintanila and capture of Penaranda foiled
by General Antenor Ichazo. See NYT, Mar. 27, 1940, p.6. Runs for Pres.

BOL-1940 145 BOL Penaranda 15/04/1940 20/12/1943

Penaranda reported as arrested in CSM, Dec. 20, 1943, p. 1.NYT, Dec. 21, 1943, p.1. He
was in exile in Peru in 1944. See NYT, May 14, 1944, p.25.

BOL-1943 145 BOL Villarroel 20/12/1943 21/07/1946

See Lentz. Assassination attempt on March 12, 1945. Attacked by a mob, thrown from a
Balcony and lynched from a lamppost in the Plaza Murillo. Captured and shot, suspended
from a lamppost in the main square, lynched. On Villaroel’s murder: Chicago Daily
Tribune, July 23, 1946, p. 4. “Witnesses to the final assault on the fortified presidential
palace yesterday said Villaroel was found wounded in the chest and that he pretended to
be a leftist leader whom he resembled slightly. "I am Alfredo Mendizabal [Revolutionary
party leader]," the president was quoted as shouting. "Don't kill me." These witnesses
said Villaroel attempted to lift his revolver, and was shot in the chest before he could fire.
His body was tossed from the balcony to the mob in the street below where, where his
clothing was ripped to shreds. The almost nude body was hung to a lamppost along with
those of three of his trusted lieutenants. The body then was draped with a sheet, labeled
with an official photograf of Villarroel, and slung over a tank, which was paraded thru
the streets of La Paz.”

BOL-1946-1 145 BOL Guillen 21/07/1946 16/08/1946

See Lentz and NYT, Aug. 17, 1946, p.2. Dean of the La Paz district of the Superior court,
his successor is Monje Gutierrez, president of the Bolivian Superior Court. See NYT,
Mar. 11, 1947, p.5, Guillen member of Hertzog’s cabinet. But he’s in jail in 1955, and
freed in July 21, 1955, NYT, Jul. 22, 1955, p.9.

BOL-1946-2 145 BOL Gutierrez 16/08/1946 10/03/194

There was an assassination attempt one month after his entry to office. See Washington
Post, Sept. 28, 2946, p.1. and NYT, Jul. 2, 1954, p.19

BOL-1947 145 BOL Herzog 11/03/1947 07/05/1949

Lentz notes that he resigns for reasons of poor health. (Challenged a rival to a duel in
1932.) NYT, Nov. 15, 1948, notes that he threatened to quit unless Congress agreed to
extend the state of siege proclaimed earlier. Plot, thwarted, NYT, Feb. 22, 1949,p.7.
Failing health claim in Washington Post, May 8, 1949, p. M4. He’s still in the Hospital
on October 16, has not officially resigned yet. See NYT, Oct. 17, 1949, p.2.

BOL-1949 145 BOL Urriolagoitia 07/05/1949 16/05/1951

Mamerto Urriolagoitia escaped to Chile, and probably never returned. For fate, see NYT,
May 17, 1951, p.1. He supported a coup to prevent left wings from gaining power.

92
BOL-1951 145 BOL Ballivian Rojas 16/05/1951 11/04/1952
See Lentz. After a 3 day revolution, he was sent to exile in Chile.

BOL-1952-1 145 BOL Siles Zuazo 11/04/1952 16/04/1952

He was born on March 19, 1914. He was the illegitimate son of Siles Reyes, president
1926—1930. Lentz notes: Was elected VP under Paz Estenssoro, but coup that removes
Rojas tries to prevent them from taking power. Leads a counter-coup. Becomes
provisional president until 16 April when Paz Estenssoro returns from exile. He serves as
VP.

BOL-1952-2 145 BOL Paz Estenssoro 17/04/1952 17/06/1956

Gets power handed over constitutionally by his VP, Silez Zuazo. See Lentz. Post tenure
he became ambassador to Britain when his ally Siles is in power. Coup by VP, General
Barrientos. Exile in Peru.

BOL-1956 145 BOL Siles Zuazo 17/06/1956 06/08/1960

Lentz notes that after he lost power he became ambassador to Uruguay and Spain. He
went to exile following a coup in 1964. (Again, son of Siles Reyes.)

BOL-1960 145 BOL Paz Estenssoro 06/08/1960 04/11/1964

See Lentz. Exile in Peru.

BOL-1964 145 BOL Barrientos Ortuna 06/11/1964 05/01/1966

Following www.rulers.org. Assassination attempt on March 21, 1965. See Lentz. Dies in
helicopter crash.

BOL-1966-1 145 BOL Ovando Candia 05/01/1966 06/08/1966

See Lentz.

BOL-1966-2 145 BOL Barrientos Ortuna 06/08/1966 27/04/1969

Che Guevara leads uprising in 1967.

BOL-1969-1 145 BOL Siles Salinas 27/04/1969 26/09/1969

He was removed in a coup d’etat, exiled to Chile. See Lentz and also NYT, Sept. 27,
1969, p.32. He was the son of Siles Reyes, who was the president between 1926-1930.

BOL-1969-2 145 BOL Ovando Candia 26/09/1969 06/10/1970

See Lentz. Ovando sought asylum in the Argentine Embassy. Then counter coup and
returns to Bolivia. Refuge in foreign Embassy is foreign soil, is exile. Right-wing military
coup 1 day; asylum in Argentine embassy.

BOL-1970 145 BOL Torres 07/10/1970 22/08/1971

See Lentz. (In exile kidnapped and murdered by right wing death squads near Buenos
Aires.) Right-wing military coup. Exile in Peru

BOL-1971 145 BOL Banzer Suarez 22/08/1971 21/07/1978

93
Lentz. Turns over power to military junta. Exile in Argentina.

BOL-1978-1 145 BOL Pereda Asbun 21/07/1978 24/11/1978

See Lentz and Washington Post, Nov. 26, 1978, p.A31. He was in the US to testify in
Bail hearing. (After May 1980). See also Wall Street Journal, Nov. 13, 1981, p.1 & 21.
He lost power after a bloodless coup, and was sent to exile to the US.

BOL-1978-2 145 BOL Padilla Aranciba 24/11/1978 08/08/1979

See Lentz. and CSM, Nov. 2, 1979,p.4

BOL-1979-1 145 BOL Guevara Arze 08/08/1979 01/11/1979

President of the Senate. Goes underground initially. Washington Post, Nov. 2, 1979, p.
A1 & A24. Washington Post, Nov. 16, 1979, p. A1 & A30. For his obituary, see NYT,
Jun. 23, 1996. p.33.

BOL-1979-2 145 BOL Natusch Busch 01/11/1979 16/11/1979

Lentz; and even becomes General and attempts another coup in 1981. For his regularly
transferring power and stepping down, see Washington Post, Nov. 16, 1979, p. A1 &
A30.

BOL-1979-3 145 BOL Gueiler Tejada 16/11/1979 17/07/1980

Keesing's Vol. 26, November 1980:
"Following presidential elections on June 29 in which Dr H. Siles Zuazo of the moderate
left Democratic Popular Unity (UDP) front won the largest number of votes but failed to
achieve an absolute majority, the armed forces took power on July 17 from the interim
head of state, President Lidia Gueiler Tejada, and installed a military junta headed by
Gen. Luis Garcia Da Meza (50). Sra Gueiler had been appointed President in November
1979 by the National Congress as a temporary solution to a political crisis (arising in turn
from inconclusive presidential elections in July-August 1979--and a subsequent
unsuccessful coup attempt), and had announced at the beginning of 1980 that elections
would take place on June 29. Developments during her seven months of office and
following the military takeover are described below."
First takes refuge in the “Nunciature” [Nunnery?. HG] of the city of La Paz until October
(of 1980), then exile in Paris. Not related to earlier Tejada.

BOL-1980 145 BOL Garcia Meza Tejada 18/07/1980 04/08/1981

Luis García Meza Tejada, resigned in a face of revolt, eventually exiled in Argentina or
Peru. But, Lentz (p.99), “General Garcia Meza was purged from his army posts during
the administration of President Siles Zuazo in 1983. “ Therefore more than one year after
he stepped down (on 4 Aug, 1981). Forced to resign, exile in Argentina.
Five major coup attempts against him. Returns power to the military junta. The Civilian
Government ordered the arrest of Meza and 29members of his military regime on May
24, 1983. He is said there to be living in exile in Argentina, “where he sought refuge
when President Hernan Siles Zuazo assumed office here last October.” NYT, May 25,
1983. They have been there fore a while before November. Washington Post, Nov. 30,
1982, p. A 12.

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BOL-1981 145 BOL Torrelio Villa 04/09/1981 19/07/1982
Celso Terrelio Villa. Foreign Affairs, 1983, 61,003, p.739. “July 19. Bolivian President
Celso Torrelio is ousted by military junta consisting of Army Gen. Angel. Mariscal, Air
Force Gen. Natalio Morales, and Navy Vice Adm. Oscar Pamma; Gen. Guido Vildoso
Calderon sworn in as country’s president, 7/21.” He resigns. Dies in 1999. Keesing’s Vol.
29 (1983) February: “Gen. Celso Torrelio Villa, who had succeeded Gen. Garcia Meza as
President in September 1981, after being appointed by the junta composed of the chiefs
of the three branches of the armed forces, stated his intention of seeking to effect a return
to democracy, but came under pressure both from rival members of the military
command and also from the increasingly restive civilian population. Gen. Torrelio
formally resigned as President on July 19, 1982, and the junta replaced him with Gen.
Guido Vildoso Calderon, who promised that fresh elections would be held in early 1983.”
See also Keesing’s Vol. 29 (1983) November, which states Celso is retired.
According to same article Washington Post, Nov. 30, 1982, p. A 12.Exile in Argentina.

BOL-1982-1 145 BOL Vildoso Calderon 21/07/1982 10/10/1982

Guido Vildoso Calderon, Lentz records, “Brigadier General Vildoso recalled the
Congress that had been elected in 1980 to choose a president. Hernan Siles Zuazo, the
victor in the presidential election of that year, was selected as president, and Vildoso and
the Junta stepped down on October 10. 1982.”
Keesing’s Vol.29 (1983) February: “Gen. Torrelio formally resigned as President on July
19, 1982, and the junta replaced him with Gen. Guido Vildoso Calderon, who promised
that fresh elections would be held in early 1983. The mounting economic crisis caused by
the indebtedness of Bolivia abroad and the sporadic and extensive strikes organized by
the national workforce, as well as international calls for an end to military rule, led
instead, however, to the reconvening of the Congress which had been elected in June
1980 and to the installation of Dr Hernan Siles Zuazo as President in October 1982. The
coalition Government formed by Dr Siles itself reached a crisis point in January 1983
when six ministers belonging to one of the three ruling parties resigned.” See also
Keesing’s Vol. 29 (1983) November, which states Calderon is also retired.
Retired safely. Keesing’s Vol. 29, 983. November. Military steps down, convenes new
congress.

BOL-1982-2 145 BOL Siles Zuazo 10/10/1982 06/08/1985

Kidnapped, then freed in an aborted coup on June 30, 1984. NYT, Jul. 1., 1984, p.1.
Apparently lived in retirement in Montevideo, Uruguay., where he died Aug. 6 1996.
NYT, Aug. 8, 1996, p. D22. He was the illegitimate son of Hernando Siles Reyes who
ruled 1926-1930. His half-brother was Luis Adolfo Siles Salinas who also served as
Bolivia’s president for five months in 1969. Resigned facing pressure from opposition

BOL-1985 145 BOL Paz Estenssoro 06/08/1985 06/08/1989

BOL-1989 145 BOL Paz Zamora 06/08/1989 06/08/1993

Is cousin of Pas Estenssoro. NYT, Aug. 8,1989

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BOL-1993 145 BOL Gonzalo Sanchez de Lozada 06/08/1993 06/08/1997

BOL-1997 145 BOL Banzer Suarez 06/08/1997 07/08/2001

. Has lung and liver cancer. Steps down because of health. NYT, Aug. 6, 2001, p. A7.
(FIVE year term) Dies May 5, 2002. Resigns for health reasons.

BOL-2001 145 BOL Jorge Quiroga Ramirez 07/08/2001 06/08/2002

Jorge Quiroga Ramírez. Was VP to Banzer. NYT, Aug. 6, 2001, p. A7. Born in 1960. See
also below, under president Carlos Mesa.

BOL-2002 145 BOL Gonzalo Sanchez de Lozada 08/08/2002 17/10/2003

Sanchez de Lozada, apparently fled the country to the US after the riots which led to his
removal from office + now indicted on genocide charges.
NRC Handelsblad, 22 Februari 2005.
http://www.nrc.nl/buitenland/artikel/1109055287517.html
ROTTERDAM, 22 FEBR. Oud-president Gonzalo Sánchez de Lozada van Bolivia en
twee van zijn ministers zijn gisteren aangeklaagd wegens genocide. De overige oud-
ministers uit Lozada's kabinet worden beschuldigd van medeplichtigheid aan genocide.
De aanklacht heeft betrekking op de dood van zeker zestig demonstranten en de
verwonding van 500 mensen in oktober 2003. …De oud-president ontkent de
beschuldigingen. Hij ontvluchtte na de rellen het land, en woont inmiddels in de VS.
De openbare aanklager heeft nu zes maanden om de zaak voor te leggen aan het
Hooggerechtshof in Sucre. Lozada kan maximaal dertig jaar gevangenisstraf krijgen.
See also under next president Carlos Mesa.

BOL-2003 145 BOL Carlos Mesa 17/10/2003 31/12/2004

BBC News, Friday, 17 March 2006, 14:07 GMT. “Bolivia ex-leaders face charges.
Bollivia’s attorney general is seeking to put three former presidents on trial for alleged
irregularities in contracts with foreign oil companies. Carlos Mesa, Gonzalo Sanchez de
Lozada and Jorge Quiroga are accused of making deals that violated the constitution.
This means Bolivia’s last four presidents could all face prosecution. Last week, the
attorney general asked for permission to try Eduardo Rodriguez, the interim president
who served before December’s election. Mr. Rodriguez is accused of submission to a
foreign power in a case relating to the decommissioning of Bolivian missles in the United
States. He denies any wrongdoing. ‘Politically motivated’ The allegations against the
four former presidents have been presented to the Supreme Court. It must decide whether
to pass them on to Congress, which in turn must authorize any trial. … After looking at
deals reached with foreign oil firms between 1993 and 2003, Attorney-General Pedro
Gareca said he had found illegalities in: 39 contracts signed by Gonzalo Sanchez de
Lozada, who governed from 1993 to 1997 and 2002 to 2003. Four contracts agreed by
Jorge Quiroga, who served in 2002. One deal signed by Carlos Mesa who governed
between 2003 and 2005. Mr Sanchez de Lozada - who now lives in the US - has also
been formally charged with genocide over the deaths of 60 people killed during a wave of
social unrest. The allegations against Mr Rodriguez - interim president from 2005 to 2006
- relate to the destruction in the US last year of some 30 missiles owned by Bolivia.

96
President Evo Morales described their destruction as a US plot to weaken Bolivian
defences.”

PARAGUAY

Sources consulted include :

Paul H. Lewis. Political Parties and generations in Paraguay’s Liberal Era, 1869-1940.
Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. 1993.
Arturo Bray. Hombres y Epocas del Paraguay. Buenos Aires: Editorial Ayacucho. 1948

PAR-1874 150 PAR Gill 25/11/1874 12/04/1877

NYT, Apr. 10, 1880, p.2. (Lists assassinations attempts against regents and sovereigns,
from 1850 on.). Assassinated.

PAR-1877 150 PAR Uriarte 12/04/1877 25/11/1878

Hirginio Uriarte not in list of assassinations. The Times, Saturday April 24, 1909, p.15 in
Obituaries: “A Reuter message from Buenos Ayres, dated April 23, says the death is
announced from Asuncion of ex-President Hirginio Uriarte, of Paraguay. In 1875 Vice-
President Uriarte, as he then was, assumed the Presidency of Paraguay, succeeding
President Gill, who was assassinated. President Uriarte held office until 1878.”

PAR-1878 150 PAR Barreiro 27/11/1878 04/09/1880

Revolts and revolution reported in NYT, Jun 21.1879, p.4. NYT, Jun 17, 1879, p.2. For
failure, see NYT, Jul. 11, 1879, p.1. On his natural death, see NYT, Oct. 17, 1880, p.2.
Natural death.

PAR-1880 150 PAR Caballero 04/09/1880 25/11/1886

Was not VP, but Min of the Interior see NYT, Oct. 17, 1880, p.2. Is apparently elected
president of Paraguay in 1882, The Washington Post, Dec. 21, 1882, p.1. Is all
constitutional, and survives to coup later. No evidence of exile. Also, The Washington
Post, Jul 4, 1908, p.3.Seizes power in a coup.

PAR-1886 150 PAR Escobar 25/11/1886 25/11/1890

For death, in Asuncion, see The Washington Post, Apr. 22, 1912, p.6. Also, The
Washington Post, Jul 4, 1908, p.3.

PAR-1890 150 PAR Gonzalez 25/11/1890 09/06/1894

Attempted revolt against Juan G Gonzalez. NYT, Oct. 23, 1891, p.1. For fate, see NYT,
Jun 12, 1894, p.5. Exile.

PAR-1894-1 150 PAR Morinigo 09/06/1894 25/11/1894

For entry, see NYT, Jun 12, 1894, p.5. Nothing to be found. But note that he leaves when
previous presidents have stepped down.

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PAR-1894-2 150 PAR Egusquiza 25/11/1894 25/11/1898
Is a general, made candidate for the Presidency: Washington Post, Jun 28, 1894, p.6.
Leaves at the appropriate time.

PAR-1898 150 PAR Aceval 25/11/1898 09/01/1902

Revolutionary junta overthrows him, which is composed of Gen. Caballero, Gen Escobar,
Col. J. A. Escurra, the minister of war; Senor Marro, a cabinet minister, and Senator
Freitas. Caballero, apparently severely wounded (but survives). The Washington Post,
Jan. 11, 1902, p.1 Arrest, exile.

PAR-1902-1 150 PAR Carvallo 09/01/1902 25/08/1902

On his constitutional entry (he’s VP to Aceval) , see The Washington Post, Jan. 11, 1902,
p.1. For revolt, and mutiny, see The Washington Post, Jul. 4, p.3.

PAR-1902-2 150 PAR Escurra 25/08/1902 19/12/1904

For fate, see Lentz. Also NYT, Dec. 14, 1904. p.1. Exile.

PAR-1904 150 PAR Gaona 19/12/1904 08/12/1905

Juan Bautista Gaona, Based on Lentz. Is VP under Gondra, dies May 19, 1932, at the age
of 87. NYT, May 20, 1932, p.19 Apparently, takes over at the hands of Ferreira. Can’t
find anything in the first year after he’s out. IS OK in 1913, CSM, Dec. 10, 1913, p.5

PAR-1905 150 PAR Baez 08/12/1905 25/11/1906

Cecilio Baez. The Washington Post; Nov. 25, 1905. (Also, The Washington Post, Jul. 6,
1908, p.1, where he is member of Naveiro’s cabinet, but at Naveiro’s overthrow is
together with other ousted ministers “understood to have taken refuge in the foreign
legations.”) IS OK in 1913, CSM, Dec. 10, 1913, p.5. Dies, June 18, 1941, at age 79.
NYT, Jun. 19, 1941, p.21.

PAR-1906 150 PAR Ferreira 25/11/1906 04/07/1908

Lentz. Exile in Argentina.

PAR-1908 150 PAR Gonzales Navero 05/07/1908 25/11/1910

Naveiro was VP in the government just ousted. He was “appointed as president” by the
revolutionists. The Washington Post, Jul. 6, 1908, p.1. IS OK in 1913, CSM, Dec. 10,
1913, p.5. As is

PAR-1910 150 PAR Gondra 25/11/1910 17/01/1911

Manuel Gondra. Gaona is VP. Lentz. Also, CSM, May 7, 1912, p.7. and CSM, Apr. 10,
1913, p.8. Exile.

PAR-1911-1 150 PAR Jara 19/01/1911 05/07/1911

Was minister of war. Lentz: He dies May 1912, less than one year after losing office.
(Censored?) Is held “under arrest at the military barracks.” The Washington Post, Jul.6,
1911, p.1. But then: “Recently a revolt broke out, headed by Col. Jara. The government

98
then and there proceeded to eliminate the rebels in an up-to-date military campaign. All,
including Jara, have been annihilated, the dispatch announces.” The Washington Post,
May 18, 1912, p.4. First arrested then killed in revolt.

PAR-1911-2 150 PAR Rojas 05/07/1911 01/03/1912

Is president of the Senate when he assumes the presidency. The Washington Post, Jul.6,
1911, p.1. Captured and forced to resign. Washington Post, Jan 6, 1912, p.5. Lentz says
exile. No details on capture and or arrest. Senate president when assuming power, exile in
Uruguay.

PAR-1912-1 150 PAR Pena 01/03/1912 25/03/1912

Pedro Pena, Christian Science Monitor, Mar 23., 1912. “Telegrams from the Paraguayan
frontier say that the revolutionaries are in control at Asuncion. President Pedro Pena and
most of the members of his government are reported to have taken refuge on Brazilian
and Argentine ships. The others have sought asylum in the foreign legations.” The
Washington Post, Mar. 24, 1912, p.11.”President Pedro Pena has taken refuge at the
Uruguyan legation in Asuncion.” Flees for safety to the legation of Uruguay. CSM, May
7, 1912, p.7.

PAR-1912-2 150 PAR Gonzalez Navero 25/03/1912 31/07/1912

Is OK in 1913, CSM, Dec. 10, 1913, p.5. Again VP in 1931. Fate, Lentz, CSM, Aug. 22,
1912.

PAR-1912-3 150 PAR Schaerer 15/08/1912 15/08/1916

Was minister of the interior in the Navero Cabinet. CSM, May 7, 1913, p.7. Lentz. As is.
Deported in 1931 for Buenos Aires, for activities in attempted revolution against
Guggiari. NYT, Apr. 25, 1931, p.9. Is president-elect and comes into power
constitutionally. See CSM, Aug. 22, 1912. Scherer behind several coups, that overthrow
Gondra, Rojas and Pena. Lentz says remains influential.

PAR-1916 150 PAR Manuel Franco 15/08/1916 05/06/1919

Manuel Franco, part of the Gondra – Franco ticket, CSM, Nov. 27, 1915, p.9. Lentz.

PAR-1919 150 PAR Montero 05/06/1919 15/08/1920

VP under Franco. Nothing on fate.

PAR-1920 150 PAR Gondra 15/08/1920 30/10/1921

Dies March 8, 1927. NYT, Mar. 9, 1927, p.25. Coup by Schaerer. On his removal The
Washington Post, Nov. 2, 1921, p.6, also NYT, Oct. 31, 1921, p.14. Lentz says he is OK.
NYT, Oct. 31, 1921, p. 14 “Revolution in Paraguay” reports “A dispatch to La Nacion
frm Asuncion says that President Gondra of Parguay has handed his resignation to Dr.
Felix Paiva, the Vice President, owing to a revolutionary movement by the followers of
ex-President Schaerer.” See also The Washington Post, Nov. 2, 1921, p. 6.

PAR-1921-1 150 PAR Paiva 31/10/1921 03/11/1921

99
Felix Paiva, in neither Lentz, nor rulers.org. For his entry, see The Washington Post,
Nov. 2, 1921, p.6. Resigns after brief period as acting president. NYT Nov 6, 1921, p. 25
attributes this to negotiation outcome between the political factions. Nothing clearly on
his fate, but becomes dean of law school see below, I surmise he’s OK.

PAR-1921-2 150 PAR Ayala Eusebio 03/11/1921 10/04/1923

Became minister to Washington until 1925, upon return, member of the Paraguayan
Senate. The Washington Post, Jun 19., 1932, p.7. Born of French parents in La
Cordillera. Went to Germany to study, became professor of Philosophy, psychology and
commercial law.

PAR-1923 150 PAR Ayala Eligio 10/04/1923 12/04/1924

Lentz.

PAR-1924-1 150 PAR Riart 12/04/1924 15/08/1924

Lentz.

PAR-1924-2 150 PAR Ayala Eligio 15/08/1924 15/08/1928

Lentz. Serves in his successors gov’t, killed over a romantic entanglement, October 24,
1930. To contain Bolivian incursions into the Chaco, the Eligio Ayala government (1924-
28) armed the nation and entered the disputed territory. A clash occurred on June 15,
1932, when Ft. Carlos Antonio Lopez was captured by the Bolivians.

PAR-1928 150 PAR Guggiari 15/08/1928 26/10/1931

“President Jose Guggiari decided tonight to delegate his powers to Vice President
Ganzalez Navero [sic, HG] as soon as practical and to submit himself to Congress for
judgment in connection with the recent disorders in Paraguay.” His offer to resign had
been rejected the day before. The Washington Post, Oct. 26, 1931, p.1. He resigns under
pressure, yes, but it doesn’t really seem unconstitutional. See also NYT, Oct. 27, 1931,
p.1. But NYT, Oct. 28, 1931, p.9 says: “Major Bray, chief of the Asuncion garrison,
issued a communiqué saying the army had quelled the rebellion that caused President
Guggiari’s resignation and that normal business life would resume. A number of the
insurgent leaders were under detention and troops still occupied the city.”

PAR-1931 150 PAR Gonzalez Navero 26/10/1931 28/01/1932

Based on The Washington Post, Oct. 26, 1931, p.1, see above, he came into power
constitutionally. He dies, Oct. 18, 1934, at 73. NYT, Oct. 19, 1934, p.23.

PAR-1932-1 150 PAR Guggiari 28/01/1932 15/08/1932

Jose Particio Guggiari, returned to power after 4 months, in 1932. NYT, Jan. 29, 1932.
Dies Oct. 29, 1956. NYT, Oct. 31, 1957, p. 31: “He had been living here [=Buenos Aires]
as a refugee since 1947.” Was born in Switzerland and became naturalized Paraguayan
citizen. Coup attempt against him by Schaerer.

PAR-1932-2 150 PAR Ayala Eusebio 15/08/1932 19/02/1936

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Ayala, 1936, Held as Prisoner. NYT, May 18, 1936, pp. 1 & 9. Also Lentz. Dies in exile,
for more see obit. NYT, Jun. 5, 1942, p.17. Placed in protective custody, exiled. . To
contain Bolivian incursions into the Chaco, the Eligio Ayala government (1924-28)
armed the nation and entered the disputed territory. A clash occurred on June 15, 1932,
when Ft. Carlos Antonio Lopez was captured by the Bolivians. While Eusebio Ayala held
civil power in Paraguay, the military commander, Gen. Jose Felix Estigarribia,
demonstrated an intelligent strategy and by a string of victories pushed the Bolivians
back almost to the edge of the disputed territory. On February 17, 1936, a military coup
jailed Ayala and Estigarribia, removed the Liberals from power, and abrogated the
constitution of 1870. The new government was short-lived, in 1939 Estigarribia was
elected president with the support of the Liberals.

PAR-1936 150 PAR Rafael Franco 19/02/1936 16/08/1937

NYT, Aug. 16, 1937, p. 7 Apparently removed in order to prevent the Chaco peace
agreement from being put into effect. Had first been banished to Argentina. Two weeks
later leads a revolutionary movement. Coup attempt against him in Feb. 1936, see NYT,
Feb. 22, 1936, p.7; former army commander Jose Felix Estigarribia. Lentz. Military coup,
exile.

PAR-1937 150 PAR Paiva 16/08/1937 15/08/1939

Dean of the university law school.

PAR-1939 150 PAR Estigarribia 15/08/1939 05/09/1940

Dies in Airplane crash.

PAR-1940 150 PAR Morinigo 08/09/1940 03/06/1948

Related to earlier president Morinigo? Revolt by former chief of army, Col. Benitez Vera
in 47? Another revolt by leftist Febrerista Party in January 1947. Lentz. The Washington
Post, Jun. 5, 1948, p.3, records that Higinio Morinogo and several of his most loyal
friends had been put under house arrest. Exile in Argentina.

PAR-1948-1 150 PAR Frutos 03/06/1948 15/08/1948

Was president of the Paraguayan Supreme Court, appointed as President by Congress.
Lentz. For his irregular entry, see The Washington Post, Aug. 8, 1948, p.B2. Kicked out
as Chief of the Supreme Court in November, but force? NYT, Jan 29, 1950, p. 22

PAR-1948-2 150 PAR Natalicio 15/08/1948 30/01/1949

See NYT, Jun. 6, 1948, p. E2. Was President – elect. In exile in Argentina, then Uruguay.
NYT, Jan 29, 1950, p. 22. NYT, Feb. 5, 1949, p.4.Removed in a coup.

PAR-1949-1 150 PAR Rolon 30/01/1949 26/02/1949

Raimundo Rolón, was overthrown, (probably was deported in 1952), = 3 years after out.
“Dispatches from Asuncion … made no mention of what had happened to Rolon.” The
Washington Post, Feb. 28, 1949, p.2. Is deported in 1952, more than a year after losing
office. Apparently because of a revolutionary plot.

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PAR-1949-2 150 PAR Molas Lopez 26/02/1949 10/09/1949
Felipe Molas López, was overthrown 10 Sept. 1949. Christian Science Monitor, Jan. 8,
1951, p.1 “Senor Molas Lopez made the charge during an interview after his arrival here
[=Buenos Aires, HG] last week to live in exile.” So, more than a year after losing office.
Was minister of Interior. Dentist. Seems to be OK, Dies, Mar 2. 1954. See brief obit,
NYT, Mar. 3, 1954, p.27.

PAR-1949-3 150 PAR Chavez 10/09/1949 06/05/1954

Was leader of the faction of the Colorado Party that also put Molas in power. Was
speaker of the House of Representatives and also Foreign Minister? OK, Lentz, in
particular, NYT, May 8, 1954, p.34. Obit NYT, April 26, 1978, p. B4. Bloody coup by
Stroessner.

PAR-1954-1 150 PAR Pareira 06/05/1954 11/07/1954

Tomás Romero Pereira, provisional president, after that was an interior minister, OK.
Pareira gets elected by the National Assembly of Paraguay (and not Stroessner). Also
Lentz, and NYT, May 14, 1954, p.9. Becomes Interior Minster under Stroessner.

PAR-1954-2 150 PAR Stroessner 11/07/1954 03/02/1989

Elected as the candidate of the Colorado Party, on July 11. NYT, Jan 26, 1955, p. 11.
Revolution attempt by Estigarribia in Jan. 1955. Elected, falls in bloodless coup, exile in
Brazil. On Stroessner’s exile, see NYT, Feb. 6, 1989, p.A1.

PAR-1989 150 PAR Rodriguez Pedotti 03/02/1989 15/08/1993

United Press International, December 23, 1993, Section International. Dies in 1997 in a
US clinic.

PAR-1993 150 PAR Wasmosy Monti 15/08/1993 15/08/1998

Ovieda attempted a coup in 1996. 10-year prison sentence. This sentence was commuted
by Cubas three days after taking office. Loses legal immunity Aug. 12, 1999, and had to
appear before a judge investigating corruption which took place during his government.
Inter Press Serve/Global Information Network. August 13, 1999. This articles also notes
that 1992 Constitution establishes that former presidents who were democratically elected
become senators-for-life.

PAR-1998 150 PAR Cubas Grau 15/08/1998 28/03/1999

His Vice president, Luis Maria Argana is killed in a hail of bullets by gunmen in military
uniform. Agence France Press, But the vice president’s supporters in the sharply divided
Colorado ruling party immediately pointed fingers at Cubas and his political mentor,
populist retired general Lino Oviedo. Cubas and Oviedo “will be hung in a public square,
together with their families, Planas [= Argana’s personal attorney] warned, adding he
predicted the assassination “is the beginning of a blood bath for our country.”” Wasmody
also blames Cubas. March 24, 1999. Impeachment trial begins March 25. Resigns March
28. For exile in Brazil. See Agence France Presse – English, April 05, 1999. Oviedo also
flees to Argentina. Impeached, resigned, fled. Cubas Grau gets asylum in Brazil. Gen
Lino Oviedo gets political asylum in Argentina. NYT, March 30, 1999, p. A.3. Oviedo

102
leaves Exile and back in Argentina in December 1999. NYT, December 12, 19999, p.6.
NYT reports that “Mr. Oviedo left Argentina after its new president, Fernando de la Rua,
who was sworn in on Friday, made it known that he would force Mr. Oviedo out of the
country

PAR-1999 150 PAR Gonzalez Macchi 28/03/1999 15/8/2003

Gonzalez Macchi. Paraguayan authorities start investigating a Swiss bank account held
by Macchi that reportedly contains some $360,000. He barely survived an impeachment
attempt earlier in 2003. Associated Press Worldstream. The Associated Press, December
23, 2003. Tuesday.

PAR-2003 150 PAR Nicanor Duarte Frutos15/8/2003 31/12/2004

Born 11 October 1956. Studied law and philosophy. Not related to earlier Frutos.

CHILE
On term limits:
1884, NYT, Sept. 21, p.12. “The President is elected every five years by the people, and
is not eligible for re-election except after an interval of one term.”

Keesing’s Vol. 33, March, 1987. Chile

Announcement of President Pinochet's intention to stand for second presidential term
Speaking in Concepcion on July 11, President Pinochet said that he 'was convinced that
the people will support this government for a new presidential term' when the present
eight-year term ended in 1989. The Constitution, he said, allowed him two eight-year
presidential terms, 'eight to pass laws and the other eight to apply them in reality'. The
second term would be necessary, he said, to prevent the country from falling into the
hands of 'totalitarianism'. Despite the fact that the remarks were widely interpreted as a
virtual declaration of his candidacy for the next presidential term, Gen. Pinochet said on
July 21 that he had not yet decided whether to seek re-election, members of the military
junta having apparently attempted to distance themselves from his statements.
Divisions within the four-member military junta over the future of the regime became
apparent on July 16 when Gen. Fernando Matthei Aubel, the Air Force commander,
publicly suggested elections as a possible way back to civilian government at the end of
the current presidential term in 1989. 'My mandate finishes in 1989, and that for me is
very clear,' he said. 'Until then I have work to do which includes designating the person
who will be proposed to the country as President of the Republic or proposing that the
constitution be modified so that there are direct and free elections. ' The commanders of
the Navy and the police, Adml. Jose Toribio Merino Castro and Gen. Rodolfo Stange
Oelckers respectively, said that they had not yet decided whom they would support in
1989.

Keesing’s Vol. 39, October 1993:

Legislation to establish a four-year non-renewable presidential term, put forward by the
government of President Patricio Aylwin Azócar reached an impasse when different

103
proposals were approved by the Senate (in which supporters of former military ruler and
current Army C.-in-C. Gen. Augusto Pinochet Ugarte held a strong position).
The 1981 Constitution, promulgated during the military regime (1973-90), provided for
an eight-year presidential term. The Senate version approved on Oct. 14, while accepting
that the term would be four years, provided that a second term would be permitted. The
Senate vote was 29 to 10 with four abstentions, those voting against being senators
appointed by Pinochet before he handed over power, and senators of the right-wing
Independent Democratic Union (UDI). The right-wing party National Renewal (RN), by
contrast, voted in favour, following intense negotiations with the ruling Coalition for
Democracy (CPD). The Chamber of Deputies voted by a large majority on Oct. 20 in
favour of reducing the presidential term to four years, without a provision for re-
election. Aylwin's non-renewable term of four years, due to end in March 1994, had been
specifically laid down by a constitutional amendment approved by referendum in July
1989. In August 1991 he had rejected a cross-party initiative to extend his term of office
for a further two years. Aylwin's centre-left CPD was anxious to amend the Constitution
regarding the presidential term before the next presidential elections, due in December
1993.

Chile: Keesing’s Vol. 39, December 1993:

On Dec. 14-15, in accordance with the wishes of the President-elect, government and
opposition members of Congress joined forces to approve a constitutional reform which
shortened the presidential term from eight to six years, but excluded the possibility of re-
election hitherto enshrined in the Constitution and supported by the right-wing
opposition. A plenary session of Congress would have to ratify the reform before March
11, 1994, the inauguration date of President-elect Frei's term in office. On Dec. 16
Aylwin appointed Energy Minister Jaime Tohá González to the Economy portfolio,
following the departure of Jorge Marshall to the central bank.

Sources consulted include

Jordi Fuentes & Lia Cortes. Diccionario Politico de Chile 1810-1966. Santiago de Chile:
Editorial Orbe. 1967
On the net: http://icarito.latercera.cl/especiales/presidentes/1925-1973/portadilla.htm

CHL-1871 155 CHL F. Errazuriz Zanartu 18/09/1871 18/09/1876

Both Pinto and Errazuriz get a cruiser named after them. CSM, Jun 25, 1915, p.9.

CHL-1876 155 CHL Pinto 18/09/1876 18/09/1881

Son of ex-Chilean President General Francisco Antonio Pinto, who was president 1827-9.
Born 15 March, 1825, died 1884, in Valparaiso. Studied Humanities. Inducted into the
Faculty of Philosophy and Humanities of the University of Chile, with a speech on
Cartesian philosophy in 1852. Minister of War and Navy in Government of President
Errazuriz Anartu.
See: http://www.icarito.cl/biografias/1861-1891/bios/pinto.htm. Says: known as a
pacifist?! But got to know the heads of the Army and Nay as minister of war. According
to this biography, also, he retired to private life in his house in Valparaiso. Turns down
offers to take on political posts in Chile or abroad. Dies a natural death 9 June 1884.

104
Both Pinto and Errazuriz get a cruiser named after them. CSM, Jun 25, 1915, p.9

CHL-1881 155 CHL Santa Maria 18/09/1881 18/09/1886

CSM, Jun 25, 1915, p.9. Had been Minister of the Interior in the Pinto government.

CHL-1886 155 CHL Balmaceda 18/09/1886 28/08/1891

See Washington Post, Aug. 31, 1891. Also mentions he will probably go into exile in
France and that he had sent a ship loaded with 30 tons of silver to Europe. CSM, Jun 25,
1915, p.9. Refuge in the Argentine legation in Santiago. Then commits suicide .Exile,
suicide on 19/09/1891.

CHL-1891 155 CHL J. Montt-Alvarez 31/08/1891 18/09/1896

On his election later that year, see NYT, Nov. 6, 1891, p.5. Visit New York, February
1897, official visit, not exile, to study the US Navy.

CHL-1896 155 CHL F. Errazuriz Echaurren 18/09/1896 01/05/1901

F. F. Errazuriz Echauren steps down on 1 May 1901, because of health reasons On his
bad health, see NYT, 2 May 1901, p.9. He dies on July 12, 1901. But See Washington
Post, May 3, 1901, p.4 where President Errazuriz claims that he is seeking a leave of
absence because a relative of his is running for the presidency. He was the son of
previous president Errazuriz. See also NYT, Jul. 132, 1901, p.1. He died on 12/7/1901.

CHL-1901-1 155 CHL A. Zanartu Zanartu 01/05/1901 18/08/1901

Is vice President under Errazuriz. On he rather than Albano taking over (as in Lentz) see
NYT, 2 May 1901, p.9. “President of Chile in Bad Health.” And Washington Post, May
3, 1901, p.4 “Errazuriz a Rare President.” For his exit, see Washington Post, Aug. 1,
1901, p.5. and NYT, July 31, 1901, p. 2. Apparently he resigns “as a protest against
further military preparations in Chile.” He dies Feb 1, 1902 (Washington Post, Feb. 2,
1902, p.2); less than 6 months after he lost power.

CHL-1901-2 155 CHL Riesco 18/08/1901 18/09/1906

Settles boundary dispute with Argentina. Dies, Dec. 8, 1916. NYT, Dec. 9, 1916, p. 11.
Lentz.

CHL-1906 155 CHL P. Montt 18/09/1906 16/08/1910

Son of Manuel Montt, Chile’s president from 1851 – 1861. Suffers poor health late in his
presidency. Dies while vacationing in Bremen August 16, 1910, Lentz. As is. See also
NYT, Sep. 7, 1910, p.6. Hearth attack while in Bremen Germany.

CHL-1910-1 155 CHL Albano 16/08/1910 06/09/1910

Lentz. As is. See also NYT, Sep. 7, 1910, p.6

CHL-1910-2 155 CHL Figueroa 06/09/1910 18/09/1911

Lentz. See also NYT, Sep. 7, 1910, p.6

CHL-1911 155 CHL Lucco 18/09/1911 23/12/1915

105
Dies in 1919. NYT, Sept. 21, 1919, p.22. Alo CSM, Feb. 15, 1916, p.15

CHL-1915 155 CHL Sanfuentes 23/12/1915 25/06/1920

Lentz.

CHL-1920-1 155 CHL Barros Borgono 25/06/1920 23/12/1920

Lentz.

CHL-1920-2 155 CHL Alessandri y Palma 23/12/1920 08/09/1924

Lentz, As is. NYT, Jul. 26, 1938, p.19. records, that “The next day [Sept.7, hg], President
Alessandri offered his resignation, which the Senate declined to accept. He thereupon
took up residence in the American Embassy and General Altamirano assumed the office
of Vice President, taking over the duties of Chief Executive. … President Alessandri left
the country on Sept. 10.” For Italy. Forced into exile.

CHL-1924 155 CHL Altamirano 08/09/1924 23/01/1925

Dies July 25, 1938. See NYT, Jul. 26, 1938, p.19. For coup that removes him see
Washington Post, Jan. 29, 1925, p.3. Which records: Leading members of the recent
government junta, including Gen. Altamirano and Gen. Neff, were arrested at
governmental headquarters as soon as the present coup began.”

CHL-1925-1 155 CHL Ibanez del Campo 23/01/1925 21/03/1925

Lentz, continues to serve in government as minister of war.

CHL-1925-2 155 CHL Alessandri y Palma 21/03/1925 01/10/1925

See NYT, Oct. 2, 1925, p.7. He appoints Borgono as his successor. Appoints, seems a bit
questionable. Apparently “does not contemplate leaving the country or soliciting the
protection of any foreign legation or embassy.” Dies, Aug. 24, 1950. NYT, Aug. 25,
1950, p.21. NYT, Nov. 25, 1925, p.5. He resigns under pressure from Col. Ibanez.
Judgment call, we say regular. For his exile, see NYT, Jul 5, 1931, p. 24. Forced into
exile.

CHL-1925-3 155 CHL Barrros Borgono 01/10/1925 23/12/1925

For his appointment, see NYT, Oct. 2, 1925, p.7.

CHL-1925-4 155 CHL Figueroa Larrain 23/12/1925 09/04/1927

See NYT, Feb. 11, 1927, p.6. Ibanez again trying to take over. This is a coup, see NYT,
April 8, 1927, p.4. Also records, “At last reports Dr. Figueroa was a virtual prisoner in his
home.” Note virtual. President goes on leave to allow cabinet to deal with his brother,
head of the Supreme Court (LA Times April 10, 1927; NYT April 11, 1927, p. 4). In this
time, Ibanez rules as Vice President. Eventually the president resigns for good, "broken
in health and spirit" (NYT May 5, 1927, p. 29). The intitial pressure appears to have
eminated from the military
(http://www.quepasa.cl/medio/articulo/0,0,38035857_172985951_182659610,00.html) ,
so this is a military takeover (if a slow one). Withdrew to his farm in the interior …

106
Washington Post, May 5, 1927, p.5. Then, Chile’s representative in the League of
Nations. CSM, Jun. 4, 1927. p.2. Exile.

CHL-1927 155 CHL Ibanez Campo 09/04/1927 26/07/1931

But he enters regularly. NYT, April 8, 1927, p.4. Supposed communist plot … NYT,
Mar. 12, 1928, p.18. Another attempt to blow up his train. Washington Post, Dec. 15,
1930, p.5. Lentz, as is. Goes to Argentina. CSM, Jul. 27, 1931, p.1. Resigns under
pressure. Another judgment call. After forced resignation, goes into exile, Argentina.

CHL-1931-1 155 CHL Opazo Letelier 26/07/1931 27/07/1931

Opazo Letelier. Lentz and CSM, Jul. 27, 1931, p.1. Was VP. NYT, Jul. 28, 1931, p.1.
Born in==1878. President of the Senate. See also:
http://icarito.latercera.cl/especiales/presidentes/1925-1973/montero.htm

CHL-1931-2 155 CHL Montero Rodriquez 28/07/1931 17/08/1931

NYT, Jul. 28, 1931, p.1. Also Washington Post, Jul 28, 1931, p.1. Lentz says he resigns
from office to run for the presidency, which he does and wins. See also: NYT, 18, 1931,
p.12. In his next spell, he is ousted and forced into exile.
Born 12 February 1879. For more details, see:
http://icarito.latercera.cl/especiales/presidentes/1925-1973/montero.htm

CHL-1931-3 155 CHL Trucco Franzani 17/08/1931 15/11/1931

Manuel Trucco Franzani. For his constitutional entry see: NYT, 18, 1931, p.12. He is
Minister of the Interior in the previous cabinet.

CHL-1931-4 155 CHL Montero Rodriquez 15/11/1931 04/06/1932

He was born in 1878. Exile in Spain.

CHL-1932-1 155 CHL Davila 05/06/1932 12/06/1932

NYT, Jun. 13, 1932, p.1.

CHL-1932-2 155 CHL Grove Vallejo 12/06/1932 17/06/1932

For fate, see NYT, Oct. 3, 1932, p.6. Grove Vallejo. Lentz. Born 6 July 1878.

CHL-1932-3 155 CHL Davila 17/06/1932 13/09/1932

Born September 5, 1887. Exile in New York.

CHL-1932-4 155 CHL Blanche 13/09/1932 02/10/1932

Ex-aide to Ibanez. Lentz says returned to the military. CSM, Sept. 14, 1932, p.1 says
Blanche submitted his resignation on the 14th. But he retakes office. NYT, Sept. 15, 1932,
p.10. For resignation, see NYT, Oct. 2, 1932, p.28. Dies June 10, 1970. NYT, Jun. 11,
1970, p.45.

CHL-1932-5 155 CHL Oyandel Urrutia 02/10/1932 25/12/1932

President of the Supreme Court. Washington Post, Oct. 2, 1932. p.M1. Dies Jan 29, 1954,
NYT, Jan 30, 1954, p.17.Lentz

107
CHL-1932-6 155 CHL Alessandri y Palma 25/12/1932 24/12/1938
Chilean Nazis apparently attempt putsch Sept. 5, 1938. CSM, Dec. 28, 1938, p.2. This
article also notes: “Under Chile’s Constitution, an outgoing President must remain in the
country at least six months, unless Congress grants special permission.” He is granted
this request, 51 – 41, Jan. 4, 1939. NYT, Jan 5, 1939, p.5. Looks like self-imposed exile,
and attempting to avoid responsibility for his orders to quell the putsch of Sept. 5, where
61 Nazi students were killed. See also for attacks when he returns, CSM, Dec. 5, 1939,
p.6.

CHL-1938 155 CHL Aguirre Cerda 24/12/1938 25/11/1941

Lentz. See also, NYT, Nov. 27, 1941, p.12, NYT, Nov. 26, 1941, p.10.

CHL-1941 155 CHL Mendez Arancibia 25/11/1941 01/04/1942

Becomes minister of Health in Rios cabinet in 43. NYT, Feb. 5, 1943, p.4.

CHL-1942 155 CHL Rios Morales 01/04/1942 17/01/1946

Lentz notes : His health failed early in 1946 and he gave up his presidential powers to
Afredo Duhalde Vasquez . On January 17, 1946. Rios died in Santiago on June, 1946.

CHL-1946-1 155 CHL Duhalde Vasquez 17/01/1946 03/08/1946

Lentz. Born 1888.

CHL-1946-2 155 CHL Bielech 03/08/1946 06/09/1946

Lentz

CHL-1946-3 155 CHL Duhalde Vasquez 06/09/1946 17/10/1946

CHL-1946-4 155 CHL Iribarren 17/10/1946 03/11/1946

Lentz

CHL-1946-5 155 CHL Gonzalez Videla 03/11/1946 03/11/1952

Lentz.

CHL-1952 155 CHL Ibanez Campo 03/11/1952 03/11/1958

Dies April 28, 1960. NYT, Apr. 29, 1960, p.31.

CHL-1958 155 CHL Alessandri Rodriguez 03/11/1958 03/11/1964

Son of Alessandri Y Palma. Lentz. Dies, Sept. 1, 1986, NYT, Sep. 2, 1986, p.D18.

CHL-1964 155 CHL Frei Montalva 03/11/1964 03/11/1970

Lentz

CHL-1970 155 CHL Allende 04/11/1970 11/09/1973

It is widely accepted that he actually committed suicide and his widow confirms it. NYT,
Sept. 16, 1973, p.1. She is in exile. So he committed suicide during coup.

108
CHL-1973 155 CHL Pinochet 11/09/1973 11/03/1990

CHL-1990 155 CHL Aylwin 11/03/1990 11/03/1994

CHL-1994 155 CHL Frei Ruiz-Tagle 11/03/1994 11/03/2000

Son of Previous President Frei Montalva.

CHL-2000 155 CHL Ricardo Lagos Escobar 12/03/2000 31/12/2004

ARGENTINA

ARG-1874 160 ARG Avellanda 12/10/1874 21/09/1880

Born October 1, 1836.

ARG-1880 160 ARG Roca 21/09/1880 12/10/1886

“Gen Julio A. Roca, after twelve years’ retirement to private life, has been elected anew
to the Presidency of the Argentine Republic. …” born on July 17, 1843

ARG-1886 160 ARG Celman 12/10/1886 05/08/1890

Encyclopedia Brit. “In July 1890 a revolt erupted that had strong support from within the
army, but it was defeated by loyal elements. Even so, Juarez Celman was forced to step
down in favour of the vice president, Carlos Pellegrini (1890-92), a solid ally of Roca.”
Can’t find anything in ProQuest. Makes treaty with Uruguay to establish peace. NYT,
Mar. 9, 1890, p.3. Searches on various websites suggest he’s OK. He’s brother in law of
Julio Roca.

ARG-1890 160 ARG Pellegrini 05/08/1890 12/10/1892

Was VP. Plot to assassinate the president, Washington Post, Feb. 19, 1891, p.4. “The
legatee of a discredited predecessor.” Washington Post, Feb. 19, 1891, p.4. Washington
Post, Oct. 6, 1904. Washington Post, Sep. 23, 1893, p.1. Educated guess. See
Encyclopedia Brit which records that Pellegrini almost won again in 1904. Born 29
September 1844

ARG-1892 160 ARG L.S. Pena 12/10/1892 23/01/1895

He resigns. Encyclopedia Brit. He is the father of Roque Saenz Pena.

ARG-1895 160 ARG Uriburu 23/01/1895 12/10/1898

Encyclopedia Brit. VP of L Saenz Pena. Born Nov. 19, 1831. Died Oct. 23, 1914.

ARG-1898 160 ARG Roca 12/10/1898 12/10/1904

Subsequently Argentina’s ambassador to Brazil and later France. Lentz.

ARG-1904 160 ARG Quintana 12/10/1904 12/03/1906

Lentz

109
ARG-1906 160 ARG Alcorta 12/03/1906 12/10/1910
Lentz. Later Ambassador to Spain.

ARG-1910 160 ARG R.S. Pena 12/10/1910 06/10/1913

Son of L. Saenz Pena. He died on August 1914. See NYT, Aug. 10, 1914, p.7. Lentz
notes : On de la Plaza … “He assumed the duties of president on October 6, 1913, due to
President Roque Saenz Pena’s poor health.” So R. S. Pena is out Oct. 1913. He dies 9
August 1914, more than six months later.

ARG-1914 160 ARG de la Plaza 06/10/1913 12/10/1916

See Lentz. “He assumed the duties of president on October 6, 1913, due to President
Roque Saenz Pena’s poor health.” On De la Plaza’s constitutional entry as VP on the
death of President Pena on Aug. 9, 1914 see The Washington Post, Jul 23, 1916, p. MT4.
This article also notes that “It is necessary in Argentina for the candidate to be a Roman
Catholic, and must also, of course, be an Argentinean by birth.” Attempted assassination,
July 9, 1916, Washington Post, Jul. 10, 1916, p.1. Apparently two a two week break until
Nov. 10, 1915, “During his absence Dr. Benito Villanueva, Vice-President, was the
acting chief executive.” CSM, Dec. 14, 1915, p.7. See his obituary, Washington Post,
Oct. 3, 1919, p.6

ARG-1916 160 ARG Irigoyen 12/10/1916 12/10/1922

Lentz

ARG-1922 160 ARG de Alvear 12/10/1922 12/10/1928

Lentz. Forced into exile in 1930.

ARG-1928 160 ARG Irigoyen 12/10/1928 06/09/1930

The Washington Post, Sept. 12, 1930, p.1. “Not under arrest, but in view of his illness
given a bed in the infantry barracks.” Held in barracks in the week before? Prisoner on
the cruiser Belgrano. Washington Post, Sept. 17, 1930, p.11 & CSM, Oct. 29, 1930, p.4.
Held at barracks, dies July 3 1933 from throat cancer.

ARG-1930 160 ARG Uriburu 06/09/1930 20/02/1932

Lentz. Went to Europe for medical treatment and died in a Paris hospital on April 29,
1932, following surgery for stomach ulcers. Gets two year leave of absence from the
army to go to Europe. NYT, Feb. 24, 1932, p.17. See also Washington Post, Mar 30,
1932, p.4. Nephew of Jose Evaristo Uriburu, a former president of the republic. NYT,
Apr. 29, 1932, p.17.Goes to Europe for medical treatment

ARG-1932 160 ARG Justo 20/02/1932 20/02/1938

Apparently has an engineering office in the US and several contracts. Plans to visit US in
November. NYT, Apr. 13, 1938, p. 7. No evidence of the visit.

ARG-1938 160 ARG Ortiz 20/02/1938 22/06/1942

Roberto M. Ortiz died on July 1, 1942. He lost power because of health reasons. He was
a severe diabetic, and was almost blind. He delegated many of his duties to the Vice

110
President Ramon Castillo in July 1940. Lentz: “He resigned from office on June 24,
1942, and died in Buenos Aires of bronchial pneumonia on July 15, 1942.” He was
“inactive for nearly two years because of ill health and near blindness” see Washington
Post, Jul 16, 1942, p. 3.

ARG-1942 160 ARG Castillo 27/06/1942 05/06/1943

For fate, see Washington Post, Jun 6, 1943, p. M1 & 3. He fled on board a cruiser but
returned within the day. NYT, Jun. 7, 1943, p.1. Also, NYT, Jun 26, 1943, p.9, where
Castillo is reported to have applied for a pension. NYT, Oct. 13, 1944, p.19.Revolution
and military coup.

ARG-1943-1 160 ARG Rawson 05/06/1943 07/06/1943

Lentz: Subsequently ambassador to Brazil. Arrested in 1945, and 1951. NYT, Oct. 5,
1943 says “the Government, without consulting the general, announced that he would
leave today. This was regarded as a virtual ultimatum warning him to go or take the
consequences.” Forced to resign ambassador in Brazil.

ARG-1943-2 160 ARG Ramirez 07/06/1943 24/02/1944

On his regular ouster. See NYT, Mar. 12, 1944, p.17. Exile, arrest.

ARG-1944 160 ARG Farrell 10/03/1944 04/06/1946

Lentz

ARG-1946 160 ARG Peron 04/06/1946 20/09/1955

First arrested, and held on a small island and then forced into exile.

ARG-1955-1 160 ARG Lonardi 20/09/1955 13/11/1955

Goes to the US for medical treatment. Lots of arrests (more than 1000) and Lonardi is en
route to the US for medical treatment. NYT, Dec. 6, 11955, p.17. Returns to Buenos
Aires and dies of a cerebral hemorrhage on March 22, 1956. (That’s sudden.) Goes to US
for medical treatment. Returns to Buenos Aires in March.

ARG-1955-2 160 ARG Aramburu 13/11/1955 01/05/1958

On his non-constitutional entry, see CSM, Nov. 14, 1955, p. 9. Faced abortive coup by
Pro-Peronists in 56, executed the 27 leaders. Kidnapped May 29, 1970, Washington Post,
May 30, 1970, p. 10. Later murdered.

ARG-1958 160 ARG Frondizi 01/05/1958 29/03/1962

Lentz: Ousted by a coup. See also NYT, Mar. 29, 1962, p.1. Also suggests he will be
arrested. NYT, Mar. 30, 1962, p. 32. See CSM, Mar. 22, 1962, p.16 for not being a
puppet of Peron. NYT, Apr. 28, 1962, p.8 says he is “detained on an island.” That’s the
island of Martin Garcia, the Navy station in the Rio Plate. NYT, May 6, 1962, p.128.
Also, Washington Post, Jul 11, 1963, p.A25. Released by Illia. NYT, Aug. 1, 1963, p.4.

ARG-1962 160 ARG Guido 29/03/1962 12/10/1963

President of the Senate. Lentz.

111
ARG-1963 160 ARG Arturo Illia12/10/1963 28/06/1966
Releases Frondizi. NYT, Aug. 1, 1963, p.4. For posttenurefate see, NYT, Aug. 26, 1966,
p.14. Dies Jan 18, 1983,. NYT, Jan 19, 1983, p. B6

ARG-1966 160 ARG Ongania 28/06/1966 08/06/1970

Invited to resign on June 8, 1970, but refused. Briefly jailed in 1981 {NYT, Aug. 29,
1981, p.7}. Dies June 8, 1995. NYT, Jun. 10, 1995, p. 48. Put under house arrest again
for two weeks in 1995. Drives to Army headquarters June 8 and delivers his resignation,
then left for his residence in the suburb of Olivos. NYT, Jun 9, 1970, p. 1. The article also
notes “An hour later the Commanders in Chief—Lieut. Gen. Alejandro Lanusse of the
Army, Adm. Pedro Gnavi of the Navy and Brig. Gen. Juan Carlos Rey of the Air Force—
were sworn in as provisional leaders of the nation’s Government.” For more evidence of
fate, see NYT, Mar. 28, 1971, p. E6.

ARG-1970-1 160 ARG Lanusse 08/06/1970 18/06/1970

NYT, Jun 9, 1970, p. 1. The article also notes “An hour later the Commanders in Chief—
Lieut. Gen. Alejandro Lanusse of the Army, Adm. Pedro Gnavi of the Navy and Brig.
Gen. Juan Carlos Rey of the Air Force—were sworn in as provisional leaders of the
nation’s Government.” See also Washington Post, Times Herald, Jun 10, 1970, p. A1.
Gnavi is figurehead, Lanusse is the real power. Born 28 Aug. 1918.

ARG-1970-2 160 ARG Levingston 18/06/1970 22/03/1971

See NYT, Jan 25, 1971, p. 71, for him being installed by the Junta. NYT, Mar. 28, 1971,
p. E6. records that “General Lanusse and even held him prisoner briefly in the Casa
Rosada.” See also Lentz, for chosen by the Junta to take over power. Was in DC in the
first days of the coup. Attempts a coup against Lanusse in Oct. 1971, and jailed. Attempts
to regain power in coup in October. Jailed.

ARG-1971 160 ARG Lanusse 25/03/1971 25/05/1973

Lentz. Arrested in May 1997 on charges of financial corruption, but released the
following month. Rulers.org.10 days of house arrest in 1994 for accusing Menem of
being “frivolous” and a “womanizer” in a magazine interview. Dies, 26 Aug. 1996, See
NYT, Aug. 29, 1996, p. D19.

ARG-1973-1 160 ARG Campora 25/05/1973 13/07/1973

Stalking horse for Peron. Lentz. Arrested in 1976, after ouster of Peron’s widow and
allowed to into exile in November 1979.

ARG-1973-2 160 ARG Lastiri 13/07/1973 12/10/1973

Lentz. President of Chamber of Deputies. Born in 1915.

ARG-1973-3 160 ARG Peron 12/10/1973 01/07/1974

ARG-1974 160 ARG Peron, Isabel 01/07/1974 29/03/1976

112
Is VP, wife of Juan Peron, above. Lentz. Five years of house arrest. See also Washington
Post, Mar. 21, 1981, p. A20, on her conviction on corruption charges. Five years house
arrest.

ARG-1976 160 ARG Videla 29/03/1976 29/03/1981

Survives attempted assassination in October 1976. Arrested and charged in August 1984
with human rights abuses. Convicted and sentenced to life imprisonment in December
1985. Pardoned by Menem on December 30, 1990. Jailed in 1984.

ARG-1981-1 160 ARG Viola 29/03/1981 20/11/1981

Lentz notes: Suffers for a heart ailment, Nov. 20, 1981, and temporarily replaced by
Liendo. “On December 11, 1981, the ruling junta announced the Viola had resigned for
reasons of health, though it appeared obvious that he had been forced from office. He was
succeeded by army leader Galtieri. Convicted and sentenced to 17 years in prison in
December 1985, remained in prison until pardoned by Menem December 30, 1990. See
also, Washington Post, Nov. 21, 1981, p. A27. Apparently mild heart attack on Nov. 21.
Washington Post, Dec. 12, 1981, p.A22. Wall Street Journal, Dec. 14, 1981, p. 35. Viola
was jailed in 1985.

ARG-1981-2 160 ARG Liendo 20/11/1981 11/12/1981

Lentz + Washington Post, Dec. 12, 1981, p.A22. Wall Street Journal, Dec. 14, 1981, p.
35. Notes that “Lacoste is standing in as interim president until Dec. 22, when Gen.
Leopoldo Forunato Galtieri will be sworn in.” Galtieri is obviously the real power from
12th on. For Liendo’s entry, see Washington Post, Nov. 22, 1981, p. A35. Lexis Nexis
suggests he became chief debt negotiator in the 90s. Is in the United States in September
1982, Lexis Nexis: Latin America Weekly report, September 24, 1982 “Headline:
Argentina: the military plot thickens.”

ARG-1981-3 160 ARG Galtieri 12/12/1981 17/06/1982

Washington Post, Dec. 12, 1981, p.A22. Lentz. Wall Street Journal, Dec. 14, 1981, p. 35.
For his arrest, see Washington Post, April 13, 1983, p. A1 & A27. Washington Post, Jun.
30, 1984, p. A24. Arrested in 1983.

ARG-1982-1 160 ARG Saint-Jean 18/06/1982 01/07/1982

Is Interior Minister under Galtieri. Washington Post, Jun. 13, 1982, p. A1 & A19. None
of these people were punished before Alfonsin.

ARG-1982-2 160 ARG Bignone 01/07/1982 10/12/1983

Chosen by Gen. Nicolaides to succeed Galtieri. Lentz: arrested in January 1984, but
released without trial in June 1984. NYT, Jan. 11, 1984, p. A1. Also Washington Post,
Jun. 30, 1984, p. A24. Arrested in January 1984

ARG-1983 160 ARG Alfonsin 10/12/1983 08/07/1988

ARG-1988 160 ARG Menem 08/07/1988 10/12/1999

113
Indicted and “ordered to stand trial on charges that he led a conspiracy and falsified
government documents to smuggle arms to Croatia and Ecuador between 1991 and
1995.” Menem had been under house arrest since June 2001. NYT, Jul. 5, 2001, p. A3.
Indicted but not convicted.

ARG-1999 160 ARG de la Rua 10/12/1999 21/12/2001

Resigns halfway through his term. NYT, Dec. 21, 2001, p. A1.

ARG-2001-1 160 ARG Ramon Puerta 21/12/2001 23/12/2001

Born in 1951.

ARG-2001-2 160 ARG Adolfo Rodriguez Saa 23/12/2001 01/01/2002

ARG-2002 160 ARG Eduardo Duhalde 02/01/2002 25/05/2003

ARG-2003 160 ARG Nestor Kirchner 25/05/2003 31/12/2004

URUGUAY

On the net, see http://www.mundomatero.com/Estampas/presidentes.htm

Which has links with details for many of the presidents.

URU-1873 165 URU Jose Eugenio Ellauri 15/02/1873 15/01/1875

Military uprising deposed Ellauri in 1875. NYT, Jun. 21, 1875, p.4 talks about political
undesirables exiled. Dies 1894. Takes refuge in Brazilian Consulate and then marches to
Buenos Aires. http://members.fortunecity.es/rodelu/presidente/ellauri.htm

URU-1875 165 URU Pedro Varela Olivera 15/01/1875 10/03/1876

Pedro Varela (President of the Senate). Was forced to resign, NYT, Mar. 13, 1986, says
he “resigned;” that’s the last we could find on him. Worldstatesmen.org has the leader as
Pedro Varela Olivera. Attempted to repress revolution. Exiled by Latorre.
http://www.biografiasyvidas.com/biografia/v/vidal_francisco.htm

URU-1876 165 URU Lorenzo Latorre 10/03/1876 14/02/1879

Is a Colonel. Steps down to be made constitutional president.

URU-1879-1 165 URU Francisco Antonino Vidal 14/02/1879 01/03/1879

URU-1879-2 165 URU Lorenzo Latorre 01/03/1879 15/03/1880

Becomes constitutional March 1, 1879, Washington Post, Apr. 16, 1879. Exile, NYT,
Sep. 12, 1881, p. 1. As is. For exile, see:
http://www.biografiasyvidas.com/biografia/l/latorre_yampen.htm
Resigned and moved to Argentina.

URU-1880 165 URU Francisco Antonino Vidal 15/03/1880 28/02/1882

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Listed in worldstatesmen.org as Francisco Antonino Vidal Silva. Others have him as
Francisco Antonio Vidal (More hits under the latter.). Forced out by Santos, who really
held power. See http://www.biografiasyvidas.com/biografia/v/vidal_francisco.htm

URU-1882 165 URU Maximo Santos 01/03/1882 01/03/1886

Máximo Santos, appointed General of the Land and sea forces. NYT, Mar. 5, 1886, p.3.
On Santos’ entry, see Vidal above. Not exiled this time.

URU-1886-1 165 URU Francisco Antonino Vidal 01/03/1886 24/05/1886

Uruguayan website has him in until 11 November. Revolution of Quebracho forced him
out for Santos. See http://www.biografiasyvidas.com/biografia/v/vidal_francisco.htm.
Nothing on his subsequent fate. Probably OK? Dies in 1889, in Montevideo.

URU-1886-2 165 URU Maximo Santos 24/05/1886 18/11/1886

Assassination attempt Aug. 17, 1886, NYT, Aug. 19, 1886, p. 5. Leaves this time for
Europe. NYT, Nov. 4, 1886, p. 5. For his entry, see
http://www.biografiasyvidas.com/biografia/v/vidal_francisco.htm. For his fate, see
http://www.biografiasyvidas.com/biografia/s/santos_maximo.htm. Resigns after an
assassination attempt, exile.

URU-1886-3 165 URU Maximo Tajes 18/11/1886 01/03/1890

Defeated in Quebracho (1886) an insurrection against the Government. But still president
later! http://www.biografiasyvidas.com/biografia/t/tajes.htm. Exiled in 1897. NYT,
Dec. 1, 1897, p. 7. Very strange, Marguerite Dickins, in the Washington Post, Jun 14,
1891, p. 14 has him still as president.

URU-1890 165 URU Julio Herrera y Obes 01/03/1890 01/03/1894

Exiled in 1897, NYT, Dec. 1, 1897, p. 7, NYT, Dec. 2, 1897, p.7. See also NYT, Aug 13,
1895, p. 1 where he shoots himself in the leg after dropping his own revolver.

URU-1894 165 URU Juan Idiarte Borda 21/03/1894 25/08/1897

On Borda’s assassination, see The Washington Post, Mar. 4, 1898, p.3. Assassinated
during rebellion.

URU-1897 165 URU Juan Lindolfo Cuestas 25/08/1897 01/03/1903

Was president of the Senate, See
http://www.biografiasyvidas.com/biografia/c/cuestas.htm. His entry to office
apparently was not constitutional. See Washington Post, Jul. 5, 1898, p. 9. Several
attempts were made on his life. See NYT, Dec. 2, 1897, p.7. Self-coup, on Feb 10, 1898.
Washington Post, Feb. 11, 1898, p.8. NYT, Mar. 2, 1899, p.7 reports that Cuestas has
been elected President of Uruguay. According to Washington Post, Aug 4, 1899, p.1, still
President. Revolution breaks out in March 1903. Goes to Europe, supposedly for his
health, and dies in Paris. See Washington Post, Mar. 31, 1903, p.1. Judgment call, I say,
exile, given the many attempts on his life. Coup, leaves to Europe.

URU-1903 165 URU Jose Batlle y Ordonez 01/03/1903 01/03/1907

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José Batlle y Ordóñez. Lentz: Also departs for Europe after his term, returns in 1911.
Insurrectionary force tries to gain entry from Argentine territory, overwhelmed by
Uruguayan forces, Washington Post, Aug. 29, 1904. p. 1. Judgment call as before on fate.
Leaves for Europe. www.rulers.org also list José Batlle y Ordóñez
For the two weeks: 15/02/1899-01/03/1899. Probably just temporary, in the interim. The
Uruguayan list does not list him for this period, hence we do not.
Son of President Lorenzo Batlle, president 1868—1872. His nephew—Luis Battle
Berres—becomes president 47—51, as well as his grandnephew, Jorge Battle Ibanez.

URU-1907 165 URU Claudio Williman 01/03/1907 01/03/1911

After office, Senator then director of the national bank.
http://www.biografiasyvidas.com/biografia/w/williman.htm

URU-1911 165 URU Jose Batlle y Ordonez 01/03/1911 01/03/1915

Became an editor again. Washington Post, Mar. 29, 1915, p. 6. Also Lentz. Son of
President Lorenzo Batlle, president 1868—1872. His nephew—Luis Battle Berres—
becomes president 47—51, as well as his grandnephew, Jorge Battle Ibanez.

URU-1915 165 URU Feliciano Viera 01/03/1915 01/03/1919

Assassination attempt August 12, 1918. Washington Post, Aug. 18, 1918, p.1. Lentz.

URU-1919 165 URU Baltasar Brum 05/03/1919 01/03/1923

He committed suicide on March 31, 1933 to protest Terra’s assumption of dictatorial
powers. See Lentz. CSM, Apr. 1, 1933, pp.1 reports the suicide coming after “wounding
two policemen who had attempted to arrest him.” Also see for his post tenure fate NYT,
Sep. 12, 1930, p.19.

URU-1923 165 URU Serrato 01/03/1923 01/03/1927

Lentz.

URU-1927 165 URU Campisteguy 01/03/1927 01/03/1931

Dies Sept. 4, 1937, NYT, Sep. 5, 1937, p. 28. Lentz.

URU-1931 165 URU Terra 01/03/1931 18/06/1938

th
Takes on dictatorial powers March 30 , 1933, CSM, Apr. 1, 1933, pp.1. Attempted
assassination, June 3, 1935, CSM, Jun. 4, 1935, p. 3. Two strokes Feb. 13, 1939. NYT,
Feb. 14, 1939, p.9. Dies, Sep. 15, 1942. CSM, Sep. 16, 1942, p.10.

URU-1938 165 URU Baldomir 19/06/1938 01/03/1943

Another General. Died Feb 25, 1948. NYT, Feb. 26, 1948, p, 23, Was brother –in-law of
Gabriel Terra. Submitted a new constitution, approved by a very large majority.
Constitutional entry. NYT, Jun. 19, 1938, p. 22. Got extraordinary powers by decree to
extend his presidency until March 1, 1943. CSM, Sep. 16, 1942, p.10. Lentz. Brother-in-
Law of Terra. The Washington Post, March 20, 1938, p. B5. Montevideo, Uruguay. Terra
is leaving the nation's Presidency after seven years in office. "There are two principal
candidates for the job: Gen. Alfredo Baldomir and Dr. Blanco Acevedo. Both are related

116
to Terra by marriage. ... In a coup engineered in March 1933, ...., he [=Terra, HG] took
dictatorial power, ousted the council and ruled by decree provisionally. New elections
resulted in a pro-Terra assembly, a new constitution and Terra's re-election for the term
1934-38.”

URU-1943 165 URU Amezaga 01/03/1943 01/03/1947

Lentz. Dies Aug 20, 1956. NYT, Aug. 21, 1956, p. 29. Attempt coup against him in July
1946.

URU-1947-1 165 URU Berreta 01/03/1947 01/08/1947

Lentz notes : “he relinquished his duties to his vice president, Luis Batlle Berres on
August 1, 1947. He died following an emergency operation in Montevideo on August 2,
1947.”

URU-1947-2 165 URU Batlle Berres 01/08/1947 01/03/1951

Nephew of Jose Batlle Y Ordonez the earlier president. Lentz. Jorge Battle Ibanez.
(2000) is related.

URU-1951 165 URU Martinez Trueba 01/03/1951 01/03/1954

Adopts the Swiss-like Federal Council system. NYT, Dec. 18, 1951, p.30. Lentz.

URU-1954 165 URU Batlle Berres 01/03/1954 01/03/1956

Lentz. Again, nephew of Batlle y Ordonez. Jorge Battle Ibanez. (2000) is related.
From 1955 to 1967 Uruguay is ruled by an Executive Council, the “Consejo Nacional de
Gobiern.”

URU-1956 165 URU Zubiria 01/03/1956 01/03/1957

Dies Oct. 4, 1971, NYT, Oct. 6, 1971, p. 50. “Zuberia became president of the nine-
member National Council of Uruguay in 1956-57, which made him President of the
nation.”

URU-1957 165 URU Lezama 01/03/1957 01/03/1958

On entry, see NYT, Mar. 2, 1957, p.13, Washington Post, Mar. 2, 1957, p.B5. Lentz

URU-1958 165 URU Fisher 01/03/1958 01/03/1959

On his entry see NYT, Mar. 2, 1958, p. 6 & CSM, Mar. 3, 1958, p.4. Lentz.

URU-1959 165 URU Echegoyen 02/03/1959 01/03/1960

Lentz.

URU-1960 165 URU Nardone 01/03/1960 01/03/1961

Lentz.

URU-1961 165 URU Haedo 01/03/1961 01/03/1962

Lentz.

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URU-1962 165 URU Harrison 01/03/1962 01/03/1963
He died on August 20, 1963. See Lentz . Lentz notes that : “He died of a heart attack in
Montevideo at the age of 63 on August 20, 1963.” This is less than six months after out.

URU-1963 165 URU Crespo 01/03/1963 02/03/1964

Lentz, similar story. Dies July 28, 1964.

URU-1964 165 URU Giannattasio 02/03/1964 07/02/1965

Lentz, natural death.

URU-1965 165 URU Beltran 07/02/1965 01/03/1966

Lentz. Banned for political activities by the junta from 1973 to 1980.

URU-1966 165 URU Heber Usher 01/03/1966 01/03/1967

Lentz. Last president to serve under the council regime. Executive presidency is
reestablished under Gestido.

URU-1967-1 165 URU Gestido 01/03/1967 06/12/1967

Lentz. Executive presidency is reestablished under Gestido. General, air force. Heart
attack. Natural death.

URU-1967-2 165 URU Pacheco Areco 06/12/1967 01/03/1972

VP under Gestido. Subsequently ambassador In Switzerland, US and Paraguay.
Constitutional amendment to succeed himself fails. See NYT, Nov. 29, 1971, p.3.
Jailed by the military rulership, figureheaded by Méndez, see NYT, Sept. 2, 1976, p. 3.

URU-1972 165 URU Bordaberry 01/03/1972 12/06/1976

Keesing’s Vol. 19, April 1973 notes: “General Cesar Augusto Martinez who had
been reinstated as C.-in-C. of the Army after resigning in October 1972) and Brigadier
Jose Perez Caldas (C.-in-C. of the Air Force) published a statement ….. added that in
future they would prevent politicians from making accusations against them. Their
statement was not signed by the C.-in-C. of the Navy (Rear-Admiral Juan Zorilla). …Dr.
Armando Malet, the Minister of Defence, accepting responsibility for the Generals'
statement, resigned on Feb. 7, and President Bordaberry appointed in his place General
Antonio Francese (73), who had held the same post in 1967-70 and had been Minister of
the Interior in 1970-71 under the President's predecessor, President Pacheco Areco.
On Feb. 8 the President called for the resignation of General Martinez as C.-in-C. of the
Army. Later on the same day, however, Army units occupied all radio and television
transmitters in Montevideo, and in a broadcast statement the Army and Air Force leaders
refused to accept orders from General Francese (whom they held largely responsible for
the rise of the Tupamaro guerrilla movement) and demanded his dismissal. They also
demanded greater powers to fight against corruption in the Government and against
"economic crimes". After conferring with Senor Walter Ravenna, the Minister of the
Interior, President Bordaberry issued a statement in which he rejected the Generals'
demands, assured them that he would himself fight against corruption, and asked the
country's citizens to defend the constitutional institutions. Meanwhile naval units had

118
sealed off the centre of Montevideo. On Feb. 9 the entire Cabinet offered their
resignation, reportedly to give the President a free hard in dealing with the crisis.
Senores Ravenna, Juan Carlos Blanco and Luis Balparda Blengio, respectively the
Ministers of the Interior, Foreign Affairs and Industry, conferred with the Army and Air
Force commanders, including General Esteban Cristi, head of the First Military Region;
meanwhile a column of 30 tanks and motorized infantry had moved towards the centre of
Montevideo. Later the same day President Bordaberry officially announced the
resignation of General Francese. The Army and Air Force leaders, who were in control of
all radio stations, broadcast on Feb. 10 a 19-point "political programme" containing
demands for decisive action against corruption in the State and in private life; the setting-
up of special courts with military participation; a rapid reduction of the country's foreign
debt; drastic savings in foreign currency expenditure; tax reforms; a comprehensive
employment policy with preference for labour-intensive projects; support for small and
medium-sized enterprises; improved distribution of national revenue; stricter public
control of the means of production; land reform; the creation of instruments for action
against monopolies; and encouragement of workers' participation in industry. The
programme also included undertakings by the military not to intervene in trade union and
student affairs except in extreme cases; to protect the country from "the influence of
Marxist-Leninist doctrines"; and to respect all international treaties "except those forced
upon the country". In addition to General Cristi, who commanded about one-half of
Uruguay's Army of some 17,000 men, Colonel Ramon Brabal, head of the joint
intelligence service, was held primarily responsible for the statements setting forth the
armed forces' programme. Other influential leaders of the movement were General (retd.)
Mario Aguerrondo and General Gregorio Alvarez, chief of the armed forces' joint staff.
On Feb. 11 the Army and Air Force leaders reached an agreement with the Navy's
leaders, whereby Rear-Admiral Juan Zorilla--who had declared on Feb. 8 that the Navy
would defend President Bordaberry'. Government "to the ultimate extremes "--resigned
as C.-in-C. of the Navy "to avoid armed clashes between the services" and was replaced
by Lieut.-Commander Conrado Olazabal. As a result the naval units accepted the
programme of the Army and Air Force leaders. At the same time the armed forces'
leaders replaced General Martinez as C.-in-C. of the Army by General Hugo Chiappe
Posse, who was the oldest-ranking officer and was regarded as a "hard-line right-
winger". [HG: Keesing’s Vol. 20, September 1974, notes that Posse was dismissed on
May 21 “in what was interpreted as a move to the right by the armed forces, and was
replaced by General Jukio Cesar Vadora, Uruguay’s military attaché in Washington.”]
Following a meeting between President Bordaberry, Senores Ravenna and Balparda, and
leading Air Force officers, Senor Ravenna declared on Feb. 12 that agreement had been
reached on fundamental questions, and the military leaders confirmed on the same day
that "the basis of complete agreement" had been reached.
In the agreement, the terms of which were disclosed on Feb. 13, President Bordaberry
accepted all demands made by the armed forces' leaders. Specifically, the President
consented to (a) the establishment of a National security Council (CONASED),
consisting of the commanders of the three armed services and the Ministers of Defence,
the Interior, Foreign Affairs and the Economy, and functioning as an organ of military
control over the administration; (b) the requirement of military approval for appointments
to the Ministries of the Interior and Defence; (c) the replacement of a number of

119
ambassadors and other foreign service officials accused of having enriched themselves;
and (d) the political and economic programme as announced by the military leaders.
It was further disclosed on Feb. 14 that the armed forces had promised to uphold the
Constitution and democratic institutions, and to guarantee that elections would be held in
1976 as planned. … Following the agreement President Bordaberry reappointed his
previous Cabinet on Feb. 13, except for General Francese, who was replaced as Minister
of Defence by Senor Walter Ravenna; the latter's previous portfolio of the Interior was
entrusted to Colonel Nestor Bolentini.
…The National security Council was formally established by presidential decree on Feb.
23, its secretary being General Gregorio Alvarez.”
Military stages a coup in February 1973 that takes over many of the powers of
government, but Bordaberry remains president. Rules dictatorially with the approval of
the military. Deposed when trying to extend his term of office. See also NYT, Jun. 13,
1976, p.24. NYT, Jun. 145, 1976, p.12. Electoral fraud alleged, later establishes
autocratic rule; forced to resign. See also NYT, Sept.2, 1976, p.3:
“Mr. Méndez, a 72 year-old constitutional lawyer, was the choice of Uruguay’s senior
military officers to replace Mr. Bordaberry, who was elected in 1971 but closed Congress
in 1973 and governed with military backing. Mr. Bordaberry was forced to resign June 12
after a disagreement with the military chiefs, who announced publicly that they had
withdrawn their support of him. He was replacd provisionally by Alberto Demichelli, the
80-year-old president of the Council of State, a 27-member body created to replace the
Congress dissolved by Mr. Bordaberry.”

URU-1976-1 165 URU Demichelli 12/06/1976 01/09/1976

Alberto Demichelli, VP, as head of an appointed Council of State, but not elected. See
Keesing’s Vol. 22, August 1976. NYT, Jun. 13, 1976, p.24. Lentz. NYT, Sept.2, 1976,
p.3: “[Bordaberry] was replacd provisionally by Alberto Demochelli, the 80-year-old
president of the Council of State, a 27-member body created to replace the Congress
dissolved by Mr. Bordaberry. But Mr. Demicheli reportedly refused to issue the decree
demanded by the military that abolishes all of the traditional Uruguayan political parties,
from the outlawed Communist Party to the moderate Colorado and National parties. So
Mr. Méndez was chosen to carry out this task as a condition for becoming President for a
five-year term.” Demichelli succeeded Dr. Martin Echegoyen, as president of the Council
of State when Echegoyen died on May 17, 1974. Keesing’s Vol. 20, September 1974.
Since he was president of the Council of State and next in line after the President, we
code his entry as regular. For his exit, see also Keesing’s Vol. 22, August 1976: “Shortly
after assuming office President Demichelli announced on June 14 that he would
relinquish the presidency within 70 days. Under an "institutional act" which he signed
upon taking office a Council of the Nation would be created, comprising the 25 members
of the Council of State and 21 high-ranking officers of the armed forces, to choose a new
President for a five-year term. At the end of this time a joint presidential candidate would
be put forward by Uruguay's two traditional parties, the National (Blanco) and Colorado
parties. Under the same "institutional act" President Demichelli suspended the elections
planned in the old constitution for November 1976. Dr Demichelli also said that Uruguay
would eventually have a new constitution which would provide for the establishment of a
two-chamber parliament, one chamber having elected and one appointed members. The

120
new Council of the Nation came into being on June 27 and, as stated, selected Dr Mendez
as the forthcoming new President.”

URU-1976-2 165 URU Mendez Manfredini 01/09/1976 01/09/1981

Lentz. Not a general. This is a difficult case, in his obituary he is described as a
figurehead for the National Security Council “which was dominated by senior generals
and commanders of the armed services. He held the presidency until 1981, when he was
succeeded by a former military Commander in Chief, Gen. Gregorio Alvarez.” Seriously
ill since 1982. NYT, June 29, 1988, p. D25. For his entry, see NYT, Sept. 2, 1976, p.3,
and also Keesing’s Vol. 22, August 1976. NYT: “Mr. Demicheli reportedly refused to
issue the decree demanded by the military that abolishes all of the traditional Uruguayan
political parties, from the outlawed Communist Party to the moderate Colorado and
National parties. So Mr. Méndez was chosen to carry out this task as a condition for
becoming President for a five-year term.” Keesing’s Vol. 22, August 1976: “Dr Aparicio
Mendez (72), a lawyer, was subsequently selected on July 14 by the newly-formed
Council of the Nation to take office as President on Sept. 1 for a five-year term.”
Keesing’s also notes Medez was a former member of the Blanco party and Minister of
Health from 1961 to 1964. Keesing’s Vol. 24, August 1978 gives the following details on
the real rulers of Uruguay: “In January 1978, the commanders of the Uruguayan Army
and Air Force, respectively Lieut.-General Julio César Verdora and Brigadier-General
Dante Paladini, retired from the armed forces in accordance with normal procedure and
were replaced with effect from Feb. 1 by Lieut.-General Gregorio Alvarez (Army) and
Brigadier-General Raul Bendahan Rabbione (Air Force). Although Uruguay's official
head of state was Dr Aparicio Méndez, the junta of military commanders (which also
included Vice-Admiral Hugo Márquez, the naval commander) had effectively controlled
the country since President Bordaberry, Uruguay's last elected President, …”
Since Mendez does serve a full five-year term, we code him as losing office by the
prevailing norms of term limits, and hence a “regular exit.”

URU-1981 165 URU Alvarez Armalino 01/09/1981 01/03/1985

Lentz, General, former C. In-C of the Army. NYT, Apr 16, 1989, p.9. Placed in power
after defeat of constitutional referendum. See Keesing’s Vol. 27, December 1981. “Gen.
Alvarez (55) was sworn in as the "transitional" President for a 3½-year term in
succession to Dr Aparicio Mendez, whose five-year term had commenced in 1976. The
designation of Gen. Alvarez, a former C.In-C. of the Army, had been announced on Aug.
1 after a four-day meeting of the Joint Council of the Armed Forces (comprising 21 high-
ranking officers). It had also been approved by the Council of the Nation -a body
comprising the members of the Joint Council plus the 25 (appointed) civilian members of
the Council of State (set up in 1973 to replace the dissolved CongressA). Before the
announcement of Gen. Alvarez's designation the Government at the end of July passed
Institutional Act 11, which established that the presidential term would begin on Sept. 1
and would last 3½ rather than five years, (ii) that there would be a gradual normalization
of non left-wing party activities, and (iii) that the Council of State would by the end of
August be expanded to 35 members, who would have somewhat broader powers than
before. Members of the Council of State who were reappointed at the end of August
included its president, Dr Hamlet Reyes. Gen. Alvarez assumed responsibility in 1971 for

121
co-ordinating activities against the Tupamaro guerrillas; in 1973 he was responsible for
drafting parts of the military political programme presented to President Bordaberry,
notably those sections on land reform and action against monopolies , and the same year
he he-came secretary of the National security Council (Cosena), which held the power of
veto over the President. (The action of the armed forces culminated in the suspension of
the parliamentary regime in June 1973 and the armed forces effectively taking control of
the countryA-although President Bordaberry remained in office until 1976.) Gen. Alvarez
became C.-in-C. of the Army in February 1978 before retiring from the armed forces a
year later. According to statements made by Gen. Alvarez at his inauguration and at a
subsequent press conference, presidential and legislative elections would be held in three
years' time, in November 1984, and power would be transferred to civilians in March
1985. He further stated that a new constitution would be submitted to a referendum (also
in November 1984), that a political parties statute and an electoral law would be drafted
and the right to strike recognized, but that those parties regarded as Marxist-Leninist,
"extremist" or opposed to democracy would continue to be illegal and that there would be
no political amnesty for "those who have conspired against our state". He added that the
independence of the judiciary would be fully restored.”
Keesing’s Vol. 30, June 1984: “It was announced on Jan. 20 that Lt.-Gen. Pedro
Aranco would be appointed C-in-C of the Army with effect from Feb. 1 to replace Gen.
Boscan Hontou, who had held the command since 1982. Lt.-Gen. Aranco was a close
associate of Gen. Alvarez.”

URU-1985 165 URU Sanguinetti 01/03/1985 01/03/1990

Lentz

URU-1990 165 URU Lacalle de Herrera 01/03/1990 01/03/1995

URU-1995 165 URU Sanguinetti 01/03/1995 01/03/2000

URU-2000 165 URU Jorge Batlle 02/03/2000 31/12/2004

Had been jailed under the military rule, figureheaded by Méndez. See NYT, Sept.2, 1976,
p. 3. Dr. of Law, specializing in economic themes. Son of Luis Batlle Berres, and thus
also related to Jose Battle y Ordonez, as well as his father Lorenzo Battle.

UNITED KINGDOM

UKG-1874 200 UKG Disraeli 20/02/1874 18/04/1880

UKG-1880 200 UKG Gladstone 28/04/1880 09/06/1885

UKG-1885 200 UKG Salisbury 24/06/1885 26/01/1886

UKG-1886-1 200 UKG Gladstone 03/02/1886 20/07/1886

UKG-1886-2 200 UKG Salisbury 03/08/1886 11/08/1892

122
UKG-1892 200 UKG Gladstone 16/08/1892 03/03/1894

UKG-1894 200 UKG Rosebery 06/03/1894 24/06/1895

UKG-1895 200 UKG Salisbury 28/06/1895 11/07/1902

Salisbury retires because of poor health, dies 22 August, 1903. (A little over year after
out.)

UKG-1902 200 UKG Balfour 12/07/1902 04/12/1905

UKG-1905 200 UKG Campbell-Bannerman 10/12/1905 06/04/1908

Heart attack in November 1907. Continued failing health. Resigns from House of
Commons because of a bout of influenza. Resigns first week of April. Dies in London
April 22.

UKG-1908 200 UKG Asquith 06/04/1908 05/12/1916

UKG-1916 200 UKG Lloyd-George 10/12/1916 19/10/1922

UKG-1922 200 UKG Bonar Law 24/10/1922 20/05/1923

Inoperable throat cancer, steps down from office May 20, 1923, Dies in London, October
30, 1923. natural death.

UKG-1923 200 UKG Baldwin 27/05/1923 22/01/1924

UKG-1924-1 200 UKG MacDonald 23/01/1924 04/11/1924

UKG-1924-2 200 UKG Baldwin 06/11/1924 04/06/1929

UKG-1929 200 UKG MacDonald 08/06/1929 07/06/1935

UKG-1935 200 UKG Baldwin 07/06/1935 28/05/1937

UKG-1937 200 UKG Chamberlin 28/05/1937 10/05/1940

Lost support of Parliament. Stayed in Churchill’s government, until poor health and
several intestinal operations forced his retirement in October 1, 1940. He died on
November 9, 1940

UKG-1940 200 UKG Churchill 10/05/1940 27/07/1945

UKG-1945 200 UKG Atlee 27/07/1945 26/10/1951

UKG-1951 200 UKG Churchill 26/10/1951 05/04/1955

UKG-1955 200 UKG Eden 06/04/1955 09/01/1957

123
Lentz says he retired from office for reasons of health on January 10, 1957. Died 14
January, 1977, of cancer of the liver.

UKG-1957 200 UKG MacMillan 10/01/1957 18/10/1963

UKG-1963 200 UKG Douglas-Home 18/10/1963 16/10/1964

UKG-1964 200 UKG Wilson 16/10/1964 19/06/1970

UKG-1970 200 UKG Heath 19/06/1970 04/03/1974

UKG-1974 200 UKG Wilson 04/03/1974 05/04/1976

UKG-1976 200 UKG Callaghan 05/04/1976 04/05/1979

UKG-1979 200 UKG Thatcher 04/05/1979 28/11/1990

UKG-1990 200 UKG Major 28/11/1990 02/05/1997

UKG-1997 200 UKG Blair 02/05/1997 31/12/2004

IRELAND

IRE-1919 205 IRE de Valera 01/04/1919 05/12/1921

IRE-1922-1 205 IRE Griffith 10/01/1922 12/08/1922

Cerebral hemorrhage while on route to his office.

IRE-1922-2 205 IRE Collins 12/08/1922 22/08/1922

Ambushed, shot and killed.

IRE-1922-3 205 IRE Cosgrave, W. 09/09/1922 09/03/1932

IRE-1932 205 IRE de Valera 09/03/1932 18/02/1948

IRE-1948 205 IRE Costello 18/02/1948 13/06/1951

IRE-1951 205 IRE de Valera 13/06/1951 02/06/1954

IRE-1954 205 IRE Costello 02/06/1954 20/03/1957

IRE-1957 205 IRE de Valera 20/03/1957 23/06/1959

IRE-1959 205 IRE LeMass 23/06/1959 10/11/1966

IRE-1966 205 IRE Lynch 10/11/1966 14/03/1973

124
IRE-1973 205 IRE Cosgrave, L. 14/03/1973 05/07/1977

IRE-1977 205 IRE Lynch 05/07/1977 11/12/1979

IRE-1979 205 IRE Haughey 11/12/1979 30/06/1981

IRE-1981 205 IRE Fitzgerald 30/06/1981 09/03/1982

IRE-1982-1 205 IRE Haughey 09/03/1982 14/12/1982

IRE-1982-2 205 IRE Fitzgerald 14/12/1982 10/03/1987

IRE-1987 205 IRE Haughey 10/03/1987 11/02/1992

IRE-1992 205 IRE Reynolds 11/02/1992 15/12/1994

IRE-1994 205 IRE Bruton 15/12/1994 26/06/1997

IRE-1997 205 IRE Ahern 26/06/1997 31/12/2004

NETHERLANDS

NTH-1874 210 NTH Heemskerk, JA 27/08/1874 03/11/1877

NTH-1877 210 NTH Kappeye van de Coppello 03/11/1877 11/08/1879

NTH-1879 210 NTH van Lynden 20/08/1879 23/04/1883

NTH-1883 210 NTH Heemskerk, JA 23/04/1883 21/04/1888

NTH-1888 210 NTH Mackay 21/04/1888 21/08/1891

NTH-1891 210 NTH van Tienhoven 21/08/1891 07/05/1894

NTH-1894 210 NTH Roell 09/05/1894 27/07/1897

NTH-1897 210 NTH Pierson 27/07/1897 01/08/1901

NTH-1901 210 NTH Kuyper01/08/1901 16/08/1905

NTH-1905 210 NTH de Meester 16/08/1905 11/02/1908

NTH-1908 210 NTH Heemskerk, T 12/02/1908 25/08/1913

125
NTH-1913 210 NTH van der Linden 29/08/1913 03/07/1918

NTH-1918 210 NTH de Beerenbrouck 09/09/1918 30/06/1925

NTH-1925 210 NTH Colijn 04/08/1925 08/03/1926

NTH-1926 210 NTH de Geer 08/03/1926 02/07/1929

NTH-1929 210 NTH de Beerenbrouck 10/08/1929 25/04/1933

NTH-1933 210 NTH Colijn 26/05/1933 27/07/1939

Taken into custody soon after the German invasion of the Netherlands in May.
Subsequently imprisoned, died during the occupation of a heart ailment, September 18,
1944. arrested 30/6/1941.

NTH-1939 210 NTH de Geer 10/08/1939 14/05/1940

Accompanies the Queen to London. Goes to Indonesia, defects from the government-in-
exile and returns to Holland. After he war fined and sentenced to a year in prison, but
suspended. Exile, London.

NTH-1945 210 NTH Schermerhorn 24/06/1945 17/05/1946

NTH-1946 210 NTH Beel 03/07/1946 07/07/1948

NTH-1948 210 NTH Drees 07/08/1948 22/12/1958

NTH-1958 210 NTH Beel 22/12/1958 19/05/1959

NTH-1959 210 NTH de Quay 19/05/1959 15/05/1963

NTH-1963 210 NTH Marijnen 24/07/1963 26/02/1965

NTH-1965 210 NTH Cals 27/04/1965 14/10/1966

NTH-1966 210 NTH Zijlstra 22/11/1966 15/02/1967

NTH-1967 210 NTH De Jong 03/04/1967 29/04/1971

NTH-1971 210 NTH Biesheuvel 06/07/1971 11/05/1973

NTH-1973 210 NTH den Uyl 11/05/1973 19/12/1977

NTH-1977 210 NTH van Agt 19/12/1977 04/11/1982

NTH-1982 210 NTH Lubbers 04/11/1982 22/08/1994

126
NTH-1994 210 NTH Kok 22/08/1994 22/07/2002

NTH-2002 210 NTH Jan Peter Balkenende 22/07/2002 31/12/2004

Jan Peter Balkenende was born on 7 May 1956. He came to power on 22 Jul 2002.

BELGIUM

BEL-1871 211 BEL Jules Malou 07/12/1871 19/06/1878

BEL-1878 211 BEL Walthere Frere-Orban 19/06/1878 16/06/1884

BEL-1884-1 211 BEL Jules Malou 16/06/1884 26/10/1884

BEL-1884-2 211 BEL Francois Beernaert 26/10/1884 26/03/1894

Auguste Marie François Beernaert

BEL-1894 211 BEL de Burlet 26/03/1894 25/02/1896

Jules Philippe Marie de Burlet. 25 February 1896, appointed Minister of State. Dies 1
March 1897.

BEL-1896 211 BEL Paul de Smet de Nayer 25/02/1896 24/01/1899

BEL-1899-1 211 BEL Julius Vandenpeereboom 24/01/1899 05/08/1899

BEL-1899-2 211 BEL Paul de Smet de Nayer 05/08/1899 02/05/1907

BEL-1907 211 BEL Jules de Trooz 02/05/1907 31/12/1907

“Sudden death.”

BEL-1908 211 BEL Frans Schollaert 09/01/1908 17/06/1911

BEL-1911 211 BEL Charles, baron de Broqueville17/06/1911 01/08/1914.

Exile, France.

BEL-1914-1 211 BEL Von der Golt 26/08/1914 27/11/1914.

German administrator

BEL-1914-2 211 BEL Von Bissing 27/11/1914 18/04/1917.

German administrator

BEL-1917 211 BEL Von Falkenhausen 18/04/1917 11/11/1918.

German administrator

127
BEL-1918-1 211 BEL Geraard Cooreman 11/11/1918 13/11/1918

BEL-1918-2 211 BEL Delacroix 22/11/1918 03/11/1920

BEL-1920 211 BEL de Wiart 18/11/1920 19/11/1921

BEL-1921 211 BEL Theunis 15/12/1921 05/04/1925

BEL-1925-1 211 BEL van der Vyvere 13/05/1925 22/05/1925

BEL-1925-2 211 BEL Poullet 17/06/1925 06/05/1926

“Forced to resign due to poor health.” Lentz. Died December 3, 1937.

BEL-1926 211 BEL Jasper 20/05/1926 21/05/1931

BEL-1931 211 BEL Renkin 05/06/1931 18/10/1932

BEL-1932 211 BEL Charles, baron de Broqueville22/10/1932 13/11/1934

BEL-1934 211 BEL Theunis 19/11/1934 19/03/1935

BEL-1935 211 BEL van ZeeLand 26/03/1935 25/10/1937

BEL-1937 211 BEL Janson 24/11/1937 13/05/1938

Served as minister of foreign affairs from Jan until Feb 1939, and named minister of
Justice in April 1939. Remained in the cabinet until Belgium was conquered in 1940. He
escaped to Nice, where he was arrested by the Gestapo in 1943; imprisoned in Fresnes
France and later Weimar, where he died on July 4, 1944.

BEL-1938 211 BEL Spaak 15/05/1938 09/02/1939

See Lentz and website fondationspaak.org. Nephew of Paul-Emile Janson, above.
Foreign minister 3 September 1939. Belgium invaded 10 May 1940. Leaves Vichy with
Paul Henri Pierlot on 24 August 1940. Arrives in England 24 October.

BEL-1939 211 BEL Pierlot 09/02/1939 28/05/1940

Leaves Vichy with Paul Henri Pierlot on 24 August 1940. Arrives in England 24 October.

BEL-1944 211 BEL Pierlot 03/09/1944 07/02/1945

BEL-1945 211 BEL van Acker 11/02/1945 18/02/1946

BEL-1946-1 211 BEL Spaak 12/03/1946 21/03/1946

BEL-1946-2 211 BEL van Acker 31/03/1946 09/07/1946

128
BEL-1946-3 211 BEL Huysman 02/08/1946 12/03/1947

BEL-1947 211 BEL Spaak 19/03/1947 28/06/1949

BEL-1949 211 BEL Eyskens, G. 10/08/1949 18/03/1950

BEL-1950-1 211 BEL Duvieusart 08/06/1950 11/08/1950

BEL-1950-2 211 BEL Pholien 15/08/1950 09/01/1952

BEL-1952 211 BEL van Houtte 15/01/1952 12/04/1954

BEL-1954 211 BEL van Acker 22/04/1954 02/06/1958

BEL-1958 211 BEL Eyskens, G. 25/06/1958 27/03/1961

BEL-1961 211 BEL Lefevre 25/04/1961 27/07/1965

BEL-1965 211 BEL Harmel 27/07/1965 11/02/1966

BEL-1966 211 BEL Vanden Boeynants 19/03/1966 16/06/1968

Accused of tax fraud and forgery in 1986, given a three-year suspended sentence.
Kidnapped in January 1989, held for a moth until his family paid a multimillion ransom.

BEL-1968 211 BEL Eyskens, G. 17/06/1968 26/01/1973

Even though Lentz has him out on 22/11/1972, Lentz also notes that Leburton “was
appointed to replace Eyskens as head of a three-party coalition government on January
26, 1973.” That date is also in accordance with www.rulers.org.

BEL-1973 211 BEL Leburton 26/01/1973 24/04/1974

BEL-1974 211 BEL Tindemans 25/04/1974 20/10/1978

BEL-1978 211 BEL Vanden Boeynants 20/10/1978 03/04/1979

Accused of tax fraud and forgery in 1986, given a three-year suspended sentence.
Kidnapped in January 1989, held for a moth until his family paid a multimillion ransom.

BEL-1979 211 BEL Martens 03/04/1979 06/04/1981

BEL-1981-1 211 BEL Eyskens, M. 06/04/1981 17/12/1981

Born, 29 April 1933, in Leuven (Louvain). Son of Gaston Eyskens, earlier Premier (see
above). Economist, studied law, economics and philosophy at Leuven and Columbia
University (NY), became docent and professor at the Catholic University Leuven.

BEL-1981-2 211 BEL Martens 17/12/1981 07/03/1992

129
BEL-1992 211 BEL Dehaene 07/03/1992 12/07/1999

BEL-1999 211 BEL Verhofstadt 12/07/1999 31/12/2004

LUXEMBOURG

LUX-1874 212 LUX Felix de Blochausen 26/12/1874 20/02/1885

LUX-1885 212 LUX Edouard Thilges 20/02/1885 22/09/1888

LUX-1888 212 LUX Paul Eyschen 22/09/1888 12/10/1915

LUX-1915-1 212 LUX Mathias Mongenast 12/10/1915 06/11/1915

LUX-1915-2 212 LUX Hubert Loutsch 06/11/1915 24/02/1916

LUX-1916 212 LUX Victor Thorn 24/02/1916 19/06/1917

LUX-1917 212 LUX Leon Kauffman 19/06/1917 28/09/1918

LUX-1918 212 LUX Reuter 28/09/1918 01/03/1925

LUX-1925 212 LUX Prum 01/03/1925 01/07/1926

LUX-1926 212 LUX Bech 16/07/1926 19/10/1937

Goes into exile with the government-in-exile in Paris after the German occupation in
May 1940, then again goes with them to London.

LUX-1937 212 LUX Dupong 05/11/1937 10/05/1940

First exile in Paris, then London after Germans occupy first Luxembourg then France.

LUX-1945 212 LUX Dupong 09/05/1945 22/12/1953

Dies of a heart attack in a hospital, after breaking a leg, on December 22, 1953.

LUX-1953 212 LUX Bech 28/12/1953 26/03/1958

LUX-1958 212 LUX Frieden 31/03/1958 23/02/1959

Dies in Zurich.

LUX-1959 212 LUX Werner 07/03/1959 27/05/1974

LUX-1974 212 LUX Thorn G. 15/06/1974 19/07/1979

LUX-1979 212 LUX Werner 19/07/1979 20/07/1984

LUX-1984 212 LUX Santer 20/07/1984 20/01/1995

130
LUX-1995 212 LUX Juncker 20/01/1995 31/12/2004

FRANCE

FRN-1874 220 FRN Cissey 22/05/1874 25/02/1875

Leaves at date where the National Assembly gives the republic constitution.

FRN-1875 220 FRN Buffet 10/03/1875 21/02/1876

FRN-1876-1 220 FRN DuFaure 22/02/1876 12/12/1876

FRN-1876-2 220 FRN Simon 12/12/1876 16/05/1877

Jules Suisse (dit Jules Simon). Ousted, through maneuverings by President Mac-Mahon,
who gets the Senate to vote him out. (Mac-Mahon, born 1808, dies 1893. Pres. 24 May
1873-30 Jan 1879.) This is described in French sources as the Coup d’État of 16 May.
See http://fr.encarta.msn.com/media

FRN-1877-1 220 FRN Broglie 18/05/1877 23/11/1877

FRN-1877-2 220 FRN Rochebouet 23/11/1877 12/12/1877

FRN-1877-3 220 FRN DuFaure 14/12/1877 30/01/1879

OK. That’s the date MacMahon falls.

FRN-1879-1 220 FRN Waddington 04/02/1879 21/12/1879

FRN-1879-2 220 FRN Freycinet 29/12/1879 19/09/1880

FRN-1880 220 FRN Ferry 22/09/1880 10/11/1881

FRN-1881 220 FRN Gambetta 14/11/1881 26/01/1882

Overthrown in January 1882. Policies unpopular with almost all political factions.
Dies 31 December 1882. Peritonitis.

FRN-1882-1 220 FRN Freycinet 31/01/1882 29/07/1882

FRN-1882-2 220 FRN Duclerc 08/08/1882 28/01/1883

FRN-1883-1 220 FRN Fallieres 29/01/1883 18/02/1883

FRN-1883-2 220 FRN Ferry 19/02/1883 30/03/1885

FRN-1885 220 FRN Brisson 06/04/1885 29/12/1885

FRN-1886-1 220 FRN Freycinet 07/01/1886 03/12/1886

131
FRN-1886-2 220 FRN Goblet 16/12/1886 17/05/1887

FRN-1887-1 220 FRN Rouvier 29/05/1887 19/11/1887

FRN-1887-2 220 FRN Tirard 11/12/1887 03/04/1888

FRN-1888 220 FRN Floquet 03/04/1888 21/02/1889

FRN-1889 220 FRN Tirard 21/02/1889 13/03/1890

FRN-1890 220 FRN Freycinet 17/03/1890 20/02/1892

FRN-1892-1 220 FRN Loubet 27/02/1892 29/11/1892

FRN-1892-2 220 FRN Ribot 06/12/1892 04/04/1893

FRN-1893-1 220 FRN Dupuy 04/04/1893 25/11/1893

FRN-1893-2 220 FRN Casimir-Perier 03/12/1893 22/05/1894

FRN-1894 220 FRN Dupuy 30/05/1894 14/01/1895

FRN-1895-1 220 FRN Ribot 27/01/1895 28/10/1895

FRN-1895-2 220 FRN Bourgeois 01/11/1895 22/04/1896

Resigns

FRN-1896 220 FRN Meline 29/04/1896 14/06/1898

FRN-1898-1 220 FRN Brisson 27/06/1898 25/10/1898

FRN-1898-2 220 FRN Dupuy 31/10/1898 12/06/1899

FRN-1899 220 FRN Waldeck-Rousseau 22/06/1899 28/05/1902

Lentz: Resigns from office for reasons of health. Dies August 10, 1904. “Le 3 juin 1902,
très affecté par la maladie, Waldeck-Rousseau démissionne après avoir désigné Émile
Combes à sa succession.” Ill health, resigned.

FRN-1902 220 FRN Combes 07/06/1902 19/01/1905

FRN-1905 220 FRN Rouvier 24/01/1905 07/03/1906

FRN-1906-1 220 FRN Sarrien 12/03/1906 18/10/1906

FRN-1906-2 220 FRN Clemenceau 28/10/1906 20/07/1909

132
FRN-1909 220 FRN Briand 24/07/1909 24/02/1911

FRN-1911-1 220 FRN Monis 04/03/1911 22/06/1911

Attending an airplane race when a plane crashes on top of him. War Minister Berteaux
was killed and Monis’s thigh broken. He attempts to govern from his sick bed, but was
forced to step down.

FRN-1911-2 220 FRN Caillaux 27/06/1911 10/01/1912

Arrested and jailed in January (4), 1918, three years in jail for communicating with the
enemy during the war.

FRN-1912 220 FRN Poincare 14/01/1912 18/01/1913

FRN-1913-1 220 FRN Briand 18/01/1913 18/03/1913

FRN-1913-2 220 FRN Barthou 24/03/1913 02/12/1913

While foreign minister in 1935, killed while unsuccessfully attempting to thwart the
assassination of the Yugoslavian King Alexander I by a Croatian terrorist in Marseilles,
October 9, 1934

FRN-1913-3 220 FRN Doumergue 08/12/1913 04/06/1914

FRN-1914 220 FRN Viviani 09/06/1914 29/10/1915

FRN-1915 220 FRN Briand 29/10/1915 17/03/1917

FRN-1917-1 220 FRN Ribot 20/03/1917 07/09/1917

FRN-1917-2 220 FRN Painleve 12/09/1917 13/11/1917

FRN-1917-3 220 FRN Clemenceau 16/11/1917 19/01/1920

FRN-1920-1 220 FRN Millerand 19/01/1920 03/09/1920

FRN-1920-2 220 FRN Leygues 03/09/1920 16/01/1921

FRN-1921 220 FRN Briand 16/01/1921 16/01/1922

FRN-1922 220 FRN Poincare 16/01/1922 08/06/1924

FRN-1924-1 220 FRN Francois-Marsat 08/06/1924 14/06/1924

Found guilty of having misused funds of a charitable organization that he was director of
in 1935, and fined and sentenced to 18 months in prison.

FRN-1924-2 220 FRN Herriot 14/06/1924 17/04/1925

133
FRN-1925-1 220 FRN Painleve 17/04/1925 02/11/1925

FRN-1925-2 220 FRN Briand 29/11/1925 20/07/1926

FRN-1926-1 220 FRN Herriot 20/07/1926 24/07/1926

During the Second World War, criticism of the Vichy government resulted in arrest and
deportation to Germany until 1945.

FRN-1926-2 220 FRN Poincare 24/07/1926 28/07/1929

FRN-1929-1 220 FRN Briand 28/07/1929 11/10/1929

FRN-1929-2 220 FRN Poincare 11/10/1929 02/11/1929

FRN-1929-3 220 FRN Tardieu 02/11/1929 21/02/1930

FRN-1930-1 220 FRN Chautemps 21/02/1930 02/03/1930

First cooperates with Vichy, vice premier in June 1940, then on a mission to the US,
breaks with Vichy. Still tried and convicted in absentia for collaborating with the enemy.

FRN-1930-2 220 FRN Tardieu 02/03/1930 13/12/1930

FRN-1930-3 220 FRN Steeg 13/12/1930 27/01/1931

FRN-1931 220 FRN Laval 27/01/1931 23/02/1932

FRN-1932-1 220 FRN Tardieu 23/02/1932 04/06/1932

FRN-1932-2 220 FRN Herriot 04/06/1932 20/12/1932

FRN-1932-3 220 FRN Paul-Boncour 20/12/1932 31/01/1933

FRN-1933-1 220 FRN Daladier 31/01/1933 24/10/1933

Interned by Vichy, then deported to Germany in 1943, liberated by US troops in 1945.

FRN-1933-2 220 FRN Sarraut 24/10/1933 22/11/1933

Arrested and deported to Germany in 1944.

FRN-1933-3 220 FRN Chautemps 22/11/1933 30/01/1934

FRN-1934-1 220 FRN Daladier 30/01/1934 09/02/1934

Interned by Vichy, then deported to Germany in 1943, liberated by US troops in 1945.

FRN-1934-2 220 FRN Doumergue 09/02/1934 10/11/1934

134
FRN-1934-3 220 FRN Flandin 10/11/1934 30/05/1935
Foreign minister in Vichy for two months. After the war sentenced to five years of
national indignity for collaborating with Vichy. Suspended.

FRN-1935-1 220 FRN Bouissin 01/06/1935 04/06/1935

Supported Vichy, imprisoned after the war.

FRN-1935-2 220 FRN Laval 07/06/1935 25/01/1936

FRN-1936-1 220 FRN Sarraut 25/01/1936 03/06/1936

Arrested and deported to Germany in 1944.

FRN-1936-2 220 FRN Blum 03/06/1936 23/06/1937

Imprisoned by Vichy and Nazis until 1945.

FRN-1937 220 FRN Chautemps 23/06/1937 12/03/1938

FRN-1938-1 220 FRN Blum 12/03/1938 10/04/1938

Imprisoned by Vichy and Nazis until 1945.

FRN-1938-2 220 FRN Daladier 10/04/1938 21/03/1940

FRN-1940-1 220 FRN Reynaud 21/03/1940 11/06/1940

Arrested by Vichy and remained in captivity throughout the war.
Resigned, arrested + jailed by Vichy in 9/1940.

FRN-1940-2 220 FRN Petain 17/06/1940 11/07/1940

Arrested by the Germans in 1944, and taken to Germany. After the war, imprisoned.
Forced to flee with Germans in 44. Jailed in France.

FRN-1942 220 FRN Laval 18/04/1942 17/08/1944

For entry date: fr.encarta.com. Enters Petain’s Vichy government as premier on July 11,
1940, Petain dismisses him in December 1940, later arrested and imprisoned until the
Germans arrange his release. Gets back into power. Attempts suicide in prison after the
war, shot to death for treason October 15, 1945.Withdrew with Germans; exile
Switzerland; shot in France 15/10/1945.

FRN-1944 220 FRN De Gaulle 10/09/1944 20/01/1946

FRN-1946-1 220 FRN Gouin 26/01/1946 12/06/1946

FRN-1946-2 220 FRN Bidault 24/06/1946 28/11/1946

FRN-1946-3 220 FRN Blum 16/12/1946 16/01/1947

FRN-1947-1 220 FRN Ramadier 22/01/1947 19/11/1947

135
FRN-1947-2 220 FRN Schuman 24/11/1947 19/07/1948

FRN-1948-1 220 FRN Marie 27/07/1948 27/08/1948

FRN-1948-2 220 FRN Schuman 31/08/1948 08/09/1948

FRN-1948-3 220 FRN Queuille 13/09/1948 06/10/1949

FRN-1949 220 FRN Bidault 28/10/1949 24/06/1950

FRN-1950-1 220 FRN Queuille 30/06/1950 04/07/1950

FRN-1950-2 220 FRN Pleven 11/07/1950 28/02/1951

FRN-1951-1 220 FRN Queuille 09/03/1951 10/07/1951

FRN-1951-2 220 FRN Pleven 08/08/1951 08/01/1952

FRN-1952-1 220 FRN Faure 18/01/1952 29/02/1952

FRN-1952-2 220 FRN Pinay 07/03/1952 23/12/1952

FRN-1953-2 220 FRN Mayer 07/01/1953 21/05/1953

FRN-1953-1 220 FRN Laniel 26/06/1953 12/06/1954

FRN-1954 220 FRN Mendes-France 18/06/1954 05/02/1955

FRN-1955 220 FRN Faure 23/02/1955 19/01/1956

FRN-1956 220 FRN Mollet 31/01/1956 13/06/1957

FRN-1957-1 220 FRN Bourges-Maunory 13/06/1957 05/11/1957

FRN-1957-2 220 FRN Gaillard 06/11/1957 13/05/1958

FRN-1958-1 220 FRN Pflimin 14/05/1958 31/05/1958

FRN-1958-2 220 FRN De Gaulle 01/06/1958 27/04/1969

FRN-1969-1 220 FRN Poher 27/04/1969 20/06/1969

FRN-1969-2 220 FRN Pompidou 20/06/1969 02/04/1974

Cancer of the bone marrow.

136
FRN-1974-1 220 FRN Poher 02/04/1974 27/05/1974

FRN-1974-2 220 FRN Giscard D'Estaing 27/05/1974 21/05/1981

FRN-1981 220 FRN Mitterand 21/05/1981 17/05/1995

FRN-1995 220 FRN Chirac 17/05/1995 31/12/2004

SWITZERLAND

Annual rotating Chairmanship of Executive Council.

SWZ-1875 225 SWZ Scherer 01/01/1875 31/12/1875

SWZ-1876 225 SWZ Welti 01/01/1876 31/12/1876

SWZ-1877 225 SWZ Heer 01/01/1877 31/12/1877

SWZ-1878 225 SWZ Schenck 01/01/1878 31/12/1878

SWZ-1879 225 SWZ Hammer 01/01/1879 31/12/1879

SWZ-1880 225 SWZ Welti 01/01/1880 31/12/1880

SWZ-1881 225 SWZ Droz 01/01/1881 31/12/1881

SWZ-1882 225 SWZ Bavier 01/01/1882 31/12/1882

SWZ-1883 225 SWZ Ruchonnet 01/01/1883 31/12/1883

SWZ-1884 225 SWZ Welti 01/01/1884 31/12/1884

SWZ-1885 225 SWZ Schenck 01/01/1885 31/12/1885

SWZ-1886 225 SWZ Deucher 01/01/1886 31/12/1886

SWZ-1887 225 SWZ Droz 01/01/1887 31/12/1887

SWZ-1888-1 225 SWZ Hertenstein 01/01/1888 27/11/1888

Natural Death.

SWZ-1888-2 225 SWZ Hammer 27/11/1888 31/12/1889

SWZ-1890 225 SWZ Ruchonnet 01/01/1890 31/12/1890

137
SWZ-1891 225 SWZ Welti 01/01/1891 31/12/1891

SWZ-1892 225 SWZ Hauser 01/01/1892 31/12/1892

SWZ-1893 225 SWZ Schenck 01/01/1893 31/12/1893

SWZ-1894 225 SWZ Frey 01/01/1894 31/12/1894

SWZ-1895 225 SWZ Zemp 01/01/1895 31/12/1895

SWZ-1896 225 SWZ Lachenal 01/01/1896 31/12/1896

SWZ-1897 225 SWZ Deucher 01/01/1897 31/12/1897

SWZ-1898 225 SWZ Ruffy 01/01/1898 31/12/1898

SWZ-1899 225 SWZ Muller 01/01/1899 31/12/1899

SWZ-1900 225 SWZ Hauser 01/01/1900 31/12/1900

SWZ-1901 225 SWZ Brenner 01/01/1901 31/12/1901

SWZ-1902 225 SWZ Zemp 01/01/1902 31/12/1902

SWZ-1903 225 SWZ Deucher 01/01/1903 31/12/1903

SWZ-1904 225 SWZ Comtesse 01/01/1904 31/12/1904

SWZ-1905 225 SWZ Ruchet 01/01/1905 31/12/1905

SWZ-1906 225 SWZ Forrer 01/01/1906 31/12/1906

SWZ-1907 225 SWZ Muller 01/01/1907 31/12/1907

SWZ-1908 225 SWZ Brenner 01/01/1908 31/12/1908

SWZ-1909 225 SWZ Deucher 01/01/1909 31/12/1909

SWZ-1910 225 SWZ Comtesse 01/01/1910 31/12/1910

SWZ-1911 225 SWZ Ruchet 01/01/1911 31/12/1911

SWZ-1912 225 SWZ Forrer 01/01/1912 31/12/1912

SWZ-1913 225 SWZ Muller 01/01/1913 31/12/1913

138
SWZ-1914 225 SWZ Hoffman 01/01/1914 31/12/1914

SWZ-1915 225 SWZ Motta 01/01/1915 31/12/1915

SWZ-1916 225 SWZ Decoppet 01/01/1916 31/12/1916

SWZ-1917 225 SWZ Schulthess 01/01/1917 31/12/1917

SWZ-1918 225 SWZ Calonder 01/01/1918 31/12/1918

SWZ-1919 225 SWZ Ador 01/01/1919 31/12/1919

SWZ-1920 225 SWZ Motta 01/01/1920 31/12/1920

SWZ-1921 225 SWZ Schulthess 01/01/1921 31/12/1921

SWZ-1922 225 SWZ Haab 01/01/1922 31/12/1922

SWZ-1923 225 SWZ Scheurer 01/01/1923 31/12/1923

SWZ-1924 225 SWZ Chuard 01/01/1924 31/12/1924

SWZ-1925 225 SWZ Musy 01/01/1925 31/12/1925

SWZ-1926 225 SWZ Haberlin 01/01/1926 31/12/1926

SWZ-1927 225 SWZ Motta 01/01/1927 31/12/1927

SWZ-1928 225 SWZ Schulthess 01/01/1928 31/12/1928

SWZ-1929 225 SWZ Haab 01/01/1929 31/12/1929

SWZ-1930 225 SWZ Musy 01/01/1930 31/12/1930

SWZ-1931 225 SWZ Haberlin 01/01/1931 31/12/1931

SWZ-1932 225 SWZ Motta 01/01/1932 31/12/1932

SWZ-1933 225 SWZ Schulthess 01/01/1933 31/12/1933

SWZ-1934 225 SWZ Golaz 01/01/1934 31/12/1934

SWZ-1935 225 SWZ Minger 01/01/1935 31/12/1935

SWZ-1936 225 SWZ Meyer 01/01/1936 31/12/1936

139
SWZ-1937 225 SWZ Motta 01/01/1937 31/12/1937

SWZ-1938 225 SWZ Baumann 01/01/1938 31/12/1938

SWZ-1939 225 SWZ Etter 01/01/1939 31/12/1939

SWZ-1940 225 SWZ Golaz 01/01/1940 31/12/1940

SWZ-1941 225 SWZ Wetter 01/01/1941 31/12/1941

SWZ-1942 225 SWZ Etter 01/01/1942 31/12/1942

SWZ-1943 225 SWZ Celio 01/01/1943 31/12/1943

SWZ-1944 225 SWZ Stampfli 01/01/1944 31/12/1944

SWZ-1945 225 SWZ von Steiger 01/01/1945 31/12/1945

SWZ-1946 225 SWZ Kobelt 01/01/1946 31/12/1946

SWZ-1947 225 SWZ Etter 01/01/1947 31/12/1947

SWZ-1948 225 SWZ Celio 01/01/1948 31/12/1948

SWZ-1949 225 SWZ Nobs 01/01/1949 31/12/1949

SWZ-1950 225 SWZ Petipierre 01/01/1950 31/12/1950

SWZ-1951 225 SWZ von Steiger 01/01/1951 31/12/1951

SWZ-1952 225 SWZ Kobelt 01/01/1952 31/12/1952

SWZ-1953 225 SWZ Etter 01/01/1953 31/12/1953

SWZ-1954 225 SWZ Rubattel 01/01/1954 31/12/1954

SWZ-1955 225 SWZ Petipierre 01/01/1955 31/12/1955

SWZ-1956 225 SWZ Feldmann 01/01/1956 31/12/1956

SWZ-1957 225 SWZ Streuli 01/01/1957 31/12/1957

SWZ-1958 225 SWZ Holenstein 01/01/1958 31/12/1958

SWZ-1959 225 SWZ Chaudet 01/01/1959 31/12/1959

140
SWZ-1960 225 SWZ Petipierre 01/01/1960 31/12/1960

SWZ-1961 225 SWZ Friedrich 01/01/1961 31/12/1961

SWZ-1962 225 SWZ Chaudet 01/01/1962 31/12/1962

SWZ-1963 225 SWZ Spuhler 01/01/1963 31/12/1963

SWZ-1964 225 SWZ von Moos 01/01/1964 31/12/1964

SWZ-1965 225 SWZ Tschudi 01/01/1965 31/12/1965

SWZ-1966 225 SWZ Schaffner 01/01/1966 31/12/1966

SWZ-1967 225 SWZ Bonvin 01/01/1967 31/12/1967

SWZ-1968 225 SWZ Spuhler 01/01/1968 31/12/1968

SWZ-1969 225 SWZ von Moos 01/01/1969 31/12/1969

SWZ-1970 225 SWZ Tschudi 01/01/1970 31/12/1970

SWZ-1971 225 SWZ Gnagi 01/01/1971 31/12/1971

SWZ-1972 225 SWZ Celio 01/01/1972 31/12/1972

SWZ-1973 225 SWZ Bonvin 01/01/1973 31/12/1973

SWZ-1974 225 SWZ Brugger 01/01/1974 31/12/1974

SWZ-1975 225 SWZ Graber 01/01/1975 31/12/1975

SWZ-1976 225 SWZ Gnagi 01/01/1976 31/12/1976

SWZ-1977 225 SWZ Furgler 01/01/1977 31/12/1977

SWZ-1978 225 SWZ Ritschard 01/01/1978 31/12/1978

SWZ-1979 225 SWZ Hurlimann 01/01/1979 31/12/1979

SWZ-1980 225 SWZ Chevallaz 01/01/1980 31/12/1980

SWZ-1981 225 SWZ Furgler 01/01/1981 31/12/1981

SWZ-1982 225 SWZ Honegger 01/01/1982 31/12/1982

141
SWZ-1983 225 SWZ Aubert 01/01/1983 31/12/1983

SWZ-1984 225 SWZ Schlumpf 01/01/1984 31/12/1984

SWZ-1985 225 SWZ Furgler 01/01/1985 31/12/1985

SWZ-1986 225 SWZ Egli 01/01/1986 31/12/1986

SWZ-1987 225 SWZ Aubert 01/01/1987 31/12/1987

SWZ-1988 225 SWZ Stich 01/01/1988 31/12/1988

SWZ-1989 225 SWZ Delamuraz 01/01/1989 31/12/1989

SWZ-1990 225 SWZ Koller 01/01/1990 31/12/1990

SWZ-1991 225 SWZ Cotti 01/01/1991 31/12/1991

SWZ-1992 225 SWZ Felber 01/01/1992 31/12/1992

SWZ-1993 225 SWZ Ogi 01/01/1993 31/12/1993

SWZ-1994 225 SWZ Stich 01/01/1994 31/12/1994

SWZ-1995 225 SWZ Villiger 01/01/1995 31/12/1995

SWZ-1996 225 SWZ Delamuraz 01/01/1996 31/12/1996

SWZ-1997 225 SWZ Koller 01/01/1997 31/12/1997

SWZ-1998 225 SWZ Cotti 01/01/1998 31/12/1998

SWZ-1999 225 SWZ Dreifuss 1/1/1999 31/12/1999.

Female.

SWZ-2000 225 SWZ Ogi 1/1/2000 31/12/2000

SWZ-2001 225 SWZ Leuenberger 1/1/2001 31/12/2001

SWZ-2002 225 SWZ Villiger 1/1/2002 31/12/2002

SWZ-2003 225 SWZ Pascal Couchepin 01/01/2003 31/12/2003

He was born in 1942

SWZ-2004 225 SWZ Joseph Deiss 01/01/2004 31/12/2004

He was born in 1946.

142
SPAIN

SPN-1874 230 SPN del Castillo 30/12/1874 10/09/1875

SPN-1875-1 230 SPN Jovellar 11/09/1875 02/12/1875

SPN-1875-2 230 SPN del Castillo 02/12/1875 07/03/1879

SPN-1879-1 230 SPN Martinez-Campos 07/03/1879 09/12/1879

SPN-1879-2 230 SPN del Castillo 09/12/1879 08/02/1881

SPN-1881 230 SPN Sagasta 08/02/1881 13/10/1883

SPN-1883 230 SPN Herrera 13/10/1883 18/01/1884

SPN-1884 230 SPN del Castillo 18/01/1884 27/11/1885

SPN-1885 230 SPN Sagasta 27/11/1885 05/07/1890

SPN-1890 230 SPN del Castillo 05/07/1890 11/12/1892

SPN-1892 230 SPN Sagasta 11/12/1892 23/03/1895

SPN-1895 230 SPN del Castillo 23/03/1895 08/08/1897.

Assassinated.

SPN-1897-1 230 SPN Azcarraga y Palmero 08/08/1897 04/10/1897

SPN-1897-2 230 SPN Sagasta 04/10/1897 05/03/1899

SPN-1899 230 SPN Le-Vielleuze 05/03/1899 22/10/1900

SPN-1900 230 SPN Azcarraga y Palmero 22/10/1900 26/02/1901

SPN-1901 230 SPN Sagasta 26/02/1901 6/12/1902

Dies January 5, 1903 in Madrid. Gastric problems and bronchitis. Did NOT resign for
health reasons. Had planned to simply retire. NYT, Jan 6, 1903, p.2.

SPN-1902 230 SPN Le-Vielleuze 6/12/1902 20/07/1903

SPN-1903-1 230 SPN Villaverde 20/07/1903 6/12/1903

SPN-1903-2 230 SPN Maura y Montaner 6/12/1903 16/12/1904

143
SPN-1904 230 SPN Azcarraga y Palmero 16/12/1904 27/01/1905

SPN-1905-1 230 SPN Villaverde 27/01/1905 23/06/1905. Dies July 15,

1905. No info on whether he resigned due to ill health, but doubtful. Es.encarta.msn.com
notes that he dies weeks after leaving the government, with no mention of ill health.

SPN-1905-2 230 SPN Rios 23/06/1905 1/12/1905

SPN-1905-3 230 SPN Moret y Prendergast 1/12/1905 5/7/1906

SPN-1906-1 230 SPN Dominguez 5/7/1906 30/11/1906

SPN-1906-2 230 SPN Moret y Prendergast 30/11/1906 4/12/1906

SPN-1906-3 230 SPN Aguilar y Correa 4/12/1906 24/01/1907

SPN-1907 230 SPN Maura y Montaner 24/01/1907 21/10/1909

SPN-1909 230 SPN Moret y Prendergast 21/10/1909 9/2/1910

SPN-1910 230 SPN Canalejas y Mendez 9/2/1910 12/11/1912.

Assassinated by an anarchist.

SPN-1912-1 230 SPN Figueroa y Torres 12/11/1912 15/11/1912

SPN-1912-2 230 SPN Garcia Prieto 15/11/1912 27/10/1913

SPN-1913 230 SPN Dato y Iradier 27/10/1913 9/12/1915

SPN-1915 230 SPN Figueroa y Torres 9/12/1915 19/04/1917

SPN-1917-1 230 SPN Garcia Prieto 19/04/1917 11/6/1917

SPN-1917-2 230 SPN Dato y Iradier 11/6/1917 3/11/1917

SPN-1917-3 230 SPN Garcia Prieto 3/11/1917 22/03/1918

SPN-1918-1 230 SPN Maura y Montaner 22/03/1918 9/11/1918

SPN-1918-2 230 SPN Garcia Prieto 9/11/1918 5/12/1918

SPN-1918-3 230 SPN Figueroa y Torres 5/12/1918 14/04/1919

Serves as speaker of the senate under de Rivera from 1923 to 1930. Arrested in 1936
following the start of the Spanish Civil war and allowed to go into exile in France.
Es.encarta.com says he resigned under pressure from a strike in Barcelona. Boston Daily
Globe, April 15, 1919, p. 20 reports “Washington, April 14—Communication facilities

144
throughout Spain were reported restored to normal in a Madrid dispatch today to the State
Department. Martial law has been suspended at Valencia and Alicante and conditions at
Barcelona and elsewhere, where strikes had taken place, were reported improved.” Lentz
has him “ousted by a military junta.” In spite of the contradictory reports, on the baisis of
es.encarta and Lentz we code this as an irregular exit.

SPN-1919-1 230 SPN Maura y Montaner 14/04/1919 20/07/1919

Boston Daily Globe, April 15, 1919, p. 5 reports “Antonio Maura, who several times has
held the post of Premier of Spain, has agreed to form another Cabinet to succeed that of
Count Romanones, which resigned today. … On April 1, Count Romanones was credited
with the intention of again resigning as soon as the political and industrial situation
cleared.”

SPN-1919-2 230 SPN de Toca 20/07/1919 12/12/1919

SPN-1919-3 230 SPN Allende Salazar 12/12/1919 5/5/1920

SPN-1920 230 SPN Dato y Iradier 5/5/1920 8/3/1921.

Assassinated by two anarchists.

SPN-1921-1 230 SPN Araugo 8/3/1921 12/3/1921

SPN-1921-2 230 SPN Allende Salazar 13/03/1921 14/08/1921

SPN-1921-3 230 SPN Maura y Montaner 14/08/1921 8/3/1922

SPN-1922-1 230 SPN Sanchez Guerra 8/3/1922 5/12/1922

Forced from office, exile.

SPN-1922-2 230 SPN Garcia Prieto 5/12/1922 14/9/1923.

Coup.

SPN-1923 230 SPN de Rivera 14/09/1923 28/01/1930

Lentz: Primo de Rivera resigned on January 28, 1930, and retired to France. He died
suddenly of an embolism brought on by a diabetic condition in his Paris hotel room on
March 6, 1930.Es.encarta.com also says he resigns, and goes into exile. Lost support of
the army, exile.

SPN-1930 230 SPN Berenguer 30/01/1930 14/02/1931

Lentz: “Berenguer was called up to head the government after the resignation of de
Rivera.” …. Berenguer was arrested soon after Alfonso forced to vacate the throne 14
April, 1931 … successfully defended.” Es.encarta.com also says arrested and imprisoned.
Three months later arrested.

SPN-1931-1 230 SPN Aznar-Cabanas 18/02/1931 14/04/1931

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Es.encarta.com says he was named president of the council by the King. After out,
becomes President. Deposed as President by the Cortes on April 7. 1935, and sent into
exile then, first France, later Argentina.

SPN-1931-2 230 SPN Alcala Zamora 14/04/1931 14/10/1931

SPN-1931-3 230 SPN Azana y Diez 14/10/1931 8/9/1933

Arrested 10/34, acquitted.

SPN-1933-1 230 SPN Lerroux y Garcia 12/9/1933 3/10/1933

SPN-1933-2 230 SPN Martinez Barro 9/10/1933 16/12/1933

SPN-1933-3 230 SPN Lerroux y Garcia 16/12/1933 15/04/1934.

Forced to step down.

SPN-1934-1 230 SPN Ibanez 28/04/1934 1/10/1934

SPN-1934-2 230 SPN Lerroux y Garcia 10/10/1934 20/10/1935

SPN-1935-1 230 SPN Chapaprieta 25/10/1935 9/12/1935

SPN-1935-2 230 SPN Portela 31/12/1935 19/02/1936

SPN-1936-1 230 SPN Azana y Diez 19/02/1936 11/5/1936.Exile, Paris.

SPN-1936-2 230 SPN Casares Quiroga 13/05/1936 19/07/1936

SPN-1936-3 230 SPN Martinez Barro 19/07/1936 19/07/1936

SPN-1936-4 230 SPN Giral y Pereyra 19/07/1936 4/9/1936

SPN-1936-5 230 SPN Largo Caballero 4/9/1936 15/05/1937

Lentz: A leftist uprising in Barcelona in May 1937 resulted in the Communists leaving
the coalition, and Largo Caballero was forced to resign on May 15,1937. He fled into
exile in France as Franco’s nationalists took control of the country in 1939. See also
CSM, May 15, 1937, p.1, which notes his resignation. es.encarta.com says resigned and
exile in January 1939, later imprisoned in a concentration camp by the Germans.
Posttenurefate remains OK. Because exiled more than a year after out. For him being
OK, through Jan, see NYT, Jan. 6, 1938, p.2.
Also Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Largo_Caballero)

SPN-1937 230 SPN Negrin 18/05/1937 5/3/1939

SPN-1939-1 230 SPN Miaja 5/3/1939-28/03/1939

146
Miaja = José Miaja Menant. Exile, first in North Africa, then Mexico. Es.encarta.com
suggests that he entered power irregularly. ‘’En los primeros días de marzo de 1939
apoyó al coronel Segismundo Casado en su golpe militar contra el gobierno presidido por
Juan Negrín y pasó a presidir el Consejo de Defensa Nacional creado al efecto. El 28 de
ese mismo mes se dirigió al norte de África tras el fracaso de los intentos de negociar la
paz con el general Francisco Franco, principal dirigente de los insurrectos. Dos meses
después se estableció en México, desde donde participó en distintos organismos
republicanos en el exilio. Falleció en 1958 en la ciudad de México.” Forced out by
military defeat.

SPN-1939-2 230 SPN Franco 1/4/1939 30/10/1975

SPN-1975-1 230 SPN Juan Carlos 1/11/1975 8/11/1975

SPN-1975-2 230 SPN Arias Navarro 9/11/1975 1/7/1976

SPN-1976 230 SPN Suarez Gonzalez 1/7/1976 25/02/1981

SPN-1981 230 SPN Calvo-Sotelo 25/02/1981 2/12/1982

SPN-1982 230 SPN Gonzalez Marquez 2/12/1982 5/5/1996

SPN-1996 230 SPN Aznar 05/05/1996 17/04/2004

SPN-2004 230 SPN Rodriguez Zapatero 17/04/2004 31/12/2004

PORTUGAL
Portugal, starting with Eanes, the president can serve at most two consecutive terms.

POR-1861 235 POR Luis I 11/11/1861 19/10/1889

Second son of Maria II da Gloria (who ruled 3 Mar 1828 - 11 Jul 1828, and 26 May 1834
- 15 Nov 1853) and Ferdinand of Saxe-Coburg Gotha. Brother of Pedro V (who ruled 15
Nov 1853 - 11 Nov 1861) and Ferdinand (who ruled 19 Dec 1853 - 16 Sep 1855).

POR-1889 235 POR Carlos I 19/10/1889 1/2/1908

The son of King Luís and of Maria Pia of Savoy, daughter of Vittorio Emanuele II of
Italy, he married Marie Amélie of Orléans, a granddaughter of the French king Louis-
Philippe, in 1886 and succeeded his father on Oct. 19, 1889. Shot by two radical
Republicans, together with his son the Crown Prince. assassinated.

POR-1908 235 POR Manuel II 1/2/1908 5/10/1910

Exile in London. Second eldest son of Carlos I.

POR-1910 235 POR Braga 5/10/1910 24/08/1911

147
POR-1911 235 POR Arriaga 24/08/1911 29/05/1915

POR-1915-1 235 POR Braga 29/05/1915 5/10/1915

POR-1915-2 235 POR Machado Guimaraes 5/10/1915 8/12/1917

Exiled, to Madrid and Paris: Christian Science Monitor, December, 18, 1917, p. 2.

POR-1917 235 POR Paes 8/12/1917 14/12/1918

Survives one assassination attempt, killed week later by a Democratic fanatic.
Assassinated.

POR-1918 235 POR Joao Canto e Castro 16/12/1918 5/10/1919

POR-1919 235 POR Almeida 5/10/1919 6/8/1923

POR-1923 235 POR Gomes 6/8/1923 11/12/1925

Resigned from office for reasons of health, and subsequently retired to Bougie, Algeria,
where he died on October 18, 1941.

POR-1925 235 POR Machado Guimaraes 16/12/1925 28/05/1926

Exile in France

POR-1926 235 POR Carmona 28/05/1926 5/7/1932.

Leads a coup d’état with General Manuel de Oliveira Gomes da Costa and Commander
José Mendes Cabecadas. Lentz lists him as “in power” only from November 29 on, but
since he leads the coup, we put him in on the date of the coup.

POR-1932 235 POR Salazar 5/7/1932 16/09/1968

Stroke.

POR-1968 235 POR Caetano 27/09/1968 25/04/1974

Sent into exile in Brazil

POR-1974-1 235 POR Spinola 25/04/1974 30/09/1974

He is leader of the coup that overthrows Caetano. Implicated in an unsuccessful coup in
March of 1975, and went into exile in Brazil and Switzerland, when he returned to
Portugal, he was arrested. He was released and went back into exile in August of 1976.
(Lentz) See also: CSM, Aug. 17, 1976, p.6. He was detained in Caxias prison for two
days of question, then set free. For his initial exile, see The Washington Post, Sept. 14,
1975, p.22. So, jailed, after more than a year after out of power, hence coded as exile.

POR-1974-2 235 POR Costa Gomes 30/09/1974 23/07/1976.

On his entry into power, see NYT, Oct. 1, 1974, p.10. He’s the highest military person
left when Spinola resigns. Was second ranking member of the Junta of National
Salvation. His entry is regular in the sense that he took no action of an irregular nature to

148
claim the post, it more or less fell in his lap. Dies July 31, 2001. On him, see NYT, Aug
1., 2001, p. A15.

POR-1976 235 POR Eanes 23/07/1976 9/3/1986

POR-1986 235 POR Soares 9/3/1986 9/3/1996

POR-1996 235 POR Sampaio 9/3/1996 31/12/2002

BAVARIA

Becomes part of the German Empire 16 April 1871.

BAV-1864 245 BAV Ludwig II 10/03/1864 16/04/1871

See de.encarta.com. From 1875 lives completely withdrawn at his castles and makes no
more public appearances. Declared mentally incompetent on 9 June 1886, on the 10th his
Uncle Luitpold takes up the Regency, on 13 June Ludwig and his doctor drown under
never explained circumstances.

GERMANY

GMY-1858 255 GMY Wilhelm I 07/10/1858 09/03/1888

Two (failed) attempts on Kaiser Wilhelm in 1878. See NYT, Jan. 1. 1879, p.2. NYT
reports that the second attempt in the first week of September led to wounds so severe
that the Emperor had to resign the Government into the hands of the Crown Prince until
he reassumed his powers on December 5.”

GMY-1888-1 255 GMY Friedrich III 09/03/1888 15/06/1888

Takes the throne already deadly ill from throat cancer. Dies after a rule of 99 days from
the cancer. Son of Wilhelm I

GMY-1888-2 255 GMY Wilhelm II 15/06/1888 9/11/1918

Exile in Netherlands. Son of Friedrich III, grandson of Wilhelm I.

GMY-1918 255 GMY Ebert 9/11/1918 11/2/1919

GMY-1919-1 255 GMY Scheidemann 12/2/1919 20/06/1919

Forced to flee to Czechoslovakia, then Copenhagen, Denmark, when Hitler came to
power

GMY-1919-2 255 GMY Bauer 21/06/1919 26/03/1920

Kapp putsch to restore the monarchy fails.

GMY-1920-1 255 GMY Muller 27/03/1920 8/6/1920

GMY-1920-2 255 GMY Fehrenback 25/06/1920 4/5/1921

149
GMY-1921 255 GMY Wirth 10/5/1921 14/11/1922
Goes into exile in the 30s first Paris, then when the Nazis come into power, to
Switzerland.

GMY-1922 255 GMY Cuno 22/11/1922 12/8/1923

GMY-1923-1 255 GMY Stresemann 13/08/1923 23/11/1923

Withstands several insurrections, and the Hitler coup attempt. Remains foreign minister
until sudden heart attack in Berlin, October 3, 1929.

GMY-1923-2 255 GMY Marx 30/11/1923 15/12/1924

GMY-1925 255 GMY Luther 15/01/1925 12/5/1926

GMY-1926 255 GMY Marx 16/05/1926 12/6/1928

GMY-1928 255 GMY Muller 28/06/1928 27/03/1930

GMY-1930 255 GMY Bruning 30/03/1930 30/05/1932

Flees the country in 06/ 1934, during Hitler’s purge, to first England, then US. Exile.

GMY-1932-1 255 GMY Papen 1/6/1932 17/11/1932

Hitler’s purge June 30, 1934, he is detained at his office for several days (many of his
closest associated killed). Sent to Austria as ambassador in August. Then ambassador to
Turkey. Tried at Nuremberg, acquitted. In 1947 tried by a German court, and convicted
of being a major Nazi, sentenced to 8 years, but reclassified as a secondary figure and
released in January 1949.Detained in 06/1934

GMY-1932-2 255 GMY Schleicher 3/12/1932 28/01/1933

Together with his wife, killed by the SS, June 29, 1934. More than a year after out of
office. Assassinated 06/1934.

GMY-1933 255 GMY Hitler 30/01/1933 30/04/1945

Commits suicide. We code this as a case of resignation due to ill health. Ironic but closest
to the truth. Posttenurefate is censored and missing.

GMY-1945 255 GMY Doenitz 30/04/1945 23/05/1945

Ten years in prison.

GERMAN FEDERAL REPUBLIC

GFR-1949 260 GFR Adenauer 16/09/1949 15/10/1963

GFR-1963 260 GFR Erhard 16/10/1963 1/12/1966

150
GFR-1966 260 GFR Kiesinger 1/12/1966 21/10/1969

GFR-1969 260 GFR Brandt 22/10/1969 6/5/1974

GFR-1974 260 GFR Schmidt 16/05/1974 1/10/1982

GFR-1982 260 GFR Kohl 1/10/1982 27/10/1998

GFR-1998 260 GFR 27/10/1998 31/12/2004

GERMANY (DDR)

GDR-1946 265 GDR Wilhelm Pieck 22/04/1946 25/07/1950

GDR-1950 265 GDR Ulbricht 25/07/1950 3/5/1971

GDR-1971 265 GDR Honecker 3/5/1971 18/10/1989.

Keesing’s says, “A visit by Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev to the German
Democratic Republic (GDR--East Germany) for the country's 40th anniversary on Oct. 7
acted as the catalyst for the resignation on Oct. 18 of the East German leader Erich
Honecker after 18 years in power.” And: “At a special session of the 163-member central
committee on Oct. 18 Honecker, 77, resigned ostensibly for "health reasons" (he had
recently undergone surgery-. as SED general secretary, Chairman of the Council of State
and chairman of the National Defence Council. At the suggestion of the politburo Egon
Krenz, 52, was elected SED general secretary, with his appointment to Honecker's other
posts to be confirmed by the Volksversammlung (parliament). Krenz had long been
viewed as Honecker's hardline protégé and his career followed a similar path. “
Honeker had had surgery in August to remove gallstone, and had only returned to the
political scene on Sept. 25. And: “As announced on Jan. 15 Erich Honecker , the former
head of state, and Erich Mielke, the former head of the secret police, were to be charged
with treason. Honecker had undergone surgery for a malignant kidney tumour on Jan. 10
and was briefly arrested upon leaving hospital on Jan. 29, being released on Jan. 30
because he still needed medical attention.” (Keesing’s Vol. 36, 1990, January, Europe,
East Germany.) Admitted to a Soviet military hospital in April 1990. The non-communist
government of East Germany attempts to arrest him in December 1990, but Soviet
authorities claim his is too ill to leave the hospital and refused to turn him over. He goes
to Moscow following the reunification of East and West. On May 15, charged with
ordering border guards to kill fleeing Germans. Takes refuge in Chilean embassy in
Moscow. Was returned to Germany to stand trial, released by the Berlin Constitutional
Court on the grounds of poor health. Subsequently goes into exile in Chile. Dies there,
May 29, 1994. Hence briefly arrested, and some form of exile. SU mil hospital 4/1990.
Attempted arrest.

GDR-1989-1 265 GDR Krenz 18/10/1989-3/12/1989

Sentenced to six-and-a-half years’ imprisonment on August 25, 1997, for his role in the
death of people who had been shot whilst trying to flee over the Berlin Wall. He’s taken

151
into immediate police custody. (Keesing’s Vol. 93, 1997, August) Released on
September 11, pending appeal. Sentence upheld, begins serving sentence in January
2000. Released from prison on December 18, 2003. Krenz is in Moscow Dec 3-4, resigns
as Chairman of the Council of State on Dec. 6. (Keesing’s Vol. 35, 1989, December.)
“Leading role” of the party abolished 1 December 1989.

GDR-1989-2 265 GDR Gysi 9/12/1989 3/10/1990. Reunification.

BADEN
Becomes part of the German Empire on 16 April 1871.

BAD-1852 267 BAD Friedrich I 24/04/1852-16/4/1871

Dies 28/09/1907.

WUERTTEMBERG
Becomes part of the German Empire on 16 April 1871.

WRT-1864 271 WRT Karl 25/06/1864 16/4/1871

Dies 06/10/1891.

HESSE-DARMSTADT
Becomes part of the German Empire on 16 April 1871.

HSD-1848 275 HSD Ludwig III 16/06/1848 16/4/1871

Dies 13/06/1877

POLAND
POL-1918-1 290 POL Daszynski 11/11/1918 13/11/1918

POL-1918-2 290 POL Pildsudski 14/11/1918 9/12/1922

POL-1922-1 290 POL Narutowicz 9/12/1922 18/12/1922

Assassinated.

POL-1922-2 290 POL Wojciechowski 20/12/1922 12/5/1926.

Ewa Hauser (University of Rochester, Polish Studies Center): Wojciechowski was an old
pal of Pilsudski from the Polish Socialist Party. Pilsudski did not throw him into jail
following the coup. He continued to write and publish--one was published in 1936
(happens to be after Pilsudski's death-but I guess its unrelated) on agricultural
cooperatives. In 1938 he published "My memories" a book of his memoirs. He lived in a
village in an estate of Wladyslaw Grabski and then in a small house in Ochota-- a
working class district of Warsaw. He survived the War there and died in 1953.

POL-1926 290 POL Pildsudski 12/5/1926 12/5/1935

Lentz: Recalled to Warsaw by Wojciechowski in mid-1925. Pilsudski led troops on
Warsaw in May 1926, and after several days of fighting, he forced the creation of a new

152
government. See also CSM, May 12, 1926, p.1. Washington Post, May 13, 1926,
p.1.Liver cancer.

POL-1935 290 POL Moshcicki 12/5/1935 30/09/1939

Exile Romania.

POL-1944 290 POL Bierut 31/12/1944 12/3/1956

POL-1956-1 290 POL Ochab 20/03/1956 21/10/1956

POL-1956-2 290 POL Gomulka 21/10/1956 20/12/1970.

Forced from power as a result of workers’ riots, remains a member of the Sejm until
1972.

POL-1970 290 POL Gierek 20/12/1970 6/9/1980.

Heart attack, arrested 12/1981.

POL-1980 290 POL Kania 6/9/1980 18/10/1981

POL-1981 290 POL Jaruzelski 18/10/1981 22/12/1990

POL-1990 290 POL Walesa 22/12/1990 23/12/1995

POL-1995 290 POL Kwasniewski 23/12/1995 31/12/2004

AUSTRIA_HUNGARY
AUH-1848 300 AUH Francis Joseph I 02/12/1848 to 21/11/1916.

AUH-1916 300 AUH Karl 21/11/1916 to 11/11/1918

He was born on the 17th of August in 1887 in Madeira. He was exiled to Switzerland in
March 1919, and was deposed by the Austrian Parliament in April 1919. He attempted to
regain the Hungarian throne twice and was sent to exile in Madeira.

AUSTRIA
For Austrian leaders see http://de.encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia.

AUS-1918 305 AUS Renner 12/11/1918 11/06/1920

Renner was born on 14 December 1870. He was arrested and imprisoned under Dolfuss
in 1934.

AUS-1920 305 AUS Mayr 07/07/1920 to 01/06/1921.

AUS-1921 305 AUS Schober 21/06/1921 24/05/1922

Schober was born on 14 November 1874. He was the police president of Vienna.

AUS-1922 305 AUS Seipel 31/05/1922 01/06/1924

153
Ignaz Seipel was born on 19 July 1876. He studied theology and in 1909 became
professor of Moral theology. He was shot in the chest and seriously injured by an
assassination attempt on June 1 1924 and was forced to give power over to Ramek. See
also The Washington Post, Jun. 2, 1924, p.1. Also, NYT, Jul. 27, p. p.A2. & The
Washington Post, Sept. 2, 1924, p.3.

AUS-1924 305 AUS Ramek 01/06/1924 15/10/1926

Ramek was born on 12 April 1881, and was a lawyer. He first resigned on January 14
1926 and then immediately was asked to form a new government . He later became the
head of the Mozart Institution.

AUS-1926 305 AUS Seipel 20/10/1926 03/04/1929.

AUS-1929-1 305 AUS Streeruwitz 04/05/1929 25/09/1929

He was born on 23 September 1874. (Until 1919, “Ritter Von Streer”) He was a
professional military man, later became a politician.

AUS-1929-2 305 AUS Schober 26/09/1929 25/09/1930

Schober was Vice Chancellor and Foreign Minister until January 1932.

AUS-1930-1 305 AUS Vaugoin 30/09/1930 29/11/1930

Karl Vaugoin was a military man, general. He died on June 11,1949 at the age of 76. He
was persecuted after the Anschluss. NYT June 12 1949, p76 : “ At the time of the
Anschluss General Vaugoin, then the president of the Austrian Federal Railways, was on
vacation in Italy. He refused to remain abroad as an émigré saying “My conscience is
clear”. He returned to Vienna, was at once arrested by the Nazis and within a month was
sent to Dachau…” See also The Washington post April 1 1938, p X3 and NYT March 31
1938, p3.

AUS-1930-2 305 AUS Ender 04/12/1930 16/06/1931

See NYT July 9, 1960 p19. He was imprisoned after the Anschluss and sent to Dachau.
See also CSM, September 2, 1938, p 2.

AUS-1931 305 AUS Buresch 20/06/1931 06/05/1932

He was a lawyer. He resigned on January 27 1932 but was invited by the President
Miklas to form a new ministry, which he did two days later. He died of Diabetes in a
sanitarium on 16 September 1936.

AUS-1932 305 AUS Dollfuss 20/05/1932 25/07/1934

Dollfuss was born on 4 October 1982. According to de.encarta he became gradually more
authoritarian but anti- fascist. He was killed as a result of Nazi coup.

AUS-1934 305 AUS Schuschnigg 30/07/1934 11/03/1938

Schuschnigg was born on 14 December 1897. After stepping down from power, two days
before the planned and cancelled plebiscite, he was imprisoned and stayed incarcerated
until the end of the Second world War, partially in concentration camps.

154
AUS-1938 305 AUS Seyss-Inquart 12/03/1938 30/04/1939
Seyß-Inquart, Arthur was born on 22 July, 1892. From 1 May 1939 to 30 April 1945, he
served as “Reichsminister ohne Geschaftsbereich’ (Minister without portfolio). He first
became “stellvertreter for Hans Frank in Polen, and from May 1940 on he was
“Reichskomissar” in the Netherlands. In Hitler’s Testament envisioned as Foreign
Minister, captured by the Allies in May 1945. In Nurnberg, war crimes tribunal, he was
condemned to death and executed on 16 October 1946.’ Hence he was punished more
than two years after he lost his leadership of Austria.

AUS-1945-1 305 AUS Renner /04/1945 28/11/1945.

AUS-1945-2 305 AUS Figl 28/11/1945 02/04/1953

He was born on 2 October 1902. He was the foreign Minister between 1953 and 1959.
Imprisoned under the Nazis, see NYT, May 10, 1965, p.33. (Obit.)

AUS-1953 305 AUS Raab 02/04/1953 11/04/1961

He was born in 29 November 1891. He died as a result of poor health (diabetes).

AUS-1961 305 AUS Gorbach 11/04/1961 25/02/1964

He was born in 2 September 1898. Interned in concentration camps in 1942, and between
1944 and 1945.

AUS-1964 305 AUS Klaus 02/04/1964 03/03/1970

Klaus was born in 15 August 1910. He was a lawyer.

AUS-1970 305 AUS Kreisky 20/04/1970 24/05/1983

Kreisky was born on 22 January 1911. He was the son of prosperous Jewish parents. He
was arrested and imprisoned in 1935-6 under Dolfuss, then again in March 1938. Later
on he emigrated to Sweden in August 1938. He died on 29 July1990.

AUS-1983 305 AUS Sinowatz 24/05/1983 16/06/1986

Sinowatz was born on 5 February 1929. He studied history.

AUS-1986 305 AUS Vranitzky 16/06/1986 28/01/1997

Vranitzky was born on 4 October 1937. Dr. in “Handelswissenschaften” in 1969.

AUS-1997 305 AUS Klima 28/01/1997 04/02/2000

He was born in 4 June 1947. Studied “Betriebs- und Wirtschaftsinformatik.”

AUS-2000 305 AUS Schussel 05/02/2000 31/12/2004

He was born 7 June 1945.

HUNGARY

HUN-1918 310 HUN Karolyi 16/11/1918 21/03/1919

155
He was sent into exile.

HUN-1919-1 310 HUN Kun 21/03/1919 01/08/1919

Kun was sent to exile to Vienna.

HUN-1919-2 310 HUN Peidl 01/08/1919 07/08/1919

Peidl emigrated to Austria.

HUN-1919-3 310 HUN Friedrich 07/08/1919 16/11/1919

HUN-1919-4 310 HUN Huszar 23/11/1919 01/03/1920

HUN-1920 310 HUN Horthy 01/03/1920 15/10/1944

Regent, Horthy gets in elected by parliament as regent. Abducted by Gestapo. Tirol
Imprisoned; later exile Portugal.

HUN-1945 310 HUN Rakoski 15/01/1945 15/07/1956

Forced from power exile in SU.

HUN-1956-1 310 HUN Gero 18/07/1956 25/10/1956

Gero was in power from 18/07/1956 to 25/10/1956. rulers.org mentions that he was
sent to exile.

HUN-1956-2 310 HUN Nagy 25/10/1956 04/11/1956

Nagy was imprisoned and executed in 1958.

HUN-1957 310 HUN Kadar 04/11/1956 22/05/1988

Born an illegitimate child, on May 26, 1912. See The Washington Post, May 11, 1989, p.
a. 36. He was “Ousted” and stripped of the largely ceremonial position of party president
on Monday May 1989. He died on July 6, 1989 of pneumonia. See NYT, July 7, 1989, p.
A12. His death does not halt the Supreme Court hearing for former prime minister Imre
Nagy who was executed in 1958. See in particular, Chicago Tribune, July 7, 1989, p.11.

HUN-1988 310 HUN Grosz 22/05/1988 07/10/1989

Grosz was born on August 1, 1930. See The Guardian, Jan. 10, 1996, p. 013. He died of
cancer of the kidney aged 65 on January 7, 1996.

HUN-1989 310 HUN Szuros 18/10/1989 02/05/1990

He was fine after he lost power. He was named Deputy Speaker after he stepped down.
See LA Times, May 3, 1990, p.1.

HUN-1990 310 HUN Antall 03/05/1990 12/12/1993

Died of lymphoma cancer.

HUN-1993 310 HUN Boross 12/12/1993 15/07/1994

156
Boross was a non-party technocrat. He was fine after he lost power. See Keesing’s Vol.
39, 1993, December, Europe, Hungary.

HUN-1994 310 HUN Horn 15/07/1994 06/07/1998

He was born on 5 July 1932.

HUN-1998 310 HUN Orban 06/07/1998 27/05/2002

HUN-2002 310 HUN Péter Medgyessy 27/05/2002 29/09/2004

Péter Medgyessy was born in 1942. He resigns after the party withdrew its support for
his leadership. For his resignation see Keesing’s Vol. 50, August, 2004. Wikipedia notes
that he remains “managing Prime Minister” for a 30 days period, as required by the
Constitution, and a few additional days until his successor Ference Gyurscany was
confirmed by Parliament. Currently traveling ambassador.
He was born on 19 October 1942

HUN-2002 310 HUN Ferenc Gyurcsány 29/09/2004 31/12/2004

Gyurcsány was born on 4 June 1961. For his entry see Keesing’s Vol. 50, August, 2004.
Cabinet is formally sworn in on Oct. 4, see Keesing’s Vol. 50, October, 2004.

CZECHOSLOVAKIA
CZE-1918 315 CZE Masaryk 28/10/1918 14/12/1935
He stepped down in 1935 due to poor health. He died on 14 September 1937. See
Chicago Tribune, February 21, 1991, p. 8: “Foreign Minister Jan Masaryk wrote Josef
Stalin the day before his death in 1948 that he would commit suicide rather than see
freedom crushed in Czechoslovakia, a newspaper said Wednesday. Mystery has
surrounded Masaryk's 1948 death since his body was found in the garden of Czernin
Palace, which housed the foreign ministry and his living quarters. Opponents of the
Communist regime claimed secret police threw Masaryk from his bathroom window.
Communist authorities said he committed suicide, though no farewell note was revealed.
Wednesday's weekly supplement of the Communist Party daily Rude Pravo published
what it said is the text of a letter Masaryk, the popular son of a national hero, wrote to the
Soviet dictator March 9, 1948, the day before he died. The Communists had taken over
Czechoslovakia that Feb. 25. In the letter, said to have been found in previously closed
Communist Party archives, Masaryk accused Stalin of setting up a Soviet-style regime
and reneging on promises that the Czechoslovaks had nothing to fear from Moscow. He
said the Soviet dictator was forcing him "to die quietly" rather than live in a country run
by the Kremlin.”

CZE-1935 315 CZE Benes 18/12/1935 05/10/1938

He studied economics at the Universities of Prague and Paris. Lentz mentions that he was
exiled to France, then Great Britain.

CZE-1938-1 315 CZE Szrovy 05/10/1938 01/12/1938

Lentz: Military man, general. Subsequently he served as the minister of defense in
Hacha’s government. After the war he was arrested and charged as a war criminal,

157
sentenced to 20 years imprisonment for his collaboration with the Germans, died in June
1971.

CZE-1938-2 315 CZE Hacha 01/12/1938 13/05/1945

Lentz: Dies in a Prague prison on June 27, 1945, while awaiting trial. He was elected
under pressure from Germany; not traitor. Hacha was imprisoned by Benes.
Emil Hácha is the president, more or less against his own wishes, of the rump state of
Czechoslovakia that survives Hitler’s attack. Hacha comes to power unconstitutionally
even though his predecessor did not lose power unconstitutionally. This coding is due to
Hacha being forced more or less at gunpoint by the Germans to become president. Prague
is liberated 13 May 1945.
NYT, May 15, 1945, p. 8, “Czechoslovak Traitors Caught” rports “The Prague radio said
yesterday that Czechoslovakia authorities had arrested Dr. Emil Hacha …. And many
member of the puppet regime. The broadcast, reported by the Federal Communications
Commission, said the arrests had been carried out “in the last days.””

CZE-1945 315 CZE Benes 13/05/1945 07/06/1948

He has several strokes in 1947. He died three months after he resigned, a natural death:
stroke. Benes, has several strokes in 1947 and dies 3 months after resigning, but we
decided against coding this as leaving office because of natural death. Lentz notes: “ The
Communists in the Czech government, led by Premier Klement Gottwald, demanded that
a Communist dominated government be established in February of 1948. Benes refused
to sign the new Czech constitution and resigned office on 7/6/1948. Three months later,
on 3/9/1948 he died of a stroke.”

CZE-1948 315 CZE Gottwald 07/06/1948 14/03/1953

He died of pneumonia, caught at Stalin's funeral.

CZE-1953 315 CZE Zapotocky 21/03/1953 13/11/1957

CZE-1957 315 CZE Novotny 19/11/1957 05/01/1968

Lentz mentions that Novotny was forced to resign as party leader on Jan 5, 1968,
removed as president March 22, 1968 stripped of party membership later in the year, but
reinstated in the party in 1971. Thus, he was fine after he lost power.

CZE-1968-1 315 CZE Dubcek 05/01/1968 20/08/1968

Arrested by SU and taken to Moscow. Svoboda refused to sign the ratification of the new
Soviet-installed government until Dubcek and his supporters were released, and the
Soviets allowed them to return to Czechoslovakia.

CZE-1968-2 315 CZE Svoboda 20/08/1968 28/08/1968

Ludvik Svoboda, remained in office until ill heath forced him to resign in 1975. He was
forced to ratify the new SU installed gov't.

CZE-1968-3 315 CZE Husak 28/08/1968 17/12/1989

158
He was born on 10 January 1913. He was expelled from the party in 1990, and he died in
Bratislava on November 18, 1991. He was the victim of a Stalinist purge and in jail 1954-
1960. He was the first appointed leader of Communist party of Slovakia, later Elected
General Secretary.

CZE-1989 315 CZE Calfa 17/12/1989 01/07/1992

He was fine after he lost power. See A. Tucker, K. Jakes, M. Kiss, I. Kupcova, et. al.,
“From republican virtue to technology of political power: Three episodes of Czech
nonpolitical politics: in Political Science Quarterly, Fall 2000, Vol. 115, Iss. 3, p. 421 ff.
Calfa was Slovak by birth and apparently applied for Czech nationality before the
country’s split on Jan 1. The Guardian, Oct. 14, 1992, p. NOPGCIT.

CZE-1992 315 CZE Strasky 01/07/1992 31/12/1992

THE CZECH REPUBLIC

CZR-1993 316 CZR Klaus 01/01/1993 17/12/1997

He was born on 19 June 1941. He became the speaker of the Chamber of Deputies for a
four year term in 1998, was elected as second president of the Czech republic in 2003.

CZR-1997 316 CZR Tosovsky 17/12/1997 17/07/1998

He was born on 28 September 1950. He was a technocrat. He returned to his job at the
National bank after handing over power from what was known to have been a transitional
government.

CZR-1998 316 CZR Zeman 17/07/1998 12/07/2002

Zeman was born on 28 September 1944. He studied economics.

CZR-2002 316 CZR Spidla 12/07/2002 26/07/2004

CZR-2004 316 CZR Stanislav Gross 26/07/2004 31/12/2004

Resigned 25 April 2005, anticipating charges of corruption regarding the sale of an
apartment flat in Prague. See Keesing’s Vol. 51, March and also April 2005.

SLOVAKIA

SLO-1993 317 SLO Meciar 01/01/1993 16/03/1994

SLO-1994-1 317 SLO Moravcik 16/03/1994 13/12/1994

SLO-1994-2 317 SLO Meciar 13/12/1994 30/10/1998

SLO-1998 317 SLO Dzurinda 30/10/1998 31/12/2004

159
Dzurinda becomes PM again after the election of 20-21 September 2002, even though
Meciar’s HZDS was the biggest party. But EU, NATO, and the USA had threatened
Slovakia with isolation if Mecira became Minister President.

ITALY
See http://it.encarta.msn.com for Italian leaders.

ITA-1873 325 ITA Minghetti 10/08/1873 18/03/1876

He was born in Bologna, and he died in 1886.

ITA-1876 325 ITA Depretis 25/03/1876 11/03/1878.

ITA-1878-1 325 ITA Cairoli 23/03/1878 09/12/1878

He intercepted an assassination attempt on king Humbert on November 17, 1878. He was
wounded in the attempt to block the assassin’s knife. See The Washington Post, Mar. 6,
1910, p.E4. See also NYT, Jan. 11, 1879, p. 5 for the coding of the variable lost as 1 for
him. He was the eldest of the famous Cairoli brothers.

ITA-1878-2 325 ITA Depretis 18/12/1878 03/07/1879

ITA-1879 325 ITA Cairoli 12/07/1879 14/05/1881

He lost office after the Treaty of Bardo between France and Tunisia. (see
it.encareta.msn.com.)

ITA-1881 325 ITA Depretis 28/05/1881 29/07/1887

See NYT, July 30, 1887, p.2. Very prominent Free Mason, having been Grand Master in
Italy.

ITA-1887 325 ITA Crispi 08/08/1887 to 31/01/1891

He was a lawyer, and he studied at Palermo. He was from Sicily. According to
Christopher Duggan, History Today, London: Feb 2002, Vol. 52, #2, pp.9-16. “Crispi's
first period as prime minister lasted from 1887 until 1891. For much of that time he
enjoyed overwhelming support in both parliament and in the country, and acted almost
dictatorially. Though he had a clear agenda on the domestic front, his main concern was
with foreign policy. His hope was to involve Italy in a great and successful war. This, he
believed, would prove the making of Italy (a view shared by many - in the military, at
court, in the foreign ministry, and in government, as well as by some of the most
influential writers and intellectuals of the period). Crispi hurriedly signed a secret
military convention with Germany - a country that he admired enormously: had not
Bismarck, Count Moltke and the Prussian king together 'made' Germany with three
carefully orchestrated military campaigns? - and then embarked on a programme of
massive rearmament. He justified this by claiming that a European war could break out at
any moment, such was the level of international tension, and that Italy had to be ready to
defend herself.” The Italian defeat at Adowa in 1896 forced him to resign.

ITA-1891 325 ITA Rudini 09/02/1891 05/05/1892

160
He was born in Palermo, Sicily.

ITA-1892 325 ITA Giolitti 15/05/1892 24/11/1893

Somewhat tainted by the financial scandal involving the Banco Romano, but cleared of
any personal wrongdoing. He was fine after he lost power.

ITA-1893 325 ITA Crispi 10/12/1893 05/03/1896

He loses power because of banking scandals, but in particular the Italian defeat in
Ethiopia at Adowa. Suffers an almost unanimous vote of “political censure” by the Italian
Chamber of Deputies, in connection with the disgraceful Bank of Naples frauds. The
Washington Post, April 11, 1898, p.6. Apparently, he was clearly guilty, but let off, no
prosecution, or impeachment by the Senate.

ITA-1896 325 ITA Rudini 0/03/1896 18/06/1898

Obituary: NYT, August 8, 1908, p.5. Died on 7 Jan, of cancer of the liver.

ITA-1898 325 ITA Pelloux 29/06/1898 18/06/1900

He was a General. For his obituary, see NYT, Oct. 27, 1924, p.19. He was the minister of
War in the Rudini Cabinet of 1897. “His Cabinet ended disastrously …”

ITA-1900 325 ITA Saracco 20/06/1900 06/02/1901

Formerly President of the Senate.

ITA-1901 325 ITA Zanardelli 15/02/1901 21/10/1903

Lentz: He stepped down for reasons of health on October 23, 1903. He died two months
later at his villa in Maderno on December 26, 1903. See also, NYT, December 27, 1903,
p.4. Studied law after fighting in 1848 and 1849, became a barrister. Elected President of
the Chamber of Deputies by unanimous vote in 1892. NYT confirms it was bad health.
He stepped down for health reasons, dies 2 months later.

ITA-1903 325 ITA Giolitti 03/11/1903 04/03/1905.

ITA-1905 325 ITA Fortis 27/03/1905 01/02/1906.

ITA-1906-1 325 ITA Sonnino 08/02/1906 17/05/1906.

ITA-1906-2 325 ITA Giolitti 29/05/1906 02/12/1909.

ITA-1909 325 ITA Sonnino 10/12/1909 21/03/1910.

ITA-1910 325 ITA Luzzati 30/03/1910 20/03/1911

Professor of Political Economy.

ITA-1911 325 ITA Giolitti 27/03/1911 10/03/1914.

ITA-1914 325 ITA Salandra 21/03/1914 12/06/1916.

161
ITA-1916 325 ITA Boselli 17/06/1916 30/10/1917
Defeat at Caporetto leads to his removal (Lentz).

ITA-1917 325 ITA Orlando 30/10/1917 19/06/1919

Lentz: His inability to obtain what he considered Italy’s fruits of victory, including
Fiume, let to Orlando’s resignation on June 19, 1919.

ITA-1919 325 ITA Nitti 23/06/1919 09/06/1920

Lentz: Leading economist. His house is vandalized by the Fascists when they marched on
Rome, in October 1922. He goes into exile in May 1924, first Zurich, then Paris. Arrested
by the Germans in 1943, the next two years he is confined to a small Bavarian village.

ITA-1920 325 ITA Giolitti 16/06/1920 26/06/1921

ITA-1921 325 ITA Bonomi 26/06/1921 25/02/1922

Lentz: subsequently retired from public life. Reemerged in 1942 as a member of the
conspiracy to oust Mussolini. Tried to resign earlier. Asked to form a new government to
replace the one by Facta, but tells the king July 25, 1922 he is unable to form a new
cabinet. See for his obit: NYT, April 20, 1951, p. 29. Son of working class parents. Born
in Mantua. From NYT Taught school “as a means of putting himself through a law
course. … In 1924, also, he made his last political speech denouncing fascism. It was
never necessary to leave Italy but his political disfavor was such that he was obliged to
live in oblivion and poverty on a small pension, from which situation he did not emerge
until called back to head the difficult task of forming a democratic Government under
United Nations supervision while his country was in the process of being liberated from
Nazi bondage.”

ITA-1922-1 325 ITA Facta 25/02/1922 27/10/1922

He was a Lawyer. Facta responds to the Fascists march on Rome in October 1922 with an
appeal to grant the government martial law powers to deal with the uprising. The king
refuses. According to Lentz Facta retires from private life although named to the senate
by Mussolini in 1924. Dies from complications from diabetes November 5, 1930. See
also NYT, November 6, 1930, p. 25. King is reported to have said on the request for
martial law: “You know, as well as I do, that this would mean civil war.”

ITA-1922-2 325 ITA Mussolini 30/10/1922 25/07/1943

Lentz: After ouster 25 July, “arrested by the new government and imprisoned at Campo
Imperatore in the Abruzzi mountains. Rescued by the Germans, and installed as
figurehead leader of the occupied Italian Social Republic (Salo).” Captured and shot to
death on April 28, 1945, more than a year after ousted.

ITA-1943 325 ITA Badoglio 28/07/1943 04/06/1944

He was a field Marshal. Resigned in the midst of Italy’s disastrous campaign in Greece,
Dec. 4, 1940. Obituary, NYT, Nov. 1, 1956, p.39. For his association with Mussolini,
nevertheless his prestige was so great “that no action was taken against him other than to

162
deprive him of his title of Senator for life. On Jan. 30, 1945, it was announced that his
name headed the list of war criminals submitted by Emperor Haile Selassie, but no action
was taken against him.”

ITA-1944 325 ITA Bonomi 09/06/1944 20/06/1945.

ITA-1945-1 325 ITA Parri 20/06/1945 26/11/1945.

ITA-1945-2 325 ITA de Gasperi 10/12/1945 28/07/1953.

ITA-1953 325 ITA Pella 15/08/1953 06/01/1954

He had a doctorate in economics. Lentz: During his time in office, Italy become involved
in a dispute with Yugoslavia concerning the occupation of Trieste.

ITA-1954-1 325 ITA Fanfani 18/01/1954 31/01/1954.

ITA-1954-2 325 ITA Scelba 09/02/1954 22/06/1955.

ITA-1955 325 ITA Segni 06/07/1955 06/05/1957.

ITA-1957 325 ITA Zoli 19/05/1957 19/06/1958.

ITA-1958 325 ITA Fanfani 02/07/1958 26/01/1959.

ITA-1959 325 ITA Segni 15/02/1959 24/02/1960.

ITA-1960-1 325 ITA Tambroni 25/03/1960 19/07/1960.

ITA-1960-2 325 ITA Fanfani 26/07/1960 16/05/1963.

ITA-1963-1 325 ITA Leone 21/06/1963 05/11/1963.

ITA-1963-2 325 ITA Moro 05/12/1963 05/06/1968.

ITA-1968-1 325 ITA Leone 25/06/1968 19/11/1968.

ITA-1968-2 325 ITA Rumor 13/12/1968 06/07/1970.

ITA-1970 325 ITA Colombo 06/08/1970 15/01/1972.

ITA-1972 325 ITA Andreotti 18/02/1972 12/06/1973.

ITA-1973 325 ITA Rumor 08/07/1973 23/11/1974.

ITA-1974 325 ITA Moro 23/11/1974 30/07/1976

163
He was kidnapped by Brigate Rosso terrorists while en route to the Parliament on March
16, 1978, and was executed by the terrorists.

ITA-1976 325 ITA Andreotti 30/07/1976 05/08/1979.

ITA-1979 325 ITA Cossiga 05/08/1979 18/10/1980.

ITA-1980 325 ITA Forlani 18/10/1980 26/05/1981

Lentz: History professor. Investigated on charges of corruption involving a state road
building contract in April 1993.

ITA-1981 325 ITA Spadolini 28/06/1981 30/11/1982.

ITA-1982 325 ITA Fanfani 30/11/1982 04/08/1983.

ITA-1983 325 ITA Craxi 04/08/1983 18/04/1987

He was born on 24 February 1934, in Milan. Dies in exile at age 65, since his conviction
for corruption. See NYT, Jan 20, 2000, p. B. 14. In 1994 Mr. Craxi fled to his summer
home in Tunisia to escape certain arrest. Convicted of graft and corruption in five
separate trials, he was declared a fugitive from justice by a Milan court in 1995, and an
international arrest warrant was issued for him. Philip Willan, in the Guardian,
(Manchester UK), Jan 20, 2000, p. 24. University drop out, son of a Sicilian lawyer.

ITA-1987-1 325 ITA Fanfani 18/04/1987 29/07/1987.

ITA-1987-2 325 ITA Goria 29/07/1987 13/04/1988.

ITA-1988 325 ITA Mita 13/04/1988 12/07/1989

ITA-1989 325 ITA Andreotti 23/07/1989 28/06/1992

He was under investigation in April 1993 on charges of financial corruption and alleged
links to the Mafia. See also, The Washington Post, May 5, 2003, p.A.13

ITA-1992 325 ITA Amato 28/06/1992 29/04/1993

ITA-1993 325 ITA Ciampi 29/04/1993 11/05/1994

ITA-1994 325 ITA Berlusconi 11/05/1994 17/01/1995

Faces charges of corruption, at least since 2000. Cleared of all charges December 2004.

ITA-1995 325 ITA Dini 17/01/1995 to 18/05/1996.

ITA-1996 325 ITA Prodi 18/05/1996 21/10/1998.

ITA-1998 325 ITA D'Alema 21/10/1998 26/04/2000.

164
ITA-2000 325 IT Amato 26/04/2000 11/06/2001.

ITA-2001 325 ITA Berlusconi 11/06/2001 31/12/2004

He faces charges of corruption, at least since 2000. Cleared of all charges December
2004.

MALTA

MLT-1962 338 MLT Olivier 05/03/1962 21/06/1971.

MLT-1971 338 MLT Mintoff 21/06/1971 22/12/1984.

MLT-1984 338 MLT Bonnic 22/12/1984 12/05/1987.

MLT-1987 338 MLT Adami 12/05/1987 28/10/1996.

MLT-1996 338 MLT Sant 28/10/1996 06/09/1998.

MLT-1998 338 MLT Adami 06/09/1998 31/12/2004

ALBANIA

ALB-1912 339 ALB Ismail Qemali Bej 29/11/1912 22/01/1914

Ismail Qemali heads Albanian provisional government at Vlore. He was forced to step
aside, and was sent to exile in Italy

ALB-1914-1 339 ALB Fevzi Bej 22/01/1914 21/02/1914

Information on him is missing. Thus, variables manner, lost and post tenure fate all are
coded -666.

ALB-1914-2 339 ALB Wilhelm zu Wied 21/02/1914 03/09/1914

On Wilhelm zu Wied’s willingness to fight the Greeks, see The Washington Post, April
5, 1914, p.15. He went to voluntary exile in Germany.

ALB-1914-3 339 ALB Esat Pashe Toptani. 05/10/1914 24/02/1916

Esat Pahsa Toptani, lost political power in 1916. He was removed from office by Italians.
Exile, joins the Serbs in the war.

ALB-1918 339 ALB Turkhan Pasha 28/12/1918 27/03/1920

Pasha was a puppet of – and installed by – the Italians, so variable entry into power is
coded as 2. He retired to Rome after he lost power.

ALB-1920-1 339 ALB Delvina 27/03/1920 20/11/1920

Delvina became minister of foreign affairs in the Bishop Noli Cabinet, 1924. The
Washington Post, June 18, 1924, p. 4. Lentz: Accused of participation in a revolt against
Zogu in November 1926, pardoned in September 1927.

165
ALB-1920-2 339 ALB Vrioni 11/12/1920 17/10/1921

ALB-1921-1 339 ALB Evangeli 17/10/1921 07/12/1921

Evangeli later became Premier under King Zog, March 1930. NYT Mar. 7, 1930, p.5.

ALB-1921-2 339 ALB Prishtina 07/12/1921 11/12/1921

Prishtina was forced to resign. He apparently was murdered in 1933. Prishtina left
Albania when King Zog came to power. “he came to Saloniki, where he carried on
violent propaganda against Zog. Last August, Dischelo fired several revolver shots,
killing him.” NYT, February 25, 1934, p.17. Lentz: led an unsuccessful insurrection
against the government of Ahmed Zogu in 1923.

ALB-1921-3 339 ALB Idomeni Kosturis 11/12/1921 24/12/1921

Idomeni Kosturis: Information on his post tenure fate is truly missing.

ALB-1921-4 339 ALB Djafer Ypi 11/12/1921 24/12/1921

Djafer Ypi, Chief of the provisional government which turned Albania over to Italy in
April, 1939. When he comes to Rome to present the crown of Albania to Italy’s king he
is killed by an aerial bomb. NYT, Dec. 17, 1940, p. 4. For his resignation, see The
Washington Post, Jan. 22, 1922, p.7.Lentz: subsequently appointed to the Council of
Regency. Left country in June 1924.

ALB-1922 339 ALB Zogu 03/12/1922 03/03/1924

NYT, Jan 10, 1924 reports “Premier Ahmed ZOgu suffered a severe defeat in the
elections just held in Albania. He will resign when the new Chamber meets.” See for his
exile, first fleeing to Serbia, NYT, June 15, 1924, p. E5 “Harvard Man Head of New
Republic.” (This contains a nice brief history of Albania.) He was the nephew of Esat.
The Washington Post, Feb. 24, 1924, p.1 reports an assassination attempt on February 23.

ALB-1924-1 339 ALB Verlaci. 05/03/1924 01/06/1924

The Washington Post, March 6, 1924, p. 3 reports: “Tirana, Albania, March 5.—The
Albanian ministry has fallen. It has been replaced by a ministry presided over by Shefket
Verlazi, with a program of economic reform and political amnesty.” For his exit, and
Vrioni’s entry, see Chcago Daily Tribune, June 2, 1924, p. 11 “Albania Revolt.” Which
reports that “Gvernment forces numbering about 3,000 are gathered, under the leadership
of Amet Zogu, determined to stem the nationalist advance.” Lentz notes he resigns to
lead the Albanian army.
Verlaci was exiled.

ALB-1924-2 339 ALB Vrioni. 01/06/1924 10/06/1924

The Washington Post, June 4, 1924, p. 1 reports “Avlona, Albania, June 3—North and
south Albania have broken off relations with Tirana where the government has been
taken over by former Foreign Minister Vrioni, ….” Vrioni may have been figurehead for
Zogu? NYT, June 15, 1924, p. E5 “Harvard Man Head of New Republic.” Reports that
Tirana fell Jnue 10th.

166
ALB-1924-3 339 ALB Fan S. Noli 12/06/1924 24/12/1924
For his entry, see NYT, June 15, 1924, p. E5 “Harvard Man Head of New Republic.”
Bishop Fan S. Noli, head of the Albanian Orthodox Greek Church. Harvard educated.
Exiled.

ALB-1924-4 339 ALB Vrioni 24/12/1924 10/01/1925

Ilias Bej Vrioni was sent to exile after he lost power. Poor health forces him to resign.
After him, Ahmet Zogu was elected.

ALB-1925 339 ALB Zogu 10/01/1925 12/04/1939

Zogu, exile, Greece, England.

ALB-1944 339 ALB Hoxha 29/11/1944 11/04/1985

ALB-1985 339 ALB Alia 13/04/1985 03/04/1992

Alia was a Muslim. See it.encarta.msn.com, accused of corruption and violations of
human rights, condemned to nine years jail, finds shelter (=exile) in 1996 in Switzerland.
Keesing’s Vol. 38, 1992, September, Europe, Albania: “Albania’s last communist leader
Ramiz Alia, who had resigned as President in April after his election defeat by Sali
Berisha, was placed under house arrest on Sept. 12 and was held under armed guard at his
daughter’s house in Tirana, the capital. He was said to have been charged with misusing
state funds and with abuse of power.” Keesing’s Vol. 39, 1993, August, Europe, Albania:
“Former President Remiz Alia, previously under house arrest in connection with charges
of abuse of power, was reportedly moved to prison on Aug. 19.”

ALB-1992 339 ALB Berisha 09/04/1992 24/07/1997

Berisha was born on 15 October 1945. Medical doctor, cardiologist. Italian Encarta says
that his proposal to modify the constitution toward presidentialism fails a popular
referendum. Stripped of his immunity from prosecution for an alleged coup attempt, path
cleared for his arrest. Chicago Sun-Times, September 19, 1998, p.15, also Financial
Times, September 19, 1998, International Section, p.4. For his OK fate, see NYT,
September 21, 1998, Section A, p. 4, column 5. See Rulers.org. Tries to hold on to
power, uses army. After lots of int'l pressure steps down one month after elections.

ALB-1997 339 ALB Fatos Nano 24/07/1997 02/10/1998

Fatos Nano’s offices ransacked mid September 1998 during an attempted coup. See The
Guardian, (London), September 29, 1998, p.14. Also, of Sept. 17, 1998, p. 15, where
Berisha is accused of the coup. Studied political science and economics, interrupted his
academic career in 1981. Switch to Parliamentary Gov't.

ALB-1998 339 ALB Majko 02/10/1998 29/10/1999

See NYT, October 26, 1999, p.A6.

ALB-1999 339 ALB Meta 29/10/1999 22/02/2002

Meta was an Economics graduate and amateur weightlifter, deputy PM under Majko.

167
ALB-2002-1 339 ALB Majko 22/02/2002 31/07/2002

ALB-2002-2 339 ALB Fatos Nano 31/07/2002 31/12/2004

SERBIA

SER-1882 340 SER Milan I 06/03/1882 06/03/1889

Milan I was born on August 10, 1834. He abdicates. Leaves, returns, leaves, returns, the
Regents clearly want him gone. For later pressures for his exile, see Chicago Daily, April
15, 1893, p. 5. Also: Chicago Daily Tribune, August 10, 1890, p. 32 & The Washington
Post, Sept. 29, 1899, p. 6. Serbian Independence 6/3, so no const. Abdicates.

SER-1889 340 SER Ristic (Regency) 06/03/1889 13/04/1893

Ristic: Obituary, NYT, September 5, 1899, p. 7. Also known as Jean Ristitch. Studied at
Berlin and Heidelberg. NYT, reports: “Being in the confidence of King Milan, he was
made one of the three Regents to whom were confided the destinies of Servia during the
minority of his son, but his lost his influence to some extent, and when Alexander
accomplished the coup d’état of April 13, 1893, he was arrested at the banquet at which
that Prince proclaimed his majority.” See also, Chicago Daily Tribune, April 18, 1893,
p.5 where ex-Regents Ristich and Rehmarkovitch are accused of having misappropriate
funds. NYT, April 16, 1893, p.8, records that “The Regents were to be liberated to-night,
and the ex-Ministers have also been set at liberty, King Alexander being satisfied that
there is no occasion for detaining them, as everything is peaceful, and there is no
resistance to the authority of the young king.” See also NYT, April 16, 1893, p.1

SER-1893 340 SER Alexander I 13/04/1893 11/06/1903

For his unconstitutional entry, see NYT, April 16, 1893, p.1, and especially, Chicago
Daily, April 15, 1893, p.5. He was murdered. Alexander I should not be coded as leader
when he becomes king, he’s only 13 then. After Alexander is murdered Peter I gained
power, supposedly he appoints his son Alexander, Born 16/12/1888 becomes regent on
24/6/1914 because of Dad’s poor health?

SER-1903 340 SER Peter I 15/06/1903 24/06/1914

Elected King. Peter I was in exile in February 1916. LA Times, February 18, 1916, p.11.
For his transfer of power, see Chicago Daily Tribune, June 25, 1914, p.7. Appoints son as
regent because of poor health. Goes with son in Exile.

SER-1914 340 SER Alexander 24/06/1914 01/10/1915

Alexander of course “returns” to power as King of Yugoslavia. Exile in Corfu, with his
dad.

MONTENEGRO

MNG-1860 341 MNG Nikola I Petrovic-Njegos 13/08/1860 17/01/1917

Montenegro Independent only in the 1870s. Nikola I Petrovic-Njegos, exiled in Italy.

168
MACEDONIA
de.encarta.com, also highlights Macedonia’s parliamentary regime. See heading under
Crvenkovski. Also see : http://www.macedonian-heritage.gr/FYROM_bios.html
Macedonia is a parliamentary democracy, hence the PM is coded as leader.

MAC-1991 343 MAC Nikola Kljusev 27/01/1991 17/08/1992

Nikola Kljusev is defense minister in 1999. See NYT, May 7, 1999, A14. See for the fall
of the regime, San Francisco Chronicle, July 8, 1992, p.A8. Doctorate in Economics. See
Macedonian-heritage. Independence 18 Sept 1991.

MAC-1992 343 MAC Crvenkovski 17/08/1992 30/11/1998

Crvenkovski was born on 12 October 1962. Gligorov is the real power, initially.
Crvenkovski is his protégé.

MAC-1998 343 MAC Georgievski 30/11/1998 01/11/2002

Georgievski was born on 17 January 1966.

MAC-2002 343 MAC Crvenkovski 01/11/2002 12/05/2004

MAC-1998 343 MAC Radmila Sekerinska 12/05/2004 02/06/2004

Female. She was born in 10 July 1972. Was Deputy PM and is again Deputy PM in both
the Kostov and Buckovski cabinets. Has a degree in Electrical Engineering.

MAC-1998 343 MAC Hari Kostov 02/06/2004 18/11/2004

Hari Kostov was born on 13 November 1959.

MAC-1998 343 MAC Radmila Sekerinska 18/11/2004 17/12/2004

Female. She is Minister Without Portfolio in Buchkovski Cabinet and Deputy PM.

MAC-1998 343 MAC Vlado Buckovski 17/12/2004 31/12/2004

Vlado Buckovski was born on 2 December 1962.

CROATIA
CRO-1990 344 CRO Tudjman 30/05/1990 26/11/1999
Tudjman dies 10/12/1999.

CRO-1999 344 CRO Pavletic 26/11/1999 02/02/2000

Pavletic was Acting President.

CRO-2000 344 CRO Tomcic 02/02/2000 18/02/2000

Tomcic was Acting President.

CRO-2000-2 344 CRO Mesic 18/02/2000 31/12/2004

169
YUGOSLAVIA
YUG-1918 345 YUG Alexander 01/12/1918 09/10/1934
Alexander had been ruler of Serbia. Murdered by a Croatian terrorist.

YUG-1934 345 YUG Prince Paul 09/10/1934 27/03/1941

Prince Paul was exiled, interned by the British.

YUG-1941 345 YUG Peter II 27/03/1941 20/04/1941

Peter II: Exile Great Britain

YUG-1945 345 YUG Tito 06/03/1945 04/05/1980

YUG-1980-1 345 YUG Kolisevski 04/05/1980 15/05/1980

Kolisevski. Keesing’s Vol. 26 (1980), September, Yugoslavia. Macedonian
representative.

YUG-1980-2 345 YUG Mijatovic 15/05/1980 15/05/1981

Mijatovic. Keesing’s Vol. 26 (1980), September, Yugoslavia.

YUG-1981 345 YUG Kraigher 15/05/1981 16/05/1982

See Keesing’s Vol. 28 (1982), July, Yugoslavia.

YUG-1982 345 YUG Stambolic 16/05/1982 13/05/1983

Stambolic: Keesing’s Vol. 34 (1988), February

YUG-1983 345 YUG Spiljac 13/05/1983 15/05/1984

Spiljac: Keesing’s Vol. 32 (1986), September.

YUG-1984 345 YUG Djuranovic 15/05/1984 15/05/1985

Djuranovic. See, Keesing’s Vol. 35 (1989), January.

YUG-1985 345 YUG Vlajkovic 15/05/1985 15/05/1986

Vlajkovic. See Keesing’s Vol. 32 (1986) September.

YUG-1986 345 YUG Hasani 15/05/1986 15/05/1987

YUG-1987 345 YUG Mojsov 15/05/1987 15/05/1988

Mojsov. See Keesing’s Vol. 32 (1986), September.

YUG-1988 345 YUG Dizarevic 15/05/1988 15/05/1989

YUG-1989 345 YUG Milosevic 15/05/1989 07/10/2000

Imprisoned in Den Haag (The Hague for you non-Dutch).

YUG-2000 345 YUG Kostunica 08/10/2000 31/12/2004

170
BOSNIA
Note: Bosnia and Herzegovina's (BiH) has a three-member presidency for an eight-month
rotating chairmanship.

BOS-1990 346 BOS Izetbegovic 20/12/1990 13/10/1998

Izetbegovic was born on 8 August 1925. See Keesing’s Vol. 47 (2002), October.
Izetbegovic steps down as leader of the (Muslim) Party of Democratic Action October
13, 2001 because of poor health and old age.

BOS-1998 346 BOS Radisic13/10/1998 15/06/1999

BOS-1999 346 BOS Jelavic 15/06/1999 14/02/2000

Jelavic. For his post tenure fate see, Keesing’s Vol. 47 (2001), March. Jelavic dismissed
by Bosnian High Representative Wolfgang Petritsch.

BOS-2000-1 346 BOS Izetbegovic 14/02/2000 14/10/2000

Izetbegovic; for his post tenure fate see , Keesing's Vol. 47 (2002), October. Izetbegovic
steps down as leader of the (Muslim) Party of Democratic Action October 13, 2001
because of poor health and old age.

BOS-2000-2 346 BOS Radisic 14/10/2000 14/06/2001

Radisic. For his post tenure fate see, Keesing’s Vol. 48 (2002), July.
Collective Presidency, consists of Belkic, Radisic, and Krizanovic. See Lexis-Nexis BBC
Worldwide Monitoring, 18 October, 2002.

BOS-2001 346 BOS Krizanovic 14/06/2001 14/02/2002

Krizanovic. For his post tenure fate see Keesing’s Vol. 48 (2002) July.
Collective Presidency, consists of Belkic, Radisic, and Krizanovic. See Lexis-Nexis BBC
Worldwide Monitoring, 18 October, 2002.

BOS-2002-1 346 BOS Belkic 14/02/2002 28/10/2002

Collective Presidency, consists of Belkic, Radisic, and Krizanovic. See Lexis-Nexis BBC
Worldwide Monitoring, 18 October, 2002.

BOS-2002-2 346 BOS Sarovic 28/10/2002 02/04/2003

Keesing’s Vol. 49, April, 2003. Sarovic resigns “after being implicated in a scandal
involving the state owned Orao aviation company, which had violated a UN arms
embargo by selling military equipment to Iraq.” Graduated from the Sarajevo’s
University Department of Law.
Though deposed by Paddy Ashdown (High Representative), his fate is OK. See Lexis
Nexis, BBC Monitoring International reports, April, 28, 2004.

BOS-2003-1 346 BOS Borislav Paravac 10/04/2003 27/06/2003

Borislav Paravac was born in 1943.

171
BOS-2003-2 346 BOS Dragan Covic 27/06/2003 28/02/2004
Dragan Covic was born in 1956. Croat member of Bosnia-Herzegovina’s Presidency.

BOS-2004-1 346 BOS SulejmanTihic 28/02/2004 28/10/2004

Sulejman Tihic was born in 1951

BOS-2004-2 346 BOS Paravac 28/10/2004 31/12/2004

Bosniac Paravac was in power during 28 Oct 2004 - 28 Jun 2005.

SLOVENIA

SLV-1990 349 SLV Kucan 22/04/1990 23/12/1991

For post tenure fate see Keesing’s Vol. 38 (1992), December.

SLV-1991 349 SLV Peterle 3/12/1991 14/05/1992

See, Keesing’s Vol. 39 (1993), January.

SLV-1992 349 SLV Drnovsek 14/05/1992 03/05/2000

See Keesing’s Vol. 48 (2002), December.

SLV-2000-1 349 SLV Bajuk 03/05/2000 17/11/2000

Bajuk was born on 18 October, 1943. Spent most of his life abroad. Finance minister in
2004. See rulers.org.

SLV-2000-2 349 SLV Drnovsek 17/11/2000 11/12/2002

See, Keesing’s Vol. 48 (2002), December.

SLV-2002 349 SLV Anton Rop 11/12/2002 09/11/2004

Anton Rop was born on 27 December 1960.

SLV-2000-2 349 SLV Janes Jansa 09/11/2004 31/12/2004

Jansa was born on 17 September 1958. See www.rulers.org.

GREECE

GRC-1863 350 GRC George I 30/03/1863 18/03/1913

George I was assassinated by a Greek.

GRC-1913 350 GRC Konstantinos I 18/03/1913 12/06/1917

Konstantinos I was exiled in Switzerland.

GRC-1917 350 GRC Venizelos 27/06/1917 18/11/1920

Venizelos was born on August 23, 1864. The Atlanta Constitution, Nov. 19, 1920, p.1,
p.6, column 5: Venizelos goes into exile, secretly, to Nice, where his son is. See also, The

172
Atlanta Constitution, Jan. 13, 1921, p.5. Later goes to London. For Obituaries, see
Chicago Daily Tribune, March 18, 1936, p.1

GRC-1920-1 350 GRC Rallis 18/11/1920 11/12/1920

Lentz: Failing health forced his resignation on February 6,1921. Rallis died August 19,
1921. Steps down PM 6/2/1921. Dies in Athens 19/8/1921.

GRC-1920-2 350 GRC Konstantinos I 11/12/1920 27/09/1922

Konstantinos I was exiled in Palermo, Sicily. Dies of heart disease 11/1/1923.

GRC-1922-1 350 GRC Plastiras 27/09/1922 27/11/1922

Plastiras was a Colonel. See Chicago Daily Tribune, Dec. 3, 1922, pg.1. Also, NYT, Nov.
4, 1923, p.S6. See also LA Times, Jun. 8, 1924, p.I11. Coup leader, steps down for his
co-coup leader Gonatas.

GRC-1922-2 350 GRC Gonatas 27/11/1922 24/01/1924

Gonatas was born on 15 August, 1875. Colonel. See also LA Times, Jun. 8, 1924, p.I11.
For his obituary, see NYT, March 30, 1966, p.45. Jailed for four months by the Nazi
occupation.

GRC-1924-1 350 GRC Venizelos 24/01/1924 19/02/1924

Lentz claims he steps down due to poor health. Chicago Daily Tribune, March 18, 1936,
p.1 writes: “A plebiscite on April 13, 1924, established the Greek republic. Venizelos
resigned the premiership in June due to ill health. For four years he recuperated in various
countries of Europe.” Apparently he had a heart attack “while engaged in a heated
legislative debate, four physicians gave the verdict that he must rest, and in June, 1924,
he resigned.” From The Washington Post, March 19, 1936, pp.1 & 16 column 1. For his
resignation on February 4, 1924, also on account of ill health, see NYT, March 19, 1936,
p.12. The newspapers insist he spent time recuperating abroad, but that looks
suspiciously like self-imposed exile. Since the papers are unanimous, however, we code
him as not punished. He voluntary resigns.

GRC-1924-2 350 GRC Kaphantaris 19/02/1924 12/03/1924

Lentz: Exiled several times during Metaxas’ rule. NYT, July 19, 1926, p.1. “Former
Premiers Kafandaries, Papanastasion and Michalakopoulos have been arrested in
connection with the discovery of a plot to overthrow the Government and take the life of
President Pangalos. They are being transported to the Island of Naxos.”

GRC-1924-3 350 GRC Papanastasiou 12/03/1924 24/07/1924

.See NYT, July 27, 1924, p. XX7. Lentz: arrested in 1926, but released after two months,
later that same year arrested again. NYT, July 19, 1926, p.1. “Former Premiers
Kafandaries, Papanastasion and Michalakopoulos have been arrested in connection with
the discovery of a plot to overthrow the Government and take the life of President
Pangalos. They are being transported to the Island of Naxos.” He was forced to resign,
accused of Communist sympathies. Trial threatened but cancelled.

173
GRC-1924-4 350 GRC Sophoulis 24/07/1924 07/10/1924
Lentz: arrested by the Nazis and put in the Haidari concentration camp. Archaeologist.

GRC-1924-5 350 GRC Michalakopoulos 07/10/1924 26/06/1925

Returns to office as foreign minister in 1926. NYT, July 19, 1926, p.1. Dateline: Athens,
Greece, July 18. “Former Premiers Kafandaries, Papanastasion and Michalakopoulos
have been arrested in connection with the discovery of a plot to overthrow the
Government and take the life of President Pangalos. They are being transported to the
Island of Naxos.” Hence, he is jailed more than one year after losing office (to be precise,
1 year and 3 weeks +) … So, coded as not punished. See also CSM, October 19, 1926,
p.6 where he is free and addresses his party. He is banished for sedition by Metaxas in
1938, See The Washington Post, Feb. 11, 1938, p. X5. For his obituary, see NYT, March
28, 1938, p. 15. He was educated at the University of Athens, in law and practiced law
for several years. Confirms he was exiled, but allowed home due to ill health.

GRC-1925 350 GRC Pangalos 26/06/1925 22/08/1926

For the coup, CSM, Jan 27, 1925, p.14. NYT, July 19, 1926, p.1. He bans Plastiras, after
he had allowed Plastiras to return form exile first …. For his fate, see NYT, July 11,
1927, p.2. NYT, October 31, 1930, p.10. Pangalos arrested. Also notes, “Oct. 30 –
General Theodorus Pangalos was arrested at Eleusis tonight. He was deposed as
President in 1926, exile, brought back to Greece for trial on a charge of murder during the
revolution in which he seized control of the government and acquitted.” … He was
imprisoned on a charge of treason two years ago [hence in 1928, HG], freed by Premier
Venizelos and was jailed again when a band of his supporters fired upon Venizelos
adherents. He was acquitted on a charge of manslaughter in connection with that
incident.” Tries to flee, captured. Imprisoned.

GRC-1926-1 350 GRC Kondilis 23/08/1926 04/12/1926

Lentz: Kondolys was arrested and imprisoned for his opposition to the dictatorship of
General Theodoros Pangalos in February 1926. Amnestied two months later. Arrested in
March 1933. For his coup, see also NYT, August 29, 1926, p. XX9

GRC-1926-2 350 GRC Zaimis 04/12/1926 04/07/1928

For his obituary, see NYT, September 16, 1936, p. 25. Dies in exile, in Vienna. His
father, Thasyboulos Zaimis, had been Prime Minister twice. Studied Law at the
University of Athens. Elected President in 1929, reelected president Oct. 19, 1934.
Accepted the Royalist coup of Oct. 10, 1935. “Dispatches from Athens on Oct. 11
recorded that the Greek newspapers stated that Field Marshall Kondylis, leader of the
revolution, visited President Zaimis at his seaside villa at Phalleron, informed him of the
change. Mr. Zaimis left the country, urging all Greeks to “cooperate with the King.”

GRC-1928 350 GRC Venizelos 04/07/1928 26/05/1932

For his loss of office, see NYT, May 22, 1932, p.1. Also NYT, May 24, 1932, p.8 & The
Washington Post, May 27, 1932, p.1.

GRC-1932-1 350 GRC Papanastasiou 26/05/1932 05/06/1932

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For entry, see The Washington Post, May 27, 1932, p.1. Bans Pangalos, NYT, June 2,
1932, p.6. For resignation, CSM, June 6, 1932, p.1.

GRC-1932-2 350 GRC Venizelos 05/06/1932 03/11/1932

For entry CSM, June 6, 1932, p.1. For exit, see The Washington Post, Oct. 31, 1932, p.1.

GRC-1932-3 350 GRC Tsaldaris 04/11/1932 11/01/1933

Tsaldaris had been temporarily imprisoned in 1922. For entry see The Washington Post,
Oct. 31, 1932, p.1. For exit see Lentz. Retires to Crete in 10/1934

GRC-1933-1 350 GRC Venizelos 16/01/1933 06/03/1933

For entry again, NYT, Jan 17, 1933, p. 8. Lentz: charges for complicity in the coup by
Plastiras were considered but never filed. After losing office, in his home in Crete. Revolt
in March 1935, Venizelos announces his support for the rebels, who are defeated, and
Venizelos flees to Rhodes, condemned in absentia to death. He then flees to Paris. When
George II is restored, he rescinds the death sentence. Chicago Daily Tribune, March 18,
1936, pp. 1 & 2, column 5.

GRC-1933-2 350 GRC Plastiras 06/03/1933 10/03/1933

Platsiras is dictator for eighteen hours, but has to flee the country. NYT, March 19, 1936,
p.12. & NYT, March 8, 1933, p.10: Although both General Plastiras and General
Othoneos, who headed the Cabinet of Generals and Admirals set up yesterday, were
friends of former Premier Venizelos, they were personal enemies. While the Othoneos
Cabinet was holding its first session this morning President Zaimis received a telegram
from General Kondylis threatening to march on Athens with 20,000 infantrymen unless
the power was handed over at once to the country’s duly elected representatives. SAY
PLASTIRAS FLED IN PLANE. General Othoneos prepared to yield to M. Tsaldaris,
who demanded the punishment of the authors of the revolt. An order was issued for the
arrest of General Plastiras, but he could not be found. It was rumored he had fled ……
[illegible, HG]. Before the change in government could be effected General Kondylis
arrived in the capital with his armed followers. General Othones immediately yielded. …
M. Tsaldaries [says, HG] “The Othoneos military Cabinet took power with my consent,”
he told his interviewer, “because I believed armed men could better command the
situation. General Kondylis will be a member of my Cabinet.” There was a question here
on who the real leader is : Plastiras or Othonaios. We decided to note Plastiras as the
leader because it seems clear he is the main motor behind the coup. See also CSM, March
7, 1933, p.1 & also Wall Street Journal, March 7, 1933, p. 11 & NYT, March 9, 1933,
p.12 & NYT, March 8, 1933, p.10. See also Lentz.

GRC-1933-3 350 GRC Tsaldaris 10/03/1933 10/10/1935

For his obituary, see NYT, May 17, 1936, p.N8. Dies more than 6 months after leaving
office, so not considered censored. Bloodless coup. Dies of heart attack 17/5/1936.

GRC-1935-1 350 GRC Kondilis 10/10/1935 30/11/1935

Dies a natural death two months after out. For entry, see NYT, October 13, 1935, p.30.
NYT, December 1, 1935, p.35. Says there are rumors he intends to go abroad. Obituary,

175
NYT, Feb 1, 1936, p. 5 & The Washington Post, Feb. 1, 1936, p.1. The latter mentions
that “unconfirmed reports the former had been poisoned by his political enemies were
quickly denied.” Dies of heart attack 31/1/1936

GRC-1935-2 350 GRC Demertzis 30/11/1935 12/04/1936

For his entry, see NYT, December 1, 1935, p.35. He was a law professor, according to
The Washington Post, Dec. 8, 1935, p.SA3. For his obituary, see NYT, April 14, 1936,
p.17.Dies of heat attack.

GRC-1936 350 GRC Metaxas 22/04/1936 29/01/1941

For his entry, see NYT, April 14, 1936, p.17. Which reports: “General Metaxas took the
oath of office this evening. His appointment by the King caused great discontent among
followers of Themistocles Sophoulis, President of the Chamber of Deputies and
Venizelist leader, who demand that the King leave the situation created by the death of
the Premier to Parliament, as provided by the Constitution.”

GRC-1941-1 350 GRC Korizis 29/01/1941 18/04/1941

Korizis committed suicide.

GRC-1941-2 350 GRC Tsouderos 21/04/1941 29/04/1941

Tsouderos, exiled in Egypt.

GRC-1944 350 GRC G. Papandreou 18/10/1944 03/01/1945

Lentz. Law degree at the University of Athens. Sent into exile during Metaxas’
dictatorship. Remains active in government, minister of interior in ’47 and deputy PM
1950-1. Comes back in the sixties. Imprisoned by the Junta in 1967

GRC-1945-1 350 GRC Plastiras 03/01/1945 09/04/1945

See Lentz on his Plastiras’s post tenure fate.

GRC-1945-2 350 GRC Voulgaris 09/04/1945 09/10/1945

Voulgaris was an admiral. Regent while George II in exile. See Lentz.

GRC-1945-3 350 GRC Damaskinos 17/10/1945 01/11/1945

Lentz: Priest. Regent for Constantine II. See also for entry, NYT, Oct. 18, 1945, p.8. Had
also been exiled under Metaxas.

GRC-1945-4 350 GRC Kanellopoulos 01/11/1945 22/11/1945

Lentz: studied Law and Sociology, taught sociology at Athens University. Nothing else to
be found.

GRC-1945-5 350 GRC Sophoulis 22/11/1945 04/04/1946

See Lenz on post tenure fate of this leader.

GRC-1946-1 350 GRC Poulitsas 04/04/1946 18/04/1946

Lentz: Law degree. For entry, see also CSM, April 5, 1946, p.6

176
GRC-1946-2 350 GRC K. Tsaldaris 18/04/1946 22/01/1947
Lentz: Law degree from University of Athens. (Briefly jailed in 1926. Arrested by the
Italians in the 1940s.) Undersecretary in the government of his uncle, Panagis Tsaldaris.
(Thus, related to a previous ruler.) Deputy PM and Foreign Minister in the cabinet. See
Lenz and also CSM, April 5, 1946, p.6 for the post tenure fate of this leader.

GRC-1947-1 350 GRC Maximos 25/01/1947 25/08/1947

NYT, Jan. 25, 1947, p.2 Maximos was former Governor of the Bank of Greece. For
Obituary, see NYT, Oct.17, 1955, p.27. Maximos studied law in Athens and Paris.

GRC-1947-2 350 GRC K. Tsaldaris 29/08/1947 05/09/1947

See Lentz on his post tenure fate.

GRC-1947-3 350 GRC Sophoulis 08/09/1947 24/06/1949

See Lentz on his post tenure fate.

GRC-1949 350 GRC Diomidis 30/06/1949 06/01/1950

Lentz: Degree in economics. Governor of the bank in 1923. Dies 11/11/1950 of a kidney
ailment.

GRC-1950-1 350 GRC Theotokis 06/01/1950 05/03/1950

Lentz: Degree in Agriculture from the University of Vienna.

GRC-1950-2 350 GRC S. Venizelos 23/03/1950 15/04/1950

Lentz: Son of Eleutherio Venizelos. Educated at the Athens Military Academy. Deputy
PM under Plastiras.

GRC-1950-3 350 GRC Plastiras 15/04/1950 21/08/1950

Plastiras is in Chicago in June 1951. Chicago Daily Tribune, 12 June 1951, p.A8.

GRC-1950-4 350 GRC S. Venizelos 21/08/1950 01/11/1951

Caretaker. The Washington Post, Sept. 30, 1951. See also Lentz on his post tenure fate.

GRC-1951 350 GRC Plastiras 01/11/1951 11/10/1952

Lentz mentions that Plastiras was forced to resign due to health. Recovers sufficiently to
run in the election of November 1952. Series of heart attacks in July 1953 and dies July
26, 1953. For his “partial paralysis”, see The Washington Post, March 11, 1952, p.12
“Greek Premier Ill, Partially Paralyzed.” Not much subsequently in the newspapers on his
health. Lentz notes that S. Venizelos takes care of business in the meantime. For entry,
see Lentz & The Washington Post, Sept. 30, 1951. For his obituary, see Chicago Daily
Tribune, July 27, 1953, p. C6. His obit closes his government with S. Venizelos with “He
was beset by illness and suffered a stroke, after which he spent much time abroad for
treatment.” See also The Washington Post, July 27, 1953, p.16 & especially NYT, July
27, 1953, p. 19.

177
GRC-1952-1 350 GRC Kiousopoulos 11/10/1952 19/11/1952
Kiousopoulos was a Caretaker government. NYT, October 11, 1952, p.4.

GRC-1952-2 350 GRC Papagos 19/11/1952 04/10/1955

Papagos was a Field Marshall. Lentz: Arrested in 1941 for his activities in the Resistance,
interned in a concentration camp.

GRC-1955-1 350 GRC Stephanopoulos 04/10/1955 06/10/1955

Lentz, educated in Athens and Paris, Law degree.

GRC-1955-2 350 GRC Karamanlis 06/10/1955 05/03/1958

Karamanlis was educated at the University of Athens, law degree. Returns to office many
times. In 2004, his nephew of the same name – see below – comes to power.

GRC-1958-1 350 GRC Georgakopoulos 05/03/1958 17/05/1958

Lentz: Law degree, military judge. Caretaker government.

GRC-1958-2 350 GRC Karamanlis 17/05/1958 20/09/1961

Karamanlis was exiled in Paris.

GRC-1961-1 350 GRC Dovas 20/09/1961 04/11/1961

Lentz: Attended military school in Athens. Rose to the rank of lieutenant general.
Caretaker government. He accompanied King Constantine into exile in Rome following
the military coup of 1967. Allowed to return to Greece in 1968.

GRC-1961-2 350 GRC Karamanlis 04/11/1961 11/06/1963

Lentz: Karamanlis left Greece for exile in Paris the following month.

GRC-1963-1 350 GRC Pimpernels 17/06/1963 29/09/1963

Lentz: Law degree, educated in Switzerland. After he loses office elected to parliament.
Collaborates later with the military junta.

GRC-1963-2 350 GRC Mavromichalis 29/09/1963 08/11/1963

Lentz: law degree, educated in Greece, Germany, and Switzerland, judge in 1923. After
he loses office becomes president of the Greek Supreme Court until 1968. Interim PM.

GRC-1963-3 350 GRC G. Papandreou 08/11/1963 24/12/1963

See Lentz on his post tenure fate.

GRC-1963-4 350 GRC Paraskevopoulos 31/12/1963 18/02/1964

Lentz: Banker. Caretaker PM.

GRC-1964 350 GRC G. Papandreou 18/02/1964 15/07/1965

Lentz: He resigned from office on July 15, 1965, following a dispute with King
Constantine over the question of control of the armed forces. Papandeou’s party was
again expected to win the elections of 1967, but the government was taken over by the

178
military in April of 1967. Papandreou was arrested by the junta leaders and imprisoned.
He was in poor health at the time and was sent to a military hospital for treatment. He
was released and placed under house arrest until he was granted amnesty in December of
1967. LA Times, 16 July, 1965, p.2 “Pushing Greece into a major crisis, young King
Constantine Thursday swore a new man into office before Premier George Papandreou
could carry out threats to resign. “I said I would resign tomorrow, tomorrow!” cried
Papandreou who had gathered at his home with aides after broadcasting to the Greek
people his decision to step down. The newly named premier is parliament president
George Athanasiades-Novas, a member of Papandreou’s own Center Union Party. “They
can’t do this. This is a coup d'état!” shouted supporters of Papandreou, ….” The king’s
move is apparently unprecedented. See also the Washington Post, July 16, 1965, p. A18.
Riots afterwards by Papandreou’s supporters.

GRC-1965-1 350 GRC Athaniadis-Novas 15/07/1965 05/08/1965

LA Times, 16 July, 1965, p.2 “Pushing Greece into a major crisis, young King
Constantine Thursday swore a new man into office before Premier George Papandreou
could carry out threats to resign. “I said I would resign tomorrow, tomorrow!” cried
Papandreou who had gathered at his home with aides after broadcasting to the Greek
people his decision to step down. The newly named premier is parliament president
George Athanasiades-Novas, a member of Papandreou’s own Center Union Party. “They
can’t do this. This is a coup d’état!” shouted supporters of Papandreou, ….” The king’s
move is apparently unprecedented. See also the Washington Post, July 16, 1965, p. A18.

GRC-1965-2 350 GRC Tsirimokos 20/08/1965 29/08/1965

Trained as a criminal lawyer, 3 years at the University of Paris in sociology, political
science and economics. Practiced criminal law. NYT, August 20, 1965, p.6. “His father
and grandfather had been ministers and speakers of Parliament and one of his brothers
was a deputy.” Lentz.

GRC-1965-3 350 GRC Stephanopoulos 17/09/1965 22/12/1966

Lentz. Also, NYT, 21 December, 1966, pp.1 & 16. Also, The Washington Post, 5 July,
1968, p.A4. Perhaps arrested under the coup, “Early in the day, there were reports of the
arrest of Mr. Papandreou, his son, Andreas, former Premier Stefanos Stephanopoulos,
….” NYT, April 22, 1967, p.1. See also NYT, April 27, 1967, p.5.

GRC-1966 350 GRC Paraskevopoulos 22/12/1966 30/03/1967

NYT, January 4, 1968, p. 8. “Greece’s revolutionary regime today dismissed four leading
bankers from their posts with no explanation. One was Prof. Ioannis Paraskevolpoulos,
governor of the National Bank of Greece, the country’s leading commercial bank.
Dismissed with Professor Paraskevopoulos, who since 1964 has twice been premier of
Greek caretaker cabinets were two deputy governors …” Seems OK for the rest.

GRC-1967-1 350 GRC Kanellopoulos 03/04/1967 21/04/1967

NYT, April 17, 1967, p. 4. Unable to form a government and dissolved Parliament, thus
automatically summoning an election. “After tanks had moved at midnight to strategic
positions, their machine guns ready, military patrols arrested Premier Panayotis

179
Kanellopoulos and most of his ministers at 3 A.M. Mr. Kanellopoulos was said to have
been taken away by force when he put up resistance to arrest by an army patrol under a
captain.” NYT, April 22, 1967, p.1 & 4. Also, LA Times, 19 April, 1968, p.2. See, Lentz.
Caretaker government, arrested then released.

GRC-1967-2 350 GRC Kollias 21/04/1967 13/12/1967

Konstantinos Kollias, becomes a premier after a military coup. After failing in a
countercoup (Dec., 1967), Constantine went into exile. For irregular entry, see NYT, 22
April, 1967, p. 1 & 4. Lentz has Kollias as “vice-prosecutor on the Supreme Counrt from
1946 and Supreme Court prosecutor from 1962.” This is indirectly confirmed by the
Chicago Tribune Jan. 8, 1968, p. 16 “Returns Home.” See also NYT, Jan 8, 1968, p.10.
There is another Constantine Kollias, a Lt. Gen., but he is a different guy and not the
relevant leader. (For Lt. Gen. Kollias, see CMS, July 16, 1968, p. 14 “Greek general
arrested for ’67 coup attempt.”)

GRC-1967-3 350 GRC Papadopoulos 13/12/1967 25/11/1973

Arrested, tried for treason. Life in Prison.

GRC-1973 350 GRC Gizikis 25/11/1973 24/07/1974

Lentz: attended military school. Resigns as president 15 December 1974. For his irregular
entry, see NYT, July 24, 1974, p.1. For his obituary, see NYT, July 30, 1999, p.A17. “In
1976 a military judicial council dropped proceedings against him and 88 other former
officers charged with treason and mutiny for collaborating with the former junta.”

GRC-1974 350 GRC Karamanlis 24/07/1974 09/05/1980

Lentz: becomes president afterwards. For his entry, see The Washington Post, 24 July,
1974, p. A1 & A15. Called home from exile.

GRC-1980 350 GRC Rallis 09/05/1980 21/10/1981

Lentz: His father had served as prime minister in the Nazi-backed government of Greece
under German occupation in WW II. Educated at Athens University.

GRC-1981 350 GRC A. Papandreou 21/10/1981 02/07/1989

Lentz: Son of George Papandreou, former PM. Attended University of Athens Law
School. Attended Columbia and Harvard where he got his Ph.D. Became a US citizen in
1944. Taught economics at various universities. Kept in solitary confinement by the junta
for eight months before released in an amnesty in December of 1967, then exile. Indicted
on corruption charges in September 1989, after his parliamentary immunity was lifted,
but was acquitted of corruption charges in January 1992.

GRC-1989-1 350 GRC Tzannetakis 02/07/1989 11/10/1989

See Lentz on post tenure fate.

GRC-1989-2 350 GRC Grivas 11/10/1989 23/11/1989

Lentz: Served as president of the Greek Supreme Court. Caretaker.

180
GRC-1989-3 350 GRC Zolotas 28/11/1989 10/04/1990
Lentz: Attended University of Athens, the University of Leipzig, the University of Paris.
Taught economics at the University of Athens.

GRC-1990 350 GRC Mitsotakis 11/04/1990 13/10/1993

Born 18 October, 1918. See for his entry: NYT, April 12, 1990, p. A1. But the page
number on the image says page A3. Arrested by the Nazis on several occasions and
survived a death sentence. Arrested by the junta, put under house arrest, escaped, went
into exile. Keesing’s Vol. 40, 1994, September: Indicted by Greek parliament September
15, 1994, on bribery charges. Dismissed from the New Democracy party on 14
September by the party chair. Keesing’s Volume 41, 1995, January. Parliament voted on
January 16, 1995 to drop charges of illegal wiretapping and corruption against
Mitsotakis.

GRC-1993 350 GRC A. Papandreou 13/10/1993 20/11/1995

A. Papandreou , son of George Papandreou, was born on 5 February, 1919. Lives longer
than 6 months after he is out of office thus his post tenure fate is coded ad 0. See NYT,
January 17, 1996, p.A8. He was too ill to continue, his duties are taken over by
Tsokhatzopoulos, while Papandreou is in hospital. Dies June 23, 1996.

GRC-1995 350 GRC Tsokhatzopulos 20/11/1995 22/01/1996

Tsokhatzopulos was Minister of Interior under Papandreou. See NYT, January 17, 1996,
p.A8. Personal communication from Jutta Stroszeck: Now parliamentarian. Currently
under indictment (court case?) for bribery when he was minister of defense.

GRC-1996 350 GRC Simitis 22/01/1996 10/03/2004

GRC-2004 350 GRC Konstantinos Karamanlis 10/03/2004 31/12/2004

Byname: Kostas. Nephew of earlier Konstantinos Karamanlis. (Same name, different
birthdate, this one’s born Sept. 14, 1956, in Athens; the earlier Konstantinos (Georgiou)
Karamanlies was b. March 8 [Feb. 23, O.S.], 1907, Küpköy, Macedonia, Ottoman
Empire [now Proti, Greece] - d. April 22, 1998, Athens, Greece.

CYPRUS
See Lentz and Keesing's for the leaders of Cyprus.

CYP-1960 352 CYP Makarios 16/08/1960 15/07/1974

Makarios fled to a British base after he lost power.

CYP-1974-1 352 CYP Sampson 16/07/1974 23/07/1974

Washington Post, July 24, 1974, p.A16: “In Cyprus, Mr. Sampson meanwhile performed
the single redeeming act of his political career, resigning in favor of Glafcos Clerides, a
Greek Cypriot communal leader respected by the Turkish Cypriot minority. He had little
choice. His patrons in Athens had collapsed and in barely a week his own army had been
defeated and a large Turkish force put ashore. Few politicians have met such complete
failure so quickly.” Christian Science Monitor, July 24, 1974, p. 14, notes:

181
“Simultaneously in Cyprus the discredited coup leader Nikos Sampson has been ousted,
and his pleace as head of state taken by the respected National Assemply president
Glafkos Clerides.” NYT, July 24, 1974, p. 1 & 15 has more on Sampson and his
background. It notes that Sampson resigned and “It had been apparent to political
observers that Mr. Sampson, a terrorist gunman in the struggle against British control
//p.15// in the nineteen-fifties, had been in deep trouble, commanding little support either
from world opinion or among his own people.”
So, on the one hand, “resigned,” on the other hand, the guys who put him in power, “his
patrons in Athens had collapsed.” Resigned looks like a technicality and code his exit as
irregular because he was shored up only by Athens and once they collapsed he was out.
Sampson was arrested and jailed. See also The Alternative Biography Of Nikos Samson.
By E. Antoniou.

CYP-1974-2 352 CYP Clerides 23/07/1974 07/12/1974

See Lenz on post tenure fate of this leader.

CYP-1974-3 352 CYP Makarios 07/12/1974 03/08/1977

CYP-1977 352 CYP Kyprianou 03/08/1977 28/02/1988

Lentz: His 21 year old son was kidnapped by the rightwing EOKA-B 1977, but released.
He had a degree in Law, and was educated in Britain.

CYP-1988 352 CYP Vassiliou 28/02/1988 28/02/1993

Lentz: attended medical school at the University of Geneva, also studied economics at the
University of London.

CYP-1993 352 CYP Clerides 28/02/1993 28/02/2003

Clerides was educated in London, Lawyer. He favored union with Turkish Cyprus. Loses
office 28 February 2003, to Tassos Papadopoulos.

CYP-2003 352 CYP Tassos Papadopoulos 28/02/2003 31/12/2004

Educated in London ?

BULGARIA

BUL-1887 355 BUL Ferdinand I 07/08/1887 03/10/1918

Ferdinand I abdicated, and went to exile in Coburg.

BUL-1918 355 BUL Boris III 03/10/1918 29/08/1943

Son of Ferdinand I of Bulgaria and Maria Luisa of Bourbon-Parma. Boris III; Heart
attack, shot or poisoned. Rumors swell around his demise.

BUL-1943 355 BUL Cyril 29/08/1943 09/09/1944

182
Cyril was in power from 29/08/1943 to 09/09/1944. Regent. Tried and executed on
1/2/1945. Brother of Boris III.

BUL-1944 355 BUL Georgiev 09/09/1944 23/11/1946

Lentz. Attended Military School. Subsequently foreign minister in the Communist
government.

BUL-1946 355 BUL Dimitrov 23/11/1946 02/07/1949

Dimitrov was born in 18 June, 1882. Goes to Russia for treatment April 1949. Dies there.

BUL-1949 355 BUL Kolarov 20/07/1949 23/01/1950

Kolarov was born on 16 July 1877.

BUL-1950 355 BUL Chervenkov 01/02/1950 16/04/1956

Chervenkov was born on 24 August, 1900. Lentz: remained in the government as deputy
PM and minister of education and culture until 1962, when he was expelled from the
party.

BUL-1956 355 BUL Zhivkov 16/04/1956 10/11/1989

Zhivkov was born on 7 September 1911. See also NYT, Nov. 21, 1991, p. A16. Put under
house arrest in January 1990.
Keesing’s Vol. 34, Nov. 1988, notes a failed bid to oust him in July?
Keesing’s Vol. 35, November 1989: “Circumstances of Zhivkov’s removal”
Zhivkov's departure, at a central committee plenum, was officially at his own request, but
it subsequently emerged that Mladenov had tabled a vote on Zhivkov's removal at a
meeting of the politburo on Nov. 9, and that the 10 voting members had apparently
divided six to four in favour. The plenum on Nov. 10 unanimously accepted Zhivkov's
"resignation", and elected Mladenov to succeed him with only one vote against.
Mladenov's decision to move against Zhivkov had allegedly been prompted by his
outrage at the renewal in May 1989 of repressions against Bulgaria's ethnic Turks, more
than 300,000 of whom fled the country between June and August. This loss of over 3 per
cent of the population caused serious disruption to Bulgaria's already shaky economy,
and undermined Mladenov's efforts to restore Bulgaria's international reputation after the
1984-85 campaign against the Turkish minority. According to observers, Zhivkov also
antagonized other members of the leadership, notably Defence Minister Dobri Dzhurov,
by promoting his son Vladimir Zhivkov in July to run the central committee's culture
department, apparently grooming him for the succession. (Zhivkov's daughter Lyudmila
had been seen as a possible successor until her sudden death in 1981- ; 35520).
On Oct. 24 Mladenov had tendered his resignation as Foreign Minister, reportedly
following a quarrel with Zhivkov, but this had been rejected. Days later Mladenov
allegedly stopped off in Moscow en route from a visit to China, and secured backing
from the Soviet leadership for a challenge to Zhivkov. At the politburo meeting on Nov.
9 he was apparently supported by Dzhurov, Prime Minister Georgi Atanasov, Ivan Panev,
and former Zhivkov cohorts Yordan Yotov and Pencho Kubadinski. Zhivkov's
unexpected removal confounded some predictions that Mladenov himself would be
dismissed at the Nov. 10 plenum. BCP hardliners were believed to be angry that

183
Mladenov, by putting forward Sofia as host of the recent CSCE international conference
on environmental protection, had compelled them to show greater tolerance towards
dissident groups, because of the presence of foreign delegations and journalists. On Nov.
3 around 4,000 people took part in a brief pro-democracy demonstration outside the
National Assembly building, as members of the unofficial Eco-Glasnost environmental
group handed in a 11,500-signature pro-conservation petition; this was to date the largest
unofficial demonstration in Bulgaria since the advent of communist rule in 1947.
Zhivkov, 78, had become BCP first secretary in 1954 amid a series of power struggles
and party purges (his title had been changed to general secretary in 1981). Prime Minister
in 1962-71, he then became President of the State Council (de facto head of state). For
over 30 years a loyal adherent to the Soviet line, he found it hard to adjust to the policies
of Mikhail Gorbachev. His economic reform policy of preustroistvo ("restructuring"--
ostensibly akin to the Soviet perestroika) in practice appeared to consist of little more
than frequent and confusing administrative reorganizations; and he continued to suppress
political dissent, within and outside the BCP, despite his regular statements supporting
democratization and glasnost. As recently as Oct. 30 Zhivkov had published a document
(intended as the basis of the report he had been due to give at the Nov. 10 plenum) calling
for preustroistvo to be stepped up and declaring the desirability of political pluralism.”
Note: since a vote was held, we code his removal as regular.
Keesing’s Vol. 35, December 1989, notes that party general secretary Todor Zhivkov is
“ousted.” “The plenum [of the BCP central committee, HG] rescinded the vote of thanks
to Zhivkov made on the occasion of his “resignation” as general secretary on November
10. Mladenov noted that the central committee was responding to pressure by party rank-
and-file members and the Bulgarian public who had "every reason to raise the question of
his great personal guilt and responsibility for the perverted distortions of the past, and for
the situation in which we now find ourselves". Zhivkov was among 26 people stripped of
central committee membership. A three-day central committee plenum beginning on Dec.
11 went further in the repudiation of Zhivkov, expelling him from the BCP along with his
son Vladimir Zhivkov and his former second- in-command Milko Balev. On Dec. 14 the
mandates for Todor and Vladimir Zhivkov to sit as National Assembly deputies were
withdrawn.”

BUL-1989 355 BUL Mladenov 10/11/1989 06/07/1990

Mladenov was born on 22 August, 1936, died on May 31, 2000. Keesing’s Vol. 35,
1989, “Circumstances of Zhivkov’s removal notes: “Mladenov, 53, was born near Vidin
in north-west Bulgaria, the son of a communist underground activist who was killed
while serving in a wartime partisan brigade. Mladenov studied in Sofia and Moscow,
graduating in 1963 from the Moscow State Institute of International Relations. He joined
the BCP in 1964, and held senior posts in the Dimitrov Young Communist League prior
to his appointment in 1969 as BCP district first secretary in Vidin. He was elected a
member of the party central committee in 1971, a candidate politburo member in July
1977 and a full politburo member in December 1977. He was appointed Foreign Minister
in December 1971.”
Keesing's, Volume 46 (2000) June, reports that “he was forced to resign in July 1990
after the publication of videotaped comments which had made during public

184
demonstrations in December 1989, which were interpreted as advocating the violent
suppression of the protests.” See also NYT, June 12, 2000, p. B6. “Hard-line Communist
rule in Bulgaria did not collapse because of street demonstrations, as it had in Romania,
Czechoslovakia and East Germany. Rather, it fell in a coup when reform-minded
Communist leaders, including Mr. Mladenov, seized control of the government.”
Graduate from military school, later graduated from the Moscow State Institute for
International Relations.

BUL-1990-1 355 BUL Lukanov 06/07/1990 07/12/1990

Lukanov was born on 26 September, 1938. Lentz: arrested on July 9, 1992, and charged
with misappropriating state funds. See also NYT, July 10, 1992, p.A10. Killed,
assassinated October 2, 1996, by two Ukrainians and a Bulgarian businessman
(Keesing’s, Vol. 49, 2004, November, see also Vol. 47, 2001, November on links
between the killers and PM Videnov). Keesing’s Vol. 38, 1992, July. Keesing’s Vol. 37,
1991, September reports “Lukanov resigned from the party’s presidium at the end of
August and left for London in early September. (According to some opposition-inspired
reports he had fled the country and was in hiding, while according to others he was
merely on a business trip.” Punishment occurs more than one year after ousted. Arrested
on 9/7/1992. Murdered in 1996.

BUL-1990-2 355 BUL Popov 07/12/1990 08/11/1991

Popov was a politically independent judge. NYT, Dec. 8, 1990, p.3.

BUL-1991 355 BUL Dimitrov 08/11/1991 30/12/1992

Dimitrov was born on 31 March 1955. See Rulers.org on Dimitrov.

BUL-1992 355 BUL Berov 30/12/1992 17/10/1994

BUL-1994 355 BUL Indzhova 17/10/1994 25/01/1995

Indzhova is a Female, interim.

BUL-1995 355 BUL Videnov 25/01/1995 13/02/1997

BUL-1997-1 355 BUL Sofiyanski 13/02/1997 21/05/1997

Interim PM.

BUL-1997-2 355 BUL Kostov 21/05/1997 21/07/2001

Kostov was born on 23 December 1949.

BUL-2001 355 BUL Saksgoburggotski 24/07/2001 31/12/2004

Former king Simeon II – when he was only 6 years old. Still in office in 2005.Born on 16
June 1937. Oldest son of King Boris III

MOLDOVA
MLD-1990 359 MLD Snegur 03/09/1990 15/01/1997
See, de.encarta. msn on Snegur. He was born on 17 January 1940.

185
MLD-1997 359 MLD Lucinschi 15/01/1997 07/04/2001
Lucinschi was born on 27 January 1940. Rulers.org: “Moldova’s presidency became an
increasingly ceremonial post as lawmakers seeking to weaken Lucinschi’s authority
stripped the presidency of power. Encyclopedia Britannica: “A turning point in
Moldova’s post-Soviet history was marked on July 5, 2000, when an overwhelming
majority in Parliament passed an amendment to the 1994 constitution transforming the
country from a semi presidential into a parliamentary regime. … Lucinschi vetoed the
law and continued to press for a nationwide referendum to decide which system was
preferred but to no avail.” See also de.encarta. msn. So it looks like the system becomes
parliamentary. But in the press, at least, the next President Voronin seems to play a
significant role.

MLD-2001-1 359 MLD Tarlev 07/04/2001 31/12/2004

RUMANIA
RUM-1866 360 RUM Carol I 22/05/1866 10/10/1914
Carol I died of heart failure.

RUM-1914 360 RUM Ferdinand I 11/10/1914 21/07/1927

He was the son of Prince Leopold of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, a brother of Prince
Carol, who became King Carol I. Ferdinand was adopted as crown prince of Romania in
1889 by his uncle, whose only child had died. . Ferdinand I was a Nephew of Carol I.
Died of cancer. In 1925 his eldest son, the playboy crown prince Carol, renounced his
rights to the throne, and Ferdinand was succeeded by his young grandson, Prince Mihai.

RUM-1927 360 RUM Nicholas 21/07/1927 08/06/1930

Lentz: Prince Nicholas, head of the regency council. de.encarta.msn: uncle of Michael.
Hence brother of Carol II. Goes to visit Hungary. NYT, Dec. 10,1931, p.23. LA Times,
October 27, 1932, p.1 “Conspiracy to Remove Carol Seen. A plot to oust King Carol and
to restore Crown Prince Michael to the throne in Rumania under a regency is charged in
official circles here as s result of the sudden return of Princess Helen and the
announcement that Prince Nicholas will return tomorrow from his long exile in Paris.”
See also LA Times, Sept. 11, 1938, p.G3. Reports that King Carol has summoned his
exiled brother home.

RUM-1930 360 RUM Carol II 08/06/1930 06/09/1940

Carol II was born on 15 October, 1893. Had been in exile in Paris. Exile in Spain. Eldest
son of Ferdinand I, brother of Nicholas, Father of Michael.

RUM-1940 360 RUM Antonescu 06/09/1940 23/08/1944

Antonescu was turned over to Soviet Union.

RUM-1944 360 RUM Michael 23/08/1944 30/12/1947

Michael was sent to exile in Great Britain. Son of Carol II, grandson of Ferdinand I.

186
RUM-1947 360 RUM Georghiu-Dej 30/12/1947 19/03/1965
Georghiu-Dej died of pneumonia.

RUM-1965 360 RUM Ceausescu 22/03/1965 25/12/1989

Ceausescu was executed.

RUM-1989 360 RUM Roman 26/12/1989 01/10/1991

RUM-1991 360 RUM Stolojan 01/10/1991 04/11/1992

See Keesing’s on post tenure fate of this leader.

RUM-1992 360 RUM Vacariou 04/11/1992 12/12/1996

RUM-1996 360 RUM Ciorbea 12/12/1996 30/03/1998

Ciorbea was born on 26 October, 1954. See, Lentz, also rulers.org entry on Ciorbea.

RUM-1998-1 360 RUM Dejeu 30/03/1998 15/04/1998

Dejeu was Interim PM. See Keesing’s on his post tenure fate. As Keesing’s mentions: he
becomes Interior Minister.

RUM-1998-2 360 RUM Vasile 15/04/1998 14/12/1999

RUM-1999-1 360 RUM Athanasiu 14/12/1999 22/12/1999

Athanasiu was Interim PM.

RUM-1999-2 360 RUM Isarescu 22/12/1999 28/12/2000

RUM-2000 360 RUM A. Nastase 28/12/2000 21/12/200

Nastase loses office on 21 December 2004.

RUM-2004-1 360 RUM Eugen Bejinariu 21 Dec 2004 - 29 Dec 2004

interim

RUM-2004-2 360 RUM Traian Basescu 29/12/2004 31/12/2004

RUSSIA
RUS-1855 365 RUS Alexander II 02/03/1855 13/03/1881
Alexander II was killed by a bomb thrown by a revolutionary.

RUS-1881 365 RUS Alexander III 13/03/1881 01/11/1894

RUS-1894 365 RUS Nicholas II 01/11/1894 06/11/1917

Nicholas II was imprisoned and executed.

187
RUS-1917 365 RUS Lenin 07/11/1917 10/03/1923
Lenin died of a major stroke on 21/1/1924.

RUS-1923 365 RUS Stalin 10/03/1923 05/03/1953

RUS-1953-1 365 RUS Malenkov 06/03/1953 20/03/1953

For his obituary, see NYT, February 2, 1988.

RUS-1953-2 365 RUS Khrushchev 20/03/1953 15/10/1964

RUS-1964 365 RUS Brezhnev 15/10/1964 10/11/1982

RUS-1982 365 RUS Andropov 10/11/1982 09/02/1984

RUS-1984 365 RUS Chernenko 13/02/1984 10/03/1985

RUS-1985 365 RUS Gorbachev 11/03/1985 21/08/1991

Gorbachev faced a coup, but he was ok.

RUS-1991 365 RUS Yeltsin 21/08/1991 31/12/1999

RUS-2000 365 RUS Putin 01/01/2000 31/12/2004

ESTONIA
See Lentz, Parming and Keesing’s on Estonian leaders. Parming has somewhat different
dates of entry and exit for Pats 25 January 1921 to Pats 21 October 1933. Most of these
are explained by what Parming calls the “Duration of Cabinet Crisis After Resignation”
where we count the `lame duck’ leader as still effective leader. See Parming, pp.14—15.

EST-1918 366 EST Pats 24/02/1918 08/05/1919

EST-1919-1 366 EST Strandman 19/05/1919 13/11/1919

EST-1919-2 366 EST Tonisson 13/11/1919 27/10/1920

EST-1920 366 EST Piip 27/10/1920 04/01/1921

See NYT, Nov. 5, 1936, p.20

EST-1921 366 EST Pats 25/01/1921 23/10/1922

Parming has exit at 24 October.

EST-1922 366 EST Kukk 23/10/1922 02/08/1923

See NYT, Nov. 5, 1936, p.20. Parming has entry at 21 November, exit 8 June.

EST-1923 366 EST Pats 02/08/1923 28/03/1924

Parming has exit 10 March.

188
EST-1924-1 366 EST Akel 28/03/1924 10/12/1924
Parming has entry 26 March, exit 2 December.

EST-1924-2 366 EST Jaakson 17/12/1924 16/12/1925

Parming has 16 December – 25 November.

EST-1925 366 EST Teemant 16/12/1925 22/02/1927

Parming has 15 December 1925 – 22 June 1926, and again 23 July 1926 – 22 February
1927. See NYT, Nov. 5, 1936, p.20.

EST-1927-1 366 EST Uluots 22/02/1927 22/11/1927

Parming Does not list Uluots, but instead again Teemant, 4 March 1937 – 22 November
1927. During the Second World War, Uluots was in exile in Stockholm.

EST-1927-2 366 EST Tonisson 10/12/1927 19/11/1928

Parming lists 9 December – 13 November. See also NYT, Nov. 5, 1936, p.20.

EST-1928 366 EST Rei 19/11/1928 03/07/1929

Parming has 4 December – 2 July. Rei was in exile in Stockholm in the second world
war.

EST-1929 366 EST Strandman 10/07/1929 03/02/1931

Parming lists 9 July – 3 February.

EST-1931 366 EST Pats 12/02/1931 29/01/1932

Parming lists 12 February – 29 January.

EST-1932-1 366 EST Teemant 18/02/1932 20/06/1932

Parming lists 19 February – 20 June. See NYT, Nov. 5, 1936, p.20.

EST-1932-2 366 EST Einbund 19/07/1932 30/10/1932

Parming lists 19 July – 3 October.

EST-1932-3 366 EST Pats 01/11/1932 26/04/1933

Parming lists 1 November – 26 April.

EST-1933-1 366 EST Tonisson 17/05/1933 17/10/1933

Parming lists 18 May – 17 October. See NYT, Nov. 5, 1936, p.20.

EST-1933-2 366 EST Pats 21/10/1933 23/07/1940

Exit date: Rulers.org and CSM, July 24, 1940, p.5. Lentz: deported to the Soviet Union.

EST-1940 366 EST Vares 23/07/1940 25/08/1940

Both Lentz and Chicago Daily Tribune, June 23, 1940, p.8, have JUNE as the date of the
coup. But Vares takes over executive power only on 24 July, CSM, July 24, 1940, p.5,

189
“Vares Directed to take Päts’ Estonian Post.” See also Rulers.org. Lentz: studied
medicine and was a doctor and leading poet. “He was chosen to head a puppet
government under the control of the Soviet Union on June 21, 1940. He presided over
elections that resulted in the incorporation of Estonia into the Union of Soviet Socialist
Republics on August 6, 1940. He subsequently served as the president of the Presidium
of the Supreme Soviet of the Estonian SSR until his death in Tallin on November 29,
1946.”
Johannes Vares "Barbarus", resigns as acting President and Prime Minister of the
Republic of Estonia – The Chamber of Deputies adopts a new constitution establishing
the Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic and proclaims itself the Supreme Soviet of the
Estonian SSR and names Vares head of the Presidium. Apparently shot himself, through
the heart, which was reported as death due to natural causes, specifically, “heart failure,”
rather than follow Stalin’s orders to deport 40,000 Estonians. Chicago Daily Tribune,
Sept. 28, 1948, p1.

EST-1991 366 EST Savisaar 06/09/1991 23/01/1992

. Charges were filed against Savisaar in 1996 for eavesdropping and wiretapping he
supposedly had done for the 1995 election. See Keesing’s Vol. 42, 1996, May.

EST-1992-1 366 EST Vahi 30/01/1992 08/10/1992

See Keesing’s on Vahi’s post tenure fate.

EST-1992-2 366 EST Laar 28/10/1992 08/11/1994

EST-1994 366 EST Tarand 08/11/1994 17/04/1995

EST-1995 366 EST Vahi 17/04/1995 17/03/1997

See Keesing’s on post tenure fate.

EST-1997 366 EST Siimann 17/03/1997 25/03/1999

Siimann was born on 21 September, 1946. See, de.encarta.msn. Studied Psychology and
Philology.

EST-1999 366 EST Laar 25/03/1999 28/01/2002

EST-2002 366 EST Kallas 28/01/2002 10/04/2003

EST-2003 366 EST Parts 10/04/2003 31/12/2004

LATVIA
LAT-1918 367 LAT Ulmanis 17/11/1918 21/04/1919
Lentz: leading agricultural expert. Studied and taught agriculture at the University of
Nebraska. NYT, Nov. 19, 1928, p. 18.

LAT-1919-1 367 LAT Oskars Borkovskis 21/04/1919 26/04/1919

Oskars Borkovskis: No information can be found on him, all is missing.

190
LAT-1919-2 367 LAT Andrievs Niedra 26/04/1919 28/06/1919
Andrievs Niedra: Not much information can be found on him.

LAT-1919-3 367 LAT Ulmanis 14/07/1919 17/06/1921

LAT-1921 367 LAT Meierovics 17/06/1921 31/01/1923

Lentz: economics professor.

LAT-1923-1 367 LAT Pauluks 31/01/1923 27/06/1923

Pauluks: No information can be found on him.

LAT-1923-2 367 LAT Meierovics 28/06/1923 26/01/1924

Lentz: dies on August 23, 1925. In an automotive accident. See NYT, Nov. 18, 1928, p.
E1.

LAT-1924-1 367 LAT Zamuelis 27/01/1924 18/12/192

No information can be found on his post tenure fate. Lentz: lawyer.

LAT-1924-2 367 LAT Celmins 19/12/1924 25/12/1925

Lentz: deported to the Soviet Union in 1941.

LAT-1925 367 LAT Ulmanis 25/12/1925 06/05/1926

See NYT, Nov. 18, 1928, p. E1 for the coding of his post tenure fate.

LAT-1926-1 367 LAT Alberings 07/05/1926 17/12/1926

For the coding of his post tenure fate see NYT, 23 December, 1928, p.43, which reports
he became new minister of Agriculture in Celmins cabinet.

LAT-1926-2 367 LAT Skujenieks 17/12/1926 21/01/1928

For the coding of his post tenure fate see Lentz.

LAT-1928-1 367 LAT Juresevskis 21/01/1928 13/11/1928

Gives an interview in the Chicago Daily Tribune, Jun, 2, 1928, p.7. No subsequent info
on him.

LAT-1928-2 367 LAT Celmins 01/12/1928 03/03/1931

See Lentz on the coding of his post tenure fate. Lentz: deported to the Soviet Union in
1941.

LAT-1931-1 367 LAT Ulmanis 24/03/1931 04/11/1931

See on Olmanis and his entry this time: NYT, March 26, 1931, p.25.

LAT-1931-2 367 LAT Skujenieks 04/12/1931 03/02/1933

See Chicago Daily Tribune, August 6, 1933, p.15 for the coding of his post tenure fate.

191
LAT-1933 367 LAT Blodnieks 25/03/1933 02/03/1934
Lentz: fled the Nazi occupation. Headed a non-Socialist minister of the Center and Right.
Hence, not so likely to have been arrested by Ulmanis’ coup. See next entry.

LAT-1934 367 LAT Ulmanis 16/03/1934 22/06/1940

Lentz: [Ulmanis] and General Janis Balodis led a coup d’état on 15 May, 1934, with
Ulmanis remaining as prime minister and Minister of foreign affairs. See also NYT, May
17, 1934, p.2, and especially NYT, Jun 3, 1934, p.E3, which reports that Ulmanis “taking
advantage of Clause 62 of the Latvian Constitution, proclaimed a state of emergency
existed and proceeded to govern without the Legislature. Martial law was declared for
several days and more than a hundred political arrests were made, the prisoners including
most of the Socialist members of the disbanded Saeima and various Nazi agents. ”
Deported to Soviet Union.

LAT-1990 367 LAT Godmanis 03/05/1990 03/08/1993

See Rulers.org for his post tenure fate.

LAT-1993 367 LAT Birkavs 03/08/1993 19/09/1994

After he lost power he becomes foreign minister. See rulers.org. Both he and Skele
accused of involvement in a paedophilia scandal, both cases were closed in August 2000.
Keesing’s Vol. 46, 2000, August, see also February.

LAT-1994 367 LAT Gailis 19/09/1994 21/12/1995

See Keesing’s for the coding of his post tenure fate.

LAT-1995 367 LAT Skele 21/12/1995 07/08/1997

Accused of involvement in a paedophilia scandal, both cases were closed in August 2000.
For the coding of post tenure fate see Keesing’s Vol. 46, 2000, August, see also February.

LAT-1997 367 LAT Krasts 07/08/1997 26/11/1998

Born, 16 October 1957. Studied economics, and was an academic at the Institute for
Agricultural Science in Riga. Becomes Europarlementarian in May 2004.Thus post
tenure fate is coded as zero, meaning that he was fine after he lost power.

LAT-1998 367 LAT Kristopans 26/11/1998 16/07/1999

Kristopans was born on 13 June 1954. Studied Architecture, also was a successful
basketball player.

LAT-1999 367 LAT Skele 16/07/1999 05/05/2000

Born on 16 January 1958. Studied at the Agricultural academy and initially made an
academic career since 1981. Accused of involvement in a paedophilia scandal, both cases
were closed in August 2000. For his post tenure fate see Keesing’s Vol. 46, 2000,
August, see also February.

LAT-2000 367 LAT Berzins 05/05/2000 07/11/2002

192
Berzins was born on 4 August, 1951. Studied at the Faculty for History and Philosophy.
(de. Encarta.msn.) Remained chairman of Latvia’s Way until May 17, 2003. Keesing’s
Vol. 49, 2003, May for the coding of his post tenure fate.

LAT-2002 367 LAT Repse 07/11/2002 09/03/2004

Repse was born on 9 December 1961.

LAT-2004-1 367 LAT Indulis Emsis 09/03/2004 02/12/2004

Indulis Epsis, born 2 January, 1952,

LAT-2004-2 367 LAT Aigars Kalvitis 02/12/2004 31/12/2004

LITHUANIA
LIT-1917 368 LIT Smetona 18/09/1917 09/07/1918
Educated at the University of Moscow. See The Washington Post, April 13, 1919, p.16.
on this leader.

LIT-1918-1 368 LIT Mindaugas II 09/07/1918 02/11/1918

Mindaugas was the first king of Lithuania in 13th century. Not much information can be
found on Mindaugas II .

LIT-1918-2 368 LIT Smetona 02/11/1918 15/05/1920

Lentz notes: “chosen as the first president of independent Lithuania on April 4, 1919.”

LIT-1920 368 LIT Stulginskis 15/05/1920 06/06/1926

Become president of the Diet. See CSM, December 20, 1926, p.1.

LIT-1926-1 368 LIT Grinius 06/06/1926 19/12/1926

Kazys Grinius. See NYT, December 19, 1926, p.3. Also Lentz notes: goes into exile in
the Soviet Union during WW II, dies in Chicago, June 4, 1950. For his obituary, see
Chicago Daily Tribune, June 5, 1950, p. C7. The obituary claims he was deported to
Germany. Also that he practiced medicine after his removal in 1926. On December 17,
1926 he was forced to resign from his post as President and returned to old duties in the
municipal administration. On Smetona's entry, and the overthrow of the Lithuanian
parliament in December 1926, see CSM, May 18, 1927. p.20.

LIT-1926-2 368 LIT Smetona 19/12/1926 16/06/1940

See Chicago Daily Tribune, Dec. 19, 1926, p. 6. Lentz notes: exile in the US. Thus, his
post tenure fate is coded to indicate that he was exiled. On Smetona's entry, and the
overthrow of the Lithuanian parliament in December 1926, see CSM, May 18, 1927.
p.20.

LIT-1990 368 LIT Landsbergis 11/03/1990 25/11/1992

See www.rulers.org.

LIT-1992 368 LIT Brazauskas 25/11/1992 25/02/1998

193
LIT-1998 368 LIT Adamkus 26/02/1998 25/02/2003
Emigrated during WWII to the US. Becomes president again after Paksas is impeached.
Next is Paksas, who is impeached in April, but acquitted by a court in Vilnius of
revealing state secrets to Russian-born businessman Yuri Borisov—one of the charges on
which he had been impeached. Keesing’s Vol. 50, 2004, October. But the public
prosecutor lodged an appeal on Nov. 12. See for his impeachment also, Keesing’s vol.
50, 2004, April.

LIT-2003 368 LIT Paksas 26/02/2003 06/04/2004

Is impeached. See Keesing’s Vol. 50 April, 2004. For leaking secrets, and shady
dealings. Tried to run again in the new elections of June 13, 2004, but on May 4, 2004, an
amendment to Lithuania’s Election law was adopted, which prohibits an impeached
person from running for president. See Keesing’s Vol. 50 May 2004.
Keesing’s Vol. 50 November 2004: “The public prosecutor on Nov. 12 lodged an appeal
against the acquittal on Oct. 25 of ex-President Rolandas Paksas on a charge of revealing
state secrets to Russian-born businessman Yuri Borisov by tipping him off that he was
being bugged by the State Security Department [see p. 46277].”
Keesing’s Vol. 51, March 2005: “An appeals court on March 1 overturned the acquittal
by a lower court in October 2004 of former President Rolandas Paksas on a charge of
revealing state secrets to Russian-born businessman Yuri Borisov [see pp. 46328;
46277]. However, the court decided not to impose any penalty on Paksas because he was
no longer a state official.”

LIT-2004-1 368 LIT Paulauskas 06/04/2004 12/07/2004

For his constitutional entry, see Keesing’s Vol. 50 April, 2004.

LIT-2004-2 368 LIT Adamkus 12/07/2004 31/12/2004

UKRAINE
UKR-1990 369 UKR Kravchuk 18/07/1990 19/07/1994
Born on 10 January 1934. See, Keesing’s, Rulers.org: he remained a deputy of the
Supreme Council.

UKR-1994 369 UKR Kuchma 19/07/1994 31/12/2004

Born on 9 August, 1938. In until 23 January 2005.

BELARUS
BLR-1991 370 BLR Shushkevich 18/09/1991 26/01/1994
Born 15 December, 1934. Physicist.

BLR-1994-1 370 BLR Kuznyatsu 26/01/1994 28/01/1994

Independent research by a econ Ph.D. student at U of R from Belarus confirms his post
tenure fate is OK.

BLR-1994-2 370 BLR Hryb 28/01/1994 20/07/1994

194
BLR-1994-3 370 BLR Lukashenko 20/07/1994 31/12/2004
Born on 30 August, 1954. See,
http://de.encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_721538990/Lukaschenko_Alexander_Grigorjew
itsch.html.

ARMENIA
ARM-1991 371 ARM Ter-Petrosyan 16/10/1991 03/02/1998
Born on 9 January, 1945. Studies history at the State University Eriwan in Armenia and
Orientalism in Leningrad. See de.encarta.msn. Nothing to be found on him after 1997.
Encylcopedia says he signs a peace treaty for Nagorno –Karabach that required major
compromises from Armenia. Personal communication from Ronald Suny (U Chicago)
May 4, 2005: “on Ter Petrosian, he is alive and well in Armenia. After the "constitutional
coup d'etat" of early 1998, he was given a nice house on a hill, treated with respect,
though somewhat isolated, and is still living and well in Erevan. Indeed, I just had a
chance to meet and talk with him briefly last week in Erevan. Every once and a while
there is speculation that he might re-enter politics, but he has quashed such rumors,
instead is learning English and working on his archive. On Mamedov, I have no
information.”

ARM-1998 371 ARM Kocharian 04/02/1998 31/12/2004

GEORGIA
GRG-1991 372 GRG Gamsakhurdia 12/04/1991 06/01/1992
Born, 31 March 1939. Lentz: “After a period of civil unrest, he was deposed by a military
council led by Tengiz Sigua on January 6, 1992. Followers of Gamsakhurdia attempted a
coup on June 24, 1992, but they were crushed by the Georgian security forces.
Gamsakhurdia led rebel forces in an office on Tbilisi in September 1993, but after several
weeks of fighting he was forced to retreat. He reportedly shot himself to death on
December 31, 1993, when he was surrounded in Western Georgia.” Rulers.org: “He
escaped with members of his government first to Armenia (Jan. 6-15, 1992) and then to
Chechnya, until he was able to move to Zugdidi, western Georgia, on Sept. 24, 1993.”
Coup by Sigua(PM). Fights in countryside. Suicide 31/12/1993?

GRG-1992-1 372 GRG Ioseliani 06/01/1992 10/03/1992

Born on 10 July, 1926, died on 4 March 2003. Rulers.org lists Ioseliani as co-leader of
the Military Council. “… in 1995, Ioseliani, who was also a member of parliament, was
arrested for allegedly organizing a car bomb attack against Shevardnadze in August that
year. He was charged with treason and plotting the killings of several Georgian political
leaders, and sentenced in 1998 to 11 years in prison. Ioseliani's criminal career went back
to Soviet times, when he served time in prison for assault and robbery. In all, he spent
more than 20 years behind bars.”
Keesing’s Vol. 49, 2003, March notes: “Dzhaba Iosseliani, leader of the notorious former
paramilitary organisation Mkhedrioni (Horsemen), died on March 4, aged 76.

195
Together with National Guard commander Tengiz Kitovani, Iosseliani had deposed
President Zviad Gamsakhurdia in January 1992 and taken over the running of the country
[see p. 38731]. Iosseliani and Kitovani invited former Soviet Foreign Minister
Shevardnadze to return to his native Georgia in March 1993 [see pp. 38826-27], setting in
motion a power struggle that ended with Iosseliani’s arrest in November 1995, shortly
after his election to the legislature. Iosseliani was sentenced in November 1998 to 11
years’ imprisonment on charges of involvement in an attempt on the life of President
Shevardnadze in August 1995 [see p. 40693]. He was released under an amnesty in early
2000.”

GRG-1992-2 372 GRG Shevardnadze 10/03/1992 23/11/2003

Born on 25 January 1928. Resigns, but under pressure of an opposition revolt. Georgian
opposition apparently pledges that he will retire with respect, so his forced exit is
perceived as a legitimate transfer of power. See for an interview: ProQuest, BBC
Monitoring Former Soviet Union, London, Nov. 26, 2003, p.1: “Ex-president “will not
interfere” in new Georgian personnel policy.” Also BBC Monitoring Former Soviet
Union. London: Dec 1, 2003. pg. 1 “Georgian ex-president: "coup", Ajaria, Russia,
USA” See also BBC Monitoring Former Soviet Union. London: Feb 5, 2004. pg. 1.
“Moscow daily suggests arrest threat aimed to make Shevardnadze quit Georgia”
Assassination attempts in 1995 and 1998.

GRG-2003 372 GRG Burdjanadze 23/11/2003 25/1/2004

Female. The terms of the Georgian constitution automatically made her the acting
president when Shevardnadze resigned on November 23.

GRG-2004 372 GRG Saakashvili 25/1/2004 31/12/2004

AZERBAIJAN

AZE-1991 373 AZE Mutalibov 08/09/1991 06/03/1992

Exile in Russia.

AZE-1992-1 373 AZE Mamedov 06/03/1992 14/05/1992

Personal communication with Ronal Suny (U Chicago), 4 May 2005: “On Mamedov, I
have no information.”

AZE-1992-2 373 AZE Mutalibov 14/05/1992 18/05/1992

For his exit see CSM, May 18, 1992, p.1 & p.4: “Azeri nationalists Promise Election”
which notes: “The nationalist Popular Front on Friday ousted President Avaz Mutalibov
in a relatively bloodless revolt.” Exile in Russia. Health clinic in Moscow.

AZE-1992-3 373 AZE Gambarov 19/05/1992 16/6/1992

For his irregular entry, see CSM, May 18, 1992, p.1 & p. 4. He is a leader of the Popular
Front, and elected Acting Parliament Chairman. The Popular Front aims for presidential
elections June 7, with Elchibey as its candidate. See CSM, May 26, 1992, p. 1 & 4.

196
Keesing’s Vol. 39, August 1993 notes: “Popular Front chair ISa Gambarov, who on Aug.
9 had begun a hunger striked in protest at his arrest, was released from prison on Aug. 17.
Gambarov was told that he would nevertheless face charges.” Keesing’s Vol. 39, July
1993, notes that Gambarov had been areested on 16 July, who had resigned as Chair of
the Supreme Soviet on June 13. hence more than one year after he lost office.

AZE-1992-3 373 AZE Abulfaz Elchibey 19/06/1992 18/06/1993

Also leader of the Popular Front (as was Gambarov). Internal exile. Born on June, 1938.
Died on Aug. 22, 2000 in Ankara, Turkey.

AZE-1993 373 AZE Hyedar Aliyev 24/06/1993 04/08/2003

Rulers.org: “In June 1993 he was invited to Baku to attend talks in the parliament of the
now independent Azerbaijan on the crisis brought about by the actions of rebel army
commander Suret Huseynov and his troops. Pres. Abulfez Elchibey offered Aliyev the
post of prime minister but Aliyev turned it down. Instead he was elected parliament
speaker. When Elchibey left Baku as rebel troops advanced on the capital later that
month, Aliyev assumed the powers of president. A presidential election on October 3,
with Aliyev capturing 98.8% of the vote, legitimized his position. He won reelection in a
1998 poll which was harshly criticized as unfair, although most observers said he would
have won anyway if he had chosen to play fair. He collapsed during a speech in April
2003 and was hospitalized since July 8. He then prepared his son Ilham to succeed him.”
Died in Cleveland Ohio on December 12, 2003. (see Rulers.org.) NYT, Aug. 7, 2003, p.
A 8 reports he leaves a Turkish hospitcal for treatment at the Cleveland Clinic in Ohio.
NYT, July 9, 2003, p. A. 6 reports Aliyev flew to Turkey for medical treatment.

AZE-2003 373 AZE Ilhma Aliyev 04/08/2003 31/12/2004

From Rulers.org. Son of Heydar Aliev. Born December 24, 1961. “He is elected prime
minister on August 4, 2003 and as such would take over as president if his father died.
Two days later he took a leave from his new post because the election code of Azerbaijan
prohibits a serving prime minister from running for president. On October 2 his father
withdrew his candidacy, admitting that his ongoing health problems would prevent him
from fulfilling his duties, and endorsed Ilham, who went on to win a large majority in the
election, which the opposition claimed was rigged.”
See also NYT, October 27, 2003, p. A 22 and for him being elected PM, see LA Times,
Aug. 5, 2003, p. A.3. From LA. Times, Sept. 7, 2003, p. A 3.
“After Ilham Aliyev's appointment by his father as prime minister in early August,
President Bush sent a message of congratulations in which he said Washington looked
forward to cooperating with him in building democratic institutions. The letter was
treated in Azerbaijan as a show of support for the younger Aliyev. …. The appointment
of his son as prime minister makes him the political heir in two ways: If the president
dies in office, the prime minister automatically becomes interim president. If the elder
Aliyev is too ill to run in October, the son will be the standard- bearer for the ruling elite.
…. Since his appointment as prime minister, the younger Aliyev has stressed his
experience in the oil industry, where he was vice president of the state oil company.”

197
FINLAND

FIN-1917 375 FIN Svinhufud 27/11/1917 12/12/1918

Had a law degree from the University of Helsinki. For his obituary, see NYT, March 1.,
1944, p. 19

FIN-1918 375 FIN Mannerheim 12/12/1918 30/06/1919

Lentz: educated at the Nikolaev Cavalry School and Joined the Russian cavalry as a
second lieutenant.

FIN-1919 375 FIN Stahlberg 25/07/1919 28/02/1925

Lentz: educated as a lawyer + later law professor. Abducted (with his wife) in October in
what was believed to be part of a right-wing plot; the coupe were released safely the
following day.

FIN-1925 375 FIN Relander 01/03/1925 28/02/1931

FIN-1931 375 FIN Svinhufud 01/03/1931 28/02/1937

FIN-1937 375 FIN Kallio 01/03/1937 28/11/1940

Lentz: “Kallio’s health failed, and he announced his resignation on November 28, 1940.
… Kallio was preparing to depart Helsinki by train to his country home in Nivala when
he was stricken with a heart attack. He collapsed and died in the arms of Marshal Carl
Gustav Mannerheim on the evening of December 19, 1940.”

FIN-1940 375 FIN Ryti 19/12/1940 01/08/1944

Lentz: Arrested and charged with war crimes by a special people’s court in 1945.
Sentenced to ten years; released after five years for reasons of health.

FIN-1944 375 FIN Mannerheim 04/08/1944 04/03/1946

Mannerheim retires in 1946 to Sweden & Switzerland for health reasons. He dies on
27/1/1951. See Lentz. Christian Science Monitor (1908-Current file); Nov 19, 1945;
ProQuest Historical Newspapers Christian Science Monitor pg. 16. "Mannerheim's Trip
Described as `Flight.' Stockholm, Nov. 19 (AP) --
The Helsinki Correspondent of the newspaper Morgontidningens said the journey of
President Mannerheim from Finland to Portugal was considered a "flight" and that there
was no longer any doubt Finland soon would hold a presidential election. President
Mannerheim's trip officially was described a having been undertaken for his health. It
took place a few days before the opening of the Finnish war crimes trial, now in
adjournment until Dec. 10."

FIN-1946 375 FIN Paasikivi 09/03/1946 29/02/1956

Completes term. Dies after long illness 14/12/1956. For Obituary, see The Washington
Post and Times Herald, Dec. 18, 1956, p. B2. See also NYT, Dec. 15, 1956, p. 24.
Doctorate in Law.

198
FIN-1956 375 FIN Kekkonen 01/03/1956 11/09/1981
After the First World War he moved to Helsinki, where studied law at Helsinki
University, and worked at the Ministry of Agriculture before entering parliament. In 1936
he completed his doctoral dissertation. http://urho-kekkonen.biography.ms/: “In
September [1981], Kekkonen left for sick leave, and in October he resigned.” There is no
public report about his illness. He dies in 1986. Lentz: “He suffered from poor health and
resigned from office on September 11, 1981. He retired to his home in Tamminiemi,
where he died from a circulatory disorder in his brain at the age of 85 on August 31,
1986.”

FIN-1981 375 FIN Koivisto 11/09/1981 01/03/1994

FIN-1994 375 FIN Marthi Ahtisaari 01/03/1994 01/03/2000

FIN-2000 375 FIN Halonen 01/03/1994 01/03/2000

Female.

SWEDEN
Additional source:
Irene Scobbie, Historical dictionary of Sweden, European Historical Dictionaries, Noo. 7.
Metuchen, N. J. : The Scarecrow Press, Inc., 1995.
Also: http://members01.chello.se/dier/index.htm

SWD-1872 380 SWD Oscar II 18/09/1872 20/03/1876

Boston Daily, March 21, 1881, p. 1 notes him on his deathbed, but he dies 8 December
1907.

SWD-1876 380 SWD de Geer af Finspång 20/03/1876 19/04/1880

Scobbie: studied law

SWD-1880 380 SWD Posse 19/04/1880 13/06/1883

SWD-1883 380 SWD Thyselius 13/06/1883 16/05/1884

http://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Johan_Thyselius
Studied at Uppsala University. Died 11 January 1891

SWD-1884 380 SWD Themptander 16/05/1884 06/02/1888

http://members01.chello.se/dier/sm06.htm, and http://runeberg.org/sbh/b0606.html
Studied law at Uppsala University. Dies 30 January 1897.

SWD-1888 380 SWD Bildt 06/02/1888 12/10/1889

Gillis Bildt, his great-great-grandson Carl Bildt later becomes PM. Scobbie: great-great-
grandfather of Carl Bildt. http://members01.chello.se/dier/sm07.htm
Military man, Marshall. Died, 22 October 1894

199
SWD-1889 380 SWD Akerhjelm 12/10/1889 15/07/1891
http://members01.chello.se/dier/sm08.htm
Died 2 April 1900

SWD-1891 380 SWD Bostrom 15/07/1891 12/09/1900

Scobbie. Steps down for health reasons. Died 21 February 1907

SWD-1900 380 SWD Otter 12/09/1900 05/07/1902

http://members01.chello.se/dier/sm10.htm
Admiral. Educated at War College. Dies 9 March 1910

SWD-1902 380 SWD Bostrom 05/07/1902 13/04/1905

Scobbie

SWD-1905-1 380 SWD Ramstedt 13/04/1905 02/08/1905

http://members01.chello.se/dier/sm11.htm and
http://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johan_Ramstedt
Died 1935 (Not 1925 as Lentz has it.)

SWD-1905-2 380 SWD Lundeberg 02/08/1905 07/11/1905

http://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Lundeberg
Died 10 November 1911

SWD-1905-3 380 SWD Staaf 07/11/1905 29/05/1906

http://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Staaff
Died 4 October 1915

SWD-1906 380 SWD Lindman 29/05/1906 30/09/1911

Lentz. http://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arvid_Lindman
Died 9 December 1936.

SWD-1911 380 SWD Staaf 07/10/1911 17/02/1914

SWD-1914 380 SWD Hammarskjold 17/02/1914 29/03/1917

Lentz: Graduated from the University of Uppsala. Died 12 October 1953.

SWD-1917-1 380 SWD Swartz 29/03/1917 19/10/1917

http://members01.chello.se/dier/sm16.htm. Died 6 November 1926

SWD-1917-2 380 SWD Eden 19/10/1917 06/03/1920

Lentz and http://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nils_Ed%C3%A9n. Died 16 June 1945

SWD-1920-1 380 SWD Branting 06/03/1920 22/10/1920

Lentz and http://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hjalmar_Branting. Died 24 February 1925.

200
SWD-1920-2 380 SWD de Geer 27/10/1920 23/02/1921
Son of de Geer af Finspan

SWD-1921-1 380 SWD von Sydow 23/02/1921 13/10/1921

SWD-1921-2 380 SWD Branting 13/10/1921 06/04/1923

SWD-1923 380 SWD Trygger 06/04/1923 18/10/1924

Lentz:Doctorate in Law from Uppsala. Died 24 September 1943

SWD-1924 380 SWD Branting 18/10/1924 24/01/1925

For his Obituary, see NYT, Feb. 25, 1925, p. 19. “The former Premier had been ill since
Nov. 30 when he contracted influenza. … He later contracted thrombosis and on Jan. 24
resigned as Premier. Little hope of his survival has been held out since Feb. 8 when the
gallstone trouble appeared.” The title of the article notes “He was imprisoned six times
for his views before heading first socialist cabinet.” Also Washington Post, 25 Feb. 1925,
p.5. Also NYT, Feb. 25, 1925, p. 18. Dies less then six months after resigned.

SWD-1925 380 SWD Sandler 24/01/1925 02/06/1926

http://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rickard_Sandler

SWD-1926 380 SWD Ekman 06/06/1926 26/09/1928

SWD-1928 380 SWD Lindman 01/10/1928 02/06/1930

SWD-1930 380 SWD Ekman 06/06/1930 06/08/1932

For the link between his resignation and the Kreuger Affair, see CSM, Aug. 6, 1932, p.2.
Also, NYT, Aug. 8, 1932, p.5.

SWD-1932-1 380 SWD Hamrin 06/08/1932 19/09/1932

Died 27 November 1937.

SWD-1932-2 380 SWD Hansson 24/09/1932 15/06/1936

Scobbie: Son of a bricklayer, only four years’ formal schooling. See also
http://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_Albin_Hansson. Dies 6 October 1946.

SWD-1936-1 380 SWD Pehrsson-Bramst 19/06/1936 23/09/1936

Died 19 February 1954

SWD-1936-2 380 SWD Hansson 28/09/1936 06/10/1946

Scobbie: Son of a bricklayer, only four years’ formal schooling. See also
http://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_Albin_Hansson. Dies 6 October 1946.

SWD-1946 380 SWD Erlander 10/10/1946 09/10/1969

Lentz. Educated at the University of Lund. Died 21 June 1985.

201
SWD-1969 380 SWD Palme 14/10/1969 20/09/1976

SWD-1976 380 SWD Falldin 04/10/1976 18/10/1978

SWD-1978 380 SWD Ullsten 18/10/1978 09/10/1979

SWD-1979 380 SWD Falldin 09/10/1979 07/10/1982

SWD-1982 380 SWD Palme 07/10/1982 28/02/1986

He was gunned down on a Stockholm street (Seavägen) on February 28, 1986, after
leaving a movie theatre with his wife Lisbet. A man in an overcoat approached Palme and
his wife from behind, drew a Smith & Wesson revolver and shot the premier in his back.
Several leads were followed (victim of a police plot, the work of a Kurdish terrorist group
or of a lone assailant with a grudge), but the police have never been able to solve the
crime.

SWD-1986 380 SWD Carlsson 12/03/1986 30/10/1991

SWD-1991 380 SWD Bildt 30/10/1991 07/10/1994

Scobbie: Carl Bildt is the great-great-grandson of Gillis Bildt.

SWD-1994 380 SWD Carlsson 07/10/1994 21/03/1996

SWD-1996 380 SWD Persson 21/03/1996 31/12/2004

NORWAY

NOR-1905 385 NOR Michelsen 02/03/1905 28/10/1907

Died 29 June, 1925.

NOR-1907 385 NOR Lovland 28/10/1907 13/03/1908

Died 21 August, 1922

NOR-1908 385 NOR Knudsen 19/03/1908 01/02/1910

Died 1 December 1928

NOR-1910 385 NOR Konow 01/02/1910 19/02/1912

Died 1924

NOR-1912 385 NOR Bratlie 19/02/1912 29/01/1913

NOR-1913 385 NOR Knudsen 29/01/1913 20/06/1920

NOR-1920 385 NOR Halvorsen 20/06/1920 22/06/1921

NOR-1921 385 NOR Blehr 22/06/1921 05/03/1923

202
NOR-1923-1 385 NOR Halvorsen 05/03/1923 23/05/1923

NOR-1923-2 385 NOR Berge 23/05/1923 25/06/1924

Lentz. “subsequently under investigation on charges of obtaining an improper
government loan for a major Oslo bank during his administration. He was acquitted of
charges in 1927 and died in 1936.”

NOR-1924 385 NOR Mowinckel 25/06/1924 03/03/1926

NOR-1926 385 NOR Lykke 03/03/1926 20/01/1928

NOR-1928-1 385 NOR Hornsrud 20/01/1928 15/02/1928

NOR-1928-2 385 NOR Mowinckel 15/02/1928 09/05/1931

NOR-1931 385 NOR Kolstad 11/05/1931 01/02/1932

Obituary: Chicago Daily Tribune, Mar. 6, 1932, p. 16, see also Washington Post, 6
March, 1932, p.2. NYT, March 6, 1932, p. 15 notes: “During the Premier’s illness
Foreign Minister Braadland functioned as the government’s chief.” Rulers.org has
Braadland in 1 February. Blood clot.

NOR-1932-1 385 NOR Braadland 01/02/1932 14/03/1932

We take Braadland for the whole period and not, like Rulers.org interrupted 29 Feb – 10
March by Nils Traedal since he is on government business for a meeting of the League of
Nations in Geneva. See CSM, March 5, 1932, p.1

NOR-1932-2 385 NOR Hundseid 14/03/1932 25/02/1933

Lentz. Became a county governor in 1935. “Despite a personal dislike for Vidkun
Quisling, Hunseid joined Quisling’s National Unification Party … during the German
Occupation. After the liberation of Norway, Hunseid was tried and convicted of treason
as a collaborationist and sentenced to ten years imprisonment. He died in 1965.”

NOR-1933 385 NOR Mowinckel 02/03/1933 16/03/1935

NOR-1935 385 NOR Nygaardsvold 19/03/1935 09/04/1940

Exile in London. Nygaardsvold

NOR-1940 385 NOR Quisling 09/04/1940 07/05/1945

Lentz and Rulers.org. Attended the Military Academy in 1911 and served in the
Norwegian army as a junior member of the general staff. Unilaterally declared himself
head of government when Nygaardsvold left the country. “He was reviled by his fellow
countrymen and was arrested following Norway’s liberation in May 1945. He was tried
for military and civilian treason, illegally changing the constitution, illegal confiscation,
theft, and murder. He was convicted and executed by a firing squad on October 24,
1945.”

203
NOR-1945-1 385 NOR Nygaardsvold 07/05/1945 25/06/1945
Lentz. “Following the war, Nygaardsvold’s government was held partially responsible for
Norway’s inadequate defense preparations during the war.”

NOR-1945-2 385 NOR Gerhardsen 26/06/1945 13/11/1951

NOR-1951 385 NOR Torp 13/11/1951 14/01/1955

NOR-1955 385 NOR Gerhardsen 22/01/1955 23/08/1963

NOR-1963-1 385 NOR Lyng 27/08/1963 25/09/1963

NOR-1963-2 385 NOR Gerhardsen 25/09/1963 12/10/1965

NOR-1965 385 NOR Borten 12/10/1965 16/03/1971

NOR-1971 385 NOR Bratteli 16/03/1971 17/10/1972

NOR-1972 385 NOR Korvald 17/10/1972 15/10/1973

NOR-1973 385 NOR Bratteli 15/10/1973 09/01/1976

NOR-1976 385 NOR Nordli 09/01/1976 04/02/1981

Lentz. Also Keesing’s Vol. 27, March 1981, notes “… Mr. Odvar Nordli (53), who had
announced his resignation for health reasons on Jan. 30 after holding the post since
January 1976.”

NOR-1981-1 385 NOR Brundtland 04/02/1981 14/10/1981

Lentz.: Female.Degree in Medicine from the University of Oslo.

NOR-1981-2 385 NOR Willoch 14/10/1981 09/05/1986

Lentz. Attended University of Oslo.

NOR-1986 385 NOR Brundtland 09/05/1986 16/10/1989

Female

NOR-1989 385 NOR Syse 16/10/1989 03/11/1990

NOR-1990 385 NOR Brundtland 03/11/1990 25/10/1996

Female

NOR-1996 385 NOR Jagland 25/10/1996 17/10/1997

NOR-1997 385 NOR Bondevik 17/10/1997 30/08/1998

Steps down (temporarily) because of ill health.

204
NOR-1998-1 385 NOR Lahnstein 30/08/1998 23/09/1998
Female

NOR-1998-2 385 NOR Bondevik 24/09/1998 17/03/2000

NOR-2000 385 NOR Stoltenberg 17/03/2000 19/10/2001

NOR-2001 385 NOR Bondevik 19/10/2001 31/12/2004

DENMARK

DEN-1874 390 DEN Fonnesbech 14/07/1874 11/06/1875

Dies 17 May7 1880

DEN-1875 390 DEN Estrup 11/06/1875 07/08/1894

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_Br%C3%B8nnum_Scavenius_Estrup
Apparently faced an “amateurish assassination attempt.”

DEN-1894 390 DEN Reedtz-Thott 07/08/1894 23/05/1897

DEN-1897 390 DEN Horring 23/05/1897 24/04/1900

DEN-1900 390 DEN Sehested 24/04/1900 24/07/1901

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannibal_Sehested_%281842-1924%29
notes: “He was the last Danish Council President appointed by the king without support
from the Danish Parliament before Denmark switched to a parliamentary system and the
secret ballot.”

DEN-1901 390 DEN Deuntzer 24/07/1901 14/01/1905

DEN-1905 390 DEN Christensen 14/01/1905 12/10/1908

Lentz. “forced to resign on October 12, 1908, over a financial scandal involving his
justice minister, Peter Adler Alberti. Christensen was acquitted of any personal
wrongdoing and returned to the government as defense minister in Count Holstein-
Ledreborg’s government in 1909.”

DEN-1908 390 DEN Neergaard 12/10/1908 16/08/1909

DEN-1909-2 390 DEN J. Holstein 16/08/1909 28/10/1909

Johan Ludvig Carl Christian Holstein-Ledreborg.

DEN-1909-1 390 DEN Zahle 28/10/1909 05/07/1910

DEN-1910 390 DEN Bernsten 05/07/1910 21/06/1913

205
DEN-1913 390 DEN Zahle 21/06/1913 30/03/1920

DEN-1920-2 390 DEN Liebe 30/03/1920 05/04/1920

DEN-1920-3 390 DEN Friis 05/04/1920 05/05/1920

Caretaker government.

DEN-1920-3 390 DEN Neergaard 05/05/1920 23/04/1924

DEN-1924 390 DEN Stauning 23/04/1924 14/12/1926

Stays in office leading coalition government.

DEN-1926 390 DEN Madsen-Mygdat 14/12/1926 25/04/1929

DEN-1929 390 DEN Stauning 30/04/1929 03/05/1942

Lentz: “He was instrumental in keeping Denmark’s military weak during the 1930s.
Stauning’s government accepted Germany’s ultimatum to surrender on April 9, 1940, and
Germany occupied Denmark during World War II. Stauning led a coalition government
during the war, and attempted to maintain the political integrity of Denmark during the
occupation. He retained office until his death in Copenhagen on May 3, 1942.”
Scavenius’ obituary (see NYT, November 30, 1962, p. 33.) records “Premier Stauning
died in 1942. His successor, Vilhelm Buhl, resigned later that year. Neither man was
acceptable to the Germans, then occupying Denmark, but Mr. Scavenius was.”

DEN-1942-1 390 DEN Buhl 03/05/1942 9/11/1942

Lentz: Vilhelm Buhl. Scavenius’ obituary (see NYT, November 30, 1962, p. 33.) records
“Premier Stauning died in 1942. His successor, Vilhelm Buhl, resigned later that year.
Neither man was acceptable to the Germans, then occupying Denmark, but Mr.
Scavenius was.”

DEN-1942-2 390 DEN Scavenius 9/11/1942 30/08/1943

Erik Scavenius. Lentz: Retains office “until August 30, 1943 when the German
occupation administration removed the government and installed a German governor.
Scavenius was criticized after the war for his cooperation with the occupation authorities.
He dropped out of politics and died in Copenhagen on November 29, 1962.” For his
obituary, see NYT, November 30, 1962, p. 33. Had a degree in political economics. His
obituary records “Premier Stauning died in 1942. His successor, Vilhelm Buhl, resigned
later that year. Neither man was acceptable to the Germans, then occupying Denmark, but
Mr. Scavenius was. … Fr most of the time from late 1942 until the end of the war in
Europe in May, 1945, Mr. Scavenius was the Premier of Denmark under German
control.”

DEN-1945-2 390 DEN Buhl 05/05/1945 07/11/1945

206
Lentz. “Buhl was selected as prime minister on May 3, 1942, during the German
occupation of Denmark. He stepped down from office on November 9, 1942.” Hence,
perhaps this is his second time in office.

DEN-1945-1 390 DEN Kristensen 08/11/1945 04/10/1947

DEN-1947 390 DEN Hedtoft 12/11/1947 25/10/1950

DEN-1950 390 DEN Eriksen 28/10/1950 30/09/1953

DEN-1953 390 DEN Hedtoft 30/09/1953 29/01/1955

Dies of heart attack.

DEN-1955 390 DEN Hansen 01/02/1955 19/02/1960

Dies of cancer.

DEN-1960 390 DEN Kampmann 19/02/1960 03/09/1962

Lentz: Several heart attacks in 1962 and resigned from office for health reasons. He dies
June 22, 1978.

DEN-1962 390 DEN Krag 03/09/1962 18/12/1967

DEN-1968 390 DEN Baunsgaard 18/12/1967 06/10/1971

DEN-1971 390 DEN Krag 11/10/1971 03/10/1972

DEN-1972 390 DEN Jorgensen 05/10/1972 19/12/1973

DEN-1973 390 DEN Hartling 19/12/1973 29/01/1975

DEN-1975 390 DEN Jorgensen 13/02/1975 10/09/1982

DEN-1982 390 DEN Schluter 10/09/1982 25/01/1993

See Keesing’s Vol. 39 January, 1993: “In 1987 the then Justice Minister, Erik Ninn
Hansen, had ordered that relatives remaining in Sri Lanka of Tamil refugees in Denmark
would no longer be allowed to join them. The decision was in breach of Danish law and
was later reversed. A senior judge, Mogens Hornslet, was given responsibility for
investigating the affair. Public attention focused in particular on Schlüter's role, and on
whether he had misled parliament when declaring in 1989 that "nothing has been swept
under the carpet". The 6,000-eport, published on Jan. 14, stated unequivocally that he had
misled parliament. Schlüter said that he did not agree with the report's conclusions, but he
accepted that he had to "take the consequences" and tendered his resignation. The leader
of the Conservative People's Party (KF), Schlüter had headed five minority centre-right
governments since 1982.”

DEN-1993 390 DEN Nyrup Rasmussen 25/01/1993 27/11/2001

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DEN-2001 390 DEN Fogh Rasmussen 27/11/2001 31/12/2004

ICELAND

ICE-1944-1 395 ICE Thordarson 17/05/1944 21/10/1944

Lentz: “Iceland became an independent republic on June 17, 1944. Thodarson stepped
down as prime minister on October 21, 1944.” For his exit, see NYT, Oct. 24, 1944, p.5.
But see also NYT, Sept. 17, 1944, p.17, which reports “President Sveinn Bjornsson
accepted today the resignation of the Cabinet that he chose when he was Regent in 1942.”

ICE-1944-2 395 ICE Thors 21/10/1944 03/02/1947

ICE-1947 395 ICE Stefansson 03/02/1947 06/12/1949

ICE-1949 395 ICE Thors 06/12/1949 14/03/1950

ICE-1950 395 ICE Steinthorsson 14/03/1950 13/09/1953

ICE-1953 395 ICE Thors 13/09/1953 21/07/1956

ICE-1956 395 ICE Jonasson 21/07/1956 04/12/1958

ICE-1958 395 ICE Jonsson 23/12/1958 20/11/1959

ICE-1959 395 ICE Thors 20/11/1959 12/11/1963

Lentz: “He retained office until November 12, 1963, when he resigned for reasons of
health. He died after suffering a stroke in Reykjavik on December 31, 1964.”

ICE-1963 395 ICE Benediktsson 14/11/1963 10/07/1970

Lentz: “Benediktsson, his wife, and grandson were killed in a fire at the prime minister’s
official summer residence in Thingvellir, near Reykjavik, on July 10, 1970.”

ICE-1970 395 ICE Hafstein 10/07/1970 14/07/1971

ICE-1971 395 ICE Johannesson 14/07/1971 28/08/1974

ICE-1974 395 ICE Hallgrimsson 29/08/1974 31/08/1978

ICE-1978 395 ICE Johannesson 31/08/1978 15/10/1979

ICE-1979 395 ICE Groendal 15/10/1979 08/02/1980

ICE-1980 395 ICE Thoroddsen 08/02/1980 26/05/1983

208
Lentz: “Thoroddsen called for new elections in April of 1983 and retired from office on
May 26, 1983. He died in Reykjavik at the age of 72 on September 25, 1983.” Dies less
than six months after resigns.

ICE-1983 395 ICE Hermannsson 26/05/1983 08/07/1987

Son of Herman Jonasson.

ICE-1987 395 ICE Palsson 08/07/1987 28/09/1988

ICE-1988 395 ICE Hermannsson 28/09/1988 30/04/1991

Son of Herman Jonasson.

ICE-1991 395 ICE Oddsson 30/04/1991 15/09/2004

He is also particularly known as a playwright.

ICE-2004 395 ICE Halldor Asgrimsson 15/09/2004 31/12/2004

CAPE VERDE ISLANDS

CAP-1975 402 CAP Pires 08/07/1975 04/04/1991

See Keesing’s: General, wins election for president, February 2001.

CAP-1991 402 CAP Veiga 04/04/1991 29/07/2000

See Keesing’s, Vol. 46, August 2000: steps down to contest the next presidential election.

CAP-2000 402 CAP do Rosario 29/07/2000 01/02/2001

Keesing’s, Vol. 46, August 2000, notes that “The main opposition party, the African
Party for the Independence of Cape Verde, stated on July 31 that they regarded the
transfer of the post of Prime Minister to do Rosario, without an election, as illegal and
unconstitutional. Further criticism followed when President Antonio Mascarenhas
Monteiro stated on August 17 that he had disagreed with the way in which Veiga had
resigned. However, he also expressed his desire to work with do Rosario.” Do Rosario
was promoted to the post of Deputy Prime Minister in May 1998. Supposedly acting for
Veiga until October, then formally appointed by the President. Subsequently
parliamentarian. Also see Lexis Nexis. July 30, 2002, Financial Times Information.

CAP-2001 402 CAP Neves 01/02/2001 31/12/2004

GUINEA-BISSAU

GNB-1974 404 GNB Cabral 10/09/1974 14/11/1980

See Keesing’s, Vol. 45, November 1999. Luis Cabral returned home to Bissau from exile
in Portugal on November 15, 19 years after he was overthrown in a coup led by Vieira.
He was imprisoned until 1 January 1982, then exiled.

GNB-1980 404 GNB Vieira 14/11/1980 07/05/1999

209
See Keesing’s Vol. 45, May 1999, “During the fighting Vieira sought refuge at the
Portuguese embassy and on May 10 he signed an unconditional surrender. Portugal
agreed to grant him indefinite asylum but rebel troops did not allow him to leave Bissau.”
He was ousted after dismissing head of military, refuge in Portuguese Embassy.

GNB-1999-1 404 GNB Mane 07/05/1999 14/05/1999

Keesing’s, Vol. 46, December 2000. “Gen. Ansumane Mane, the Gambian-born leader of
the military junta which overthrew the government of former President João Bernardo
Vieira in May 1999 [see p. 42924], was shot dead by government troops on Nov. 30, a
week after a reported unsuccessful coup, which he was alleged to have led. A Portuguese
television report on Nov. 30 purported to show Mane’s body, his face disfigured by a
wound. The report said that Mane and nine others had been caught and shot by a pursuing
50-man army patrol in country about 30 km north of Bissau, the capital. On Dec. 16 it
was reported that President Kumba Iala had agreed to an independent inquiry into the
circumstances of the killings, in accordance with demands by opposition parties.” He was
General, and former chief of the general staff of the armed forces.
NOTE: he gets killed more than a year after he loses power. In the meantime, he had
been fine. see: NYT, Nov. 24, 2000, p. A27.

GNB-1999-2 404 GNB Sanha 14/05/1999 17/02/2000

Sanha was born on 5 May 1947. See Keesing’s: Speaker of the National Assembly. Loses
election. For a short bio of Sanha , see Lexis Nexis, January 16, 2000, AllAfrica, Inc.
Africa News. “Malam Bacai Sanha, the current Guinea-Bissau acting head of state, came
to power following the military coup of 7 May 1999, staged by military officers, who
subsequently agreed to abide the provisions of the constitution to close the power vacuum
created by their putsch. The constitution states that in case the president is incapacitated,
the interim would be entrusted to the Speaker of the National Assembly. Married with
three children, Sahna was born on 5 May 1947 in Dar-e, in the Quinare region, in the
southern part of the country. He joined the African Party for the Independence of Guinea
Bissau and Cape Verde(PAIGC) in 1963. He graduated from a higher education
institution in the former German Democratic Republic(GDR, and received a bachelor's
degree in political sciences by the higher institute for political sciences in Berlin.
Sometime after the proclamation of independence, while the armed struggle was still
raging in September 1974, Sanha was appointed governor of the Biombo region where he
served from 1975 to 1977. A member of the party central committee from 1981-86, he
was elected secretary general of the National Union of Guinea- Bissau Workers(UNTG)
in 1990. Until 1991, he served both as secretary general of the union and as minister of
information and telecommunications. From 19991 to 1994, he was first deputy speaker of
the national assembly as well as minister of the civil service(1992-1994). In 1994, he was
elected member of parliament for the Gabu district, following the first multiparty election
held in the country. He chaired the new national assembly until the coup of 7 May 1999.
He was designated acting head of state on 13 May 1999.”
Apparently he received death threats. As reported by the BBC, November 29,
2000. “Former Guinea-Bissau President Malam Bacai Sanha said on Tuesday, 28th
November, in Bissau that he received telephone death threats on Monday 27th November
night. "Malam, either you get out of Bissau or we kill you," the voice on the other side of

210
the telephone said. This is according to Malam, the former head of the transitional state
and African Party for the Independence of Guinea-Bissau and Cape Verde PAIGC
presidential candidate in the 28th November 1999 elections. Sanha's concern is amplified
by the fact that several members of his personal guard have been thrown out of their
homes by the authorities.” Note, this is after attempted coup by Mane. Subsequently,
Minister of Civil Service, Artur Snha said the former president had nothing to fear and
that his security was guaranteed.

GNB-2000 404 GNB Kumba Iala 18/02/2000 14/09/2003

Kumba Iala was born on March 15, 1953. Keesing’s, Vol. 47, December 2001, notes that
the government claimed to have put down an attempted coup by senior military figures
on Dec. 2-3. However, some analysts expressed doubts over the authenticity of the coup
attempt, believing it to be a part of a government campaign to silence its critics.
Keesing’s, Vol.49, September 2003. “The army overthrew President Kumba Yalla and
seized power on Sept. 14 in a bloodless coup. A military spokesman said that Yalla was
being held in detention and that the army had acted against him because he had caused
“political instability.” A Military Committee for the Restitution of Constitutional and
Democratic Order (CMROCD) was established, led by the armed forces chief of staff,
Gen. Verissimo Correia Seabre, who also declared himself interim President. Yalla met
with journalists on Sept. 17 and announced his formal resignation as President; he
thanked the army for managing to avoid violence and the loss of life.
Yalla, of the Social Renewal Party (PRS), had been sworn in as President in
February 2000, having been overwhelmingly elected the previous month with over 70 per
cent of the vote [see p. 43344]. He was only the second President to be directly elected
since independence in 1974 and the first not to belong to the former ruling party, the
African Party for the Independence of Guinea-Bissau and Cape Verde (PAIGC).
The country’s political leaders on Sept. 28 signed a “transition pact” for a staged return to
civilian rule. The pact established a National Transition Council as the supreme body of
governance until fresh legislative elections, scheduled to be held in six months’ time. The
Council was presided over by Gen. Correia Seabre and had 56 members, including the 25
members of the CMROCD, 23 political party representatives, and eight from civil
society. At the same time Henrique Rosa was sworn in as the new interim President and
Antonio Artur Sanha as the new Prime Minister, replacing Mario Pires who had served in
the post since November 2002 [see p. 45079; for previous government changes see pp.
45507; 45079]. Rulers.org reports that he is under house arrest, but designated on March
26 as its presidential candidate for the June 19 election.

GNB-2003-1 404 GNB Correia Seabra 14/09/2003 28/09/2003

GNB-2003-2 404 GNB Henrique Pereira Rosa 28/09/2003 31/12/2004

EQUATORIAL GUINEA

EQG-1963 411 EQG Bonifacio Ondo Edu 15/12/1963 12/10/1968

Lentz. “When Equatorial Guinea was granted independence on October 12, 1968, Ondu
Edu went into exile in Gabon. He was extradited to Equatorial Guinea in November of

211
1968 and detained by the Macias Nguema government. Ondu Edu was charged with
conspiracy and was murder with member of his family in January of 1969. “
Keesing’s Vol. 14, November 1968, records he ran in the Sept. 22 Presidential election,
notes had was Prime Minister at the time.
LA Times Oct. 3, 1968, p. 2 records that EQ will become independent Oct. 23.

EQG-1968 411 EQG Macias Nguema 12/10/1968 03/08/1979

For his entry as a result of elections, see Keesing’s Vol. 14, November 1968, which
records that “the former Spanish province of Equatorial Guinea achieved independence
on October 12. … Following the referendum on the Independence Constitution in
August, Presidential elections were held in the territory on Sept. 22, …. Senor Francisco
Macias (44), the first President of the new State, comes from Rio Muni and, as stated
above, had been Deputy Prime Miniester and Secretary of Public Works since the setting
up of an autonomous Government in 1964.”
Macias first went into hiding in his home village, where he was captured by government
troops on 18 August, 1979. He was sent to Bata prison to await trail. Macias Nguema was
convicted on charges of murder and corruption and was executed on September 29, 1979.
Was Vice President in the Government Council. “Macias Nguema challenged Ondu Edu
for Equatorial Guinea’s presidency in elections held in September of 1968. When
Equatorial Guenea was granted independence from Spain on October 12, 1968, Macias
Nguema established a government with himself as minister of defense.”
Fr.encarta.msn, however, notes: “Ayant remporté l’élection présidentielle en auto 1968
…” Hence, having won the presidential election of 1968. Appointed by national unity
party; Ousted in coup; prison; executed 29 Sept 1979. Surives an aborted coup (supported
by Spain?) in March 1969, see Keesing’s Vol. 15, April, 1969.

EQG-1979 411 EQG Nguema Mbasogo 03/08/1979 31/12/2004

Nephew of former president Macias Nguema. Born on 4 June 1942. See The Washington
Post, Aug. 7, 1979, p. A1. See also The Washington Post, Aug. 19, 1979, p. A1, A14.

GAMBIA
GAM-1965 420 GAM Jawara 18/02/1965 22/07/1994
Lentz: from the University of Glasgow, qualified as a veterinary surgeon. Rulers.org, “he
was granted asylum by Senegal and later lived in exile in London. An unconditional
amnesty for him was announced in December 2001 and returned on June 1, 2002.
Bloodless coup, asylum in Senegal.

GAM-1994 420 GAM Jammeh 22/07/1994 31/12/2004

See Fr.encarta.msn: He was a lieutenant.

MALI

MLI-1960 432 MLI Keita 22/09/1960 19/11/1968

Imprisoned.

MLI-1968 432 MLI Traore 19/11/1968 26/03/1991

212
Ousted in a Coup and under arrest. Keesing’s Vol. 43, December 1997 notes: “The death
sentences passed in 1993 against former President Moussa Traoré and a number of his
former colleagues [see 39307], including Sekou Ly, Mamadou Coulibaly and Ousmane
Coulibaly, were commuted to life imprisonment on Dec. 9. No judicial executions had
been carried out in Mali since 1980. Traoré had been deposed as President in March 1991
[see pp. 38083-84]. The announcement of the amnesty by President Alpha Oumar Konaré
followed the decision of Nov. 18 to close the Kidal prison, an institution in the heart of
the Sahara desert which had often been used to house political prisoners. “

MLI-1991 432 MLI Amadou Toure 26/03/1991 06/06/1992

Is a general, educated at the military academy at Kati (1969-1972), later at the École de
guerre in Paris (1989-1990).

MLI-1992 432 MLI Konare 06/06/1992 08/06/2002

Had to give up power, according to the constitution the president could be reelected only
once. He was elected and then resigned under foreign pressure.

MLI-2002 432 MLI Amadou Toure 09/06/2002 31/12/2004

Toure is a general.

SENEGAL

SEN-1960 433 SEN Senghor 20/08/1960 31/12/1980

First African to obtain “l’agrégation de grammaire en 1935”, he teaches in France, is
imprisoned by the Germans. Died on 20 December 2001.

SEN-1981 433 SEN Diouf 01/01/1981 01/04/2000

Elected Secretary General of the International Organization of Francophony (OIF) in
2002. Loses the election.

SEN-2000 433 SEN Abdoulaye Wade 02/04/2000 31/12/2004

BENIN

BEN-1960 434 BEN Maga 01/01/1960 27/10/1963

Lentz: Under house arrest, but not prosecuted, ordered released in September 1965.
Coup, house arrest.

BEN-1963 434 BEN Soglo 28/10/1963 19/01/1964

Christophe Soglo. Lentz: Promoted to general by the new government. Joined the French
army in 1931. See The Washington Post, Dec. 18., 1967, p.A1. “U.S. Ambassador
Clinton Knox reported that Soglo was unharmed and that he was under house arrest with
his wife.” Later exiled to France.

BEN-1964 434 BEN Apithy 19/01/1964 29/11/1965

213
Sourou Migan Apithy. Lentz: received a degree in accounting from the Paris National
School of Economic and Social Organization. He was under house arrest, later exile in
France. See NYT, Dec. 23, 1965, p.13. Ally of Ahomadegb.

BEN-1965-1 434 BEN Congacou 29/11/1965 22/12/1965

Tahirou Congacou. Lentz: Born to the royal house of Djougou. President of the National
Assembly, 29 Nov 1965 - 22 Dec 1965, (born in 1913 – died in 1994), first installed by,
then deposed by Christophe Soglo. See NYT, Dec. 23, 1965, p.13. He is ousted by Soglo,
who has put other two leaders first into power and then overthrew under house arrest.

BEN-1965-2 434 BEN Soglo 22/12/1965 17/12/1967

Exile in France.

BEN-1967-1 434 BEN Kouandete 17/12/1967 22/12/1967

Lentz: Military, attended military school in France.

BEN-1967-2 434 BEN Alley 22/12/1967 01/08/1968

Lentz: joined the French army. Tried for allegedly plotting. Convicted to ten years.
Released later. Keesing’s Vol. 30, November 1984 notes: “A presidential communique
of Aug. 1 announced an immediate amnesty for all political prisoners in Benin, with the
exception of those implicated in the 'ignoble and barbarous imperialist armed aggresion
of Sunday Jan. 16, 1977'. The amnesty did, however, include Lt.-Col. Alphonse Alley,
who had been President from December 1967 to July 1968 and had been sentenced to 20
years' detention in May 1973 for his part in a coup attempt of that year; (ii) Maj. Jean-
Baptiste Hacheme and Maj. Ibrahim Chafi, who had also been implicated in the 1973
coup attempt; and (iii) several persons sentenced to death for their part in an attempted
coup of January 1975, including Capt. Janvier Assogba and Dr Emile Derlin Zinsou,
President in 1968-69.”
NYT, May 25, 1969, p.16 “Togo General, Citing `Popular Will,’ Retains Power. Lome,
Togo, May 20 – A week ago the President of the Togo Republic, Gen. Etienne Eyadama,
received a telephone call from Col. Alphonse Alley in neighboring Dahomey. Colonel
Alley, who once headed a military regime in Dahomey, complained that his country’s
civilian Government was giving him a bad time. He said it was trying to force him to go
to Washington to assume a nonexistent job. “It serves you right.” General Eyadema is
reprted to have replied, “for being stupid enough to give power back to the politicians.
Don’t think I’m ever going to be that dumb.” The story, from authoritative sources,
illustrates the current situation in this long, narrow West African nation whose seacoast
extends along the Bight of Benin for less than 33 miles.”
CSM, Dec. 12, 1969, p. 4 “African turbulence.” Reports “More recently, evidence that a
kind of gang warfare was occurring inside the Army gave strong hints that another
Dahomeyan coup might be near. This rivalry showed itself in the jailing of ex-Colonel
Alley, who turned the military government over to Dr. Zinsou, and two attempts on the
life of Colonel Kouandete.” NYT, Oct. 5, 1969, p. 70 “Dahomey Ex-Chief Jailed.
Cotonou, Dahomey, Oct. 4 – Former President Alphonse Alley today was sentenced to 10
years imprisonment on charges of having acted against internal security. Colonel Alley,
chief of state from 1967 to 1968, was accused of having attempted to kidnap the army

214
chief, Maurice Kouandete, last July 11.” Note: about three weeks before one year after
losing office. Because he transferred power to the civilian Zinsou, we code his exit as
regular.

BEN-1968 434 BEN Zinsou 01/08/1968 10/12/1969

On his entry, CSM, Dec. 12, 1969, p. 4 “African turbulence.” Reports on Kouandete’s
coup, HG “The most recent repetition of this process occurred in 1968. It included
presidential elections won by a minority candidate due to a widespread boycott of the
voting; the annulment of those elections by the Military Revolutionary Committee; the
designation of Dr. Zinsou as President and a postdesignation tour of the country by him
in which he tried to really support and some sense of legitimacy for his government.”
Lentz: Placed fourth in elections of 1970. after the coup by Mathieu Kerekou went into
exile in Paris. Sentenced to death in absentia. Returned after Kerekou’s defeat in the
elections of March 1991. CSM, Dec. 12, 1969, p. 4 “African turbulence.” Reports “The
civilian government of Dr. Emile Zinsou fell to military control after a gun battle in the
presidential palace. Dr. Zinsou is reported under heavy military guard at the northern
town of Natitingou …” Hence, entry and exit are both irregular, and he is considered
‘jailed.’

BEN-1969-1 434 BEN Kouandete 10/12/1969 13/12/1969

On his entry, see CSM, Dec. 12, 1969, p. 4 “African turbulence.”

BEN-1969-2 434 BEN Paul-Emile de Souza 13/12/1969 07/05/1970

He is a member of a delegation of former presidents that visits President Soglo in 1994
together with Maga, Zinsou, Ahomadegbe and Kerekou. For his presidency see —against
Lentz—not just rulers.org also: http://www.datamass.net/li/list-of-presidents-of-
benin.html. No information on his fate.

BEN-1970 434 BEN Maga 07/05/1970 07/04/1972

Lentz: again arrested and held in a military camp, released in 1981. Appointed, arrested
and imprisoned in October.

BEN-1972-1 434 BEN Ahomadegbe 07/04/1972 26/10/1972

Coup, and arrested

BEN-1972-2 434 BEN Kerekou 27/10/1972 04/04/1991

Fr.encarta.msn: He is a cousin of Commandant Maurice Koundate. See also for his fate
rulers.org.

BEN-1991 434 BEN Soglo, C 04/04/1991 04/04/1996

Nicephore Soglo is the cousin of Colonel Christophe Soglo. Lentz notes several
unsuccessful coup attempts in 1992. Encarta.msn.com. Received degrees in public and
private law and in economic from the University of Paris and the École d’Administration
in Paris. Died 02/17/2005. The Benin Constitution of December 1990 forbids Beninois of
over 70 years from presenting themselves for presidential elections.

215
BEN-1996 434 BEN Kerekou 04/04/1996 31/12/2004

MAURITANIA

MAA-1960 435 MAA Ould Daddah 28/11/1960 10/07/1978

See fr.encarta.msn. Imprisoned for 15 months, allowed to leave Maritania for France in
October 1979. Condemned in 1980 for high treason, amnesty several years later.
Triumphant return in 2001. Army coup, house arrest, exile.

MAA-1978 435 MAA Ould Mohamed Salek 10/07/1978 06/04/1979

Colonel. Fr.encarta.msn has his name as Mustafa Ould Salek. He was clearly the leader
of the coup. Lentz notes that he was removed in a coup on April 6. Serves on as
figurehead. He was arrested in March 1982 for conspiring against the government and
sentenced to ten year imprisonment. Keesing’s (Vol.25 November 1979) notes that “It
was reported that Col. Ould Salek had been eager to announce an unconditional
withdrawal by Mauritania from the southern sector of Western Sahara (known as Tiris El
Gharbia), which it had occupied since February 1976 following the Spanish withdrawal.”

MAA-1979-1 435 MAA Ould Bouceif 06/04/1979 27/05/1979

Lentz notes he has most of the power in the government even while Salek continued as
head of state. He was killed in a plane crash. Associated Press, Boston Globe, Dec. 13,
1984, p.8, confirms Lentz. Keesing’s, Vol.25, November 1979 also does. Notes Ould
Bouceif was Lt. Colonel.

MAA-1979-2 435 MAA Ould Sidi 27/05/1979 31/05/1979

Lentz: served in the army, rose to the rank of Lt. Colonel. Removed from his posts of
influence. Lexis Nexis notes: BBC, March 25, 1981 Notes that a special tribunal had
sentenced to death on 24 March for of those accused of involvement in the 16th march
coup attempt. The four include Lt. Col. Ahmed Salem Ould Sidi. Facts on File, March
20, 1981, notes: “The other coup leader, Ahmed Salem Ould Sidi, was captured in the
fighting. Sidi had been one of the signers of the Polisario accord. He broke with the
government several months later and fled to Morocco.” BBC, of August 6, 1979, notes
that this is the same guy.

MAA-1979-3 435 MAA Ould Ahmed Louly 03/06/1979 04/01/1980

Ould Ahmed Louly, (Lt. Col.). In 1980 he was overthrown and replaced by Premier Lt.-
Col. Heydalla. Xinhua General Overseas News Service, July 12, 1980 records that ,
celebrating armed forces day, ex-chairmen of the military committee Moustapha Ould
Mohamed Saleck and Mohamed Mahmoud Ahmed Louly were present on the rostrum.

MAA-1980 435 MAA Ould Haidalla 04/01/1980 12/12/1984

Associated Press, Boston Globe, Dec. 13, 1984, p.8. Ousted while out of the country for a
summit meeting. Lost power as a result of a bloodless coup while he was out of country.

MAA-1984 435 MAA Ould Sid Ahmed 12/12/1984 31/12/2004

216
Chief of the general staff, colonel. See CNN, Wednesday, 3 August 2005. Soldiers in
Mauritania stage a coup when Taya is out of the country for King Fahd’s funeral. CNN
reports he “is reportedly in Niger’s capital, Niamey, on his way back from Riyadh.”

NIGER

NIR-1960 436 NIR Diori03/10/1960 15/04/1974

For fate, see rulers.org. He faced a coup, imprisoned for six years.

NIR-1974 436 NIR Kountche 17/04/1974 10/11/1987

Lentz: Educated in French military schools and joined the French army in 1949. Lt.-Col.
Dies of a brain tumor.

NIR-1987 436 NIR Seibou 10/11/1987 16/04/1993

Lentz: Colonel in the Niger army. A cousin of President Kountche. Chief of the general
staff. See Keesing’s Vol. 43, December 1997. Released from Prison on Dec. 1997 having
been detained for over a month on charges of embezzlement. For his safe post-exit fate,
see Keesing’s Vol. 42, February 1996..

NIR-1993 436 NIR Ousmane 16/04/1993 27/01/1996

Mahamane Ousmane was deposed in a military coup (January 27, 1996). Elected to the
Parliament in 1999, he was elected President of the National Assembly of Niger on 29
December 1999. Keesing’s (Vol.43 (1997) records: The Interior Ministry confirmed on
Jan. 14 that three opposition leaders had been formally arrested the previous day, having
been under house arrest since Jan. 11. They were former President Mahamane Ousmane,
Tandja Mamadou and Mahamadou Issoufou; all three had stood against Mainassara in the
July presidential elections [see p. 41178]. (See also Vol. 42 (1996): Brig.-Gen. Ibrahim
Barre Mainassara, whose controversial election on July 7-8 led to violent street protests
and the house arrest of defeated candidates [see p. 41178], was sworn in as President on
Aug. 7. French Co-operation Minister Jacques Godfrain attended the ceremony,
promising France's friendship and co-operation.)

NIR-1996 436 NIR Mainassara 27/01/1996 11/04/1999

See Keesing’s Vo. 46, January 2000. Coup, assassinated by presidential guards.

NIR-1999-1 436 NIR Wanke 11/04/1999 22/12/1999

Chief of the Presidential Guard. See also fr.encarta.msn

NIR-1999-2 436 NIR Mamadou 22/12/1999 31/12/2004

Elected.

COTE D’LVOIRE

CDI-1960 437 CDI Houphouet-Boigny 07/08/1960 07/12/1993

Dies as a result of natural causes.

217
CDI-1993 437 CDI Konan Bedie 07/12/1993 25/12/1999
Henri-Konan Bédié was born in 15 May 1934. (In 1998 Bédié changes his term in office
from five to seven years.) After coup flees by airplane to Togo and thence to France.
Remained in France until October 2001, when invited back to Côte d’Ivoire.

CDI-1999 437 CDI Guei 25/12/1999 25/10/2000

Robert Guei is former general. After coup he leaves for his native village of Gouessesso.
Then later flees the country. (See Fredriksen 2003, p.48 & 184). Coup; deposed in
popular uprising.

CDI-2000 437 CDI Laurent Gbagbo 26/10/2000 31/12/2004

GUINEA

GUI-1958 438 GUI Toure 02/10/1958 26/03/1984

Dies as a result of natural causes, but followed by a coup. See Keesing’s, Vol. 30, July
1984.

GUI-1984-2 438 GUI Beavogui 27/03/1984 03/04/1984

Keesing’s, Vol. 30, July 1984. “Mr Lansana Beavogui, who had been Prime Minister
since 1972, emerged as interim leader of Guinea immediately following the death of the
President. Under the terms of the constitution, the political bureau of the PDG was to
meet to choose a new leader within 45 days. On April 3, however, the armed forces-
comprising the Army, Navy, Air Force, Gendarmerie and people's militias-announced
that they had assumed collective responsibility for government, and that an 18-member
(later increased to Comite militaire de redressement national (CMRN) had been
established. The PDG was dissolved, as was the National Assembly, the constitution was
suspended and a dusk-to-dawn curfew imposed. Guinea's national borders were closed
temporarily and public meetings were banned. The 40-day period of mourning
proclaimed on the death of President Sekou Toure was abrogated.”
Coup by Conte, Beavogui arrested and imprisoned. Keesing’s Vol. 31, July 1985: “Mr
Lansana Beavogui, who had been Prime Minister between 1972 and the death of
President Sekou Toure in March 1984, died on Aug. 21 in hospital in Conakry after
receiving treatment for an illness. He had been held in the Kindia prison since the coup
along with other former ministers. Mr N'Famara Keita, the former Minister of Energy,
died in prison on Sept. 1.”

GUI-1984-3 438 GUI Conte 03/04/1984 31/12/2004

Keesing’s Vol. 42, February 1996 « Attempted military coup. » Keesing’s Vol. 43, April
1997, « Alleged Coup plot » reports another coup plot, by three Belgian nationals.

BURKINA FASO

BFO-1960 439 BFO Yameogo 05/08/1960 03/01/1966

218
Maurice Yaméogo, 11 Dec 1959 - 4 Jan 1966. He was deposed by a military coup, after a
labor unions crises. The Washington Post, Jan. 6, 1966, p.A17.“Lt. Col. Sangoule
Lamizana, who deposed Yameogo, announced in a radio broadcast that Yameogo was in
a safe place being guarded by the military.” But also reports that President Yaméogo
“welcomed the coup.” See Keesing’s Vol. 12 (1966) January. He also survives suicide
attempt.

BFO-1966 439 BFO Lamizana 03/01/1966 13/01/1971

Fr.encarta.msn say he’s a colonel, chief of staff . Meant to step down. Born in 31 January
1916.

BFO-1971 439 BFO Gerard Kango Ouedraogo 13/01/1971 08/02/1974

Lentz says he later served as president of the National Assembly from 1978 until 1980.
He was ousted by Lamizana.

BFO-1974 439 BFO Lamizana 08/02/1974 25/11/1980

Sangoulé Lamizana was overthrown by colonel Saye Zerbo. United Press International,
November 26, 1980. “Military sources in Abidjan said Lamizana still was under house
arrest in the Upper Volta capital of Ougadougou. They said several members of the
ousted regime also were taken into custody.” See also Xinhua General Overseas News
Service, November 27, 1980. Former President Sangoule Lamizana … confined in a
military camp near the capital.

BFO-1980 439 BFO Zerbo 25/11/1980 07/11/1982

Coup, arrested in September 1983.

BFO-1982 439 BFO J. P. Ouedraogo 07/11/1982 04/08/1983

Medical doctor and military commander. Detained until 1985. Related to earlier
Ouedraogo?

BFO-1983 439 BFO Sankara 04/08/1983 15/10/1987

Assassinated.

BFO-1987 439 BFO Campaore 15/10/1987 31/12/2004

LIBERIA

From: http://www.liberiapastandpresent.org
“The term of office: In 1847 the President's term of office was two years. During the
Administration of President Arthur Barclay the term of office was changed to four years,
in 1907/08. His cousin President Edwin Barclay had it changed to eight years, in
1935/36. It was restored to four years under President Tubman - who was elected a record
number of six times. During the Tolbert Administration, in 1975/76, it was again changed

219
to eight years. At present the presidential term of office is six years whereas the president
can only succeed to himself once.”

LBR-1872 450 LBR Joseph Jenkins Roberts 01/01/1872 27/06/1875

Joseph Jenkins Roberts had been the first president. Born in the US, in Virginia. See The
Constitution, Feb. 22, 1876. Apparently, he was in England for health reasons between 27
June and 30 November. See also:
http://www.liberiapastandpresent.org/GardinerAnthonyW.htm. Which notes that He
was Vice-President under J. J. Roberts. “When President Roberts became very ill and left
for England for medical treatment, in June 1875, Vice-President Gardiner was appointed
`Acting President’.” Encyclopedia Britannica: Previous president, Edward J. Roye was
deposed and imprisoned at Monrovia. Roberts was called back to office.

LBR-1875 450 LBR Anthony William Gardiner 27/06/1875 03/01/1876

LBR-1876 450 LBR James Spriggs Payne 03/01/1876 07/01/1878

See: http://www.dacb.org/stories/liberia/payne_james.html. He is from Virginia, US.
He was born on 19 December 1819.

LBR-1878 450 LBR Anthony William Gardiner07/01/1878 20/01/1883

Chicago Daily Tribune, Mar. 11, p.2. “President A. W. Gardner [HG, sic] had felt
compelled to resign his office owing to extreme ill-health and disability from paralysis.
The Legislature granted him $1,000 and expenses of removal to his home in Grand-
[illegible] County. Vice-President A. J. Russell [HG, sic] was sworn in as President Jan.
20.” See: http://www.liberiapastandpresent.org/GardinerAnthonyW.htm. Which
notes that he was Vice-President under J. J. Roberts. “When President Roberts became
very ill and left for England for medical treatment, in June 1875, Vice-President Gardiner
was appointed `Acting President’. …President Gardiner was inaugurated in January
1878. He was elected two more times, but did not finish his third presidential term. On
January 20, 1883 President Gardiner resigned, upset and disappointed, the last victim of
the Northwest Boundary Question that had been under discussion since 1860. This
decision made Anthony W. Gardiner the first president of Liberia who voluntarily
resigned. …It was during the Administration of
http://www.saburchill.com/history/chapters/empires/0054.html. Two months later, in
March 1883, the British Government annexed the territory west of the Mano river.”
Based on this much more extensive site, I conclude that he resigned, not for health.

LBR-1883 450 LBR Alfred Francis Russell 20/01/1883 07/01/1884

See http://www.liberiapastandpresent.org/19thcColonist.htm#Alfred%20F.%20Russell
Born in Kentucky. “He was Vice-President when President Anthony William Gardiner’s
handling of a boundary dispute with the British was disapproved by a number of senators.
Vice-President Russell shared the criticism and soon headed the opposition against
Gardiner’s willingness to give up a large part of Liberian territory. President Gardiner
resigned over the boundary question on January 20, 1883. Russell served his unexpired
term from January 20, 1883 to January 7, 1884 when he was succeeded by Hilary

220
Richard Wright Johnson who had won the elections held in May 1883. Afred Francis
Russell died on April 4, 1884. The following year the disputed territory was officially
ceded to Great Britain (`the Galinas territory’).” He dies 3 months after out of office, his
fate is censored.

LBR-1884 450 LBR Hilary R. W. Johnson 07/01/1884 04/01/1892

Hilary Richard Wright Johnson. Circumstantial, but based on
http://digilib.nypl.org/dynaweb/digs/wwm97264/@Generic__BookTextView/7544;pt
=7650, I conclude he was OK after he left office.

LBR-1892 450 LBR Joseph James Cheeseman 04/01/1892 12/11/1896

See http://www.liberiapastandpresent.org/Presidents.htm#chronological%20order
Where it is noted that he died in office.

LBR-1896 450 LBR William David Coleman 12/11/1896 11/12/1900

Born in the US, Kentucky. Resigned. Ran again form the presidency in 1901, 1903 and
1905. h ttp://www.liberiapastandpresent.org/ColemanWilliamDavid.htm “Interestingly,
the succession of President Coleman also was a controversial issue. As the Vice-
President, J.J.Ross, had died, the Speaker of the House, Robert H. Marshall, was the
constitutional successor. Marshall, however, was considered to be incompetent and the
Legislature repealed the existing presidential succession law (dating from 1873) and
chose Secretary of State Garretson W. Gibson as the new President. With his 70 years
Gibson became the oldest person in Liberian history to assume the presidency”

LBR-1900 450 LBR Garretson Wilmot Gibson 11/12/1900 04/01/1904

His entry is questionable. We code it as an constitutional entry, even while VP position
unfilled, Lentz notes he is selected to take over, and was Minister in the Coleman
Cabinet. For (circumstantial) evidence of his good post-exit fate. See The Washington
Post, May 25, 1908, p.4. He completes Coleman’s term.

LBR-1904 450 LBR Arthur Barclay. 04/01/1904 01/01/1912

See Lentz.

LBR-1912 450 LBR Daniel E. Howard 01/01/1912 05/01/1920

LBR-1920 450 LBR Burgess King 05/01/1920 03/12/1930

Burgess King 05/01/1920-03/12/1930. See:
http://www.liberiapastandpresent.org/ResignedPresidents.htm#Coleman “Following
publication of the Christy report, the House of Representatives started the procedure to
impeach President King who hastily resigned. He was succeeded by Secretary of State
Edwin Barclay.” Per above, that is a constitutional transfer. Note that the Vice-President
also resigned. http://www.liberiapastandpresent.org/Presidents.htm#King
“After his resignation ex-President King retired to private life and exploited his private
rubber plantation. By the time William V.S. Tubman came into the highest office, in
1944, he was publicly respected as an elder statesman and occupied various public
positions. In 1947 he became the first Liberian Envoy Extraordinary and Minister

221
Plenipotentiary to the USA, in Washington DC. Later, he also became Liberia’s first
Permanent Representative to the United Nations. In 1952 he retired permanently from
public service. He was active in the Protestant Episcopal Church and as a Mason until
1961 when he died at the age of 90 years.” Government resigned as allegations against
gov. participation in slave trade came to the fore. He was born in 12 March 1871.

LBR-1930 450 LBR Edwin Barclay 03/12/1930 31/12/1943

Nephew of President Arthur Barclay (1904-1912). Lentz: post-exit fate: “retired from
politics for the next decade but returned to challenge Tubman for the presidency in
1953.”

LBR-1944 450 LBR Tubman 01/01/1944 23/07/1971

See http://www.liberiapastandpresent.org/Presidents.htm#chronological%20order:
Died as a result of natural causes.

LBR-1971 450 LBR Tolbert 23/07/1971 12/04/1980

See http://www.liberiapastandpresent.org/Presidents.htm#chronological%20order:
Coup, shot.

LBR-1980 450 LBR Doe 12/04/1980 09/09/1990

See http://www.liberiapastandpresent.org/Presidents.htm#chronological%20order:
Killed during the coup.

LBR-1990 450 LBR Sawyer 22/11/1990 07/03/1994

http://www.liberiapastandpresent.org/Presidents.htm#chronological%20order diverges
from rulers.org. This site lists 6 (!) presidents during the civil war. Amos Sawyer
(Nov.1990 – Aug. 1993,) Bismark Kuyon (Aug. 1993 – Nov. 1993), Philip Banks (Nov.
1993 – Feb. 1994), David Kpormakor (Feb. 1994 – Sept. 1995), Wilton Sankawulo (Sept.
1995 – Sept. 1996), Ruth Perry (Sept. 1996 – Aug. 1997).
Keesing’s, Vol. 40, March 1994, records: “After months of delay the transition
period finally began on March 7 with the inauguration of the five-member Council of
State, chaired by David Kpormakor, and of the 35-seat Transitional Legislative
Assembly. Further progress was stalled as the three main factions in the civil war-- the
outgoing interim government headed by Amos Sawyer, the National Patriotic Front of
Liberia and the United Liberation Movement of Liberia for Democracy (Ulimo)--failed to
reach agreement on the distribution of Cabinet portfolios.”
Keesing’s Vol. 39, November 1993 records: “On Nov. 13 the National Patriotic
Front of Liberia (NPFL) accused the interim administration of attempting to slow down
the transition further still, after it replaced Bismark Kuyon as Chair of the Council of
State with Philip Banks, Minister of Justice in the interim government. The Sawyer
administration denied these allegations, and noted that the NPFL had itself changed one
of its own nominees on the Council--Gen. Isaac Mousa having replaced Dorothy
Musuleng-Cooper as First Deputy Chair earlier in the month.”
See also Keesing’s Vol. 40,February 1994: “With a date for the commencement
of the transition period yet to be set, the five-member Council of State, established in July
1993 under the Cotonou peace treaty to assume executive power during the transition, on

222
Feb. 28 elected David Kpormakoras Chair. Kpormakor a representative of the interim
government headed by Amos Sawyer, replaced another Sawyer nominee, Philip Banks
(appointed in November). The Council also elected Thomas Ziah of the United
Liberation Movement Liberia for Democracy (Ulimo), and Issac Mousa of the National
Patriotic Front of Liberia (NPFL), as first and second deputy chair respectively; the
remaining places were filled by Banks and Ulimo member Mohamed Sheriff.”
We rely on Keesing’s documentation, and go with the government and Amos Sawyer.
Teaches at Indiana University in 2002. Imprisoned under Doe.
See http://alumni.indiana.edu/magazine/200401/presprof.html, where Sawyer
notes: “I was trying to run the Centre for Democratic Empowerment until November
2000 …. It was then that Taylor had my office raided. I was beaten. The director was
stabbed. They tried to rape the women. This was the clearest of signals to leave.”
He was installed by ECOWA as president of interim government.

LBR-1994 450 LBR Kpormapkor 07/03/1994 01/09/1995

Personal e-mail communication with Tiawan Saye Gongloe, now at the Carr Center for
Human Rights at Harvard. After summer 2005, he can be reached at:
[email protected]
“Chairman David Kpomakpor (1994 - 1995)
He was replaced by the parties to the Liberian conflict in 1995 with Wilton Sankawulo.
After his replacement, he lived in Liberia for a few years before coming to the United
States. He now lives in Staten Island, New York. I have no further information on what
he is doing for a living. He is a lawyer by profession and before his elevation to the
chairmanship of the council of state of the Liberian National Transitional Government,
Kpomakpor was a law professor at the University of Liberia and later associate justice of
the Supreme Court of Liberia. He was my professor in law school.”

LBR-1995 450 LBR Sankawulo 01/09/1995 03/09/1996

Agence France Press – English, August 28, 1996, notes that Perry “replaced Wilton
Sankawulo who was dropped from the six-member council comprising three warlords for
“lack of effective leadership.”
Africa News. December 11, 2001, notes that Sankawulo was “former English instructor
at the University of Liberia and former speechwriter for Samuel Doe”
Financial Times, February 27, 2002, notes that he is OK at this time, and a professor,
debated what to do about the resolution of the Liberian problem.
Personal e-mail communication with Tiawan Saye Gongloe, now at the Carr
Center for Human Rights at Harvard. After summer 2005, he can be reached at:
[email protected]
“Chairman Wilton Sankawolu (1995-1996)
Following the April 6, 1996 street battle among the factions in Monrovia, the parties to
the Liberian conflict replaced Sankawolu with Madam Ruth Sando Perry. The last
information that I got on Sankawolu is that he lives in Texas, USA. I also heard that he
recently published a novel. I don't know the title of the novel. Before Sankawolu became
Chairman of the Council of State, he was teaching literature at the University of Liberia
and working in the office of the President of Liberia from the presidency of William R.

223
Tolbert to Samuel K. Doe, as a speech writer, with the title of Assistant Minister.
Following his replacement, Sankawolu went back to the University of Liberia to teach
and was there until the last round of battle in Monrovia in 2003”.

LBR-1996 450 LBR Perry 03/09/1996 02/08/1997

Female.
Keesing’s Vol. 43, July 1997: “One of the last acts of the TLA was to pass legislation on
July 17 setting the limits of the presidential and legislative terms to four years.”
http://www.ikuska.com/Africa/Historia/biografias/biografias_d1.htm#perry
Born on 16 July 1939. Exiled in 1995 and 1996.
Personal e-mail communication with Tiawan Saye Gongloe, now at the Carr
Center for Human Rights at Harvard. After summer 2005, he can be reached at:
[email protected]
“Chairman Ruth Sando Perry(1996-1997)
She was here in Boston last year as a presidential fellow at Boston University. She
resides in Liberia and frequently travels between the State of Ohio and Liberia. I
understand that she has an NGO in Ohio called the Perry Center( you can check on this)
which was set with the help of some American friends after she left office. In Liberia she
is active with the Liberian women movement and other community based activities such
as soliciting and distributing relief items. Ruth Perry was a Senator in the government of
Samuel Doe on the ticket of the opposition Unity Party, prior to the Liberian civil
conflict. She was replaced by Charles Taylor on August 2, 1997 when he was sworn in as
elected president of Liberia.”

LBR-1997 450 LBR Taylor 02/08/1997 11/08/2003

He was elected, and he resigned in 2003. Under indictment for crimes against humanity.
Washington Post. 2 October 2005: “Since being forced from the presidency in 2003,
Taylor has lived in luxurious exile in Nigeria, even though a U.N.-backed court indicted
him on 17 counts of crimes against humanity and Interpol has issued a warrant for his
arrest. He occupies a large compound, donated by the Nigerian government, on one of the
nicest beaches in the country. And he enjoys the company of his family and his own
entourage of well-armed guards and aides.”
NYT, March 26. Online:
http://www.nytimes.com/2006/03/26/international/africa/26taylor.html
Reports that „Nigeria said Saturday that it would end the asylum of the deposed Liberian
dictator Charles G. Taylor and turn him over to the Liberian government for trial. Mr.
Taylor, a warlord-turned-president spawned a bloody cycle of civil wars that killed
300,000 people across West Africa in the 1990’s. He was indicted by the United Nations-
backed Special Court here in Sierra Leone in 2003 for war crimes and crimes against
humanity during this country’s decade-long insurgency. But the court has been unable to
arrest Mr. Tayolr, who left Liberia as rebels narrowed in on him in 2003. Instead, he went
into exile in Nigeria, where authorities agreed in an internationally brokered deal to grant
him safe haven in order to end 14 years of civil war in Liberia. “God willing, I will be
back,” the flamboyant Mr. Taylor said as he bid farewell to his country. Since agreeing to
accept Mr. Taylor, the Nigerian government has rebuffed many attempts to put him on
trial before the international court, saying it was awaiting a request from an elected

224
Liberian government. Liberia’s new president, Ellen Johnson Sirleaf, raised the issue this
month with President Olusegun Obasanjo of Nigerai, describing it as an important part of
bringing stability to Liberia.”
Washington Post, March 29, 2006
http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-
dyn/content/article/2006/03/29/AR2006032900879.html
“Monrovia, Liberia, March 29 – Fugitive former Liberian president Charles Tayolro was
handed over to U.N. custody here Wednesday afternoon, immediately after being
repatriated from Nigeria, and palced on a U.N. helicopter en route to Sierra Leone where
he faces war crimes charges before a U.N.-backed tribunal. The dramatic developments
followed his arrest in a Nigerian town on the border Cameroon [HG, sic] early this
morning, a day after he disappeared from a guarded compound in souther Nigeria.”

LBR-2003-1 450 LBR Moses Zeh Blah 11/08/2003 14/10/2003

See http://www.liberiapastandpresent.org/Presidents.htm#chronological%20order:
Personal e-mail communication with Tiawan Saye Gongloe, now at the Carr
Center for Human Rights at Harvard. After summer 2005, he can be reached at:
[email protected]
“Let me now say the little that I know on each of the leaders that you
mentioned in your email to me. First, let me clarify that except for Moses
Blah all of the leaders named in your email carried the title of Chairman
and not president. President Moses Blah (August 11, 2003-October 14, 2003)
Following the resignation of Charles Taylor, under pressure on August 11, 2003, his vice
president Moses Blah succeeded him as president in obedience of the constitution of
Liberia. On October 14, 2003, when Gyude Bryant was installed as Chairman of the
National Transitional Government of Liberia, Moses Blah stepped down from office.
Currently, he lives in Monrovia as a retired president enjoying the full benefit of his
status.”

LBR-2003-2 450 LBR Bryant 14/10/2003 31/12/2004

Personal e-mail communication with Tiawan Saye Gongloe, now at the Carr Center for
Human Rights at Harvard. After summer 2005, he can be reached at:
[email protected]
Charles Gyude Bryant Oct. 14, 2003--.....)
“He is not yet out of office. He is the current head of government until a new president is
elected in October this year. I cannot say anything further about him, since he does not
yet have a life out of office. “

SIERRA LEONE

SIE-1961 451 SIE Margai, M 27/04/1961 28/04/1964

Sir Milton Margai, brother of Albert M. Margai, next leader.

SIE-1964 451 SIE Margai, A 29/04/1964 17/03/1967

Albert M. Margai, brother of Milton Margai. House arrest and exile.

225
SIE-1967-1 451 SIE Lansana 21/03/1967 23/03/1967
He was arrested and detained. Later he was given diplomatic position in New York

SIE-1967-2 451 SIE Genda 23/03/1967 27/03/1967

He was Sierra Leone's ambassador to Liberia.

SIE-1967-3 451 SIE Juxon-Smith 27/03/1967 19/04/1968

He was arrested, charged with treason.

SIE-1968 451 SIE Stevens 19/04/1968 28/11/1985

Keesing’s Vol. 34, May 1988. “Former President Siaka Stevens, the honorary chairman
of the ruling All People's Congress (APC), denied in a BBC interview on April 10, 1987,
any involvement in the attempted coup [of March 23, HG] and refuted reports that he was
under house arrest, confirming a government communiqué issued on April 6 to the same
effect.”

SIE-1985 451 SIE Momoh 28/11/1985 29/04/1992

Keesing’s Vol. 33, April 1987. “At a ceremony in Freetown (the capital) on Jan. 26,
1986, Maj. -Gen. Joseph Saidu Momoh, then 49, was officially inaugurated as President
of Sierra Leone, following his election the previous October as sole candidate of the
ruling All People's Congress (APC) . He succeeded Dr Siaka Stevens, who had handed
over effective power to the President-elect on Nov. 28, 1985, when Maj. -Gen. Momoh
became secretary-general of the APC and Dr Stevens took on the new post of honorary
party chairman.” He was overthrown in coup. He is exiled in Guinea.

SIE-1992 451 SIE Strasser 01/05/1992 17/01/1996

Keesing’s Vol. 42, January 1996: “Strasser, 29, was allowed safe passage out of the
country and, according to the Economist of Jan. 20, had "a place booked at a British
university". He had taken power in a coup in April 1992, overthrowing the civilian
government of Joseph Saidu Momoh [see pp. 38853-54; 38900].”Valentine Esegragbo
Strasser, was ousted in coup, was 29, enrolled in law school at Warwick in Coventry,
England. He was elected immediately after a military coup.

SIE-1996-1 451 SIE Bio 17/01/1996 29/03/1996

Keesing’s Vol 42, March 1996. Brigadier-General. See Lexis Nexis: Financial Times
Information. Panafrican News Agency. April 22, 2005. “Freetown, Sierra Leone (PANA)
- Sierra Leone Vice President Solomon Berewa has accused the chairman of the former
National Provisional Ruling Council (NPRC), Brigadier Julius Maada Bio of corruption,
saying the government would prosecute the ex-junta leader.”

SIE-1996-2 451 SIE Kabbah 29/03/1996 25/05/1997

Exile, see below.

SIE-1997 451 SIE Koroma 25/05/1997 12/02/1998

He was removed thanks to ECOWAS.

226
SIE-1998 451 SIE Kabbah 10/03/1998 31/12/2004
Ahmad Tejan Kabbah, was the first democratically elected president. But a violent
military coup ousted President Kabbah's civilian government in May 1997. On March 10,
1998, after ten months in exile (flees to Guinea), Kabbah resumed his rule over Sierra
Leone. He returned to office after Nigerian forces defeat military.

GHANA

GHA-1952 452 GHA Nkrumah 21/03/1952 24/02/1966

Lentz: Target of assassination attempts in 1962 (twice) and 1964. On May 1, 1961, he
assumed complete control of Ghana, eliminated the opposition, and jailed many of its
leaders. (Autogolpe?) On February 24, 1966, while Nkrumah was on a visit to Peking,
China, the army moved against his regime and ousted his government. Nkrumah returned
to Africa and settle in Conakry, Guinea, where President Sekou Toure named him co-
president of Guinea. On April 27, 1972, Nkrumah died of cancer while in exile in
Conakry.” Coup while out of the country, exile.

GHA-1966 452 GHA Ankrah 24/02/1966 03/04/1969

The Washington Post, April 3, 1969, p.A15. “Gen. Joseph Ankrah resigned as head of
state today after investigation into fund-raising for political purposes disclosed that he
had received money from a private company, an official statement said. No mention of
any punishment afterwards in ProQuest. See also Lentz.

GHA-1969-1 452 GHA Afrifa 03/04/1969 03/09/1969

Brigadier. Lentz: he remained a member of the supervisory Presidential Commission
until the following year. From December of 1970 he served as a member of the Council
of State under President Akufo-Addo. When another military coup ousted the civilian
government, Afrifa’s resistance to the coup leaders resulted in his arrest and detention
until July 3, 1973. He remained in political retirement until 1978 …. He was elected to
Parliament in June of 1979. Afrifa was arrested following the coup led by Flight
Lieutenant Jerry Rawlings in June of 1979. He was charged with abuse of power and
misuse of state fund and executed near Accra on June 26, 1979.

GHA-1969-2 452 GHA Busia 03/09/1969 13/01/1972

Driven into exile under Nkrumah. Coup while out of the country, exile in England

GHA-1972 452 GHA Acheampong 13/01/1972 05/07/1978

Lentz: “He continued to serve as head of the ruling Supreme Military Council until he
was ousted by other members of the council on July 5, 1978. He was detained by the new
government and was dismissed from the army following his release.” Again arrested
following the coup led by Jerry Rawlings in June of 1979. He was tried on charges of
corruption and was executed in Accra on June 16, 1979.

GHA-1978 452 GHA Akuffo 05/07/1978 04/06/1979

Lentz, executed by the Junta under Rawlings, June 26, 1979. Coup, executed.

227
GHA-1979-1 452 GHA Rawlings 05/06/1979 24/09/1979
Lentz. Was retired from the air force in November 1979. He entered politics on a full
time basis and was briefly arrested in November of 1980 on charges of plotting against
the government. Transfers power to Limann.

GHA-1979-2 452 GHA Limann 24/09/1979 31/12/1981

Ousted again by Rawlings, protective custody until September 1983.

GHA-1981 452 GHA Rawlings 31/12/1981 07/01/2001

NYT, Jan 8, 2001, p. A16. “President Jerry Rawlings, … stepped down after reaching a
constitutional two-term limit as elected president.”

GHA-2001 452 GHA John Agyekum Kufuor 08/01/2001 31/12/2004

NYT, Jan 8, 2001, p. A16. John Kufuor, and Oxford-trained lawyer and businessman.

TOGO

TOG-1960 461 TOG Olympio 27/04/1960 13/01/1963

See Lentz. Shot to death by his pursuers at the gates of the (US) embassy on January 13,
1963. Assassinated in coup.

TOG-1963 461 TOG Grunitzky 16/01/1963 13/01/1967

See Lentz. Exile in Ivory Coast.

TOG-1967-1 461 TOG Dadjo 13/01/1967 14/04/1967

Lentz, Minister of Justice in Eyadama’s cabinet. Retired form the army and the
government in 1969.

TOG-1967-2 461 TOG Eyadema 14/04/1967 31/12/2004

NYT, May 25, 1969, p. 16, “Togo General, Citing `Popular Will,’ Retains Power. ….
General Eyadema, who is 32 years old, has only a fifth-grade educated; he entered the
French Army at 16 and served in both Indochina and Algeria. He has admitted that he
fired the shot that killed Togo’s first President, Sylvanus Olympio, on Jan. 13, 1963,
almost three years after the country became independent of French administration as a
United Nations trusteeship.”
Dies in office in 2005. His son takes over with questionable legality, later elected.

CAMEROON

CAO-1960 471 CAO Ahidjo 01/01/1960 06/11/1982

Ahmadou Ahidjo steps down for reasons of health on November 6, 1982. Lentz’ records:
“The following year Ahidjo tried to regain power and was accused by President Biya of
plotting against the government. Ahidjo went into exile and was tried and sentenced to

228
death in absentia, though the sentence was later commuted.” So he resigns presidency for
health reasons. Tries to regain power the following year. Later on goes to exile.

CAO-1982 471 CAO Biya 06/11/1982 31/12/2004

NIGERIA

NIG-1960 475 NIG Balewa 01/10/1960 15/01/1966

Assassinated in coup.

NIG-1966-1 475 NIG Ironsi1 5/01/1966 29/07/1966

Killed in coup.

NIG-1966-2 475 NIG Gowon 29/07/1966 29/07/1975

Overthrown in coup while out of the country, exile in England.

NIG-1975 475 NIG Ramat Mohammed 29/07/1975 13/02/1976

Assassinated in coup.

NIG-1976 475 NIG Obasanjo 13/02/1976 01/10/1979

Lentz: served on several government commissions and retired from government to
become a farmer. Keesing’s Vol. 41, March 1995: “On March 13 Gen. Olusegun
Obasanjo, who had stepped down as head of state in 1979 in favour of a civilian
government [see pp. 30621-28], was arrested, four days after the arrest of his former
Vice-President, Gen. Shehu Yar'Adua. Both Obasanjo and Yar'Adua had campaigned
vocally for the restoration of an elected civilian government. An influential delegate at
the National Constitutional Conference (NCC), Yar'Adua had sponsored the December
1994 NCC motion that the military should relinquish power on Jan. 1, 1996 [see p.
40312]. Obasanjo was reportedly released on March 24, but was then placed under house
arrest with his passport confiscated. Yar'Adua remained in prison.”

NIG-1979 475 NIG Shagari 01/10/1979 31/12/1983

Keesing's Vol. 30, May 1984 : “A coup led by high-ranking army officers on Dec. 31,
1983, overthrew the civilian government of President Shehu Shagari (who had been
sworn in only three months previously for a further four-year term) and established a 19-
member Supreme Military Council. Announcing the coup early in the morning of Dec.
31, Brig. Sanni Abacha stated that certain sections of the 1979 constitution had been
suspended and the external borders had been closed; communications links with the
outside world were severed and a dusk-to-dawn curfew was imposed. Political parties
were banned, and all holders of public office were to resign their posts and report to the
police. In a later broadcast on the same day, Maj.-Gen. Mohammed Buhari was named as
the new Head of State, Chairman of the Supreme Military Council and Commander-in-
Chief of the Armed Forces. (The curfew was lifted on Jan. 3, 1984, when international air
flights also resumed; Nigeria's borders were reopened on Jan. 23.) Overthrown in coup,
house arrest.”

229
NIG-1983 475 NIG Buhari 31/12/1983 27/08/1985
Coup, arrested, detained.

NIG-1985 475 NIG Babangida 27/08/1985 26/08/1993

Keesing’sVol. 39, November 1993, suggests that Babangida may have been a figurehead
for Abacha. See Keesing’s Vol.41, March 1995. Also Keesing’s Vol. 44, July 1998
which notes that Abubakar was a close associated of Bagangida. Ibrahim Babangida lost
power on 26 August 1993. He was forced out of Aso Rock under questionable
circumstances. He first went to Egypt for a 4 week trip with his wife and 2 of their 4
children on December 1. Ibrahim Babangida has lived a life of recluse in his Minna
mansion and has neither purged himself of all the atrocities he committed against
Nigerians, nor apologised for the evil and misrule that he foisted on this nation. He
resigned following unrest.
Keesing’s Vol. 39, August 1993, “Departure of Babangida,” however, notes: “Gen.
Ibrahim Babangida, in power since the military coup of Aug. 27, 1985, stepped down as
President on Aug. 26 and handed over power to a non-elected Interim National
Government. The term of office of this administration was set to end on March 31, 1994.
Babangida had repeatedly reaffirmed his intention of relinquishing the presidency by
Aug. 27, 1993, meeting a deadline set in November 1992, in the context of the promised
return to civilian democratic rule. However, pro-democracy campaigners expressed
bitterness and anger that the long-promised restoration of democracy remained delayed,
and there was mounting unrest as protesters demanded that power be handed over to
Moshood Kashimawo Olawale "MKO" Abiolaof the Social Democratic Party (SDP), the
presumed winner of the aborted June presidential elections. Members of the new
administration of civilians and soldiers were handpicked by Babangida. Chief Ernest
Adegunle Shonekan, named as its head (effectively President), had hitherto been
chairman of the outgoing Transitional Council, and several members of the new Cabinet
had also served in the Transitional Council.”

NIG-1993-1 475 NIG Shonekan 26/08/1993 17/11/1993

Ernest Shonekan. Keesing’s Vol. 41, October 1995, notes that Chief Ernest Shonekan
was a personal representative of Abacha. Head of Transition Government, (1996-97,
Chairman, Vision 2010 Committee who's goal is for Nigeria to derive its entire wealth
from agriculture and industry). He was civilian appointed as interim leader, and was
forced out after 3 months.
Keesing’s Vol. 39, November 1993, “Military takeover” also notes: On Nov. 17, after an
82-day period of civilian rule, albeit by a non-elected administration, Nigeria came once
again under the control of the military. The Defence Minister, Gen. Sanni Abacha, took
over as head of state, having forced the resignation of Chief Ernest Adegunle Shonekan,
head of the Interim National Government (ING). Abacha's takeover confirmed the belief
that he had been in effective control of the government since the resignation of President
Ibrahim Babangida in August. Abacha had been a key player both in the 1983 coup,
which brought an end to the 1979-83 Second Republic civilian government of Shehu
Shagari, and in the 1985 military putsch which installed Babangida as head of state and
himself as Babangida's deputy. Shonekan's short-lived ING administration had been

230
dogged by problems since its installation in August, and in the days preceding the coup
the beleaguered Shonekan had come under increasing pressure. …. Late on Nov. 17,
following a four-hour meeting with Abacha and other senior military figures, Shonekan
announced his resignation as head of state and commander-in-chief of the armed forces.
Abacha immediately took over both positions.”

NIG-1993-2 475 NIG Abacha 17/11/1993 08/06/1998

General. See Keesing’s Vol. 44, July 1988. Sudden death.

NIG-1998 475 NIG Abubakar 09/06/1998 29/05/1999

Keesing’s Vol. 51, January 2005. “The Oputa panel’s report recommended that the three
former military rulers—Gen. Muhammed Buhari (1983-85) [see pp. 32841-43; 33956-
59]; Gen. Ibrahim Babangida (1985-93) [see pp. 33956-59; 39582]; and Gen. Abdulsalam
Abubakar, who led a short military transition government following the death of Gen.
Sani Abacha in 1998 [see pp. 42321-22; 42924-25]—be barred from holding public
office in Nigeria ever again. Among the panel’s findings was a call for an investigation
into Babangida’s role in the murder of Dele Giwa, an investigative journalist, who was
assassinated by a parcel bomb in October 1986 [see p. 34856]. The panel also declared
that Buhari should be held responsible for his part in the execution of three alleged drug
traffickers in 1984. At the time Buhari ordered the executions by presidential decree.
Abubakar was judged to be accountable for the death of politician Chief Moshood
"MKO" Abiola in July 1998 [see p. 42380].” Had faced charges of money laundering and
theft from Swiss authorities, in connection with charges against the family of the late
dictator Gen. Sani Abacha.

NIG-1999 475 NIG Obasanjo 29/05/1999 31/12/2004

GABON

GAB-1960 481 GAB Mba 17/08/1960 17/02/1964

Los Angeles Times, Feb. 20, 1964, P.3. notes “French troops flown from nearby African
nations Wednesday snuffed out a 24-hour revolutionary regime and restored Leon Mba,
who had been imprisoned in the presidential palace, as Gabon’s chief of state.”
Mba was reelected in 1964 and 1967 until his death in Nov. 1967. So, for 1964, we code
his posttenurefate as zero, meaning he was OK.

GAB-1964-1 481 GAB Aubaume 17/02/1964 19/02/1964

Coup put down and ousted, arrested and imprisoned.

GAB-1964-2 481 GAB Mba 20/02/1964 28/11/1967

See above. Restored with French help. Natural death

GAB-1967 481 GAB Bongo 28/11/1967 31/12/2004

CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC

231
CEN-1960 482 CEN Dacko 13/08/1960 01/01/1966
Coup, house arrest until 1976.

CEN-1966 482 CEN Bokassa 01/01/1966 21/09/1979

Uncle of Dacko. Overthrown by French paratroopers while on an official trip to Libya.
NYT, Nov. 5, 1996, p. B7. (Obituary) Returned in 1986, then in exile in Ivory Coast, to
face charges against him. Sentenced to death for assassinations, concealing corpses and
embezzlement. He served seven years in prison before he was finally pardoned by
Kolingba.”
Lentz: “Bokassa was on a visit to Libya when he was ousted in a coup led by former
president David Dacko on September 21, 1979. Bokossa went into exile in the Ivory
Coast. He was tried in absentia and sentenced to death in December 1980. Bokassa went
into exile in France, but returned to the Central African Republic in October of 1986. He
was arrested on tried on charges that included murder and cannibalism. He was convicted
… in June 1987 and was sentenced to death. The sentence as commuted to life
imprisonment and hard labor in Bangui’s Ngaaba Prison by President Andre Kolingba in
February of 1988.”

CEN-1979 482 CEN Dacko 21/09/1979 01/09/1981

Cousin of Bokassa. See The Washington Post, Sept. 2, 1981, p.A19. NY Times, Mar. 22,
1982, P. A2. Notes: “A civilian, David Dacko, replaced Emperor Bokassa, but, with his
acquiescence, the army took over last September…”

CEN-1981 482 CEN Kolingba 01/09/1981 22/10/1993

Armed forces chief of staff. Runs again in April 2005, where he gets 16% of the vote.
Lexis Nexis: Africa News, October 6, 2003. Apparently attempted a failed coup on 28
May, 2001 and fled to Uganda. Condemned in absentia to death, but amnestied. Lexis
Nexis, BBC, March 16, 1994. “11 March: The former president of the Central African
Republic, General Andre Kolingba, was “struck off” the ranks of the army under a decree
signed today by his successor, Ange-Felix Patasse, the national radio announced in
Bangui.

CEN-1993 482 CEN Patasse 22/10/1993 15/03/2003

Several coup attempts, put down with Libyan and French support. See, for example,
Keesing’s Vol. 42, November 1996,

CEN-2003 482 CEN Francois Bozize 30/04/2003 31/12/2004

CHAD

CHA-1960 483 CHA Tombalbaye 11/08/1960 13/04/1975

Killed in coup

CHA-1975 483 CHA Malloum 15/04/1975 23/03/1979

232
Félix Malloum, left the country, exile. Coup of Northerners against Southerners. See
NYT, Jun. 19, 1979, p. A2. Flees on March 24.

DELETED: Figurehead
CHA-1979-2 483 CHA Shawa 29/04/1979 22/08/1979
Lol Mahamat Shawa. For his entry, see LA Times, May 1, 1979, p. OC2 “News in
Brief.” May have been a figurehead. CSM, May 8, 1979, p. 4 “Chad opts for power
sharing” notes: “Mr. Shawa … is not the most powerful man in Chad. That role belongs
to Goukouni Weddeyeh, Interior Minister in the new government, and top man in the
once Libyan-backed front for the National Liberation of Chad (FROLINAT).”
Negotiations among rebel factions, goes to Paris in exile. See Lentz.

CHA-1979 483 CHA Oueddei 23/03/1979 07/06/1982

Goukouni Oueddei. Enters as a result of the Kano Peace Agreement, 23 March 1979.
Regular entry. Steps down temporarily for Shawa, who heads a provisional government
by the four rebel factions, but Oueddei remains the real power. CSM, May 8, 1979, p. 4
“Chad opts for power sharing” notes: “Mr. Shawa … is not the most powerful man in
Chad. That role belongs to Goukouni Weddeyeh, Interior Minister in the new
government, and top man in the once Libyan-backed front for the National Liberation of
Chad (FROLINAT).” See Lentz. Under house arrest in Tripoli Libya in August 1985. For
his exile, see NYT, June 23, 1982, p. B11.Overthrown in coup, placed under house arrest
in Libya in July 1983, thus he was in exile.

CHA-1982 483 CHA Habre 19/06/1982 02/12/1990

CHA-1990 483 CHA Deby 04/12/1990 31/12/2004

CONGO
CON-1960 484 CON Youlou 15/08/1960 15/08/1963
Ousted in revolt, imprisoned.

CON-1963 484 CON Debat 16/08/1963 04/09/1968

NYT, March 26, 1977, p. 7. Executed March 25, 1977, after being convicted of plotting
the assassination of President Marien Ngouabi. Military coup, retires to his native village

CON-1968 484 CON Raoul 04/09/1968 01/01/1969

NYT, Jan. 2, 1969, p.17 notes he remains Premier. He was a Major. Demoted in March
1972, for their parts in an abortive coup d’état of Feb 22, 1972. See NYT, March 26,
1972, p.4

CON-1969 484 CON Ngouabi 01/01/1969 18/03/1977

He was assassinated in a coup.

CON-1977 484 CON Opango 18/03/1977 05/02/1979

Ousted in coup, arrested and detained.

233
CON-1979 484 CON Nguesso 08/02/1979 20/08/1992
He was a general. See
http://www.ikuska.com/Africa/Historia/biografias/biografias_r.htm#sasso:
“En 1993, apoyado por su milicia "Cobra", se levantó militarmente contra el Presidente
iniciando una guerra civil que acabaría con la vida de más de 2.000 personas antes de que
se firmara la paz en 1994. Abandonó el país y se refugió en Francia, de donde volvió en
enero de 1997 para presentarse a las elecciones presidenciales que iban a celebrarse en
julio de ese mismo año. Pero el 5 de junio, las tropas del Presidente Lissouba rodearon la
casa de Sassou abortando la posibilidad de unas elecciones democráticas. Las fuerzas de
Sassou ganaron en octubre y fue nombrado de nuevo Presidente del Congo, a la vez que
Lissouba se exiliaba en Londres. El 10 de marzo de 2002 es reelegido con el 89% de los
votos contra el 2.7% de su contrincate, Joseph Kignoumbi Kia Mboungou.”

CON-1992 484 CON Lissouba 31/08/1992 15/10/1997

Fled the country.

CON-1997 484 CON Nguesso 15/10/1997 31/12/2004

DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO/ZAIRE

DRC-1960-1 490 DRC Lumumba 30/06/1960 14/09/1960

Ousted and later murdered.

DRC-1960-2 490 DRC Mobutu 14/09/1960 20/09/1960

See Lentz.

DRC-1960-3 490 DRC Kasavubu 20/09/1960 25/11/1965

DRC-1965 490 DRC Mobutu 25/11/1965 16/05/1997

Mobutu fled following fighting.

DRC-1997 490 DRC Laurent Kabila 16/05/1997 16/01/2001

He was assassinated by one of his own soldiers.

DRC-2001 490 DRC Joseph Kabila 17/01/2001 31/12/2004

Son of Laurent Kabila. He took over after his father's assassination.

UGANDA

UGA-1962 500 UGA Obote 09/10/1962 25/01/1971

Coup by Amin, asylum in Tanzania.

UGA-1971 500 UGA Amin 25/01/1971 11/04/1979

He was removed by Tanzanian invasion, exile into Libya.

UGA-1979 500 UGA Binasa 11/04/1979 12/05/1980

234
Godfrey Binaisa. He was overthrown in a military coup on May 10, 1980. Returned to
Uganda in 2002 from self-imposed exile in New York where he was a practicing lawyer.

UGA-1980-1 500 UGA Paulo Muwanga 18/05/1980 17/12/1980

Served in Obote’s government as minister of defense and vice president. Arrested in
1986, and imprisoned until October 1990.

UGA-1980-2 500 UGA Obote 17/12/1980 27/07/1985

Military coup, exile in Kenya.

UGA-1985 500 UGA Okello 29/07/1985 29/01/1986

He surrenders to Museveni, absolved of crimes by troops under his command.

UGA-1986 500 UGA Museveni 29/01/1986 31/12/2004

KENYA

KEN-1963 501 KEN Kenyatta 12/12/1963 22/08/1978

He died in his sleep.

KEN-1978 501 KEN Moi 22/08/1978 30/12/2002

KEN-2002 501 KEN Mwai Kibaki 31/12/2002 31/12/2004

TANZANIA/TANGANYIKA

TAZ-1961 510 TAZ Nyerere 09/11/1961 05/11/1985

.See Lentz. Degree in economics at the University of Edinburgh. Remained chairman of
the Revolutionary party of Tanzania until August 1990.

TAZ-1985 510 TAZ Mwinyi 05/11/1985 05/11/1995

TAZ-1995 510 TAZ Mkapa 05/11/1995 31/12/2004

Electoral fraud alleged in 1995 and 2000.

ZANZIBAR

ZAN-1961 511 ZAN Shamte Hamadi 05/06/1961 12/01/1964

Shamte Hamadi, five year detention, jailed.

ZAN-1964 511 ZAN Kassim Hanga 12/01/1964 27/04/1964

Coup, then merges with Tanzania. For entry, see Chicago Tribune, Jan. 13, 1964, p. 1. Is
she or Karume the effective leader? We go with Hanga, see NYT, June 3, 1964, p.9.
Hanga is PM, Karume is President. See NYT, April 25, 1964, p.16. Becomes minister in
Julius Nyerere’s government. (Nyerere put Zanzibar under the direct authority of its
former president, Abeid Amani Karume.

235
BURUNDI

BUI-1962 516 BUI Mwambutsa 01/07/1962 08/07/1966

He was deposed by his son, while out of the country.

BUI-1966-1 516 BUI Ntare 08/07/1966 28/11/1966

Son of Mwambutsa. He is first deposed by military coup while out of the country. Later
executed after new coup attempt.

BUI-1966-2 516 BUI Micombero 28/11/1966 01/11/1976

Lentz. Exile in Somalia after a peaceful coup.

BUI-1976 516 BUI Bagaza 09/11/1976 03/09/1987

See NYT, Oct. 22, 1993, p.A3. Coup while in Canada, exile in Belgium.

BUI-1987 516 BUI Buyoya 03/09/1987 10/07/1993

For his post-exit fate, see NYT, July 30, 1996, p. A4, which reports he “left gracefully,
setting up the Foundation for Peace, Unity and Democracy.”

BUI-1993-1 516 BUI Ndadaye 10/07/1993 21/10/1993

He won elections, was ousted in coup. Encyclopedia Britannica says he was killed in the
coup.

BUI-1993-2 516 BUI Ngeze 21/10/1993 27/10/1993

For entry, see NYT, Oct. 22, 1993, p.A3. Coup allegedly masterminded by Bagaza.
Ngeze was Interior Minister. For his entry, see The Washington Post, Oct. 23, 1993, p. A.
18. The person behind the coup, probably also army chief of staff, Lt. Col. Jean
Bikomagu. The Washington Post, Oct. 24, 1993, p. A.39: “Francois Ngeze, named by the
military as new head of state, said on state-run Burundi Radio that he had been forced to
support the paratroopers who ousted Ndadaye. "Around midday {on Thursday}, I was
taken by force by soldiers to solve the question of security of our country," Ngeze said.”
Times – Picayune, Oct. 29, 1993, p. A.18: “Radio Burundi said Ngeze had been placed
under house arrest by police and that 15 army officers who took part in the coup had fled
the country to escape arrest. The military had been seeking amnesty for the soldiers, a
proposal firmly rejected by the prime minister and her supporters.”

BUI-1993-3 516 BUI Kinigi 27/10/1993 05/02/1994

BBC, February 10, 1995. Female. “Kinigi escaped death by taking refuge at the French
embassy in Bujumbura in October 1993. … Kinigi, who has returned to her banking
profession, is attending “Audience Africa”, a five-day development forum.”

BUI-1994-1 516 BUI Ntarymira 05/02/1994 06/04/1994

He died in plane crash. The plane crash is widely known to have been an assassination.

BUI-1994-2 516 BUI Ntibantunganya 06/04/1994 25/07/1996

236
Sylvestre Ntibantunganya was overthrown in a military coup in July 1996. Since,
Sylvestre Ntibantunganya attentively follows political revolution of Burundi without
however playing a very active institutional role. Tutsi-led military coup.

BUI-1996 516 BUI Buyoya 25/07/1996 30/04/2003

For his entry, see NYT, July 27, 1996, p.3

BUI-2003 516 BUI Ndayizeye 30/04/2003 31/12/2004

RWANDA

RWA-1961 517 RWA Kayibanda 26/10/1961 05/07/1973

Military coup, house arrest.

RWA-1973 517 RWA Habyarimana 05/07/1973 06/04/1994

Habyarimana dies in a suspicious plane crush. The plane crash is widely known to have
been an assassination.

RWA-1994-1 517 RWA Sindikubwabo 06/04/1994 19/07/1994

The Guardian (London), December 13, 1995, The Guardian Foreign Page, p. 11, notes
that Sindikubwabo have been living in Zaire. For his exile, see also the BBC, May 18,
1995. He achieved power in civil unrest erupting after Presidents plane was likely shot
down.

RWA-2000 517 RWA Paul Kagame 19/07/1994 31/12/2004

Formerly we had Bizimungu in from 19/07/1994 until 23/03/2000.
Keesing’s Vol. 50, June 2004. “Former President Pasteur Bizimungu was sentenced on
June 7 to 15 years’ imprisonment having been found guilty of embezzlement, inciting
civil disobedience, and criminal association. He was cleared, however, of the main charge
of threatening state security and thereby avoided the life term sought by the prosecution.
Former Social Affairs Minister Charles Ntakirutinka received a 10-year sentence for
inciting civil disobedience and criminal association and six others received five-year
prison terms.
Bizimungu, a moderate Hutu, had been installed as a figurehead leader after the
1994 genocide. He had been one of the few Hutus to have joined the mostly Tutsi
Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF) when it was formed by exiles in Uganda. He had resigned
as President in 2000 after falling out with his then deputy, current President Paul Kagame
[see p. 43444]. After his resignation from office, Bizimungu became a vocal critic of
Kagame’s RPF-led government and in mid-2001 he was placed under house arrest after
forming a new political party [see pp. 44143; 44198]. Bizimungu was arrested again in
April 2002 [see p. 44714], the charges stemming from accusations that he and
Ntakirutinka had fuelled hostility against the Tutsi minority which took power after the
genocide.” Keesing’s Vol. 47, May 2001, “It was reported on May 31 that former
President Pasteur Bizimungu had been placed under house arrest [for resignation of
Bizimungu see p. 43444]. Bizimungu had been about to announce the formation of a new

237
political party.” More than a year after his loss of office. He resigned in protest over
Parliament's use of an anticorruption campaign to attack Hutu cabinet members.

DELETED, since a figurehead.

RWA-1994-2 517 RWA Bizimungu 19/07/1994 23/03/2000
Keesing’s Vol. 50, June 2004. “Former President Pasteur Bizimungu was sentenced on
June 7 to 15 years’ imprisonment having been found guilty of embezzlement, inciting
civil disobedience, and criminal association. He was cleared, however, of the main charge
of threatening state security and thereby avoided the life term sought by the prosecution.
Former Social Affairs Minister Charles Ntakirutinka received a 10-year sentence for
inciting civil disobedience and criminal association and six others received five-year
prison terms.
Bizimungu, a moderate Hutu, had been installed as a figurehead leader after the
1994 genocide. He had been one of the few Hutus to have joined the mostly Tutsi
Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF) when it was formed by exiles in Uganda. He had resigned
as President in 2000 after falling out with his then deputy, current President Paul Kagame
[see p. 43444]. After his resignation from office, Bizimungu became a vocal critic of
Kagame’s RPF-led government and in mid-2001 he was placed under house arrest after
forming a new political party [see pp. 44143; 44198]. Bizimungu was arrested again in
April 2002 [see p. 44714], the charges stemming from accusations that he and
Ntakirutinka had fuelled hostility against the Tutsi minority which took power after the
genocide.” Keesing’s Vol. 47, May 2001, “It was reported on May 31 that former
President Pasteur Bizimungu had been placed under house arrest [for resignation of
Bizimungu see p. 43444]. Bizimungu had been about to announce the formation of a new
political party.” More than a year after his loss of office. He resigned in protest over
Parliament's use of an anticorruption campaign to attack Hutu cabinet members.

SOMALIA

SOM-1960 520 SOM Osman Daar 01/07/1960 10/07/1967

Arrested after coup of October 1969. See Lentz. “He stepped down from office after
completing his term on July 10, 1967. He was elected to the National Assembly, where
he served until the military coup of 1969. Osman Daar was arrested by the military
government and was detained until April of 1973.”

SOM-1967 520 SOM Shermarke 10/07/1967 15/10/1969

Assassinated by police officers.

SOM-1969 520 SOM Siad Barre 21/10/1969 26/01/1991

Ousted by guerrillas, exile in Kenya, then Nigeria.

{SOM-2000 520 SOM Abdiqasim Salad Hassan }

{Abdiqasim Salad Hassan 23/08/2000-.31/12/2002. Limited control over territory.}

238
DJIBOUTI
DJI-1977 522 DJI Gouled Aptidon 27/06/1977 08/05/1999
For his retirement, see Keesing’s Vol. 46, March 2000.

DJI-1999 522 DJI Guelleh 08/05/1999 31/12/2004

Keesing’s Vol. 45, April 1999. Is chief of staff of outgoing pres. Aptidon.

ETHIOPIA
ETH-1871 530 ETH Yohannes IV 11/07/1871 09/03/1889
Emperor after civil war; assassinated.

ETH-1889 530 ETH Menelek II 09/03/1889 15/05/1911

Power in war following succession crisis. Son of Haile Malakot, King of Shoa; not
related to Yohannes IV.

ETH-1911 530 ETH Joshua (Lij Yasu) 15/05/1911 27/09/1916

Grandson of Menelek, regular succession; deposed. Son of Menelek II’s daughter Shewa
Regga and Ras Mikael of Wello.

ETH-1916 530 ETH Judith (Zanditu) 27/09/1916 03/04/1930

Female. Monarchy: made empress after Lij was deposed. Daughter of Menelek II

ETH-1930 530 ETH Selassie 03/04/1930 15/05/1936

Second Cousin of Zauditu. Removed by Italian invasion, exile in England.

ETH-1936 530 ETH K. of Italy/Emperor of Ethiopia 15/05/1936 07/04/1941

King of Italy/Emperor of Ethiopia. Deposed by South African and British troops under
the command of Gen. A. C. Cunningham. Addis Abeba falls 7 April 1944. Emperor
Selassie enters Addis Abeba on May 5 1941, the Duke of Aosta surrenders May 16.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_African_Campaign_%28World_War_II%29#The_capt
ure_of_Addis_Ababa).

ETH-1942 530 ETH Selassie 05/05/1942 12/09/1974

See above. Removed in a coup, house arrest. Second Cousin of Zauditu, etc.

ETH-1974-1 530 ETH Andom 12/09/1974 23/11/1974

He was ousted by more revolutionary members of the government and killed. See NYT, 5
February, 1977, p.7. “Emperor Haile Selassie was deposed in September 1974. The first
chairman of the military council, Gen. Aman Andom, was put to death two months later
with 50 other leading Ethiopians. General Tafari (=Banti, HG) succeeded him.” On his
exit, see LA Times, Nov. 29, 1974, p. A1, A6: “He resigned, refused to reconsider, was
ordered arrested and died last Saturday night in the siege of his home.”

ETH-1974-2 530 ETH Banti 28/11/1974 03/02/1977

239
On his entry, see LA Times, Nov. 29, 1974, p. A1. “Deposed Emperor Haile Selassie has
agreed to turn over part of his fortune to the military rulers who overthrew him in
exchange for his life, diplomatic sources said Thursday. In another development, the
military men who now run Ethiopia appointed a new permanent chairman. Named to
head the Provisional Military Administrative Council was Brig. Gen. Tafari Banti, 52,
who reportedly took the job after six other military men had declined the honor. … (cont.
p.6) … Some diplomatic observers think Tafari may have been chosen as little more than
the spokesman for the seven-man leadership of the military council. Lt. Gen. Aman M.
Andom refused to agree with hard-line policies of the junta. He resigned, refused to
reconsider, was ordered arrested and died last Saturday night in the siege of his home.
Aman was a fighting man whose soldiers called him “the lion of the desert.” Tafari is a
mild-mannered man known as an administrator. He is not expected to disagree with the
military council’s decision to escalate the long-run war with guerilla forces in Eritrea, the
seccessionist northern province, which Aman insisted could not be won by military force.
… the 2nd Division … has fought unsuccessfully to quell the Eritrean Liberation Front.
Gen. Tafari was commander of the 2nd Division for six weeks before getting his new job.
He takes over from Maj. Mengistu Haile Mariam, who became acting chairman last
Friday when the council ordered Aman’s arrest. Mengistu has by far the more forceful
personality of the two, and many feel he will remain the power behind the chairman. …
Like Mengistu, Tafari came up from the ranks. … Tafari, then 19, took part in the
liberation of Ethiopia from Italian rule in 1941. He served in various infantry divisions,
and in 1965, as a lieutenant colonel, succeeded Aman as military attaché in Washington.
He returned here in 1970 to serve in intelligence and supply posts. He was trained at U.S.
Army schools in the United States on five differet occasions. He became a general in
1972.”
Killed in a battle with Mengistu's supporters. He may be a figurehead for Marriam, see
NYT, 5 February, 1977, p. 7, which records (Dateline, Feb. 4) “no public reaction to the
killing yesterday of the chief of state, Brig. Gen. Tafari Banti, and six other members of
the governing military council. … The official radio said yesterday that General Tafari
and the others had been put to death for attempting to stage a coup against the revolution.
But there were reports that they had actually been slain during the fighting among
members of the council. The opposing factions were both said to be Marxist-Leninist, but
General Tafari, the largely figurehead council chairman, and his supporters were
generally viewed as more moderate than Colonel Mengistu, the first vice chairman of the
council, and his followers. … The fighting yesterday apparently stemmed from a
reorganization plan undertaken in December by two captains with the apparent aim of
containing Colonel Mengistu’s previously unlimited powers. For a time thereafter the
colonel appeared to have lost some grounds.”

ETH-1977 530 ETH Mengistu Marriam 11/02/1977 21/05/1991

Resigns from office, EPRDF marches on AA, exile in Zimbabwe.

ETH-1991-1 530 ETH Gebre Kidan 21/05/1991 27/05/1991

ETH-1991-2 530 ETH Meles Zenawi 27/05/1991 31/12/2004

First President (until 22 Aug 1995, then from 23 Aug 1995 Prime Minister.

240
ERITREA

ERI-1993 531 ERI Afeworki 24/05/1993 31/12/2004

ANGOLA

ANG-1975 540 ANG Neto 11/11/1975 10/09/1979

Assumed control, natural death.

ANG-1979 540 ANG Dos Santos 10/09/1979 31/12/2004

MOZAMBIQUE

MZM-1975 541 MZM Machel 25/06/1975 19/10/1986

Ceasefire, dies in plane crush.

MZM-1986 541 MZM Chissano 06/11/1986 31/12/2004

ZAMBIA

ZAM-1964 551 ZAM Kaunda 24/10/1964 02/11/1991

Keesing’s Vol. 45, November 1999, notes that “ In June 1998 the Lusaka High Court had
ordered the release from house arrest of Kaunda, who had been held in detention since
December 1997 [see pp. 42321; 42109; 42052-53; 41990; 41948] after being linked to a
failed coup attempt by junior army officers in October 1997 [see pp. 41850-51]. “
Keesing’s, Vol. 45, April 1999 “On April 1 former President Kenneth Kaunda
appealed against a High Court ruling on March 31 which had stripped him of his
Zambian citizenship. The High Court had revoked Kaunda's citizenship on the grounds
that his parents were from Malawi [see p. 40761]. Four gunmen reportedly attempted to
assassinate Kaunda on April 1. They opened fire upon his car as it reached his house,
apparently unaware that Kaunda was not in the car at the time.” He was defeated in
elections, later jailed.

ZAM-1991 551 ZAM Chiluba 02/11/1991 02/01/2002

Keesing’s Vol. 48, July 2002. “The National Assembly (the unicameral legislature) on
July 16 voted unanimously in favour of lifting former President Frederick Chiluba’s
immunity from prosecution in order to allow an investigation into allegations of
corruption during his 10 years in office.”
Keesing’s vol. 49, February 2003 “Former President Frederick Chiluba was
formally charged on Feb. 24 with 59 counts of “theft by a public servant” during his 10
years in office prior to the election of President Levy Mwanawasa in December 2001 [see
pp. 44493; 44540-41]. Chiluba’s passport was seized to prevent him leaving the country,
but he was freed on bail. He denied the allegations and said that he was the victim of a

241
politically motivated witch-hunt. The National Assembly (the unicameral legislature) had
in July 2002 voted to lift Chiluba’s immunity from prosecution [see p. 44886]. The
Supreme Court on Feb. 19 had unanimously decided not to restore Chiluba’s immunity,
thereby opening the way for formal charges to be leveled against him.” He abandons
reelection attempt; arrested 5 Aug 2003.

ZAM-2002 551 ZAM Levy Mwanawasa 03/01/2002 31/12/2004

ZIMBABWE

ZIM-1965 552 ZIM Smith 11/11/1965 23/05/1979

ZIM-1979 552 ZIM Muzorewa 29/05/1979 11/12/1979

Was a bishop. Detained by two intelligence officers in November 1983. For his fate, see
Boston Globe, April 18, 1980, p.1.Detained in 1983-1984.

ZIM-1980 552 ZIM Mugabe 04/03/1980 31/12/2004

MALAWI

MAW-1964 553 MAW Banda 06/07/1964 21/05/1994

First Prime Minister (63-66), then President (66-94) Dies 24 November 1997. Rulers.org:
Muluzi’s government tried him for the 1983 murder of four political opponents but he
was found not guilty. He finally retired from politics in July 1997. Keesing’s Vol. 41,
September 1995 “On Sept. 15 former President Hastings Kamuzu Banda, on trial for
murder [see p. 40633], was granted bail by the Supreme Court. Banda had been placed
under house arrest in January because of his ill-health [see p. 40344].” Keesing’s Vol. 41,
January 1995 “Former President Hastings Kamuzu Banda was arrested on charges of
murder and placed under house arrest on Jan. 5. John Tembo, treasurer-general of
Banda's Malawi Congress Party (MCP) and his closest aide, had been detained on Jan.
4.”

MAW-1994 553 MAW Muluzi 21/05/1994 24/05/2004

MAW-2004 553 MAW Bingu wa Mutharika 24/05/2004 31/12/2004

SOUTH AFRICA
SAF-1910 560 SAF Louis Botha 31/05/1910 27/08/1919
Lentz: died of influenza. Previously head of other state.

SAF-1919 560 SAF Smuts 03/09/1919 29/06/1924

See Lentz.

SAF-1924 560 SAF Hertzog 30/06/1924 05/09/1939

See Lentz.

242
SAF-1939 560 SAF Smuts 06/09/1939 03/06/1948
See Lentz.

SAF-1948 560 SAF Malan 03/06/1948 30/11/1954

Lentz: “Malan resigned as prime minister due to ill health on November 30, 1954. He
died following a stroke in Capetown on February 7, 1959.” Newspapers of the day don’t
mention ill health, although he’s 80, rather that he carefully planned the transfer of
power. “British Commonwealth diplomats in London speculated Malan’s retirement
probably was due to three reasons: (1) his declining health; (2) the recent ill health of his
wife, who is his closes political advisor and constant companion, and (3) recent
differences with Nationalist Party strong man Johannes G. Strydom, who long has urged
stronger action toward the party’s prime aims of race segregation and establishment of
South Africa as republic. … There were no recent indications that the Prime Minister was
in ill health. … The London Daily Express reported from Johannesburg, however, that
Malan was pale and tottering and leaned on a bodyguard during the service.” The
evidence shows that he chose to step down. So we keep manner as 1.

SAF-1954 560 SAF Strijdom 02/12/1954 23/08/1958

See Lentz: Heart disease.

SAF-1958-1 560 SAF Swart 23/08/1958 03/09/1958

See Lentz.

SAF-1958-2 560 SAF Verwoerd 03/09/1958 06/09/1966

Lentz: Stabbed to death be a mentally deranged parliamentary messenger. Assassinated.

SAF-1966-1 560 SAF Donges 06/09/1966 13/09/1966

See Lentz.

SAF-1966-2 560 SAF Vorster 13/09/1966 28/09/1978

Lentz. Forced to retire “after a commission held that he had been aware of the financial
irregularities that had taken place in his government. Now a change from PM to
Presidential system.

SAF-1978 560 SAF Botha 28/09/1978 18/01/1989

See Lentz. He suffered a stroke. According to
http://kapstadt.org/suedafrika/geschichte/louis_botha/
he is related to Louis Botha, earlier PM, but not recorded how distant.
Botha was not related to contemporary National Party politician Roelof Frederik Botha
(“Pik”), who served as foreign minister.

SAF-1989-1 560 SAF Heunis 19/01/1989 15/03/1989

See Lentz.

SAF-1989-2 560 SAF Botha 15/03/1989 14/08/1989

See Lentz.

243
SAF-1989-3 560 SAF deKlerk 15/08/1989 10/05/1994
See Lentz.

SAF-1994 560 SAF Mandela 10/05/1994 16/06/1999

SAF-1999 560 SAF Mbeki 16/06/1999 31/12/2004

TRANSVAAL

TRA-1872 563 TRA Burgers 01/07/1872 12/04/1877

Thomas Burgers was born in 15 April 1834. See LA Times, Oct. 22, 1899, p. 3. After his
removal “shortly afterwards retired on a British pension to Cape Town, …” Cape Town
is in the Cape Colony. Encyclopedia Britannica: graduated a doctor of theology from the
University of Utrecht. “Burgers surrendered the republic to Sir Theophilius Shepstone
and his annexing force of 25 policemen representing the British Crown. Burgers then
retired into obscurity.” He was deposed because of British annexation. Fully acquiesced
in the necessity for annexation. He accepted a pension from the British government, and
settled down to farming in Hanover, Cape Colony. Thus his post tenure fate is coded as
he was fine.

TRA-1877 563 TRA Shepstone 12/04/1877 04/03/1879

On his background, see NYT, Nov. 3, 1879, p.3. For the annexation process described,
see LA Times, Oct. 22, 1899, p. 3 “Britain’s Stepchild, the story of the annexation of the
Transvaal.” Encyclopedia Britannica says, “Burgers surrendered the republic to Sir
Theophilius Shepstone and his annexing force of 25 policemen representing the British
Crown.”

TRA-1879 563 TRA Lanyon 04/03/1879 08/08/1881

William Owen Lanyon. He was defeated in battle.

TRA-1881 563 TRA Triumvirate 08/08/1881 09/05/1883

Triumvirate 08/08/1881-09/05/1883. Paulus Kruger, Marthinus Wessel Pretorius &
Petrus Jacobus Joubert. Gen Joubert is in Liverpool in September 1890, leaving for the
USA, NYT, Oct. 1890, p.2. The Washington Post, Dec. 11, 1884, p.1. notes that “Vice-
President Joubert, of the Transvaal, resigned his office a few days ago [dateline Dec. 10)]
because on the receipt of the British ultimatum the Boers applied for German protection.”
On Pretorius, see his Obituary: NYT, May 24, 1901, p.9. He was Transvaal’s first
president. On the Triumvirate, see also LA Times, July 23, 1899, p.3. Granted
independence by UK.

TRA-1883 563 TRA Kruger 09/05/1883 10/09/1900

Lentz: “British troops occupied Pretoria on June 5, 1900, and Kruger fled to Europe.
After Treaty of May 31, 1902, Kruger settled in Holland and died in Clarens,
Switzerland, on July 1, 1904. He was born in 10 October 1825.

244
TRA-1900 563 TRA Schalk Willem Burger10/09/1900 31/05/1902
He is referred to as a General. His wife is captured by the British July 1901.

TRA-1902 563 TRA Milner 21/06/1902 01/04/1905

Crown colony under Britain.

TRA-1905 563 TRA Palmer 02/04/1905 04/02/1907

TRA-1907 563 TRA Louis Botha 04/02/1907 31/05/1910

After the Treaty of Vereeniging: Transvaal became province of the Union of South
Africa.

ORANGE FREE STATE

OFS-1873 564 OFS Johannes Henricus Brand 16/06/1873 14/07/1888

Encyclopedia Britannica: Born in 6 December 1823. Died July 14, 1888. Educated at the
University of Leiden, in law.

OFS-1888 564 OFS Blignaut 14/07/1888 10/01/1889

Born in 26 June 1841. See http://www.blignaut.co.za/indi.php?qrin=1583.

OFS-1889 564 OFS Reitz 10/01/1889 11/12/1895

The web page on Blignaut notes that Reitz resigned for reasons of poor health. This is
confirmed in the Washington post, Feb. 23, 1986, p.17. For his Obituary, see NYT, Mar,
28, 1934, p.23. Lawyer. From 1989 to 1902, Secretary of State of the South African
Union. He was born in 5 October, 1844.

OFS-1895 564 OFS Blignaut 11/12/1895 04/03/1896

See above.

OFS-1896 564 OFS Steyn 04/03/1896 31/05/1902

Martinus Theunis. Lentz “Suffering from poor health at the war’s end, he went to Europe
to recuperate.” Country Annexed by Britain

OFS-1902 564 OFS Milner 23/06/1902 01/04/1905

Country was granted self rule.

OFS-1905 564 OFS Palmer 02/04/1905 07/06/1907

OFS-1907-1 564 OFS Hamilton John Goold-Adams 07/06/1907 27/11/1907

OFS-1907-2 564 OFS Fischer 27/11/1907 31/05/1910

Country is incorporated in Union of South Africa.

NAMIBIA

245
NAM-1990 565 NAM Nujoma 21/03/1990 31/12/2004

LESOTHO

LES-1966 570 LES Jonathan 04/10/1966 20/01/1986

Coup, dies of stomach cancer in SA 5 April 1987. Great-grandson of King Moshoeshou I.

LES-1986 570 LES Lekhanya 24/01/1986 02/05/1991

Commander in the Lesotho army. Coup, house arrest.

LES-1991 570 LES Ramaema 02/05/1991 02/04/1993

Major General.

LES-1993 570 LES Mokhehle 02/04/1993 17/08/1994

See The Independent, August, 26, 1994. Lexis – Nexis shows basically Mokhele was fine
post tenure, after coup of 17 August 1994. Also since this was a “Royal Coup,” it We
coded King Letsie III as the leader from 17 August to 14 September. Mokhehle was born
in 1963. His entry into power is non-constitutional, whereas his exit is constitutional. In
essence under pressure from South Africa, Letsie III backs down, and re-appoints
Mokhele.

LES-1994-1 570 LES Letsie III 17/08/1994 14/09/1994

Letsie III is the son of King Moshoeshoe II, thus related to Jonathan. Mokhele reinstated
after failed coup and under pressure from other states.

LES-1994-2 570 LES Mokhehle 14/09/1994 29/05/1998

Dies of natural causes.

LES-1998 570 LES Mosisili 29/05/1998 31/12/2004

SAF and BOT send troops in 1998 to restore order, forms government with opposition,
then reelected in 2002

BOTSWANA

BOT-1966 571 BOT Khama 30/09/1966 13/07/1980

BOT-1980 571 BOT Masire 13/07/1980 31/03/1998

See Boston Globe, Mar. 11, 2005, p. A.10. Takes up a nine months post as this year’s
president-in-residence at BU in 2005.

BOT-1998 571 BOT Mogae 31/03/1998 31/12/2004

SWAZILAND

SWA-1968 572 SWA Sobhuza II 06/09/1968 21/08/1982

246
Lentz reports: “Sobhuza continued to seek Swaziland’s independence, which was finally
granted on September 6, 1968. He initially ruled under a British-designed constitution,
which provided for a constitutional monarchy. Sobhuza promoted a new constitution in
April of 1973 which allowed him to rule as an absolute monarch.” Another potential
example of an ‘auto-golpe’.

SWA-1982 572 SWA Dzeliwe Shongwe 21/08/1982 10/08/1983

Lentz: Senior wife of King Sobhuza II and became queen regent. Queen Dzeliwe
Shongwe, got in power constitutionally, and lost power unconstitutionally. He ruled from
21 August 1982 to 10 August 1983. She was born in 1927.She had an important but not
central role in her country.

SWA-1983 572 SWA Ntombe Thwala 10/08/1983 25/04/1986

Lentz: wife of King Sobhuza II and became queen regent. Queen Ntombe Thwala, get in
power constitutionally, and lost power constitutionally. Ruled between 10 August 1983 –
25 April 1986. Regent. Born in 1950. She had an important but not central role in her
country.

SWA-1986 572 SWA Dlamini/Mswati 25/04/1986 31/12/2004

Mswati III is the son of King Sobhuza II and Queen Ntombe. He was chosen as king
designate following the death of Sobhuza in August 1982. Sent to Sherborne School 9in
Great Britain for his education while a regency council ruled Swaziland.

MADAGASCAR

MAG-1864 580 MAG Rainilaiarivony 15/07/1864 30/09/1895

P.M Rainilaiarivony ,1865-1895. After French protectorate on Madagascar on September
30, 1895, he was exiled in Algiers where he died in August 1896. Defeated by France.

MAG-1960 580 MAG Tsiranana 26/06/1960 08/10/1972

Lentz: Arrested for complicity in the assassination of President Richard Ratsimandrava in
February of 1975. Trsiranan was acquitted of all charges. Resigns after crisis, later
refuses to support appointed replacement.

MAG-1972 580 MAG Ramanantsoa 12/10/1972 05/02/1975

Lentz. He went into retirement and in May of 1979 he went to Paris for medical
treatment. He died in a Paris military hospital on May 9, 1979. Dissolves government
during crisis.

MAG-1975-1 580 MAG Ratsimandrava 05/02/1975 11/02/1975

See Lentz. Assassinated.

MAG-1975-2 580 MAG Gilles Andriamahazo 11/02/1975 15/06/1975

Lentz: resigned from the military in 1976. Disputed election, both maintain governments
but Ravalomanana eventually prevails and Ratsiraka flees to France.

247
MAG-1975-3 580 MAG Ratsiraka 15/06/1975 27/03/1993
See above.

MAG-1993 580 MAG Zafy 27/03/1993 05/09/1996

Keesing’s Vo. 42, September 1996. Impeached. Keesing’s Vol. 43, January 1997. Runs
for president again, loses.

MAG-1996 580 MAG Ratsirahonana 05/09/1996 09/02/1997

Keesing’s Vol. 44, February 1998. Appointed honorary chairman of a new opposition
party.

MAG-1997 580 MAG Ratsiraka 09/02/1997 06/07/2002

Keesing’s, Vol. 48, July 2002. Fled to the Seychelles and then on to France.

MAG-2002 580 MAG Marc Ravalomanana 06/07/2002 31/12/2004

COMOROS

COM-1975-1 581 COM Abdallah 06/07/1975 03/08/1975

Coup led by Soilih, forced into exile in France.

COM-1975-2 581 COM Soilih 03/08/1975 13/05/1978

Coup, killed on 29 May 1978.

COM-1978-1 581 COM Atthoumani 13/05/1978 21/05/1978

Keesing’s Vol. 24, July 1978, notes that he was a nephew of Prince Said Mohammed
Jaffar who had preceded President Soilih as head of state.

COM-1978-2 581 COM Abdallah 21/05/1978 26/11/1989

Abdallah died, assassinated in 1989. Bob Denard a former French commando seized
control of the island nation until French paratroops forced him out a month later.(source
BYLINE: Lynne Duke, Washington Post Foreign Service DATELINE:
JOHANNESBURG, Sept. 28)

COM-1989 581 COM Djohar 26/11/1989 29/09/1995

Said Mohamed Djohar. In October 1995 Djohar was briefly overthrown in a coup, again
led by French mercenary Col Bob Denard. After six days Djohar was restored to power
by French troops and Denard was sent to France to face trial. In November 1995, while
Djohar was absent from the country, the acting prime minister, Caabi el Yachroutu
Muhammad, declared himself interim president and appointed a government of national
unity. Djohar disputed Yachroutu’s action and appointed a rival government under Said
Ali Muhammad. Djohar was exiled to Réunion but was allowed to return in January 1996
in a non-political capacity. See Keesing’s Vol. 41 (1995) & Vol. 42 (1996).
He was impeached in 1991, but had returned to power with backing of France.

248
 On Djohar also see; Sidney Morning Herald. September 30, 1995: Sultan
Chouzour, a former Comoros ambassador to France, said scores had been wounded in the
fighting, and that the mercenaries had today moved Mr. Djohar to a military camp under
their control. He said Mr. Djohar had refused to sign a declaration handing over
constitutional authority to the invaders. He was arrested. Afterwards Djohar is released
and flies to Reunion for a medical check-up. Evidence emerged that Paris and the Chirac
government actually was behind the Denard coup to remove Djohar. Sunday Herald
October 15, 1995.
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/5097618.stm Tuesday, 20 June 2006 “French ‘dog of
war’ spared jail.” Reports: Denard is later tried in France, and convicted and sentenced
to a five year suspended jail sentence for his part in the abortive 1995 coup.

COM-1995-1 581 COM Combo 29/09/1995 02/10/1995

The Independent on 5 October 1995 published the following news.
A six-day coup in the Indian Ocean archipelago of the Comoros ended yesterday with an
invasion by hundreds of French troops and a stand-off with the French mercenary who
led the uprising. The troops, chiefly from units stationed in French territories and bases in
the region but also including units flown from mainland France, landed at dawn on the
main island of the archipelago, seizing two airports and the immediate surrounds of the
French embassy. The troops, which included Foreign Legion detachments from the
French island of Mayotte, were supported by helicopters and warships. "Colonel" Bob
Denard, the 66-year-old mercenary, freed President Said Mohamed Djohar, whom he had
been holding since launching the coup last Thursday, but was still negotiating his
surrender last night. … It was Mr. Yachourtu who announced an amnesty for the 400 to
700 Comorians implicated in the coup - though not for the 30 or so mercenaries led by
Denard - and the establishment of a broad-based government of national unity to be
formed after consultations with all parties, including those in opposition. From this news
we understand that Ayouba Combo supposedly hands over power to two co-presidents,
Said Ali Kemal (Head of the Shuma party) and Mohamed Taki Abdulkarim, chairman of
the national Union for Democracy.
We code Combo as removed unconstitutionally, by foreigners.

COM-1995-2 581 COM Abdoulkarim 02/10/1995 05/10/1995

COM-1995-3 581 COM el-Yachroutu 05/10/1995 26/01/1996

Member of the later Assoumani cabinet.

COM-1996-1 581 COM Djohar 26/01/1996 25/03/1996

COM-1996-2 581 COM Abdoulkarim 25/03/1996 06/11/1998

Died as a result of natural causes.

COM-1998 581 COM Massounde 06/11/1998 30/04/1999

House arrest. See following news:
May 1: Chicago Sun-Times: The army said President Tadjidine Ben Said
Massonde and other government officials had been asked to remain in their homes.

249
 May 1: The Herald, Glasgow: The army seized control of the three-island
Comoros Republic in a bloodless coup yesterday and placed government leaders under
house arrest.
The Independent, May 1, 1999: THE ARMY of the Comoro Islands overthrew the
civilian government of President Tadjiddine Ben Said Massonde yesterday in a bloodless
coup. Last weekend President Tadjiddine's government had granted greater autonomy to
the two smaller islands of Anjouan and Moheli. The government's move triggered three
days of violent protests on the main island, Grande Comoro, led by opposition politicians.

COM-1999 581 COM Azali Assoumani 30/04/1999 21/01/2002

Colonel. See Keesing’s Vol. 48, January 2002. He resigned from power. See following
news;
New York Times DATELINE: MORONI, Comoro Islands, May 6. Col. Azaly
Assoumani, who led a bloodless coup in the Comoro Islands last week, was sworn in
today as the Indian Ocean nation's new President. Colonel Azaly, who also assumed the
posts of Prime Minister and Defense Minister, named a new Government and a 12-
member committee of state. Coup started on 1 May.

COM-2002-1 581 COM Hamada Madi 22/01/2002 26/05/2002

COM-2002-2 581 COM Azali Assoumani 27/05/2002 31/12/2004

He was appointed after two disputed elections.

MAURITIUS

MAS-1968 590 MAS Ramgoolam 12/03/1968 16/06/1982

Ramgoolam is not coded as removed by a coup. See the following news:
The New York Times, June 13, 1982, Sunday, Late City Final Edition,
SECTION: Section 1; Part 1; Page 3, Column 3; Foreign Desk,
HEADLINE: SOCIALIST ALLIANCE SWEPT INTO OFFICE IN MAURITIUS
VOTE,
BYLINE: By JOSEPH LELYVELD, Special to the New York Times
DATELINE: PORT LOUIS, Mauritius, June 12
BODY: The party that has ruled this Indian Ocean island democracy since independence
14 years ago was routed so completely in elections today that it was left with not a single
seat in Parliament. In a clean sweep, the opposition - the Mauritian Militant Movement
and its smaller ally, the Mauritian Social Democratic Party - won election of all their
candidates in the 60 constituencies. The only two members of the new Parliament not
belonging to the victorious alliance are representatives of a local party on Rodrigues, an
island dependency 250 miles to the east, where the victors ran no candidates.
The vote was a repudiation of the Labor Party and its leader, Sir Seewoosagur
Ramgoolam, the 82-year-old Prime Minister, and brought to power a party that was
pledged to limited nationalization under a program of ''Socialism with a Mauritian face.''
It has also promised to be nonaligned and to campaign in international forums such as the
Organization of African Unity and the United Nations against the American military
presence on the island of Diego Garcia, 1,250 miles away.

250
 Closing Port to Superpowers
Sir Seewoosagur's Government had claimed Diego Garcia, a British owned island that
was once administered under the same authority as Mauritius, but indicated that it would
be satisfied to see the Americans stay for the 43 years remaining on a 50-year lease if
they paid rent. The outgoing Prime Minister said the opposition planned to lead Mauritius
into the Soviet camp. But the Mauritian Militant Movement is pledged to close the harbor
of Port Louis to Soviet as well as to United States naval vessels. Both big power have
used it until now. The winning alliance drew support from all elements of a polyglot
population of one million, nearly 70 percent of whom trace their origins to the Indian
subcontinent. Sir Seewoosagur had hired a political consultant from Massachusetts,
Joseph Napolitan, to prepare a series of American style television commercials. The
Prime Minister's supporters wore T-shirts that proclaimed: ''Forward with Ram to the
Year 2000.'' Raising the prospect of the world's first centenarian Prime Minister, they
painted the slogan ''chacha power'' on fences and gateposts in his constituency of Triolet.
Chacha is a Hindustani term of affection for an uncle.
Prime Minister Runs Fourth
But the power was apparently spent. The Prime Minister, who got 58 percent of the vote
in his constituency in the last election, in 1976, came in fourth today, with 33 percent.
he stunning victory followed a four-month display of democracy in action that left
virtually every thoroughfare canopied with campaign banners and covered - not just the
walls but the roadways themselves - with painted slogans and party symbols.
The vote appears to have been on generational rather than communal lines, with the 36
percent of the electorate that is under the age of 30 responding to the alliance's promises
of jobs. Paul Berenger, 37 years old, who has been the driving force of the Mauritian
Militant Movement since it was founded in 1969, winced when he was asked whether the
electorate had not in effect created a one party state. ''Please, don't say that,'' he replied.
''Don't use words like that. You're going to get me frightened.'' In fact, he said, to assure
the 28 parties that were shut out of Parliament, his party intended to amend the
Constitution to entrench the provision guaranteeing a free election every five years. A
three quarters majority is required for most significant amendments. The Mauritian
Militant Movement has also pledged to take the island out of the British Commonwealth,
where it recognizes Queen Elizabeth II as the chief of state, and make it a republic.
Conciliation Gesture Possible
Aneerood Jugnauth, a Hindu lawyer who is the nominal leader of the Mauritian Militant
Movement and the next Prime Minister, raised the possibility during the campaign that
the outgoing Prime Minister, Sir Seewoosagur, might be made the first President as a
gesture of reconciliation. The party also plans to amend the Constitution to revise the
commitment to provide full and immediate compensation in the event of nationalization.
But Mr. Berenger said its mandate would not lead it to push its Socialist program beyond
the cautious goals outlined in the party manifesto. ''This is not going to make us go any
faster than we meant to go,'' he said. Mr. Berenger, who took part in the Paris student
rising in 1968, said he hoped relations with the United States would be ''very cordial,''
and he momentarily made light of his campaign charges that the Central Intelligence
Agency had interfered on behalf of Sir Seewoosagur. “We'll call them in every time we
have an election,'' he said.

251
MAS-1982 590 MAS Anerood Jugnauth 16/06/1982 22/12/1995
For his CONSTITUTIONAL entry, see Keesing’s Vol. 28, 1982, October.

MAS-1995 590 MAS Ramgoolam N. 22/12/1995 17/09/2000

MAS-2000 590 MAS Anerood Jugnauth 18/09/2000 30/09/2003

For his posttenurefate, see Keesing’s Vol. 49, October 2003. Jugnauth resigned in 2003
and was elected president by the legislature.

MAS-2003 590 MAS Paul Berenger 30/09/2003 31/12/2004

MOROCCO

MOR-1859 600 MOR Muhammed IV 28/08/1859 25/09/1883

MOR-1883 600 MOR Abu Ali al-Hasan 25/09/1883 07/06/1894

Hasan I; son of Muhammed IV.

MOR-1894 600 MOR Abd al-Aziz 07/06/1894 05/01/1908

Son of Sultan Hasan I. Coup by brother, eventually brother accepts to become a French
protectorate

MOR-1956 600 MOR Mohammed V 02/03/1956 26/02/1961

Youngest of three sons of Sultan Yusef, who was the son of Sultan Hasan I.

MOR-1961 600 MOR Hassan II 26/02/1961 23/07/1999

Son of Mohammed V.

MOR-1999 600 MOR Muhammad VI 23/07/1999 31/12/2004

Son of Hassan II.

ALGERIA
ALG-1962-1 615 ALG Ben Khedda0 3/07/1962 25/09/1962
Lentz: “He was arrested in July of 1964 and spent much of the next several decades in
prison or under surveillance.” Keesing’s Vol. 9, July 1963, shows he was OK then. He
was arrested in July 1964.

ALG-1962-2 615 ALG Bella 26/09/1962 19/06/1965

Coup, jailed until 1980.

ALG-1965 615 ALG Boumedienne 19/06/1965 27/12/1978

ALG-1978 615 ALG Bitat 27/12/1978 07/02/1979

Lentz. After stepped down, “then resumed his position as National Assembly president,
where he remained until his retirement in 1990.”

252
ALG-1979 615 ALG Benjedid 07/02/1979 11/01/1992
He resigns under pressure, military assumes power and cancels elections. Benjedid was
OK after coup.

ALG-1992-1 615 ALG Boudiaf 14/01/1992 29/06/1992

.Assassinated

ALG-1992-2 615 ALG Kafi 02/07/1992 31/01/1994

See Lexis Nexis: BBC August 30,1995.

ALG-1994 615 ALG Zeroual 31/01/1994 27/04/1999

ALG-1999 615 ALG Bouteflika 27/04/1999 31/12/2004

TUNESIA

TUN-1859 616 TUN Muhammad III 23/09/1859 28/10/1882

Muhammad III as-Sadiq, Tunis, 23 Sep 1859 - 28 Oct 1882, (b. 1814 - d. 1882), See
NYT, Oct.29, 1882. “Sidi Mohamed el Sadok, Bey of Tunis, died on Friday night of an
intestinal disorder, which assumed the form of gangrene.” So we code his death a result
of natural death. He is not overthrown by foreign power. He was born in 1813. Bey
forced to accept French protectorate status

TUN-1943 616 TUN Muhammad al-Amin 15/05/1943 25/07/1957

Bey deposed by parliament, house arrest.

TUN-1957 616 TUN Ben Ali Bourguiba 25/07/1957 07/11/1987

Coup, house arrest.

TUN-1987 616 TUN Zine Al-Abidine Ben Ali 07/11/1987 31/12/2004

LIBYA

LIB-1951 620 LIB Idris 24/12/1951 01/09/1969

Coup, exile in Egypt.

LIB-1969 620 LIB Qaddafi 01/09/1969 31/12/2004

THE SUDAN

SUD-1956-1 625 SUD Al-Azhari 01/01/1956 04/07/1956

Lentz: “remained a leader of the Opposition during the military rule of Ibrahim Abboud
and was arrested for antigovernment activities in July of 1961. Azhari remained
imprisoned until January of 1962. He was active in the coup that ousted Abboud in
November of 1964 and served as a member of the ruling Presidential Council. He became
head of state as chairman of the council on June 10, 1965, Azhari was ousted in a coup

253
led by Gaafar al-Nimeiry on May 25, 1969. He was detained by the new government
until his death in Khartoum from a heart attack at the age of 69 on August 26, 1969.”
NYT, Jan 29, 1962, p.3 “The Government released today ten political prisoners,
including two Premiers, who were arrested in July on charges of having criticized the
military regime. The two former Premiers are Ismail el Azhari and Abduallah Khalil.” He
was arrested in July 1961.

SUD-1956-2 625 SUD Khalil 05/07/1956 17/11/1958

See CSM, Nov. 17, 1958, p.4. Was a Brigadier; CSM notes “It is quite possible that the
coup could have been carried out with the acquiescence of Premier Abdula Khalil. …. He
is known to have been a friend of General Abboud.” NYT, Nov. 18, 1958, p.24 also
reports “ London sees evidence that premier approved Army’s Move to thwart Cairo.”
NYT, Nov. 27, 1958, p. 24 reports “Mr. Khalil said he knew beforehand of General
Abboud’s coup and approved it.”
NYT, Jan 29, 1962, p.3 “The Government released today ten political prisoners,
including two Premiers, who were arrested in July on charges of having criticized the
military regime. The two former Premiers are Ismail el Azhari and Abduallah Khalil.”
For being OK, first year out, See NYT, July 16, 1960, p.3, where he is warned to avoid
politics. For his obituary, see NYT, August 25, 1970, p.36.

SUD-1958 625 SUD Abboud 18/11/1958 01/11/1964

For his entry, See CSM, Nov. 17, 1958, p.4. On his background, see NYT, Mar. 22, 1958,
p.3. Was a General, career soldier. Remains figurehead president until 15 November
1964. Resigns as army commander, Nov. 15. NYT, March 23, 1965, p. 31: Four of his
aides, thrown in jail, put on trial and acquitted. His obituary, NYT, Sept. 9, 1983, p. D18,
notes: “After resigning, he lived for some time in Britain.” Pittsburg Courier, December
12, 1964, Vol. 5, iss. 48, p.14: “… revolt in the Sudan has recently deposed the military
dictator, General Abboud, who is now eating off the fate of the impoverished land, in a
London hotel, ….” Reestablished civilian government, ousted in coup but serves as
figurehead.

SUD-1964 625 SUD al-Khalifa 01/11/1964 14/06/1965

Lentz: subsequently ambassador to Italy until 1968.

SUD-1965 625 SUD Maghoub 14/06/1965 25/07/1966

Lentz: Law degree from Khartoum Law school.

SUD-1966 625 SUD Mahdi 26/07/1966 15/05/1967

Lentz: “Mahdi was arrested for treason following the ouster of President Ismail al-Azhari
in 1969. He was exiled in April of 1970, but subsequently returned to the Sudan. He was
rearrested in February of 1972 and remained imprison until April of 1974. Mahdi was
again exiled, and was the leader of an unsuccessful coup against Presidne3t Gaafar al-
Nimeiry in July of 1976. … Mahdi was again arrested in September of 1983 and
remained in prisoned [sic] until December of 1984. …. Ousted by a coup on June 30,
1989. He was arrested and remained under house arrest until November of 1989.” For
Fate, see Keesing’s Vol. 14, October, 1968.

254
SUD-1967 625 SUD Maghoub 18/05/1967 23/05/1969
See Lentz. But Lentz also notes “Maghoub became ill in December of 1968 and spent the
next three months in treatment out of the country. In Keesing’s under the name of
Mahgoub. Keesing’s Vol. 15, June 1969, notes: “In his statement of May 26 Mr.
Awadalla disclosed that all but four of the Ministers in the previous Government had
been traced and placed under "protective arrest." Ex-President al Azhari and Mr.
Maghoub, at first kept only under house arrest, were transferred to prison on May 29. “

SUD-1969 625 SUD Nimeiri 25/05/1969 19/07/1971

Lentz : « Left-wing military officers staged a coup on July 19, 1971, and captured
Nimeiy … but troops loyal to the government restored him to power on July 22, 1971.
The coup leaders were tried and executed, and Nimeiry was elected president of the
Sudan on September 30, 1971. … General ‘Abd ar-Rahman Siwar ad-Dahab ousted the
government in a military coup on April 6, 1985, while Nimeiry was returning from a visit
to the United States. He went into exile in Egypt following his ouster. »
Keesing’s Vol. 17, August 1971. « Left-wing Coup against General al Nemery. » « Major
Hashem el Atta (35), one of the original members of the Free Officers' Group which had
seized power in the Sudan in May 1969, but who had been removed from the
Revolutionary Command Council and the Government in November 1970, was on July
19 reported by Cairo Radio to have seized power. According to a statement made on July
21 by one of his associates, Major Mohammed Ahmed al Rih, the coup was completed
within 40 minutes by forces of an armoured division led by Major el Atta and supported
by the Presidential Guard, who surprised General al Nemery with other members of the
Revolutionary Command Council at his residence and placed them all under arrest.
According to a Beirut report, the coup was led by Brigadier Abdel Rahman Sharaf,
commander of the Presidential Guard, and Colonel Abdel Moneim Mohammed Ahmed,
commander of the Third Armoured Regiment, who were said to be in full control in
Khartoum. The Iraqi News Agency reported the same day that, in announcing his coup,
Major el Atta had declared that it was aimed at "correcting the course of the May and
October revolutions" by overthrowing General al Nemery's regime which, he asserted,
had been set up by "a corrupted clique". He promised "democracy for all popular
organizations", home rule for the southern Sudan--which was to be administered by its
own "sincere citizens", a new Government, land reform, loyalty to all Arab and African
alliances, and continued support for the cause of the Palestine guerrillas.
Major el Atta also announced the release of 49 political prisoners, the revocation of all
emergency laws passed by General al Nemery, and the banning of all political groups set
up under the latter's regime, in particular of the Sudanese Socialist Union.
On July 20 Major el Atta announced the formation of a seven-member Revolutionary
Council consisting of Colonel Babiker al Nur Osman as chairman; Major Hashem el Atta
as deputy chairman and C.-in-C. of the armed forces; Major Farouk Osman Hamadalla;
Major al Rih; Major Mohammed Mahgoub Osman, a brother of the Communist Party's
general secretary, Mr. Abdel Khaliq Mahgoub; another major; and Captain Moaweyah
Abdul Hai (but not Brigadier Sharaf and Colonel Moneim Ahmed).”

SUD-1971-1 625 SUD Babiker al-Nur Osman 19/07/1971 22/07/1971

255
See Keesing’s Vol. 17, August 1971, « Restoration of General al Nemery’s Regime. »
“According to the version given in the Cairo newspaper Al Ahram later of events in the
Sudan during the period from July 19 to 22, Major el Atta's coup had allegedly been
organized by Mr. Abdel Khaliq Mahgoub--the secretary-general of the Communist Party
of the Sudan--from the Bulgarian Embassy in Khartoum, where he was said to have
found asylum after his escape from prison at the end of June. According to Al Ahram, he
had sought contact with "opportunist" officers, who had taken advantage of the absence
of the Minister of Defence, then leading a military delegation to Yugoslavia, and of the
Air Force commander, then in Moscow; the rebels had been joined only by part of the
Khartoum garrison--the Third Armoured Regiment and the Presidential Guard--who had
disarmed the paratroops in Khartoum, whereas most garrisons in the provinces had
opposed the coup; popular resistance to the coup had increased during the next few days,
and a demonstration called for July 22 by the Communist Party had led to big counter-
demonstrations calling for the return of General al Nemery; and the latter had thereupon
been reinstated with the help of soldiers of the same units which had first supported
Major el Attn. Major el Atta, this version said, had called for "popular resistance" to
"foreign interference" but had been arrested shortly afterwards. …. While some fighting
was still being reported to be going on in Khartoum, a special military court sentenced
four of the coup leaders to death, and they were executed by firing squad on July 23. In
addition to Major el Atta, they were Colonel Abdel Moneim Mohammed Ahmed,
Lieutenant-Colonel Osman Hussein of the Presidential Guard and Captain Moaweyah
Abdul Hai. General al Nemery announced the same day that of the soldiers loyal to his
regime, imprisoned by the rebels on July 19 and attacked by them when the counter-coup
began, 16 officers and 14 n.c.o.s had been killed. Later he stated that a total of 38 persons
had been killed and 119 wounded during the counter-coup.”
For trail and execution, see also Keesing’s Vol. 17, August 1971. “Arrest, Trial and
Execution of Plotters and Leading Communists.” Keesing’s Vol. 17, August 1971
“Statements by General al Nemery” also notes: “The following day General al Nemery
disclosed that immediately after his return to power he had approached President Kadhafi
of Libya with a request to be "presented" with Colonel Babiker al Nur and Major Osman
Hamadalla. He expressed his gratitude to the U.A.R. and Libya for having provided
practical aid in crushing the coup, and in particular thanked President Kadhafi for having
arrested the two coup leaders.”

SUD-1971-2 625 SUD Nimeiri 22/07/1971 06/04/1985

See Keesing’s Vol. 17, August 1971, « Restoration of General al Nemery’s Regime. »
“Major-General al Nemery's return to power was announced late on July 22 by
Omdurman Radio, which said that forces loyal to him, led by Lieutenant Mohammed All
Kerbassi and supported by other officers who had refused to join Major el Atta's
Revolutionary Council, had seized Khartoum radio station, occupied the presidential
palace, freed General al Nemery and arrested all leaders of the July 19 coup. The
declaration of a state of emergency throughout the country was announced by Major
Abou Kassem Ibrahim. “
For his exit and exile, see NYT, April 7, 1985, p. A1.

SUD-1985 625 SUD Abdul Rahman Swaredahab 06/04/1985 06/05/1986

256
In Keesing’s found under General Saw el Dahab. Lentz has Siwar ad-Dahab. Lentz;
Promoted to Field Marshall in 1987.

SUD-1986 625 SUD Al-Mirghani 06/05/1986 30/06/1989

Elected; deposed in Coup, briefly imprisoned

SUD-1989 625 SUD Al-Bashir 30/06/1989 31/12/2004

IRAN

IRN-1848 630 IRN Nasir Ad-Din 13/09/1848 01/05/1896

See Chicago Daily Tribune, May 2, 1896, p. 2; photocaption: Masir-ed-din, Shah of
Persia, Assassinated Yesterday. Encyclopedia Britannica: Born in July 17, 1831, Died
May 1, 1896. Assassinated.

IRN-1896 630 IRN Muzaffar ad-Din 02/05/1896 08/01/1907

Lentz: Son of Nasir ad-Din. Signs a constitution that takes effect on December 30, 1906.
Dies of a heart attack on January 8, 1907.

IRN-1907 630 IRN Mohammed Ali Shah 08/01/1907 16/07/1909

Eldest son of Muzaffar-ad-Din. See Lentz. He was deposed by pro-constitutional
reformists, exile in Russia.

IRN-1909 630 IRN Sultan Ahmad 16/07/1909 21/02/1922

Son of Shah Mohammed Ali. He was deposed while out of the country. Exile in 1923.

IRN-1922 630 IRN Reza Khan 21/02/1922 16/09/1941

Coup on 21 February 1921
(http://www.iranian.com/History/Feb99/RezaShah/index.html), led by Tabataba'i, Sayyid
Zia od-Din and Reza Khan. Sultan Ahmad is not deposed yet. Sayyed Zia is PM from the
coup until May 24, 1921, when Reza Khan puts Qavam al-Saltaneh in place (after
internal power struggle). Reza himself became PM in October 1923. This is when his
power became absolute: Nikki Keddie (1999, "Qajar Iran and the rise of Reza Khan 17-
96-1925) says: "[The British] did not object when Ahmad Shah, then preparing to leave
for Europe,named Reza Khan prime minister. As Reza kept control of the army [he was
war minister previously], this made his position so strong as to leave the shah without any
power." p. 81 It therefore can be disputed if the shah's rule ends in 1921 or 1923.
He becomes king in 1925; resigns in favor of son as he expects to be deposed by allies,
exile in South Africa.

IRN-1941 630 IRN Mohammad Reza 16/09/1941 30/04/1951

Son of Reza Khan. He was forced to appoint Mossadeq by parliament; later goes into
exile.

IRN-1951 630 IRN Mohammad Mossadeg 30/04/1951 19/08/1953

He was deposed in coup, arrested and imprisoned.

257
IRN-1953 630 IRN Mohammad Reza 19/08/1953 16/01/1979
As above, son of Reza Khan. He was deposed by revolution, exile.

IRN-1979 630 IRN Ayatollah Khomeini 01/02/1979 03/06/1989

Dies as a result of natural causes.

IRN-1989-1 630 IRN Khamenei 04/06/1989 03/08/1989

IRN-1989-2 630 IRN Rafsanjani 17/08/1989 03/08/1997

IRN-1997 630 IRN Khatami 03/08/1997 31/12/2004

TURKEY

TUR-1861 640 TUR Abdul Aziz 25/06/1861 30/05/1876

Son of previous Sultan. Encyclopedia Britannica: born in 9 February, 1830, died, June 4,
1876. “His death a few days later was attributed to suicide.” The Atlanta Constitution,
Aug. 31, 1904, p.4. argues he was assassinated. His deposition on the May 30 1876 was
hailed with joy throughout Turkey; a fortnight later he was found dead in the palace
where he was confined, and trustworthy medical evidence attributed his death to suicide.
Coup by liberal party.

TUR-1876-1 640 TUR Murad V 30/05/1876 30/08/1876

Son of previous ruler. The Atlanta Constitution, Aug. 31, 1904, p.4. House, or rather
“Palace arrest,” (“his place of confinement in the Cheragan palace …” later jailed. “The
confinement of Murad has been one of the most cruel character.”

TUR-1876-2 640 TUR Hamid II 30/08/1876 27/04/1909

Son of Sultan Abdul Mejid I, who ruled 1839-1861. He suppresses parliamentarism; later
deposed by parliament; confined

TUR-1909 640 TUR Mahmud Sefket Pasha 27/04/1909 23/01/1913

He was appointed by parliament; deposed in coup by Young Turks. See NYT, Dec. 28,
1913, p. SM11: Assassinated, as was the Turkish commander in Chief, nazim Pasha.

TUR-1913 640 TUR Enver Pasha 23/01/1913 08/10/1918

He had dictatorial powers. He fled to Berlin when Turkey signed armistice.

TUR-1918 640 TUR Mehmet VI Vahidettin 08/10/1918 01/11/1922

Also a son of Abdul Mejid I; hence brother of Hamid II. He was deposed by nationalists,
exile in Italy.

TUR-1922 640 TUR Ataturk 01/11/1922 10/11/1938

TUR-1938 640 TUR Inonu 11/11/1938 22/05/1950

258
TUR-1950 640 TUR Menderes 22/05/1950 27/05/1960
Prime Minster; deposed in coup and executed.

TUR-1960 640 TUR Gursel 27/05/1960 10/11/1961

TUR-1961 640 TUR Inonu 10/11/1961 13/02/1965

Elected PM.

TUR-1965-1 640 TUR Urguplu 13/02/1965 27/10/1965

TUR-1965-2 640 TUR Demirel 27/10/1965 12/03/1971

Lentz erroneously has the coup date in February. NYT, March 13, 1971, p.1 records
“President Suleyman Demirel resigned under and ultimatum from the military leaders to
quit or face a military takeover. It amounted to a coup d’tat [sic, HG] by communiqué.”

TUR-1971 640 TUR Erim 19/03/1971 17/04/1972

He was shot and killed by leftist terrorists July 19, 1980.

TUR-1972 640 TUR Melen 22/05/1972 15/04/1973

Lentz: .Subsequently served in the Turkish Senate. Shot and killed by leftist terrorists at
his summer home in Kartal, near Istanbul, on July 19, 1980.

TUR-1973 640 TUR Talu 15/04/1973 25/01/1974

TUR-1974-1 640 TUR Ecevit 25/01/1974 07/11/1974

TUR-1974-2 640 TUR Irmak 17/11/1974 31/03/1975

TUR-1975 640 TUR Demirel 31/03/1975 21/06/1977

TUR-1977-2 640 TUR Ecevit 21/06/1977 21/07/1977

TUR-1977-1 640 TUR Demirel 21/07/1977 21/12/1977

TUR-1978 640 TUR Ecevit 01/01/1978 12/11/1979

Lentz: When the military ousted the government of Demirel in September of 1980, Ecevit
was briefly detained by the military government. He was again arrested by the military
regime in December of 1981 and was released in February of 1982. He was rearrested in
the following April and was imprisoned from August until October of 1982.

TUR-1979 640 TUR Demirel 12/11/1979 20/09/1980

.Military seizes power. He was arrested, and released the following month.

TUR-1980 640 TUR Evren 20/09/1980 23/11/1983

Lentz: remained president until November 9, 1989.

259
TUR-1983 640 TUR Ozal 13/12/1983 09/11/1989
Yilmaz06/03/1996-28/06/1996.He became president by election.

TUR-1989 640 TUR Akbulut 09/11/1989 24/06/1991

TUR-1991-1 640 TUR Yilmaz 24/06/1991 20/11/1991

TUR-1991-2 640 TUR Demirel 20/11/1991 16/05/1993

TUR-1993-1 640 TUR Erdal Inonu 16/05/1993 25/06/1993

Son of previous Inonu!

TUR-1993-2 640 TUR Ciller 25/06/1993 06/03/1996

Female.

TUR-1996-1 640 TUR Yilmaz 06/03/1996 28/06/1996

TUR-1996-2 640 TUR Erbakan 28/06/1996 30/06/1997

He was forced to resign by military. Keesing’s Vol. 44, January, 1998: “After a seven-
month trial, Turkey's Constitutional Court outlawed the opposition Islamist Welfare Party
(RP) on Jan. 16, stating that it had conspired against the secularist order. The party leader
and former Prime Minister, Necmettin Erbakan, and six other RP officials were also
banned from political office for five years. The court's 11 judges ruled 9-2 in favour of
upholding a charge brought in May 1997 by Vural Savas, chief public prosecutor of the
Supreme Court of Appeals, that the RP was "undermining Turkey's secular regime and
bringing the country to the brink of civil war" [see p. 41652]. It was reported that
Erbakan, who had resigned the premiership in June 1997 [see p. 41702], intended to
appeal to the European Court of Human Rights against the ruling. Whilst many political
commentators criticized the court's decision, President Suleyman Demirel defended it on
the grounds that it had underlined that "no one has the right to violate the laws of the
Turkish republic". “
Keesing’s, Vol. 49, December 2003: Sentencing of Erbakan
The Supreme Court of Appeals in Ankara, the capital, on Dec. 2 sentenced former
Islamist Prime Minister Necmettin Erbakan, 77, to two years and four months in prison
for misappropriating 1,000 billion Turkish lira from the now defunct Welfare Party (RP).
However, he was allowed to defer serving his sentence for a year for medical reasons. An
appeal by Erbakan, claiming that the Constitutional Court should inspect other political
parties, was on Dec. 29 rejected by the Supreme Court of Appeals, which upheld
Erbakan’s sentence. [For legal charges against RP leaders see p. 42457.]

TUR-1997 640 TUR Yilmaz 30/06/1997 11/01/1999

TUR-1999 640 TUR Ecevit 11/01/1999 18/11/2002

TUR-2002 640 TUR Abdullah Gul 19/11/2002 14/03/2004

260
He became PM as Erdogan banned from serving.

TUR-2004 640 TUR Erdogan 14/03/2004 31/12/2004

IRAQ

IRQ-1932 645 IRQ Faisal I 03/10/1932 08/09/1933

He was nominated by UK, confirmed in plebiscite. Died because of natural causes.

IRQ-1933 645 IRQ Ghazi 08/09/1933 04/04/1939

Son of King Faisal I. He died as a result of an automobile accident. (perhaps it was not an
accidental)

IRQ-1939 645 IRQ Abdul-Ilah 04/04/1939 02/05/1953

Brother of Ghazi’s estranged wife. After Faisal II comes of age, continues to be a close
advisor of the king. He was assassinated in coup against Faisal II.

IRQ-1953 645 IRQ Faisal II 02/05/1953 14/07/1958

Son of King Ghazi. Nephew of Abdul-Ilah. He was assassinated in coup.

IRQ-1958 645 IRQ Karrim Kassem 08/02/1963 13/04/1966

Coup, tried, executed.

IRQ-1963 645 IRQ Salem Aref 17/04/1966 17/07/1968

Served in the Iraqi military and was a commander in the Arab Israeli war of 1948. He
died in helicopter crash.

IRQ-1966 645 IRQ Rahmen Aref 17/04/1966 17/07/1968

Brother of Abdul Salam Mohammed Arif. Educated at the Baghdad Military Academy
and served in the Iraqi Army. Coup, exile.

IRQ-1968 645 IRQ Hassan Al-Bakr 17/07/1968 16/07/1979

Keesing’s Vol. 26, February, 1980: “President Ahmed Hassan Bakr on July 16, 1979,
announced his resignation from the offices of President, Chairman of the ruling
Revolutionary Command Council (RCC) and secretary-general of the regional command
of the Baath party, and named as his successor to all three posts Mr. Saddam Hussein,
Deputy Chairman of the RCC and deputy secretary-general of the Baath, who had long
been considered the most powerful political leader in Iraq. President Bakr (67), who
announced his decision to retire for health reasons in a television and radio broadcast to
the nation, had come to power following the overthrow of President Aref on July 17,
1968.” He dies three years later.

IRQ-1979 645 IRQ Saddam Hussein 16/07/1979 09/04/2003

Saddam Hussein is a distant cousin of Bakr.

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IRQ-2003-1 645 IRQ Tommy Ray Franks 09/04/2003 21/04/2003

IRQ-2003-2 645 IRQ Jay Garner 21/04/2003 12/05/2003

IRQ-2003-3 645 IRQ Paul Bremer 12/05/2003 28/06/2004

IRQ-2004 645 IRQ Iyad Allawi 28/06/2004 31/12/2004

EGYPT

EGY-1922 651 EGY Fuad I 28/02/1922 28/04/1936

EGY-1936 651 EGY Farouk 28/04/1936 22/07/1952

Son of Fuad I. Encyclopedia Britannica notes that “Sadat favoured the immediate public
execution of King Faruq I and some members of the establishment, but Nasser vetoed the
idea and permitted Faruq and other to go into exile. Coup, monarchy abolished shortly
after, exile in Italy.

EGY-1953 651 EGY Naguib 23/07/1952 14/11/1954

Lentz: Because of Naguib’s connections with the organization (Muslim Brother hood,
HG) he was placed under house arrest [in 1954, HG] at his home outside of Cairo. He
was released by Present Anwar Sadat in 1971, the year after Nasser’s death.” He entered
and exited in my opinion unconstitutionally. Encyclopedia Britannica’s article on Nasser:
“in the spring of 1954, in a complicated series of intrigues, Naguib was deposed and
placed under house arrest, and Nasser emerged from the shadows and named himself
prime minister.” Their article on Naguib: “n 1952 the Free Officers helped Naguib win
election as president of the officers club in opposition to a man backed by King Farouk.
The Free Officers engineered a coup that overthrew Farouk that July, and they saw
Naguib as the man to represent their new regime to the public. Thus in 1953 he became
president of the newly formed republic, although he had a more conservative political
outlook than did Nasser and many of the other Free Officers. Naguib wanted to see a
speedy return to constitutional government and objected to the summary sentences that
were passed on various politicians by the Revolutionary Tribunal. In February 1954 he
resigned the presidency, but demands by civilian and military groups impelled him to
resume the office. Nasser, however, steadily consolidated his own position and became
prime minister. He shrewdly acceded to some of Naguib's wishes by allowing the revival
of political parties and calling for a constituent assembly to draft a constitution. An
assassination attempt was made on Nasser in 1954 in which Naguib was vaguely
implicated. Naguib was placed under house arrest, which was eased in 1960 and ended
about 1970, and he ceased to play any role in Egyptian politics.”
Resigned.

EGY-1954 651 EGY Nasser 17/11/1954 28/09/1970

For his entry see Nation’s business, Dec. 1954, 42, 24, p.74. Also Encyclopedia
Britannica article.

262
EGY-1970 651 EGY Sadat 28/09/1970 06/10/1981
He was assassinated.

EGY-1981 651 EGY Mubarak 14/10/1981 31/12/2004

SYRIA

SYR-1943 652 SYR Kuwatli 17/08/1943 30/03/1949

Coup, exiled in Egypt.

SYR-1949-1 652 SYR Al-Zaim 30/03/1949 13/08/1949

Coup, and executed. NYT, Oct. 31, 1950, p. 13. reports, “on Aug. 14, General Hinnawi—
then a colonel—had colonel Zayim and his Premier arrested and shot.”

SYR-1949-2 652 SYR Hinnawi 13/08/1949 19/12/1949

NYT, Oct. 31, 1950, p. 13. “Beirut, Lebanon, Oct. 30—Gen. Sami Hinnawi, who
organized a coup in Syrian last year, was shot deat at a streetcar stop here today. The
police said the killer was Ahmed Barazi, cousin of former Premier Mohsen Bey Barazi,
who was executed on General Hinnawi’s orders after his coup. … on Aug. 14, General
Hinnawi—then a colonel—had colonel Zayim and his Premier arrested and shot. General
Hinnawi assumed the title Commander in Chief, but after a general election he himself
was arrested. He was released last month.” He was arrested and imprisoned, later exile
and murdered. CSM, Nov. 15, 1950, p. 3 “Slaying Jolts Syrian Pro-Hasmemites” which
records the “recent assassination of Gen. Sami Hinnawi ….” On his exit, see NYT, Dec.
20, 1949, p. 1.

SYR-1949-3 652 SYR Shishakli 14/12/1949 28/02/1954

For his entry, see CSM, Nov. 15, 1950, p. 3 “Slaying Jolts Syrian Pro-Hasmemites.” He
was forced to resign, exile in Brazil, murdered. NYT, Oct. 31, 1950, p. 13, records, he
“escaped with slight wounds from an ambush Oct. 11 in a plot on his life.”

SYR-1954 652 SYR Atassi, H. 28/02/1954 06/09/1955

Rulers.org: died December 5, 1960. “After the 1955 elections he retired to private life in
Homs.” For his obituary, see NYT, Dec. 7, 1960, p. 43.

SYR-1955 652 SYR Kuwatli 06/09/1955 01/02/1958

Rulers.org: “He fell into disagreement with Nasser in 1959, however, and once again
went into exile, where he remained until his death.” See also Lentz, he went to Beirut,
Lebanon. Other spelling: Quwwatli, or Quwatli. We can not find, when, in 1959 he went
into exile, but very likely after 1 Feb so we code post tenure fate as 0.

SYR-1958 652 SYR Nasser (president of UAR) 01/02/1958 28/09/1961

Coup, country withdrawn from UAR.

SYR-1961-1 652 SYR Al-kuzbari 28/09/1961 01/12/1961

263
Lentz: he left the government in March of 1962. Keesing’s Vol. 8, September 1962 notes
Kuzbari resigned as president of the Assembly in September, 1962. Keesing’s Vol. 9,
April 1963 says he is arrested after the Coup, together with Kudsi and several others.

SYR-1961-2 652 SYR El-Kudsi 01/12/1961 28/03/1962

Keesing’s Vol. 8, June 1962: The second military coup which took place in Damascus on
March 28 was followed by a period of political confusion; a section of the Army which
supported Syria's reunion with the United Arab Republic seized power in Aleppo on
April 1, but the revolt collapsed two days later. After prolonged negotiations with the
General Command (the ruling military junta), President Nazim el Kudsi, who had been
held a prisoner since the coup, was reinstated on April 13 on the understanding that the
members of the Constituent Assembly would resign, and three days later a transitional
Government was formed which largely reversed the previous Government's conservative
social policy. Details of political developments since the coup are given below under
cross-headings.” Coup.

SYR-1962-1 652 SYR Zahreddin 28/03/1962 13/04/1962

NYT Mar 8, 1963 records he has been arrested. See also NYT, May 1963. (Less than a
year after out)

SYR-1962-2 652 SYR El-Kudsi 13/04/1962 08/03/1963

Keesing’s Vol. 9, April 1963, notes that the Revolutionary Council rei9mposed the state
of emergency on March 9, …. “President Kudsi and Mr. Hourani were placed under
house arrest immediately after the coup, and many political leaders, officers, and
journalists were arrested, including General Zahreddin, Dr. Kuzbari Dr.Maarouf
Dawalibi (a former Premier), Major-General AzizAbdel Karim (the former Minister of
the Interior), and Mr. Attar. Dr. Azem escaped over his garden wall into the Turkish
Embassy next door, and was granted political asylum by the Turkish Government; the
Embassy was surrounded by troops to prevent his escape, and was stoned by hostile
demonstrators on March 10. It was reported on the same day that about 100 people had
been arrested, most of them Communists or supporters of Mr. Hourani, but there were no
executions or mass arrests comparable with those which had followed the coup in Iraq.”
Coup, refuge in Turkish embassy.

SYR-1963-1 652 SYR Atassi, L. 09/03/1963 27/07/1963

Louai al-Atassi,( Major-General) He was the chairman of the National Revolutionary
Command Council. See Keesing’s Vol. 10 (1964). A General. Cannot find information
on his fate. Unclear, but highly doubtful if related to other Attassi leaders, H, and H.

SYR-1963-2 652 SYR Al-Hafiz 27/07/1963 25/02/1966

See Lentz. Coup, wounded and imprisoned.

SYR-1966 652 SYR El-Atassi, N. 25/02/1966 13/11/1970

Very unlikely he is related to the earlier Attassi leaders, L. and H.. For his entry, see the
Washington Post, Feb 26, 1966, p. A11. Coup, house arrest, imprisoned.

264
SYR-1970 652 SYR Al-Khatib 18/11/1970 22/02/1971
Lentz: subsequently chosen as president of the Federation of Arab Republics and served
until 1975.

SYR-1971 652 SYR Al-Assad H. 22/02/1971 10/06/2000

Dies from natural causes.

SYR-2000 652 SYR Bashar al-Assad 11/06/2000 31/12/2004

Son of Hafiz Al-Assad, previous ruler.

LEBANON

LEB-1943 660 LEB EL Khoury 22/11/1943 18/09/1952

Lentz: he was forced to resign. CSM, Sept. 18, 1952, p. 11 “ The President of Lebanon,
Bechari el Khoury, has resigned and left the administration of the country in the hands of
the Army commander until Parliament elects a new President. … The Army commander
is Gen. Fuad Shehab. … Armored vehicles appeared in the streets of Beirut …. Before
the President resigned, 14 deputies – including three former Premiers – issued a joint
communiqué asking him to resign immediately and calling on the public to continue the
strike until this demand was fulfilled.” Looks a lot like a coup, but not quite. Khoury was
a lawyer. Washington Post, Sept. 19, 1952, p. 17: “Political informants stressed, however,
that today’s switch was not a military coup. … Under constitutional procedure,
Parliament must choose a new President within eight days for this republic …” For his
Obituary, see NYT, Jan 12, 1964, p.93. “In 1949 Parliament amended the Constitution to
allow President el-Khoury to be elected a second term. … After his resignation, Mr. el-
Khoury lived in political retirement in his country home in a coastal village 12 miles
north of Beirut. ”

LEB-1952-1 660 LEB Chebab 19/09/1952 23/09/1952

LEB-1952-2 660 LEB Chamoun 23/09/1952 23/09/1958

LEB-1958 660 LEB Chehab 23/09/1958 23/09/1964

Lentz: Also notes he briefly held power after el-Khoury resigns in 1952. “Chehab refused
an offer by a majority of Parliament to remain president for a second term … He
remained a powerful figure in Lebanese politics and had the support of the army and the
intelligence services.”

LEB-1964 660 LEB Helou 23/09/1964 23/09/1970

See Lentz.

LEB-1970 660 LEB Franjieh 23/09/1970 23/09/1976

See Lentz

LEB-1976 660 LEB Sarkis 23/09/1976 23/09/1982

265
Lentz: “Sarkis suffered from ill health as his term of office came to an end. … Sarkis
retired to Paris, where he died at the age of 60 after a long illness on June 27, 1985.”
Does not qualify as exile, because it seems due to his health.

LEB-1982 660 LEB Gemayel, Amin 23/09/1982 23/09/1988

Boston Globe, Dec. 1, 1989. Is at Harvard as a fellow at CFIA in 1989.

LEB-1988 660 LEB Aoun 23/09/1988 05/11/1989

Lentz: Appointed by Gemayel. Keesing’s Vol. 37, August, 1991. “Gen. Michel Aoun, the
rebel Maronite leader who launched an unsuccessful "war of liberation" against Syrian
forces in Lebanon in the late 1980s, arrived in exile in France on Aug. 29. Aoun had been
living in the French embassy in Beirut since Syrian and Lebanese forces toppled his
"government" in October 1990. Aoun's departure into exile was made possible on Aug.
26 when the National Assembly approved a law providing a general amnesty for crimes
committed during the civil war (1975-90). Aoun and his two colleagues, Gen. Issam Abu
Jamrah and Gen. Adgar Ma'luf, were subsequently given a special pardon by President
Elias Hrawi. The pardon stipulated that Aoun, Jamrah and Ma'luf should live abroad for
at least five years and would lose their immunity if they engaged in political activity
during that period. Some US$30,000,000 held by Gen. Aoun in European bank accounts
would be frozen pending a negotiated settlement.”
Transitional government. Later rebels and flees country

LEB-1989-1 660 LEB Moawad 05/11/1989 22/11/1989

Assassinated

LEB-1989-2 660 LEB Elias Hrawi 23/11/1989 24/11/1998

LEB-1998 660 LEB Emile Lahoud 24/11/1998 31/12/2004

Keesing’s Vol. 50, August 2004 “After weeks of speculation and political manoeuvring,
the Cabinet held an extraordinary meeting on Aug. 28 and approved a constitutional
amendment which provided for a three-year extension to the mandate of President Emile
Lahoud. Lahoud’s six-year term of office had ended in November and he was
constitutionally bound to refrain from running for a second term [for election of Lahoud
in October 1998 see p. 42584]. The constitutional amendment required approval by a
two-thirds majority of the 128-member National Assembly (the unicameral legislature).
In October 1995 the National Assembly had approved a three-year extension to the
presidential term of Lahoud’s predecessor, Elias Hrawi [see p. 40800].”

JORDAN

JOR-1921 663 JOR Abdullah Al-Hussein 11/04/1921 20/07/1951

Son of King Husein ibn Ali of Al Ḩijāz (the Hejaz). He was appointed by UK;
assassinated.

JOR-1951-1 663 JOR Abdullah El-Hashim 20/07/1951 06/09/1951

266
Youngest son of King Abdullah. See NYT, August 11, 1952, p. 5, which reports
“Available members [to succeed Talal, HG] are Talal’s exiled brother, Prince Naif, now
in Beirut. …. On June 4 ….. The Premier charged a few days later that Talal’s younger
brother, Prince Naif, was plotting to seize the throne. The Premier accused Naif of
conducting intrigues from Beirut. He added that Prince Naif had attempted to take control
while the Prince was regent during the period between the death of Abdullah and the
return of Talal from Switzerland.”
He was regent for his brother.

JOR-1951-2 663 JOR Ibn Abdullah-Hashim 06/09/1951 11/08/1952

Eldest son of King Abdullah. Talal was mentally ill, removed by parliament. See Lentz.
Also for his ouster: NYT, Aug. 12, 1952, p. 1. He was mentally unfit, exile in Egypt

JOR-1952 663 JOR Hussein Ibn Talal El-Hashim 11/08/1952 07/02/1999

Oldest son of King Talal, and grandson of King Abdullah. He died from natural causes.

JOR-1999 663 JOR Abdullah Ibn H. El-Hashimi 07/02/1999 31/12/2004

A career military officer. The eldest son of Hussein and his English-born second wife,
Antoinette Gardiner.

ISRAEL

ISR-1948 666 ISR Ben Gurion 14/05/1948 08/12/1953

ISR-1953 666 ISR Sharett 08/12/1953 03/11/1955

ISR-1955 666 ISR Ben Gurion 03/11/1955 16/06/1963

ISR-1963 666 ISR Eshkol 19/06/1963 26/02/1969

ISR-1969-1 666 ISR Allon 26/02/1969 17/03/1969

Commander in the Haganah, one founder of Palmach. Retires from IDF in 1950

ISR-1969-2 666 ISR Meir 17/03/1969 03/06/1974

ISR-1974 666 ISR Rabin 03/06/1974 08/04/1977

IDF Chief of Staff.

ISR-1977-1 666 ISR Peres 08/04/1977 21/06/1977

Not a General, but in 1948, Shimon Peres was appointed head of Israel's navy.

ISR-1977-2 666 ISR Begin 21/06/1977 10/10/1983

Leader of Irgun, at least partially responsible for the attack on the King David Hotel.
Otherwise, not a member of IDF. See
http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/biography/begin.html

267
ISR-1983 666 ISR Shamir 10/10/1983 14/09/1984
One of the principal leaders of Lohamei Herut Yisrael (Lehi). Shamir joined Israel's
security services in the mid1950's.

ISR-1984 666 ISR Peres 14/09/1984 20/10/1986

ISR-1986 666 ISR Shamir 20/10/1986 12/07/1992

ISR-1992 666 ISR Rabin 12/07/1992 04/11/1995

He was assasinated.

ISR-1995 666 ISR Peres 04/11/1995 18/06/1996

ISR-1996 666 ISR Netanyahu 18/06/1996 06/07/1999

Not a general. His brother led and died in the famous Entebbe raid.

ISR-1999 666 ISR Barak 06/07/1999 07/03/2001

General, most decorated in Israeli history.

ISR-2001 666 ISR Ariel Sharon 08/03/2001 31/12/2004

General. Forbidden to take position of Minister of Defence and such as a result of the
1982 massacres at Shabra and Chatilla, for which he was held indirectly responsible.

SAUDI ARABIA

SAU-1927 670 SAU Aziz 20/05/1927 09/11/1953

King Ibn Saud, who was born ‘Abdul-ul-‘Aziz ibn ‘Ab-ul Rahman ibn Feisal al Saud.
Son of Emir Abdur Rahman and the grandson of Emir Feisal, who ruled the Nejd from
1834 until 1867.

SAU-1953 670 SAU Saud 09/11/1953 02/11/1964

Lentz: “the Council of Ministers forced Saud’s abdication as king on November 2, 1964.
Saud went into exile in Europe.” Third son of Ibn Saud. He resigns due to poor health.

SAU-1964 670 SAU Faisal 02/11/1964 25/03/1975

Son of King Ibn Saud, so brother or half brother of Saud. He was assassinated by his
nephew.

SAU-1975 670 SAU Khalid 25/03/1975 13/06/1982

Son of King Ibn Saud. Half brother of Faisal.

SAU-1982 670 SAU Fahd 13/06/1982 01/01/1996

Son of king Ibn Saud. So half brother of Khalid and Faisal. Rulers.org: has a stroke in
1995. Then Abdullah takes over. Keesing’s Vol. 42, February 1996: “It was announced
on Feb. 21 that King Fahd ibn Abdul Aziz had reassumed full control of Saudi Arabia's
affairs following his recovery from illness. A royal order issued on Jan. 1 had entrusted

268
Fahd's half-brother, Crown Prince Abdullah ibn Abdul Aziz, to "undertake the affairs of
state" while the King enjoyed "rest and recuperation". No details had been given about
the nature of Fahd's illness, although it was widely reported that he had suffered a stroke
[see p. 40928]. Encyclopedia Britannica notes: “Fahd suffered a stroke in 1995 and on
January 1, 1996, handed over control of the government to his half brother Crown Prince
Abdullah. Less than two months later, Fahd returned to power, though Abdullah
continued to handle the day-to-day affairs of the country.” King Fahd dies August 1,
2005.

SAU-1996 670 SAU Abdullah 01/01/1996 31/12/2004

YEMEN (ARAB REPUBLIC OF YEMEN)

YEM-1904 678 YEM Yahya 04/06/1904 17/02/1948

He was killed in a palace revolt.

YEM-1948-1 678 YEM Ibn Ahmed Alwazir 17/02/1948 13/03/1948

See Lentz. He was driven out by crown prince, tried and hung.

YEM-1948-2 678 YEM Ibn Yahya Hamid 13/03/1948 18/09/1962

Son of Yahya.

YEM-1962-1 678 YEM Al-Badr 18/09/1962 27/09/1962

Son of Hamid. Lentz. “He was forced from the throne by a rebellion on September 27,
1962. He was initially reported to have been killed, but reemerged the following month to
lead the royalist forces in a civil war against the republican government in San’a.” Later
returns to Yemen to lead the royalists forces in 1969, but fled Yemen for London in
February 1970. See also Keesing’s Vol. 10, February 1964. He was forced from the
throne by rebellion. Leads royalist forces afterwards.

YEM-1962-2 678 YEM AL-Sallal 27/09/1962 05/11/1967

Lentz: Educated at the Baghdad Military College. Coup, exile in Baghdad.

YEM-1967 678 YEM Al-Iryani 05/11/1967 13/06/1974

Coup, exile

YEM-1974 678 YEM Al-Hamadi 13/06/1974 11/10/1977

Assassinated

YEM-1977 678 YEM Al-Ghashmi 11/10/1977 24/06/1978

Assassinated

YEM-1978 678 YEM Saleh al-Hashidi 17/07/1978 31/12/2004

YEMEN PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC(SOUTH YEMEN)

269
YPR-1967 680 YPR Al-Shaabi 30/11/1967 22/06/1969
Power seized before independence; bloodless coup. Arrested

YPR-1969 680 YPR Ali Rubayyi 24/06/1969 26/06/1978

He was ousted, captured and executed.

YPR-1978-1 680 YPR Ali Nassir Hassani 27/06/1978 27/12/1978

YPR-1978-2 680 YPR Ismail 27/12/1978 02/04/1980

Lentz: bloody feud with Hassani, “Ismail reportedly stepped down from office for
reasons of health on April 2, 1980 ….. Ismail was killed on January 13, 1986.” As a
result of the feud with Hassani. Keesing’s Vol. 27, March 1981. Still is chairman of YSP
in 1981. Facts on File World New Digest, April 25, 1980. “Abdel Fattah Ismail resigned
April 23 as president of South Yemen and secretary general of the ruling Yemeni
Socialist Party, Aden radio announced. He was replaced by his premier, Ali Nassar
Mohammed al-Hasani. [See 1978, p. 1022E1] Ismail was given the honorary post of
chairman of the party. Western and Arab diplomats speculated that Ismail actually had
been ousted in a power struggle with Mohammed. Their differences were said to have
centered over plans for unification with North Yemen. Mohammed reportedly had
opposed an early merger. His supporters, according to Western diplomats, feared that
Ismail might make a premature unification deal with North Yemen before key areas in
the north could be infiltrated by the south. [See 1979, p. 250B1]” See also Newsweek,
May 5, 1980, p.60, which reports: “President Abdul Fattah Ismail resigned suddenly for
mysterious reasons of “health” and was replaced by his Prime Minister, Ali Nasser
Mohammed.”

YPR-1980 680 YPR Ali Nassir Hassani 02/04/1980 24/01/1986

Lentz: into exile in northern Yemen.

YPR-1986 680 YPR Attas 24/01/1986 22/05/1990

Becomes prime minister of the republic of Yemen after the merger. Yemen merged with
North Yemen, first by agreement, then by civil war.

KUWAIT

KUW-1950 690 KUW Abdullah As-Sabah 29/01/1950 24/11/1965

Oldest son of Sheikh Salim al-Mubarak, who ruled Kuwait from 1917 until 1921.

KUW-1965 690 KUW Sabah As-Sabah 24/11/1965 31/12/1977

Brother of Abdullah.

KUW-1978 690 KUW Jabir As-Sabah 01/01/1978 02/08/1990

Son of Sheikh Ahmad al-Jabir al-Sabah, who served as Kuwait’s sultan from 19211 until
1950. He was deposed by Iraqi invasion, exile in Saudi Arabia.

270
KUW-1990 690 KUW Saddam Hussein 02/08/1990 20/04/1991
He withdrew under attack from UN coalition.

KUW-1991 690 KUW Jabir As-Sabah 20/04/1991 31/12/2004

See above.
NYT, January 22, 2006. “Kuwait Moves to Strip Power from Ill Emir.”
http://www.nytimes.com/2006/01/22/international/middleeast/22kuwait.html
“DUBAI, United Arab Emirates, Jan. 21 - A succession crisis in Kuwait continued
Saturday, as the country's cabinet began proceedings to remove the ailing new emir.
The extraordinary move occurred amid growing concern over who should lead the oil-
rich city-state after the death of Emir Sheik Jaber al-Ahmad al-Sabah last Sunday.
The crown prince, Sheik Saad al-Abdullah al-Sabah , believed to be 76, immediately
became emir under the Constitution, and he has insisted that Parliament call a special
session to allow him to take the oath of office. But members of the cabinet say his poor
health will keep him from governing properly. Recently, he has appeared in public in a
wheelchair and has not spoken, raising speculation about whether he would even be able
to recite the oath of office. His supporters have suggested that the procedure be done
behind closed doors or shortened to prevent embarrassment. The cabinet is moving to
transfer power to the prime minister, Sheik Sabah al-Ahmad al-Sabah, also thought to be
76. Sheik Sabah, who is the late emir's half brother, is in good health and has run the day-
to-day affairs of the government for years. In announcing the move, the Parliament
released a statement to Kuna, Kuwait's official news agency, specifically citing the emir's
health. "The Council of Ministers expresses its deepest sorrow and sadness about the
health condition of His Highness Emir Sheik Saad al-Abdullah al-Salem al-Sabah, may
God protect him," the statement said. Under Kuwait's Constitution, Parliament may
declare the emir unfit to govern with a two-thirds majority. An article of the succession
law says that if the emir fails to meet the conditions for ruling, or is incapable of carrying
them out for health reasons, the cabinet may replace him. The government-controlled
Kuwaiti television reported Friday that a delegation from the royal family had urged
Sheik Sabah to take over as emir, and Sheik Sabah had agreed to do so. The broadcast
then showed family members congratulating him; Sheik Saad did not appear.”

Times Online, January 24, 2006. http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,251-

2008129,00.html
“The Kuwaiti parliament today voted unanimously to depose the country's ailing emir on
health grounds, ending a nine-day leadership crisis. The country's cabinet met tonight and
named the prime minister as the successor to Sheikh Saad al-Abdullah al-Sabah. Justice
Minister Ahmad Baqer told Reuters an official letter with Sheikh Sabah al-Ahmad al-
Sabah's nomination would be sent to parliament tomorrow and that he expected a voting
session to be held on Sunday or Monday. Kuwait controls 10 per cent of the world's
reserves of crude oil. The nomination of Sheikh Sabah as its new ruler ended the political
uncertainty which had gripped Kuwait since Sheikh Saad , who is 76 and incapacitated
by illness, became emir on January 15 after the death of his cousin. According to some
reports, he was too unwell even to say the oath of office. Sheikh Sabah, a cousin of
Sheikh Saad, has already been de facto ruler for four years because of the ill-health of
both the late emir and Sheikh Saad. "After listening to the medical report, the assembly

271
with its 65 members agreed to remove (Sheikh Saad) from the post of emir," said Jassem
al-Kharafi, the Speaker of the parliament. He added that there were no conditions
attached to the emir’s abdication letter, which arrived shortly after the vote had taken
place.”

BAHRAIN

BAH-1971 692 BAH Isa Ibn Al-Khalifah 15/08/1971 06/03/1999

Son of Sultan Sulman bin Hamad al-Khalifah, who ruled 1941—1961.

BAH-1999 692 BAH Hamad Isa Ibn Al-Khalifah 06/03/1999 31/12/2004

Son of Isa.

QUATAR

QAT-1971 694 QAT Ahmed Ath-Thani 03/09/1971 22/02/1972

He was deposed by cousin while on hunting trip.

QAT-1972 694 QAT Khalifah Ath-Than i22/02/1972 27/06/1995

Cousin of Ahmed. He was the fourth son of Hamad bin Ali al-Thani of the ruling Thani
dynasty. Khalifa's grandfather Ali bin Abdallah al-Thani was emir (ruled 1913-1949)
during Britain's rule of Qatar, and Khalifa's father was heir apparent before dying in
1947.

QAT-1995 694 QAT Amad Al Thani 27/06/1995 31/12/2004

Son of Khalifah.

UNITED ARAB EMIRATES

UAE-1971 696 UAE An-Nahayan 02/12/1971 31/12/2004

He rules as head of the Council.

OMAN
For Oman, pre-1937, see: Thomans, Bertram. 1938. "Arab rule under the Al Bu Said
dynasty of Oman, 1741--1937." In Proceedings of the British Academy, Vol. 24, 1938.
London: Humphrey Milford, Oxford University Press, Amen House. E.C. 27--53.
He notes, p. 34: “the instability of rule engendered by the principle of no fixed
succession.” Badr Saif was killed by his son, Said, who dies naturally, and is succeeded
by Thuwaini who was assassinated by his own son, who is driven into exile by a cousin.
He (Azzan) was killed in the fight against Turki, a son of the late son. P.37.

OMA-1871 698 OMA Turki ibn Sa`id 30/01/1871 04/06/1888

Son of previous ruler, Sa’id Ibn Sultan. Died in 1888. Thomas notes that “In 1888 Saiyid
Turki was succeeded by his second son, Saiyid Gaisal; Sayid Faisal, in 1913, by his
eldest son, Saiyid Taimur ….; and Saiyid Taimur, on abdication in 1931, was succeeded
by his eldest son, Saiyid Sa’id, the present ruler. It is noteworthy that the last two rulers

272
have succeeded by the principle of primogeniture, a feature almost without precedent in
the history of their house, and one facilitated by an equally unprecedented though wise
step on the part of British authorities in according them recognition as heirs apparent
during the lifetime of their predecessors.” P.38.

OMA-1888 698 OMA Faysal ibn Turki 04/06/1888 05/10/1913

Son of previous ruler.

OMA-1913 698 OMA Taimur ibn Faysal 09/10/1913 10/02/1932

Son of previous. Abdicates, dies in 1965. Less than perfect control of the interior.

OMA-1932 698 OMA Sa`id ibn Taimur 10/02/1932 23/07/1970

Son of previous. According to a not very flattering story in the Chicago Daily Tribune,
Mar. 4, 1938, p.14, he “receives $225,000 a year to govern in name only a tiny patch of
hill and desert on the Persian gulf at the southeast corner of the Arabian desert. He spends
most of his time across the gulf in India.” He defeats coups by Imams in 1954; Coup by
son, exile in England.

OMA-1970 698 OMA Qabus Bin Said 23/07/1970 31/12/2004

Son of previous. Encyclopedia Britannica for entry and exile of his father.

AFGHANISTAN

AFG-1868 700 AFG Shir `Ali Khan 08/09/1868 21/02/1879

Encyclopedia Britannica, has him dying, Feb. 21, 1879. “The British executed a well-
planned three-pronged drive into Afghanistan. Shir ‘Ali tried to rally the tribes to his
support with little success. He then placed his son Yaqub Khan on the throne and fled
toward Turkistan; he died during the journey.” We don’t know if he was killed or just
died. He flees to exile. Son of former Emir.

AFG-1879-1 700 AFG Mohammad Ya`qub Khan 21/02/1879 12/10/1879

Amir Muhammad Yaqub Khan. Son of former. Encyc. Brit notes “The Treaty of
Gandamak (Gandomak [sic, HG]; May 26, 1879) recognized Ya’qub Khan as emir. .. On
September 3, 1879, the British envoy and his escort were murdered in Kabul. British
forces were again dispatched, and before the end of October they occupied Kabul.
Ya’qub abdicated and was given exile in India, where he died in 1923.
Shir `Ali Khan dies in Mazar-i-Shariff, and Amir Muhammad Yaqub Khan takes
over until October 1879. Amir Muhammad Yaqub Khan gives up the following Afghan
territories to the British: Kurram, Khyber, Michni, Pishin, and Sibi. Afghans lose these
territories permanently.

AFG-1879-2 700 AFG Mohammad Jan 12/10/1879 31/03/1880

AFG-1880 700 AFG Abdor Rahman Khan 22/07/1880 03/10/1901

Son of Afzal Khan and grandson of earlier Emir: Dost Mohammed Khan. See Lentz.

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AFG-1901 700 AFG Habibullah Khan 03/10/1901 20/02/1919
See Lentz. Son of previous. He was assassinated.

AFG-1920 700 AFG Amanullah Khan 01/01/1920 14/01/1929

Lentz. Third Son of Habibullah. He was forced to abdicate by brother, exile in Italy.

AFG-1929-1 700 AFG Inayatullah Khan 14/01/1929 17/01/1929

Lentz: Brother of previous, eldest son of Habibullah. Rebellion, exile.

AFG-1929-2 700 AFG Habibullah Ghazi 17/01/1929 17/10/1929

Government troops capture and execute the usurper.

AFG-1929-3 700 AFG Nadir Shah 17/10/1929 08/11/1933

See Lentz. Cousin of Amanullah. He was assassinated. The Washington Post, Nov. 9,
1933 p. 1. On Nadir Shah’s assassination. “Nadir Shar was 51 years old and won his
throne in October 17, 1929, by election following the abdication of the former king,
Amanaullah, who was his nephew and whom he had served as foreign minister.
Manaullah fled to Italy. His son, 19 years old is crowned.” The new King orders an
election on February 16, the date for the election is not found.

AFG-1933 700 AFG Hashim Khan 08/11/1933 14/05/1946

Lentz notes. “He was the virtual ruler of Afghanistan during the early years of the reign
of his nephew, Mohammed Zahir Shah. …. Hashim remained as prime minister and
Zahir’s chief advisor until his retirement for health reasons on May 14, 1946. Hashim
died in Kabul on October 26, 1953.”
NYT, May 7, 1947, p. 55 notes that he was aboard a large passenger vessel
departing from New York, bound for Liverpool. Could be for treatment, could be for
exile. CSM, Dec. 27, 1951, p. 3 notes: “Hashim Khan, a third brother, then became Prime
Minister, and ruled the country as virtual dictator until 1947. He then retired and turned
over his post to his brother, Shah Mahmud, the present Prime Minister.” Combined, these
suggest more likely not exile, rather a visit for health reasons. But not definitive either
way, unfortunately.

AFG-1946 700 AFG Mahmud Khan Ghazi 14/05/1946 07/09/1953

Brother of previous, uncle of the king. For his resignation, see NYT, Sept. 8, 1953, p. 7.
“The announcement said the 65-year old Prime Minister, who had held the office for
seven and one half years, submitted his resignation to King Zahir Shah yesterday on the
ground of “indisposition and bad health.” He died on December 27, 1959, in northern
Afghanistan.

AFG-1953 700 AFG Sardar M. Daud Khan 07/09/1953 10/03/1963

Sardar Mohammad Daud Khan. For his entry, see NYT, Sept. 8, 1953, p. 7. General and
mister of Defense and Home Affairs. Married to the King’s sister, who is also his cousin.

AFG-1963 700 AFG Zahir Shah 10/03/1963 17/07/1973

Coup while for health in Italy, exile there.

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AFG-1973 700 AFG Daoud 17/07/1973 27/04/1978
Coup by Communist party and military. He was killed.

AFG-1978 700 AFG Taraki 30/04/1978 27/03/1979

Keesing’s Vol. 26, May 1980, reports: “The groundwork for the introduction of combat
troops into Afghanistan was believed to have been laid by a Soviet Deputy Defence
Minister, Gen. Ivan G. Pavlovsky, during a lengthy stay in Afghanistan in August-
October 1979 (in the course of which President Taraki was overthrown by Mr Amin).
During this visit Gen. Pavlovsky was thought to have made a pessimistic assessment of
the military position of the regime vis-à-vis the activities of anti-government insurgents.
… Furthermore, it was reported after the latest coup that President Taraki had been
smothered to death with a pillow on Oct. 8, 1979, after his overthrow and thus had not, as
previously claimed, died of illness or in a shooting incident.”

AFG-1979-1 700 AFG Amin 27/03/1979 27/12/1979

Soviet backed coup? he was killed. But see also Keesing’s Vol. 26, May 1980: ““The
groundwork for the introduction of combat troops into Afghanistan was believed to have
been laid by a Soviet Deputy Defence Minister, Gen. Ivan G. Pavlovsky, during a lengthy
stay in Afghanistan in August-October 1979 (in the course of which President Taraki was
overthrown by Mr Amin). … The Observer report conflicted with other assessments in
the Western press of events surrounding the coup, many of which indicated that the
USSR had been taken by surprise when Mr Amin overthrew President Taraki in
September 1979, that Mr Amin had been unpopular with the Soviet Union because of his
policies, and that he had rejected Soviet proposals for the introduction of combat forces
to assist the Afghan Army in suppressing Moslem rebel activity. … The deposed
President Amin was reported to have been executed immediately after the coup on
Dec.27 (some sources claiming that he was already dead by the time the coup was
announced) together with members of his family including his brother, Mr Abdullah
Amin (who as Chief of Intelligence headed the secret policeage 30031); those executed
were said to have been found guilty by a revolutionary tribunal of crimes against the
Afghan people. However, there were conflicting reports of the events leading up to the
coup and of Mr Amin's fate. According to a report in The Observer of London on Feb. 17
attributed to "informed Russian sources in Moscow", Mr Amin was not executed but was
killed by mistake.”

AFG-1979-2 700 AFG Karmal 27/12/1979 04/05/1986

For his removal, see Lentz: “The Soviets became increasingly disillusioned with
Karmal’s inability to quell the Afghan civil war, and on May 4, 1986, he was replaced as
leader of the People’s Democratic party by Mahommed Najib. Karmal remained as
figurehead president of the Revolutionary Council until November 24, 1986, when he
retired to Moscow, where he dies. For his obituary, see NYT, Dec. 6, 1996, p. D17,
which reports “He was 67 and had spent most of his time after he stepped down living
quietly in Russia, under Soviet pressure.” And “Finally, in November 1986, he stepped

275
won, saying he had heart troube.” Studied law and political science at Kabul University,
earned a law degree. Arrested at age 20, and imprisoned for five years.

DELETED: Figurehead
AFG-1986 700 AFG Chamkani 24/11/1986 30/09/1987
Keesing’s, Vol. 34, March 1988. Election of Najibullah as President (Nov. 30, 1987).
Adoption of new Constitution. (Nov. 30, 1987). Chamkani has held the posts of President
of the Revolutionary Council and Chairman of its Presidium in an acting capacity.
Chamkani elected First Deputy Chairman of the Presidium on Sept. 30.

AFG-1987 700 AFG Najibullah 04/05/1986 16/04/1992

Keesing’s Vol. 32, December 1986 notes that Najib (ullah) was elected general secretary
of the People’s Democratic party (PDPA) on May 4, 1986.
Lentz notes: “Najib’s successes [as leader of the Afghan secret Policy (KHAD)
impressed the Soviets to the extent that he was named to replace Babrak Karmal as
general secretary of the people’s Democratic party on May 4, 1986.”
Keesing’s, Vol. 34, March 1988. Election of Najibullah as President (Nov. 30, 1987).
Adoption of new Constitution. (Nov. 30, 1987). Lentz: “He took refuge in the United
Nations compound in Kabul on April 16, 1992. The Islamic government that succeeded
him attempted to have him turned over to the government to stand trial for war crimes.”
NYT, Sept. 28, 1996, p.1: “In one of their first acts today, the Taliban removed a former
President, Najibullah, from the United Nations compound where he had lived since his
Communist regime was overthrow [sic, HG] in 1992. The rebels then shot him in the
head and hung his beaten and bloated body from a tower.” Rebels advance on capital. He
takes refuge in UN compound.

AFG-1992-1 700 AFG Mojadidi 28/04/1992 28/06/1992

NYT, May 8, 1992, p. A3. Had originally accepted the acting presidency for two months.
After which Rabbani would come in.
Deutsche Presse Agentur, October 24, 2001. “Mojadidi, who lives in exile in
Copenhagen ….” Not clear when he left, under Rabbani or Taliban. He was an Islamic
theologist.

AFG-1992-2 700 AFG Burhanuddin Rabbani 28/06/1992 27/09/1996

Keesing’s Vol. 43, May 1997, also Vol. 43, 1997, October 1997. Is OK, in Northern
Afghanistan.

AFG-1996 700 AFG Mullah Omar 27/09/1996 13/11/2001

He was overthrown by Northern Alliance supported by US, in hiding.

AFG-2001 700 AFG Hamid Karzai 22/12/2001 31/12/2004

Installed by Americans and allies.

TURKMENISTAN

276
TKM-1990 701 TKM Niyazov 27/10/1990 31/12/2004

TAJIKISTAN

TAJ-1991-1 702 TAJ Kadreddin Aslonov 31/08/1991 23/09/1991

Aslonov is forced out by a vote by the parliament in Tajikistan. (Looks constitutional)
See following news on Aslanov:
“From the Financial Times, 24 September, 1991
COMMUNIST deputies in Tajikistan yesterday hit back at an attempt to ban their party
by ousting the Soviet Central Asian republic's acting president and imposing a state of
emergency. Deputies voted overwhelmingly to replace Mr. Kadreddin Aslonov, the
acting president, with Mr. Rakman Nabiyev, the republic's former Communist party
chief, and to revoke a decree issued on Sunday by Mr. Aslonov banning the party and
sequestrating its assets. The Communist backlash, the first of any success in the Soviet
Union since last month's failed coup, brought up to 5,000 protesters onto the streets of
Dushanbe, the republic's capital, and into a tense stand-off with an equal number of
Communist supporters in the city centre.”
So Aslanov was deposed by parliament when he tried to ban communist party.

TAJ-1991-2 702 TAJ Nabiyev 23/09/1991 07/09/1992

On his death from a heart attack, see: Keesing’s Vol. 39, April 1993. He died on 11 April.
7 months after he lost office. On his ouster, see Keesing’s Vol. 38, September 1992. For
birthdate, see – from ProQuest -- Founding Presidents of Soviet Successor States: A
Comparative Study David C Brooker. Demokratizatsiya. Washington: Winter
2004.Vol.12, Iss. 1; pg. 133, 13 pgs” which says some sources say 1930, others 1931. He
studied agriculture in Tashkent, the capital of Uzbekistan. Had been leader of the Tajik
Party in 1982.He was born on 5 October, 1930.
Former communist leader, deposed by militias, dies of heart attack in April 1993.

TAJ-1992-1 702 TAJ Iskandrov 07/09/1992 20/11/1992

On his entry, see Keesing’s Vol. 38, September 1992.
“On Sept. 7, as hundreds of armed supporters of the Moslem- dominated opposition
surrounded Dushanbe airport terminal, members of the coalition government formed in
May and parliamentary opposition leaders prevented Nabiyev from leaving for his
northern home region of Khodzhent, and after several hours of talks forced him to resign.
Constitutionally, presidential powers passed to the Chair of the Supreme Soviet,
Akbarsho Iskandrov, who on Sept. 24 appointed Abdumalik Abdullojanov as acting
Prime Minister. On Sept. 18 Iskandrov had established a new Defence Ministry, although
no minister was appointed.”
In November the Iskandarov coalition government resigned in the hope of
reconciling contending factions. But Keesing’s reports first resignation, but subsequently
he was forced from office. He was sent to internal exile.

TAJ-1992-2 702 TAJ Rakhmonov 20/11/1992 31/12/2004

Assumed power during fighting.

277
KYRGZ REPUBLIC

KYR-1990 703 KYR Akayev 27/10/1990 31/12/2004

See Kyrgyzstan: The New York Times, Web Edition:
http://www.nytimes.com/2005/03/27/international/asia/27kyrgyzstan.html?hp&ex=11118
99600&en=e6da3951aa41760a&ei=5094&partner=homepageCrisis Grips Kyrgyzstan;
Ousted Chief Is in Russia By CRAIG S. SMITH, Published: March 27, 2005
BISHKEK, Kyrgyzstan, March 26 - Two days after President Askar Akayev fled
Kyrgyzstan, the country was mired in a parliamentary crisis as members from the old and
newly elected Parliament vied for power. Moscow confirmed that Mr. Akayev had been
welcomed in Russia, where he went after a groundswell of protests across the country
against vote-rigging in legislative elections that ended with a runoff on March 13. But he
has not resigned as president and Kyrgyzstan's new authorities are struggling to establish
the legal foundation of their rule.

UZBEKISTAN
UZB-1990 704 UZB Karimov 24/03/1990 31/12/2004

KAZAKHSTAN

KZK-1990 705 KZK Nazarbaev 24/04/1990 31/12/2004

CHINA

CHN-1861 710 CHN Tz'u His 22/08/1861 15/11/1908

CHN-1908 710 CHN Zaifeng 02/12/1908 12/01/1912

Prince Chun Zaifeng (1883–1951). He ruled between 2 Dec 1908 and 6 Dec 1911.He
ruled as regent (and was father) for the boy emperor. (visited his son every two months
after the resignation).

CHN-1912-1 710 CHN Sun Yat-sen 12/01/1912 15/02/1912

See Encyclopedia Brit. http://search.eb.com/eb/topic?idxStructId=573870&typeId=13 “In
September [192, HG], Yüan appointed Sun director general of railway development.
Their entente might have lasted if Sung Chiao-jen, who had reorganized the Alliance
Society into the Kuomintang and was serving as its head, had not been assassinated in
March 1913, reportedly at Yüan's instigation. This precipitated a second revolution, in
which Sun opposed Yüan. When the campaign failed, Sun fled once again to Japan.
While there, he unavailingly sought Japanese aid by promising vast concessions in China,
and he also alienated many revolutionaries by requiring them to take an oath of personal
allegiance to him. He was also criticized for marrying his secretary, Soong Ch'ing-ling
(November 1914), without divorcing his first wife.”

CHN-1912-2 710 CHN Yuan Shih-kai 15/02/1912 06/06/1916

CHN-1916 710 CHN Li Yuan-Hung 06/06/1916 14/08/1917

278
CHN-1917 710 CHN Feng Kuo-chang 14/08/1917 04/09/1918
A general. See Lentz. Dies of pneumonia in Peking, December 28, 1919.

CHN-1918 710 CHN Hsu Shih-ch'ang 04/09/1918 02/06/1922

See Lentz.

CHN-1922 710 CHN Li Yuan-Hung 11/06/1922 14/06/1923

See Lentz: Li went to Shanghai in September 1923 and then spent several months in
Japan to recuperate from complications of diabetes. He goes to Japan to recuperate from
diabetes.

CHN-1923 710 CHN Tsao Kun 05/10/1923 02/11/1924

House arrest.

CHN-1924 710 CHN Tuan Chi-jui 24/11/1924 20/04/1926

CHN-1926 710 CHN Chang Tso-lin 21/04/1926 10/10/1928

He died after the bombing of a train.

CHN-1928 710 CHN Chiang Kai-shek 10/10/1928 14/12/1937

CHN-1937 710 CHN Wang Kemin 14/12/1937 30/03/1940

Dies in 1945.

CHN-1940 710 CHN Wang Jingwei 30/03/1940 10/11/1944

See Lentz: Wang’s health began to fail in 1944, and he went to Japan for treatment. He
died in Nagoya on November 10, 1944.

CHN-1944 710 CHN Chen Gongbo 20/11/1944 01/08/1945

He was born in 1892 and died in 1946. He is the leader of China under Japanese
occupation. NYT, Sept. 4, 1945. “The Central News Agency reported that Chen Kung-
po, who was said by the Japanese to have committed suicide, is hiding in Japan. Chen,
former president of the Nanking puppet government, was reported to have paid the
Japanese $100,000,000 for his “living expenses” in Japan before departing.” See also,
NYT, Sept. 9, 1945. He was deposed.

CHN-1946 710 CHN Chiang Kai-shek 26/12/1946 21/01/1949

He left the country for Taiwan.

CHN-1949 710 CHN Mao Tse-Tung 01/10/1949 09/09/1976

CHN-1976 710 CHN Hua Guofeng 07/10/1976 10/09/1980

See Lentz.

CHN-1980 710 CHN Deng Xiaoping 10/09/1980 19/02/1997

279
CHN-1997 710 CHN Jiang Zemin 19/02/1997 15/03/2003

CHN-2004 710 CHN Hu Jintao 15/06/2004 31/12/2004

TIBET

TBT-1875 711 TBT Tatsak Rinpoche 25/04/1875 15/06/1886

Nota Bene: The exit date is the best approximation; sources note that Tatsak Rinpoche
lost office in 1886, but no date is given. We take the middle of the year as the best
approximation. This is the only such approximation.
“Desi” Shetra overthrows the Regent Rinpochey in the year of the Waterdog, or 1862 in a
bloodless coup. The former regent then goes into exile. Shetra dies in 1864, and first the
Kashag (Cabinet) takes over, but in 1868 the Palden Dondrub takes over in another coup
(He had organized first coup). He rules for only three years. In 1871, Palden Dondrub
oust him from office and the Kashag of Cabinet Ministers takes over. 12th Dalai Lama
(Born in 1856) is enthroned in the Water Bird Year, or 1873, but “Never really performed
the duties of his office … and largely concentrated on his studies.” Constitutional entry.
Natural Death. After 12th Dalai Lama dies, on 25 April 1875 (was born in 1856): Regent
Tatsak Rinpochey of Kundeling Monastery rules Tibet from 25 April 1875 to 1886.
Constitutional entry. He dies in the fourth month of the Fire Dog Year (1886), when the
Great Thirteenth was only eleven years old. Natural death. New Regent was Demo Tulku
Trinley Rabgyey of Tengeling Monastery.

TBT-1886 711 TBT Demo Tulku Tr. Rabgyey 15/06/1886 08/01/1895

Demo Tulku Trinley Rabgyey. Regent Tatsak Rinpochey of Kundeling Monastery, dies
in the fourth month of the Fire Dog Year (1886), when the Great Thirteenth was only
eleven years old. New Regent was Demo Tulku Trinley Rabgyey of Tengeling
Monastery.

TBT-1895 711 TBT 13th Dalai Lama 08/01/1895 17/12/1933

13th Dalai Lama gets in power “during the spring of the Wood Sheep Year, or 1895. His
enthronement as head of state took place four months later, on the eighth day of that same
year” (8 Jan 1895). Apparently he faced an attempted coup by the former regent and/or
his brothers in 1899. He rules from 8 Jan 1895 to 17 December 1933. Constitutional
Entry. Natural Death.

TBT-1933 711 TBT Radreng 17/12/1933 30/06/1941

Radreng Hutukto. Regent Reteng Rinpoche (born 191?). Entry Constitutional. Exit
Constitutional (Retreat). After 13th Dalai Lama dies: Reteng Rinpochey (= Fifth Reteng
Tulku), 23 years old at the time. Born in 1912 (or 1911). Successor to Reteng was Regent
Taktra Tulku. (Transfer is constitutional because Reteng goes into retreat. Reteng
murdered a couple of years afterwards, when he thinks of coming back because of poor
stewardship by Taktra.)

TBT-1941 711 TBT Taktra Rimpoche 30/06/1941 17/11/1950

280
He ruled between 16 January 1941 – 17 November 1950. Regent Taktra Tulku
Constitutional entry and exit.

TBT-1950 711 TBT 14th Dalai Lama 17/11/1950 23/05/1951

14th Dalai Lama enthroned on 17 November 1950, when only 15 years old. He ruled
between 17 November 1950 – 17 March 1959. He was born in 1935. He fled the country
on March 17, 1959. Flees, exile to India, where he set up Tibet’s government-in-exile.

MONGOLIA

Sources consulted include

Atwood, Christopher P. Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire. New York:
Facts on File, Inc., 2004, gives a list of “People’s government and People’s Republic,
1921—1900.

Alan J. K. Sanders, Historical Dictionary of Mongolia, 2nd Edition. Asian/Oceanian

Historical Dictionaries, No. 42. Lanham, Maryland: The Scarecrow Press, Inc, 2003.

MON-1921-1 712 MON Chagdarjav 13/03/1921 16/04/1921

He was born in 1880. He gained power with the help of Russians. Lentz notes: After
ouster, “He subsequently went to organize activities in Northwest Mongolia. He was
arrested and executed with Bodo in September 1922.” This was more than one year after
out. The date of his execution is August 31. See Atwood.

MON-1921-2 712 MON Dogsomyn Bodo 16/04/1921 07/01/1922

Dogsomyn Bodo was born in 1895. Lentz notes: Subsequently arrested and charged with
conspiring against the government and executed in September 1922. Atwood notes: he
was the deputy PM under Danzin. Bodo was executed August 31, 1922. Atwood also
notes that his resignation was accepted by Danzin.

MON-1922 712 MON Sükhebaatur 07/01/1922 23/02/1923

Sükhebaatur was born in 2 February 1893. Atwood notes that he was a General,
Commander in Chief. “After completing a tour of the eastern frontier in November 1922,
Sükhebaatur was replaced by Magsurjab as army minister while remaining commander in
chief. On February 14, 1923, while inspected troops guarding against a
counterrevolutionary plot allegedly timed for the WHITE MONTH (lunar new year),
Sükhebaatur became ill. He was bedridden from the next day until his death on February
23. His death immediately occasioned suspicions of poisoning, which have continued to
the present, although the only autopsy, done in Chita, considered a liver disease the
likeliest cause of death.”(521-22)

MON-1923 712 MON Danzin 23/02/1923 26/08/1924

Atwood notes that he was a general, but didn’t really have a military career or experience
as Sükhebaatur did. He was born to an unwed mother in 1885. He was elected party
chairman at the People’s Party assembly, March 1—3, 1921. He became Commander in

281
Chief after Sükhebaatur’s death. … “Hoping to revive Mongolia’s economy and finances,
Danzin encouraged Chinese firms to return to Mongolia. This friendliness to Chinese
firms alienated his former ally Elbeck-Dorzhi Rinchino, and Danzin’s political supporters
began to criticize openly the Buriat advisers as clever pied pipers of the naïve young
Mongols. Criticism of Danzin’s administration increased at the People’s Party’s Third
Congress in August 1924, when Danzin suddenly withdrew in a huff to the city garrison.
He may have been planning a coup d’état against Rincino, but he did not have the
soldiers’ support and was himself arrested and executed without a trial on August 30.”
(P.129-130)
Lentz notes : Danzan Khorloo, purged and executed in August 1924. LA Times,
Sept. 17, 1924, p. 1 notes Danzan had been shot by order of the Mongol soviet. See also
The Washington Post, Sept. 18, 1924, p. 5, which notes he was arrested August 26, and
after a trial on a charge of plotting against the Urga government, was shot along with
several minor officials of his regime.

MON-1924 712 MON Elbek-Dorzhi Rinchino 26/08/1924 15/07/1925

Outdate comes from Atwood’s entry on Dambadorji “ After Rinchino’s recall to Russia
in July 1925 ….” We’ve taken the middle of the month.
He was born in 16 May, 1888. Atwood notes that he was the Chairman of the military
Council. Born to an unwed mother. “After the congress [of 1924, HG] Rinchino was
riding high in Mongolia. Nevertheless from fall 1924 he had constantly to fend off
criticism from the Comintern’s first official representative, the Kazakh Turar R.
Ryskulov (1894-1938). The disagreements came to a head over Rinchino’s advocacy of
an adventurous pan-Mongolist policy in Inner Mongolia. The Comintern recalled both to
Russia and entrusted a Balagan Buriat, Matvei I. Amagaev (1897-1939) , with
eliminating pan-Mongolism in the Mongolian party. From 1925 Rinchino taught political
economy in Moscow …. Rinchino was arrested on July 19, 1937, in the first wave of the
great purge as a pan-Mongolist (now treated as a criminal offense) and a Japanese spy
and executed a year later, on June 23.” (p.477)
Sanders has him as “Elbegdorj, Rinchingiyin”

MON-1925 712 MON Dambadorji 15/07/1925 15/10/1928

Exit date is a combination of info from Atwood and Rulers.org. The latter has him out in
October, we again take the middle of the month.
He was born in 1899. Atwood notes on p.126: After Rinchino’s recall to Russia in July
1925 Dambadorji as party chairman and his allies ran Mongolia. … After more than a
year of pressure Dambardorji’s regime was overthrown at the People’s Revolutionary
Party’s Seventh Congress (September – December 1928). Dambadorji was exiled to
Moscow for study with Batsükh and their son. Ahmad. After 1932 he worked in
Mongolia’s embassy in Moscow before dying of disease in 1934.” Sanders (p.75) notes
on his death: “He died there on June 25, 1934, after “receiving an injection of poison.””

MON-1928 712 MON Gendün 15/10/1928 20/03/1936

He was born in 1895. Atwood notes that he was one of three Party Secretaries from 1928
to 1932, then Prime Minister from 1932 to 1936. At the party’s Seventh Congress
(autumn 1928) Moscow’s Communist International (Comintern) mobilized the khodoo

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faction to overthrow the party chief Dambadorji, and Gendün was appointed one of three
new party secretaries. … After tension-filled meetings with Stalin in December 1935 to
January 1936, Gendün finally agreed to invite Soviet troops to Mongolia. Roundly
criticized for impeding Soviet-Mongolian friendship at the next party plenum, Gendün
was relieved of all his duties on March 20, 1936, and exiled with his family to Crimea.
On July 17, 1937, as part of Stalin’s Great Purge, arrested and shot as a Japanese spy on
26 November 1937.
Lentz notes: he was expelled from the presidium of the central committee and
removed from office that same month (March 1936). Gendung was charged with
conspiring with General Demid in counterrevolutionary and pro-Japanese activities. He
was purged and executed in 1937.

MON-1936 712 MON Choibalsan 22/03/1936 26/01/1952

Atwood notes (pp.12-13): Amur becomes PM after Gendung and before Choibalsang. He
had been PM before, 21/2/1928 to 27/4/1930, after Tserendorji’s death, but we don’t have
him as effective leader there. … “Promoted to replace Gendün as prime minister on
March 22, 1936, Amur was again a token. Real power lay with the interior minister
Choibalsang and his hatchetman Lubsangsharab, as Joseph Stalin’s Great Purge swept the
country. Finally, on March 7, 1939, Lubsangsharab arrested Amur in a presidium
meeting. In July he was deported to the Soviet Union. Interrogated with torture, he
confessed to various imaginary crimes and was executed on February 10, 1941.”
Atwood notes: Choibalsang is Commander in Chief, 1924-1928, and 1937-1950, Prime
Minister 1939—1952. “Set up as ruler of Mongolia by Stalin’s decree, he later showed
unexpected nationalist tendencies. … At age 12 he began living at a temple, where he
was given the monastic name Choibalsang. … Promoted to deputy PM under Gendün in
December 1934. … In February 1936, again on Soviet direction, Choibalsang became
head of the Interior Ministry, the new security organ, and received the title of marshal. …
From 1934 his key policy decisions were always approved in his regular meetings with
Stalin in Moscow. Even on minor matters Choibalsang never felt comfortable about any
decision until he knew that Soviet advisers had approved it.”

MON-1952 712 MON Tsendenbal 26/01/1952 23/08/1984

Atwood notes that he was an economist. (p.549) “On August 9, 1984, while vacationing
in Moscow, the Kremlin Doctor Chazov diagnosed Tsedenbal as suffering from
overwork, and top Soviet leaders summoned Batmönkh and D. Molomjamts, telling them
Tsedenbal could no longer serve. On August 23 the Mongolian Politburo dismissed
Tsedenbal from all positions. After his dismissal Tsendenbal lived in lonely retirement in
Moscow with his wife and sons. …. Tsedenbal died in Moscow on April 21, 1991. and
was buried in Ulaanbaatar.”

MON-1984 712 MON Batmonh 23/08/1984 12/03/1990

Also listed as Batmonkh. Atwood notes that he attended Mongolian State University,
from 1951 on lectured at Mongolian State University and then at the Higher Party
School. After studying at the Soviet Communist’s Party Academy of Social Sciences in
Moscow (1958-61), he headed the Institute of Economics and then Mongolian State

283
University. Chosen as premier in 1974. Both Tsedenbal and Batmonkh are of the Dorbod
tribe.

MON-1990 712 MON Ochirbat 12/03/1990 20/06/1997

Sanders notes that he graduated with a degree in mining engineering from the Leningrad
Higher School of Mining. He was awarded a higher degree (Candidate of Technical
Sciences) for a study of the “erdenet” copper and molybdenum mine in 1975. “The 1992
constitution, which came into force in February, set the term of the presidency at four
years and changed the country’s name from the MPR to Mongolia, and Ochirbat became
president of Mongolia and commander in chief. The Constitution Implementation Law of
1992 called the first general presidential elections in June 1993. After deselection by the
MPRP, Ochirbat was nominated for the 1993 presidential elections by a coalition …. In
the presidential election on June 6, winning 57.8 percent of the vote, Ochirbat defeated
the MPRP candidate, Lodongiyn Tüdev, who gained 38.7 percent. .. [after losing the
election of 1997] “Thereafter he became a company director and wrote books about
mining. In March 2001 Ochirbat became a member of the National Advisory Council of
the Democratic Party.”

MON-1997 712 MON Bagabandi 20/06/1997 31/12/2004

TAIWAN

TAW-1949 713 TAW Li Tsung-jen 21/01/1949 28/02/1950

From Wikipedia, slightly suspect source in general, but lengthy and detailed entry.
General of the Seventh Army in the Northern Expedition. “In April 28, 1948, Li was
elected by the National Assembly as the vice-president, five days after his political
opponent, Chiang Kai-shek became president. The day after Chiang resigned on January
21, 1949 as a response to the Chinese Communist uprisings and several victories, Li
became the nominal acting president. Li attempted to negotiate with the communists in
Beijing. … In November 1949, before the establishment of the Chiang government in
Taiwan in the following month, Li flew to New York for treating his chronic duodenum
illness at the Hospital of Columbia University. … Li doughtily vowed he would “return
to crush” Chiang’s movement once he went back to China. In January 1952, Chiang
commanded the Control Yuan now in Taiwan to impeach Li in the “Case of Li Tsung-
jen’s Failure to carry out Duties due to illegal conduct”, and officially relinquished Li of
the position as vice-president in the National Assembly March 1954. Li became a
communist sympathizer and moved to Beijing with the support of Zhou Enlai on July 20,
965. He died in Nanjing with a duodenum cancer at 78.”
Lentz: “He then went to the United States for abdominal surgery. Chiang
reformed the Nationalist government on Taiwan and reclaimed power on March 1, 1950.
Li refused to go to Taiwan following his recovery. The Nationalist Assembly voted his
ouster as vice president in 1954. Li remained in exile in the United States until July of
1965, when he returned to Peking.
He was born on 13 August, 1890 and died on 13 January, 1969.

TAW-1950 713 TAW Chiang Kai-shek 01/03/1950 05/04/1975

284
Former ruler of another country, China.

TAW-1975 713 TAW Yen Chia-Kan 05/04/1975 20/05/1978

TAW-1978 713 TAW Chiang Ching-Kuo 20/05/1978 13/01/1988

Chiang Ching Kuo died as a result of a heart attack at the age of 77 in Taipei on January
13, 1988.

TAW-1988 713 TAW Lee Teng-Hui 13/01/1988 20/05/2000

TAW-2000 713 TAW Chen Shui-bian 21/05/2000 31/12/2004

KOREA

See Chicago Daily, September 9, 1894, p. 11; “Tai-Won-Kun on Top.”

Tai-Won-Kun, known also as Prince Ni Kung. His son becomes King. Regent 21 January
1864 to 22 December 1873. The King had reached his majority in 1873 and the regency
ended.

KOR-1864 730 KOR Yi Hyong 22/12/1873 20/07/1907

Reign name: Kojong. See Encarta.msn.com. on “Kojong”: “Kojong’s increasing
opposition to the Japanese resulted in his forced abdication in 1907, and in 1910 Japan
formally annexed the nation of Korea. Pensioned on the income of his own estates,
Kojong lived in Japan until his death.”
In 1907 he was forced to abdicate. See the news on him in NYT, July 17, 1907.
p.5. It is very unlikely he was the ‘real’ leader. Much more likely were first his father: Tai
Won Kun, and subsequently his wife, the Queen. He was under Japanese protectorate.

KOR-1907 730 KOR Yi Ch'ok 20/07/1907 29/08/1910

Related to previous ruler? Reign name: Sunjong He served as the head of the Royal
House of Korea 1910-1926, thus his post tenure fate was fine.

NORTH KOREA
PRK-1948 731 PRK Kim Il-Sung 09/09/1948 08/07/1994

PRK-1994 731 PRK Kim Jong-Il 08/07/1994 31/12/2004

Son of Kim Il-Sung.

SOUTH KOREA

ROK-1948 732 ROK Rhee 15/08/1948 27/04/1960

Lentz: exile in Hawaii. He was refused permission to return to Korea in 1962. Syngman
Rhee serves 4 years terms from 1948 to 1960. Initially he could serve only 2 terms, and
then he changed the constitution to the effect that 1st presidents can serve 3 terms. (He

285
tried to change it to 4 terms.) When Rhee resigns, the system becomes semi-presidential
for about a year. See: http://english.seoul.go.kr/today/about/about_03disc_0306.html
After the Korean war, the long-term ruling scheme of Rhee Seungman's regime brought a
dictatorship in Korea and caused social corruption and injustice. Rhee's administration
practiced the illegal election to maintain their regime. As a result, the 4.19 Revolution
broke out by college students and citizens in 1960, and the Rhee's government collapsed.
Soon, Jang Myeon's cabinet of the democratic party was formed, but one year later in
1961, some military officers led by Park Jeonghi raised 5.16 militant coup d'etat, and
acquired power under the cloak of reforming social disorder and confusion.

ROK-1960-1 732 ROK Ho Chong 27/04/1960 12/08/1960

Lentz: “Ho Chong was named foreign minister in the government of Syngman Rhee in
April of 1960. He succeeded to the presidency in the absence of a vice president when
Rhee was forced to resign on April 27, 1960.”

ROK-1960-1 732 ROK Myun Chang 12/08/1960 18/05/1961

He was born on 28 August 1899. He had been PM before, but then the country had a
presidential system, This is the only time he was the leader in a parliamentary system. He
lead the Democratic Party in the 7/29/1960 election and served as Prime Minister in the
Second Republic until he lost power to the coup next year (5/16/1961). After the coup, he
was confined for a while, and then was prosecuted and sentenced 10 years in prison for
"anti-revolutionary activities." He was released soon after, but died in 1966.” Personal
communication from Won-ho Park. Removed in a coup by Park, Lentz has the date as
18/05, as does Rulers.org. See also:
http://english.seoul.go.kr/today/about/about_03disc_0306.html

ROK-1961 732 ROK Chang Do Yong 18/05/1961 03/07/1961

He was born in 1923. Lentz notes that he was the army Chief of Staff. Chang was
arrested after his ouster, and he was sentenced to death in January of the following year.
His sentenced was commuted, however, and he was released later in the year.”

ROK-1962 732 ROK Hee Park 03/07/1961 26/10/1979

Lentz notes that he entered the Manchukuo Military Academy under the Japanese
administration of Korea in 1940. He entered the Japanese Imperial Military Academy two
years later and graduated in 1944. Park served in the Japanese army as a lieutenant in
Manchuria in during World War II. Hee Park was assassinated by intelligence chief.
Park served 5 year terms from 1961 to 1972. However, initially leaders could
serve only 2 terms. In October 1961 this rule was changed to 3 possible terms. Moreover,
from 1972 to 1979 the leaders could serve 6 year terms and there were no term limits.
Roh and the leaders after him had 5 year terms and could only serve one term.

ROK-1979 732 ROK Choi Kuy Hay 26/10/1979 16/08/1980

ROK-1980-1 732 ROK Park Choong Hoon. 16/08/1980 27/08/1980

He was born on 19 January 1919.Lentz notes that he was a Major General. He was the
Premier when Choi steps down.

286
ROK-1980-2 732 ROK Chun Doo Hwan 27/08/1980 25/02/1988
General. Only one term of 5 years is allowed in the Constitution since 1987. Lentz:
Attended the Korean Military Academy. Narrowly survived a bomb blast in Rangoon,
Burma, on October 9, 1983, while on a state visit. “He made a public apology on
November 23, 1988, for human rights abuses that occurred during his term of office. He
then went into internal exile at a Buddhist temple in the Sorak mountains. Prosecuted in
1995 and served jail time.
Keesing’s Vol. 43, 1997, December: “Two former Presidents Chun Doo Hwan
and Roh Tae Woo, were released from prison on Dec. 22, after a pardon was granted by
the outgoing President Kim Young Sam. President-elect Kim Dae Jung endorsed the
move which was described as an attempt to promote national unity at a time of economic
crisis. Roh and Chun had been found guilty of charges connected with the 1979 military
coup, the 1980 suppression of the Kwangju uprising and the amassment of illegal slush
funds. In August 1996 Chun had been sentenced to death and Roh to a long term of
imprisonment [see pp. 41226-27]. In December 1996 an appeals courts had commuted
Chun's death sentence to life imprisonment and cut Roh's prison term [see p. 41408]. The
Supreme Court had upheld the reductions in April 1997 [see p. 41592], and in September
Lee Hoi Chang had called publicly for an amnesty to be granted to Roh and Chun.”
Chun Doo Hwan stepped down when his term ended. He was prosecuted in
1995 and served jail time. He was sent to internal exile.

ROK-1988 732 ROK Roh Tae Woo 25/02/1988 25/02/1993

Prosecuted in 1995 and served jail time. Lentz: educated at military schools, retired as
four-star general.
Keesing’s Vol. 43, 1997, December:
Two former Presidents, Chun Doo Hwan and Roh Tae Woo, were released from prison
on Dec. 22, after a pardon was granted by the outgoing President Kim Young Sam.
President-elect Kim Dae Jung endorsed the move which was described as an attempt to
promote national unity at a time of economic crisis. Roh and Chun had been found guilty
of charges connected with the 1979 military coup, the 1980 suppression of the Kwangju
uprising and the amassment of illegal slush funds. In August 1996 Chun had been
sentenced to death and Roh to a long term of imprisonment [see pp. 41226-27]. In
December 1996 an appeals courts had commuted Chun's death sentence to life
imprisonment and cut Roh's prison term [see p. 41408]. The Supreme Court had upheld
the reductions in April 1997 [see p. 41592], and in September Lee Hoi Chang had called
publicly for an amnesty to be granted to Roh and Chun.

ROK-1993 732 ROK Kim Young Sam 25/02/1993 25/02/1998

In 1998, Justice Minister Park Sang Cheon gave his approval on April 18 for prosecutors
to question former President Kim Young Sam over his role in the [financial] crisis. See
Keesing’s Vol. 44, 1998, April, and also Vol. 44, 1998, May.

ROK-1998 732 ROK Kim Dae Jung 25/02/1998 25/02/2003

Had been condemned to death on September 17, 1980 on a charge of conspiring to seize
power. See Keesing’s Vol. 26, December 1980.

287
ROK-2003 732 ROK Roh Moo Hyun 25/02/2003 31/12/2004

JAPAN
For “Recent Rulers of Japan, see: http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0855080.html

JPN-1868 740 JPN Mutsuhito (Emperor) 03/01/1868 22/12/1885

JPN-1885 740 JPN Ito 22/12/1885 30/04/1888

JPN-1888 740 JPN Kuroda30/04/1888 24/12/1889

See for him being OK until next appointment: NYT, Sept. 1, 1896, p. 3. “The New
Japanese Premier.”

JPN-1889 740 JPN Yamagata 24/12/1889 06/05/1891

General. Lentz: He became leader of the Choshu militia following the inception of the
Meiji Restoration. Yamagata traveled to Europe to study Western military methods in
1869. He was born in 22 April, 1838.

JPN-1891 740 JPN Matsukata 06/05/1891 08/08/1892

JPN-1892 740 JPN Ito 08/08/1892 18/09/1896

JPN-1896 740 JPN Matsukata 18/09/1896 14/04/1897

See The Washington Post, Sept. 19, 1896, p.1.

JPN-1897-1 740 JPN Kuroda 14/04/1897 08/06/1897

President of the privy council. See LA Times, Feb. 9, 1898, p. 11.

JPN-1897-2 740 JPN Matsukata 08/06/1897 12/01/1898

JPN-1898-1 740 JPN Ito 12/01/1898 30/06/1898

See NYT, Jan. 13, 1898, p. 7.

JPN-1898-2 740 JPN Okuma 30/06/1898 31/10/1898

For entry, see NYT June 27, 1898, p.7. His is the first party Cabinet in the history of
Japan. See NYT, June 29, 1898, p.7. According to Boston Daily Globe, Nov. 7, 1898, p.
2 “New Japanese Cabinet” he resigned on October 31. See also Chicago Daily Tribune,
Nov. 7, 1898, p.2 and The Washington Post, Nov. 7, 1898, p.2. For his OK fate, see also
LA Times, April 6, 1899, p. 1 and Chicago Daily Tribune, Aug. 15, 1899, p.5.

JPN-1898-3 740 JPN Yamagata 07/11/1898 19/10/1900

See Boston Daily Globe, Nov. 7, 1898, p. 2 “New Japanese Cabinet.” Has him as Field
Marshal – was promoted in 98, and Marquis. This cabinet contains no member who is
connected with the political parties. See also Chicago Daily Tribune, Nov. 7, 1898, p.2.
He was born on 22 April 1838.

288
JPN-1900 740 JPN Ito 19/10/1900 10/05/1901
Lentz and Rulers.org have him exiting on 2 June. But NYT, May 14, 1901, p. 6 “Marquis
Saionju Japan’s New Premier” reports “Washington, May 13, -- The resignation of
Marquis Ito, Premier of Japan has been announced to the Japanese Legation here.
Marquis Ito was the only one of the Cabinet officers to retire. His is succeeded by
Marquis Saionji, on of the counselors of the Emperor, and an ex-Minister of Foreign
Affairs.” LA Times, May 31, 1901, p.4, dateline May 11 reports also “Accompanying the
Cabinet muddle comes the somewhat alarming report of Marquis Ito’s illness, he having
been seized on the 7th inst. with an attack of vertigo resulting in a fainting fit, and
indicating, with other symptoms, the presence of serious brain trouble.”
Lentz: Becomes the first Japanese resident-general of Korea in 1906. He forced
the abdication of the Korean emperor and established the country as a Japanese
protectorate. He resigned in 1909 to again head the privy council. Ito was touring
Manchuria when he was assassinated at a railway station in Harbin by An Chung Gun, a
Korean Nationalist, on October 26, 1909.

JPN-1901-1 740 JPN Saionji 10/05/1901 02/06/1901

For his entry, see: NYT, May 14, 1901, p. 6 “Marquis Saionju Japan’s New Premier”
reports “Washington, May 13, -- The resignation of Marquis Ito, Premier of Japan has
been announced to the Japanese Legation here. Marquis Ito was the only one of the
Cabinet officers to retire. His is succeeded by Marquis Saionji, on of the counselors of
the Emperor, and an ex-Minister of Foreign Affairs.”

JPN-1901-2 740 JPN Katsura 02/06/1901 07/01/1906

A Lt. General, see NYT, June 29, 1898, p.7

JPN-1906 740 JPN Saionji 07/01/1906 14/07/1908

JPN-1908 740 JPN Katsura 14/07/1908 30/08/1911

JPN-1911 740 JPN Saionji 30/08/1911 21/12/1912

JPN-1912 740 JPN Katsura 21/12/1912 20/02/1913

Lentz: Katsura’s health failed soon after he left office, and he died in Tokyo on October
10, 1913.

JPN-1913 740 JPN Yamamoto, G. 20/02/1913 16/04/1914

JPN-1914 740 JPN Okuma 16/04/1914 09/10/1916

JPN-1916 740 JPN Terauchi 09/10/1916 29/09/1918

Military education, entered the army in 1871. Died November 3, 1919.

JPN-1918 740 JPN Hara, T. 29/09/1918 04/11/1921

Lentz. Stabbed to death by a young right-wing fanatic.

289
JPN-1918 740 JPN Uchida 04/11/1921 13/11/1921
Lentz notes that he had a law degree. He was born in 1865.

JPN-1921 740 JPN Takahashi, K. 13/11/1921 11/06/1922

Lentz: In office as finance minister in 1934. On February 26, 1936, he was shot and
hacked to death with a sword by right-wing militants who conducted a purge of moderate
Japanese statesmen and politicians as part of a failed military uprising.

JPN-1922 740 JPN Kato, Tomosaburo 11/06/1922 24/08/1923

For Kato’s death, see also NYT, Aug. 25, 1923, p. 7. Kato “died apparently from a
complication of maladies that weakened his heart. He suffered an internal hemorrhage
during the night which was the direct cause of his death.”

JPN-1923-1 740 JPN Uchida 24/08/1923 12/09/1923

He was born in 1865. For his entry to office see: NYT, Aug. 25, 1923, p. 7. See also
NYT, Sept. 4, 1923, p.2. For his exit from office see also Rulers.org. Although
Yamamoto was appointed before Sept. 4 and Lentz records him in on Sept. 2, Uchida is
still Acting PM, and promulgates martial law on Sept. 4.

JPN-1923-2 740 JPN Yamamoto, G. 12/09/1923 29/12/1923

JPN-1923-2 740 JPN Kiyoura 29/12/1923 11/06/1924

JPN-1924 740 JPN Kato, Takaaki 11/06/1924 28/01/1926

JPN-1926 740 JPN Wakatsuki 29/01/1926 17/04/1927

Lentz notes that he attended Tokyo University.

JPN-1927 740 JPN Tanaka, G. 17/04/1927 02/07/1929

Chicago Daily Tribune, Sept. 29, 1929, p. C3, notes: “Baron Gitchi Tanaka, 66, former
premier of Japan, died today of angina pectoris. He resigned his cabinet on July 2 last. He
suffered a heart attack at 5:30 this morning and died three hours later.” He dies less more
then 6 months after out, and is OK in the meantime.

JPN-1929 740 JPN Hamaguchi 02/07/1929 14/11/1930

Lentz: “Hamaguchi was shot and seriously injured by Tomeo Sagoya, a young right-wing
extremist, at the Tokyo train station on November 14, 1930. Baron Shidehara, the foreign
minister acted as head of the government while Hamaguchi recuperated. He attempted to
resume his duties on March 10, 1931 but was unable to. He underwent two more
surgeries and stepped down on April 13, 1931. Hamaguchi died in Tokyo of his injuries
on August 25, 1931.” He was shot at train station. He died of injuries on 25 August 1931.

JPN-1930 740 JPN Shidehara 14/11/1930 13/04/1931

Lentz: Law degree from Tokyo Imperial University’s Law College.

290
JPN-1931-1 740 JPN Wakatsuki 13/04/1931 11/12/1931

JPN-1931-2 740 JPN Inukai 13/12/1931 15/05/1932

Lentz: Shot to death at his official residence in Tokyo during an uprising by rightist
military officers on May 16, 1932. Correct date is May 15, see Chicago Daily Tribune,
May 16, 1932, p. 2 “Japan’s Premier is fifth leader slain in 12 years” which is also his
obit. Apparently, he was a journalist. See also Chicago Daily Tribune, May 16, 1932, p.
1.

JPN-1932-1 740 JPN Takahashi, K. 16/05/1932 26/05/1932

He was born in 1854. Lentz notes that Takahashi also led a short lived government
following the assassination of Tsuyoshi Inukai on May 16, 1932, until Makoto Saito
forced a government on May 26, 1932. Chicago Daily Tribune, May 16, 1932, p. 1 also
reports that Takeahashi was appointed premier to succeed the slain Inukai. Saito received
the command to form a cabinet on May 22, says he does not expect to submit the names
of the ministers for a week. See Chicago Daily Tribune, May 23, 1932, p. 9.

JPN-1932-2 740 JPN Saito, M. 26/05/1932 07/07/1934

Saito received the command to form a cabinet on May 22, says he does not expect to
submit the names of the ministers for a week. See Chicago Daily Tribune, May 23, 1932,
p. 9. Is Admiral. See also Rulers.org
Lentz: “Saito was considered a moderate in the military and was killed by right-
wing militarists who conducted a purge of moderate Japanese statesmen and politicians
as part of a failed military uprising on February 26, 1936.” Which is more than a year
after out.

JPN-1934 740 JPN Okada 07/07/1934 06/03/1936

Lentz: Another Admiral. Narrowly escaped assassination when the militants burst into his
residence [February 27, 1936] and killed his brother-in-law by mistake. He was initially
reported to have been killed in the assault. Okada resigned soon after and was replaced by
Koki Hirota on March 9, 1936.

JPN-1936 740 JPN Hirota 09/03/1936 23/01/1937

Lentz: “Attended Tokyo University. …. Hirota was arrested by the US occupation forces
after the war and tried as a Class A war criminal by the Tokyo International Military
Tribunal. He was convicted of war crimes and sentenced to death on November 12, 1948.
Hirota was executed at Sugamo Prison outside Tokyo on December 23, 1948.” Is more
than 11 years after out.

JPN-1937-1 740 JPN Hayashi 02/02/1937 31/05/1937

Lentz: Attended Army War College.

JPN-1937-2 740 JPN Konoe, F. 31/05/1937 05/01/1939

He was indicted for war crimes. He committed suicide on 16 December 1945.

JPN-1939-1 740 JPN Hiranuma 05/01/1939 29/08/1939

291
Lentz: Arrested by the Allied occupation forces after the war and tried as a Class A war
criminal by the International Military Tribunal in Tokyo. He was sentenced to life
imprisonment at Sugamo Prison on November 12, 1948 … released from prison for
hospital treatment in June 1952 … died at Tokyo hospital on August 20, 1952. He was
sentenced to life imprisonment at Military Tribunal after war.

JPN-1939-2 740 JPN Abe, M. 30/08/1939 14/01/1940

Attended Military Academy and Army War College. Lentz: Listed as war criminal by the
allied occupation forces but never indicted.

JPN-1940-1 740 JPN Yonai 14/01/1940 16/07/1940

Attended Naval Academy.

JPN-1940-2 740 JPN Konoe, F. 16/07/1940 17/10/1941

Lentz: He was involved in revising the Japanese constitution when the occupation
authorities indicted him as a war criminal. Konoe committed suicide by taking poison at
his Tokyo home on December 16, 1945, rather than turn himself over for confinement
and trail.

JPN-1941 740 JPN Tojo 17/10/1941 18/07/1944

General. Lentz: Arrested as a Class A war criminal by the Allied occupation authorities
flowing Japan’s surrender in August 1945. He made an unsuccessful attempt to kill
himself before he was imprisoned. He was indicted by the International Military Tribunal
in Tokyo and convicted of war crimes on November 12, 1948. Tojo was hanged at
Sugamo Prison outside of Tokyo on December 23, 1948. See also The Washington Post,
Sept. 13, 1945, p.1.

JPN-1944 740 JPN Koiso 18/07/1944 05/04/1945

Lentz: Attended the Army War College. Arrested by the Allied occupation forces
following Japan’s surrender and tried by the International Military Tribunal in Tokyo as a
Class A war criminal. He was sentenced to life imprisonment at Sugamo Prison on
November 12, 1948. Koiso died of a chest tumor at the US Army hospital in Tokyo on
November 3, 1950. On his arrest in November 1945, see The Washington Post, Nov. 20,
1945, p.6.

JPN-1945-1 740 JPN Suzuki, Kantari 07/04/1945 17/08/1945

Attended the Naval Academy and Naval War College. After dismissal, is President of the
Privy Council. OK until January 1946. See NYT, January 18, 1946, p.9. Britannica has
him as born on 18 January 1868. Apparently an assassination attempt on his life after he
is out. For his obituary, see NYT, April 18, 1948, p. 68. (Which also reports his birthdate
as, though contested, 24 December 1967). “Militarists who blamed him for the surrender
burned both his homes in August, 1945, and he was forced to live as a fugitive until the
martial fever subsided.”

JPN-1945-2 740 JPN Douglas MacArthur 02/09/1945 11/04/1951

292
JPN-1951 740 JPN Matthew Bunker Ridgway 11/04/1951 28/04/1952
Restoration of self rule.

JPN-1952 740 JPN Yoshida, Shiregu 29/04/1952 07/12/1954

Had been PM before, but under US occupation (22/5/1946—24/5/1947) and did not have
effective power.

JPN-1954 740 JPN Hatoyama 09/12/1954 20/12/1956

Lentz: Hatoyama’s failing health contributed to his resignation as prime minister and
party leader on December 20, 1956. He died in Tokyo of a heart attack on March 7, 1959.
See for his retirement: The Washington Post and Times Herald, Dec. 2, 1956, p. E3. He
does seem “ailing” so we could code him as lost=ill health, but it’s only a “contributing”
factor, so we’ll keep him as losing office regularly and constitutionally.

JPN-1956 740 JPN Ishibashi 23/12/1956 23/02/1957

Both Lentz and the Washington Post and Times Herald, Feb. 23, 1957, p. A7 note he
resigns for reasons of health:

JPN-1957 740 JPN Kishi 25/02/1957 18/07/1960

Lentz: “On July 14, 1960, Kishi was stabbed in the leg by an ultranationalist. Kishi
recovered from his wounds, but resigned office four days later on July 18, 1960.”

JPN-1960 740 JPN Ikeda 18/07/1960 25/10/1964

Lentz: “In September of 1964 Ikeda was hospitalized with a throat ailment. His health
prevented him from continuing as prime minister and he resigned on October 25, 1965,
and turned over the government to Eisaku Sato. Ikeda died of throat cancer in Tokyo on
August 13, 1965.” We have coded Ikeda as lost = 2, since he was forced to resigned from
the post as prime minister for health reasons on 25 October 1964 and died of throat
cancer within a year.

JPN-1964 740 JPN Sato 09/11/1964 05/07/1972

Lentz: is brother of Nobusuke Kishi. Law degree from Tokyo Imperial University. Wins
the Nobel Peace Prize in 1974.

JPN-1972 740 JPN Tanaka 06/07/1972 09/12/1974

Lentz: forced to resign on December 9, 1974. “Tanaka was arrested on charges of
accepting $1.6 million in bribes to arrange the purchase of Lockheed aircraft for Japan’s
airlines. Tanaka continued to be a major figure in Japanese politics and led a powerful
wing of the Liberal-Democratic party. He was instrumental in the selection of Japan’s
next four prime ministers. Tanaka’s legal troubles continued, and after a lengthy trial, he
was convicted on bribery charges in 1983. He was sentenced to four years in prison and
given a substantial fine. He appealed his conviction and remained a powerful leader in
Japanese politics until he suffered a serious stroke in 1985.” See The Washington Post,
Oct. 29, 1975, p. C2.

JPN-1974 740 JPN Miki 09/12/1974 24/12/1976

293
JPN-1976 740 JPN Fukuda 24/12/1976 07/12/1978

JPN-1978 740 JPN Ohira 07/12/1978 12/06/1980

JPN-1980-1 740 JPN Ito 12/06/1980 17/07/1980

JPN-1980-2 740 JPN Suzuki 17/07/1980 26/11/1982

JPN-1982 740 JPN Nakasone 26/11/1982 06/11/1987

Lentz: Majored in Political Science at the University of Tokyo. Implicated in bribery
(Recruit) scandal.

JPN-1987 740 JPN Takeshita 06/11/1987 02/06/1989

Implicated in bribery (Recruit) scandal.

JPN-1989-1 740 JPN Uno 02/06/1989 09/08/1989

Lentz: Forced to resign, following a sex scandal involving a part-time geisha.

JPN-1989-2 740 JPN Kaifu 09/08/1989 06/11/1991

JPN-1991 740 JPN Miyazawa 06/11/1991 09/08/1993

JPN-1993 740 JPN Hosokawa 09/08/1993 25/04/1994

JPN-1994-1 740 JPN Hata 25/04/1994 29/06/1994

JPN-1994-2 740 JPN Murayama 29/06/1994 11/01/1996

JPN-1996 740 JPN Hashimoto 11/01/1996 30/07/1998

JPN-1998 740 JPN Obuchi 30/07/1998 02/04/2000

Obuchi should be coded as having lost power for health reasons. See Keesing’s Vol. 46,
May 2000: Keizo Obuchi, the former Prime Minister and Liberal Democratic Party
(LDP) president, died in hospital on May 14, aged 62, six weeks after suffering a stroke
which was blamed on overwork [see p. 43512]. … In an effort to avoid the crisis which
had occurred over Obuchi’s illness, Prime Minister Yoshiro Mori announced a plan of
succession in mid-May. The first in line was his Chief Cabinet Secretary, Mikio Aoki,
followed by Foreign Minister Yohei Kono. Soon after Obuchi’s death, Prime Minister
Mori hinted that he would call a general election for June 25, the date of Obuchi’s
birthday. See NYT, April. 4, 2000, p. A22: “A new prime minister will soon be named to
replace Rr. Obuchi, who was left in a coma by a stroke over the weekend and is not
expected to recover. For more than 24 hours the Japanese public was fed misleading
information disguising the gravity of Mr. Obuchi’s condition. Then came a hasty
announcement that power was being passed, or a caretaker basis, to a cabinet official,
Mikio Aoki, who appears to lack the political stature to hold the job on his own.”

294
JPN-2000-1 740 JPN Mikio Aoki 02/04/2000 05/04/2000

JPN-2000-2 740 JPN Yoshiro Mori 05/04/2000 26/04/2001

JPN-2001 740 JPN Junichiro Koizumi 26/04/2001 31/12/2004

INDIA

IND-1947 750 IND Nehru 15/08/1947 27/05/1964

Educated at Trinity College, Cambridge. Law degree. Natural death.

IND-1964-1 750 IND Nanda 27/05/1964 09/06/1964

IND-1964-2 750 IND Shastri 09/06/1964 11/01/1966

IND-1966-2 750 IND Nanda 11/01/1966 24/01/1966

IND-1966-1 750 IND Gandhi, I. 24/01/1966 22/03/1977

Female, daughter (only child) of Jawaharlal Nehru. Lentz: “Gandhi was arrested on
charges of corruption in October of 1977, but she was released for lack of evidence
several days later.” On her being jailed: Los Angeles Times, Oct. 3, 1977, p. A1.

IND-1977 750 IND Desai 24/03/1977 15/06/1979

IND-1979 750 IND Charan Singh 28/07/1979 14/01/1980

IND-1980 750 IND Gandhi, I. 14/01/1980 31/10/1984

Lentz: Assassinated on May 21, 1991.

IND-1984 750 IND Gandhi, R. 31/10/1984 02/12/1989

Son of Indira Ghandi, grandson of Nehru. Assassinated on 21 May 1991.

IND-1989 750 IND Pratap Singh 02/12/1989 10/11/1990

IND-1990 750 IND Shekhar 10/11/1990 21/06/1991

IND-1991 750 IND Rao 21/06/1991 16/05/1996

IND-1996-1 750 IND Vajpayee 16/05/1996 01/06/1996

IND-1996-2 750 IND Gowda 01/06/1996 21/04/1997

IND-1997 750 IND Gujral 21/04/1997 19/03/1998

IND-1998 750 IND Vajpayee 19/03/1998 22/05/2004

295
IND-2004 750 IND Manmohan Singh 22/05/2004 31/12/2004

BHUTAN

BHU-1926 760 BHU Wangchuk Jigme 21/08/1926 24/03/1952

Son of previous king.

BHU-1952 760 BHU Wangchuck, Jigme Dorji 24/03/1952 21/07/1972

Son of the above leader.

BHU-1972 760 BHU Wangchuck, Jigme Singye 21/07/1972 20/07/1998

Son of the above leader. In 1998 he creates the post of chairman of the Council of
Ministers. From Keesing’s, Vol. 44, July 1998: “In early July King Jigme Singye
Wangchuk unveiled a package of political reforms which were intended to curtail the
power of the monarchy. Under the reforms, the legislature (the Tsogdu) was given the
power to dismiss the King through a two-thirds vote of no confidence in his rule. King
Wangchuk also gave up his right to nominate the Council of Ministers (Cabinet) and
handed this responsibility to the Tsogdu (although the King retained the right to assign
portfolios to the elected members). The reforms were seen as an attempt to satisfy the
growing popular movement for the establishment of a multi-party democracy in Bhutan.
In addition to dissolving the Cabinet (to allow for the selection of a new one), the King
also stepped down from his position as its Chairman. He was replaced in this post by
Lyonpo Jigme Yoser Thinley, who also became Foreign Minister.
New Council of Ministers of Bhutan
Lyonpo Jigme Yoser Thinley Chairman of Council of Ministers; Foreign Minister
Lyonpo Yeshey Zimba Finance
Lyonpo Sangay Ngedup Health and Education
Lyonpo Thinley Gyamtsho Home Affairs
Lyonpo Kinzang Dorji Agriculture
Lyonpo Khandu Wangchuk Trade and Industries.”
Based on this and the information on Rulers.org we code post tenure fate as zero.

BHU-1998 760 BHU Lyonpo Jigme Thinley 20/07/1998 09/07/1999

He was born in 1952.

BHU-1999 760 BHU Lyonpo Sangay Ngedup 09/07/1999 20/07/2000

Zimba, Wangchuk and Dorji seem to rotate from one position to another and stay in the
cabinet at different posts. See Keesing’s Vol. 49, July 2003.

BHU-2000 760 BHU Lyonpo Yeshey Zimba 20/07/2000 08/08/2001

BHU-2001 760 BHU Lyonpo Khandu Wangchuk 08/08/2001 14/08/2002

BHU-2002 760 BHU Lyonpo Kinzang Dorji 14/08/2002 30/08/2003

296
See Keesing’s Vol. 51, March 2005: “The draft of a 34-article constitution was published
and distributed on March 26, intended to replace a royal decree of 1953 which gave the
King absolute power. The draft, which was completed in 2002, was not presented to the
Cabinet by King Jigme Singye Wangchuck until November 2004 [see p. 46311]. Chief
Justice Lyonpo Sonam Tobgye, head of the drafting committee, said that the King wanted
all of Bhutan’s citizens to read the draft and send in suggestions before the constitution
was ratified by a referendum by the end of 2005.”

BHU-2003 760 BHU Lyonpo Jigme Thinley 30/08/2003 18/08/2004

BHU-2004 760 BHU Lyonpo Yeshey Zimba 18/08/2004 31/12/2004

PAKISTAN

PAK-1947 770 PAK Jinnah 15/08/1947 11/09/1948

Jinnah died a natural death

PAK-1948 770 PAK L. Khan 11/09/1948 16/10/1951

L. Khan was assassinated.

PAK-1951 770 PAK Nazimuddin 17/10/1951 17/04/1953

PAK-1953 770 PAK Mohammed Ali 17/04/1953 08/08/1955

See Lentz. This is Mohammed Ali Bogra, Rulers.org list the Bogra surname. He is not
the same guy as Muhammed Ali Chaudri, next prime minister. For him stepping down as
prime minister, see Chicago Daily Tribune, Aug. 8, 1955, p. A6. “Ali steps down as
Pakistan’s Prime Minister.” Apparently (The Washington Post and Times Herald, Aug.
10, 1955, p. 7), he had been promosed the immediate job of Ambassador to France and
eventually the Washington embassy. He is appointed Ambassador Aug. 24, 1955. NYT,
Aug. 25, 1955, p. 2. The article notes that he had held the post until two years ago.
Hence, does not look like exile at all. The article also notes he is not related to the present
Prime Minister, Chaudry Mohammed Ali.

PAK-1955 770 PAK Chaudhri M. Ali 11/08/1955 12/09/1956

For his entry, see NYT, Aug. 11, 1955, p. 3 “New Pakistan Chief Seeking a Coalition.”

PAK-1956 770 PAK Shahid Suhrawardy 12/09/1956 17/10/1957

Lentz: He was arrested for antigovernment activities in January of 1962 and sentenced to
a year in prison.

PAK-1957-1 770 PAK Chundrigar 17/10/1957 16/12/1957

For his appointment as Prime Minister, see CSM (Christian Science Monitor), Oct. 17,
1957, p. 5 "Chundrigar Wins Top Pakistan Post." He was a well-known layer and former law
minister.

PAK-1957-2 770 PAK Khan Noon 16/12/1957 07/10/1958

297
Lentz: “He retained office until Mohammed Ayub Khan imposed a military government
on October 27, 1958. He continued to serve as leader of the Republican party.” President
abrogates constitution and grants power to military.

PAK-1958 770 PAK Ayub Khan 07/10/1958 25/03/1969

Lentz: Ayub resigned from office on March 25, 1969, and retired to private life.
He resigned faced with “massive student demonstrations throughout the country,” handed
over power to associate. Keesing’s March and May 1971 suggest near peasant revolt. See
in particular, Vol. 15, May 1969 “Resignation of President Ayub Khan.”
For the revolts and unrest, see: NYT, March 20, 1969, p.1 “Mob Slayings Sweep Rural
East Pakistan.” NYT, March 20, 1969, p.2 “Regime Gives Warning.” LA Times, March
25, 1969, p. A.4 “Pakistan Mobs Reported on Way to Dacca.” And especially, NYT,
Mar. 26, 1969, p.1 “Ayub Khan Quits, Places Pakistan in Army’s Hands,” which records
“The 61-year President announced the abrogation of the Constitution he handed down
seven years ago and the dissolution of the national and provincial assemblies, saying his
Government had lost complete control of the situation. … Last month, bowing to
widespread demands, the former field marshall told the nation that he would step aside at
the end of his term on March 23, 1970, and that the next regime would be chosen by
direct elections. … The coup that brought Mr. Ayub to power canceled one that was
scheduled for early 1959, and his speech tonight appeared to cancel another.”
Exit is therefore irregular, martial law is instated immediately by his successor.

PAK-1969 770 PAK Yahya Khan 31/03/1969 20/12/1971

For his entry, and some background on him, see NYT, March 26, 1969, p. 6 “New
Pakistani Chief.” He is assigned by the President to take over the country and establish
Martial law. So he enters not by election, but by appointment. He is considered Ayub’s
Man. And NYT article notes “General Yahya is reported here to have been assured of the
loyalty of the two other branch commanders, the chiefs of the air force and navy, at a
meeting called by Field Marshall Ayub before he stepped down.”
For his entry also see Keesing’s, Vol. 15, May 1969 “In a broadcast on March 26 General
Yahya Khan stated that he had no political ambitions other than the creation of conditions
conducive to the establishment of constitutional government.
"You have already heard Field-Marshal Mohammad Ayub Khan's speech which was
broadcast yesterday," the general said, "and by now you must also have read his letter of
March 24 which is addressed to me and has been published in the Press. As is evident
from this letter, Field-Marshal Ayub Khan took all possible steps in the past few weeks to
come to some arrangement whereby a peaceful and constitutional transfer of power could
take place. As we all know, his efforts did not meet with success. He therefore called
upon me to carry out my prime duty of protecting this country from utter destruction.””
See Keesing’s Vol.18, February 1972. After he resigned, he had a stroke then put under
house arrest. Keesing’s Vol. 18, July 1972. Supreme Court “unanimously ruled that
Presdient Yahya Khan’s regime had been illegal and unconstitutional.” Keesing’s Vol.
18, February 1972 records: “Demonstrations against the military regime began in the
main towns on Dec. 18. The most violent was in Peshawar, where a crowd attempted to
burn down President Yahya Khan's house. In Lahore several thousand people took part in
a procession led by an Army major in uniform, shouting such slogans as "Quit or be

298
shot", and in Rawalpindi civil servants paraded with placards saying "We demand a full
account" and "Give us civilian government". The demonstrations continued until Dec. 20,
when they threatened to degenerate into riots. In Karachi, where a general strike was
declared, demonstrators stoned the Soviet airline's offices; mobs set fire to liquor stores
in both Karachi and Islamabad as a protest against the alleged drunkenness of the ruling
military junta; and buildings were also reported to have been set on fire in Lahore and
Peshawar. … It was officially announced on Dec. 18 that Mr. Bhutto had been asked to
return from New York immediately, and that on his arrival "power will be transferred to a
representative Government to be formed under the new Constitution". An official
spokesman said on Dec. 19 that "President Yahya Khan has decided to resign his office
as soon as he hands over the Government to the representatives of the people
tomorrow".”
Keesing’s February 1972, “Purge of Armed Forces and Administration” records:
In addition to the generals retired on Dec. 20, President Bhutto retired the C.-in-C. of the
Navy (Vice-Admiral Muzaffar Hasan), the Naval Chief of Staff (Rear-Admiral Rashid
Ahmed), four other senior naval officers and three major-generals on Dec. 28, 1971--
Commodore Hasan Hafiz Ahmed being appointed acting C.-in-C. of the Navy--and seven
more generals on Jan. 12, 1972. It was commented that the purge did not affect the Air
Force high command, which was reported to have played a key role in forcing President
Yahya Khan to resign.”
LA Times, Dec. 20, 1971, pp. A1 & 8 “Yahya Khan will step down today.” “The former
head of the Pakistani air force, Chief Air Marshal Asghar Khan, said Sunday Yahya Khan
should be placed on “open trial for this disgrateful episode in Pakistani history.”
The Washington Post, Times Herald, Dec. 20, 1971. p. A1 “Pakistani President to
Resign” “The announcement of his planned resignation came in the wake of a mass
procession through the streets here led by the former commander in chief of the air force,
Air Mashal Asghar Khan, who was followed by people yelling “Hang Yahya,” according
to news agency reports.”
Demonstrations and pressure put to bear on Yahya Khan, based on the “key” role of the
Air Force, we code this is an irregular exit.

PAK-1971 770 PAK Bhutto 20/12/1971 05/07/1977

Bhutto was deposed and executed.

PAK-1977 770 PAK Zia 05/07/1977 17/08/1988

Died in a plane crush.

PAK-1988 770 PAK Bhutto Benazir 17/08/1988 06/08/1990

Female. Daughter of Bhutto. Benazir Bhutto, was dismissed from office by President
Farooq Leghari on 5 November 1996.We code this as a constitutional exit. Her husband
was arrested for taking bribes. In April 1999 a court convicted her and her husband on
corruption charges, but they escaped to London.

PAK-1990-1 770 PAK Jatoi 06/08/1990 06/11/1990

PAK-1990-2 770 PAK Sharif 06/11/1990 18/04/1993

299
Keesing’s Vol. 39, May 1993 notes that Pakistan’s Supreme Court ruled that the
President’s dissolution of the National Assembly and dismissal of Sharif as Prime
Minister had exceeded “the ambit of the powers conferred on the president … and has
therefore been passed without lawful authority.” Hence the removal should be coded as
“irregular,” and Mazari’s entry—appointed by Khan—also as irregular. For his dismissal
here, see also Keesing’s Vol. 39 April 1993.

PAK-1993-1 770 PAK Mazari 18/04/1993 26/05/1993

See http://www.nationmaster.com/encyclopedia/Balakh-Sher-Mazari

PAK-1993-2 770 PAK Sharif 26/05/1993 18/07/1993

Keesing’s Vol. 39, July 1993 reports: Prime Minister Mian Mohammed Nawaz Sharif
and President Ghulam Ishaq Khan resigned on July 18 amid reports of strong pressure
from the Army Chief of Staff, Gen. Abdul Waheed.”

PAK-1993-3 770 PAK Qureshi 19/07/1993 19/10/1993

See Keesing’s above. Crises of power resolved when both PM and president resign.

PAK-1993-4 770 PAK Bhutto Benazir 19/10/1993 05/11/1996

Female. Daughter of Bhutto. Keesing’s Vol. 47., April 2001 reports that Bhutto had been
living in exile since 1999 and her husband Asif Ali Zardari imprisoned in Pakistan since
1996. Dismissed again, power handed over to military.

PAK-1996 770 PAK Khalid 05/11/1996 17/02/1997

PAK-1997 770 PAK Sharif 17/02/1997 12/10/1999

Sharif tried to limit military/presidential power, dismissed in coup; first imprisoned then
exile. For his pardon, release from prison and exile to Saudi Arabia, see Keesing’s Vol.
46, December 2000.

PAK-1999 770 PAK Musharraf1 4/10/1999 31/12/2004

Chief of Staff.

BANGLADESH

BNG-1971 771 BNG Syed Nazrul Islam 11/04/1971 10/01/1972

Lentz: Vice President of Bangladesh in January 1975. … Following the overthrow of
Mujib in August of 1975, he was removed from office and imprisoned. Nazrul Islam was
imprisoned in Dhaka jail, where he was murdered along with other prominent political
figures on November 3, 1975. He was born in 1925

BNG-1972 771 BNG Sheikh Mujib Rahman 13/01/1972 15/08/1975

Assassinated in a coup.

BNG-1975-1 771 BNG Mustaque Ahmed 15/08/1975 06/11/1975

300
For his entry, see Keesing’s Vol. 21, October 1975. Had studied law at Dacca University.
He seems to be OK. See Keesing’s Vol. 22, January 1976. Keesing’s Vol. 23, March
1977 records that he was arrested on Nov. 30, 1976. That is three weeks after one year
after ousted.
Lentz reports: “Mustaque broke with the Awami party in 1976 and formed the
Democratic Action Committee. He was arrested shortly afterwards and remained
imprisoned until 1980.” Keesing’s Vol. 23, July 1977 reports that he was sentenced to
five years rigorous imprisonment and a fine by a special martial law court on Feb. 24.
Mustaque resigned after abortive coup. Arrested and imprisoned.

BNG-1975-2 771 BNG Sayem 06/11/1975 21/04/1977

Lentz: served as chief justice of the Supreme Court. On November 6, 1975, he was
chosen as a compromise candidate to serve as president of Bangladesh. …. Sayem
resigned the presidency for health reasons on April 21, 1977. Keesing’s, Vol. 23, July
1977 also notes health reasons.

BNG-1977 771 BNG Ziaur Rahman 21/04/1977 20/05/1981

BNG-1981 771 BNG Sattar 30/05/1981 20/03/1982

Keesing’s Vol. 28, May 28 notes that Gen Ershad “told foreign journalists on March 27
that Mr. Stattar would not be arrested, as “he was an honourable man, but was unable to
run his party or give leadership to the nation”.” See also for him being OK, Keesing’s
Vol. 30, June 1984. See also The Washington Post, March 27, 1982, p. A25, which
reports that he remained at his private residence, and it was unclear if he was under house
arrest. Deposed in coup.

FIGUREHEAD, entry deleted

BNG-1982 771 BNG Chowdhury 27/03/1982 11/12/1983
A High Court judge. United Press International, December 11, 1983. “Lt. Gen. Hussain
Muhammad Ershad, who took power in a bloodless military coup 20 months ago,
declared himself president Sunday in a move he called a step toward democracy in
Bangladesh. Ershad, who had ruled the country as chief martial law administrator,
dissolved his 20-member council of ministers and immediately reappointed them as a
presidential Cabinet. Outgoing President Abulfazal Muhammad Ahsanuddin Chowdhury,
who was appointed by Ershad after the takeover, resigned immediately after the military
chief signed an amendment to his martial law proclamation making himself president.
''I think it is necessary for me to assume the responsibility of president for a smooth
transition from martial law to democracy,'' Ershad said in a recorded television and radio
speech broadcast nationwide late Sunday.” He seems OK, but nothing found on him. He
dies August 30, 2001. Banglapedia.search.com suggests he was OK. He also was more or
less a figurehead president.

BNG-1982 771 BNG Ershad 27/03/1982 06/12/1990

From The Xinhua General Overseas News Service, December 11, 1983, Sunday: Item
No. 121136. “Bangladesh chief martial law administrator Hussein Muhammad Ershad
today took over as state president shortly after outgoing president Ahsanuddin

301
Chowdhury had resigned, said an official announcement. Ershad assumed the office of
president through amending the proclamation of martial law which was issued in march
1982. the amendment said that the chief martial law administrator "shall be the president
of the republic," the official announcement said.” Copied from Lexis Nexis, typos are as
is, HG. See Lentz and Rulers.org: jailed until 1997, then again in November 2000. See
also, United Press International, December 11, 1983, cited above “Lt. Gen. Hussain
Muhammad Ershad, who took power in a bloodless military coup 20 months ago,
declared himself president Sunday in a move he called a step toward democracy in
Bangladesh. Ershad, who had ruled the country as chief martial law administrator,
dissolved his 20-member council of ministers and immediately reappointed them as a
presidential Cabinet. Outgoing President Abulfazal Muhammad Ahsanuddin Chowdhury,
who was appointed by Ershad after the takeover, resigned immediately after the military
chief signed an amendment to his martial law proclamation making himself president. ''I
think it is necessary for me to assume the responsibility of president for a smooth
transition from martial law to democracy,'' Ershad said in a recorded television and radio
speech broadcast nationwide late Sunday.” For his fate see Lentz. Forced to resign and
jailed.

BNG-1990 771 BNG Ahmed 06/12/1990 20/03/1991

Lentz: “Ahmed served as chief justice of Bangladesh’s Supreme Court. He was selected
to serve as interim president by the two major political parties following the ouster of
President Hossain Mohammed Ershad.” Seems quite close to regular in this situation.
After he stepped down, he returned to his duties as chief justice, and later served as
President from 1996 to 2001. Has same birthday as Ershad.

BNG-1991 771 BNG Khaleda Zia 20/03/1991 30/03/1996

Female. Widow of Assassinated President Ziaur Rahman. Parliamentary system is
restored through the 12th amendment to the Constitution in 1991. Born in 1945.

BNG-1996-1 771 BNG Mohammad H. Rahman 30/03/1996 23/06/1996

Mohammad Habibur Rahman. See http://banglapedia.search.com.bd/HT/R_0027.htm
I can’t believe he, too, is born on 1 Feb 1930, like Ershad and Ahmed. And I can’t find
documentation for it. Justice, in accordance with the 13th amendment to the
constitution—last retiring Chief justice--is head of caretaker government. Born in 1930.

BNG-1996-2 771 BNG Hasina Wazed 23/06/1996 15/07/2001

Female. Eldest of five children of former leader Sheikh Mujibur Rahman. Born on 28
Sept. 1947

BNG-2001-1 771 BNG Latifur Rahman 15/07/2001 10/10/2001

See http://banglapedia.search.com.bd/HT/R_0279.htm. Justice, in accordance with the
13th amendment to the constitution, is head of caretaker government. Born in 1936.

BNG-2001-2 771 BNG Khaleda Zia 10/10/2001 31/12/2004

Female, see above, widow of former President. Born in 1945

302
MYANMAR (BURMA)

Additional sources:
Frank N. Trager, Burma, From Kingdom to Republic. New York: Praeger, 1996.
C. L. Keeton, King Thebaw and the Ecological Rape of Burma, Delhi: Manohar Book
Service, 1979.
John. F. Cady, A History of Modern Burma. Ithaca, NY” Cornell University Press.

MYA-1853 775 MYA Mindon Min 18/02/1853 01/10/1878

Trager, p. 38.Overthrew his brother Pagan Min in a Palace coup.

MYA-1878 775 MYA Thibaw Min 01/10/1878 29/11/1885

Trager, p.40, Thibaw surrenders and is exiled to India. See also Keeton, pp. 275-291. Is
one of 24 sons of Mindon. Slightly irregular entry, but seems to have been standard in
these cases. Thibaw Min, The British conquered upper Burma in 1885. He was exiled.

MYA-1885 775 MYA Taingda Mingyi 29/11/1885 01/01/1886

Hlutdaw (National Council) 29/11/1885 –12/28/1985. This is a ministerial title, but no
name or birthdate is given, and his always referred to as Taingda or the Taingda. See
Keeton p.299 on how he “ruled” under the British until December 28, after which he is
deported to either Rangoon or Calcutta, and the Kinwun is brought back to Mandalay.
(Also Cady, p.127) Keeton. P. 299: “Bernard allowed Sladen to retain the Taingda until
December 28, 1885. Then, Bernard had the Taingda deported to Rangoon and the
Kinwun brought back to Mandalay.” On 1 January 1886, Lord Dufferin proclaimed the
annexation of the remnant kingdom of Burma. His entry seems slightly irregular, but
after the King is ousted, he (and the Kinwun) are the two highest council (Hlutdaw)
members left around. Hence, keep manner==0. Myanmar is annexed to India.

MYA-1948 775 MYA U Nu 04/01/1948 12/06/1956

U Nu invited military to take over.

MYA-1956 775 MYA U Ba Swe 12/06/1956 01/03/1957

Lentz: remained minister of defense until 1958. “Ba Swe was detaining following the
military coup in 962 led by General Ne Win. He was released in 1966.”

MYA-1957 775 MYA U Nu 01/03/1957 29/10/1958

Coup, detained until 1966.

MYA-1958 775 MYA Ne Win 29/10/1958 15/03/1960

MYA-1960 775 MYA U Nu 04/04/1960 02/03/1962

Released in 1992.

MYA-1962 775 MYA Ne Win 02/03/1962 25/07/1988

303
Encarta.msn.com: “As a result of antigovernment riots in March and June 1988, Ne Win
officially retired from politics and suggested that a multiparty system might be better for
the nation.” Dies 5 December 2002.
Encyclopedia Britannica: “In March 2002, however, he was placed under house
arrest following the imprisonment of several family members who were accused of
plotting a coup against the country's military junta; no charges were brought against Ne
Win, but he remained under house arrest until his death.” Under house arrest since March
7, 2002. Had a heart attack in September 2001.
The Washington Times, December 21, 2002, notes: “Ne Win was forced aside in
1988 after the military killed thousands of pro-democracy demonstrators during a failed
uprising in Rangoon, the capital of Burma, which Ne Win's successors renamed
Myanmar. From 1988 to 2002, the regime allowed the aged ex-despot to dwell in
oblivion as a wealthy recluse in Rangoon, where he spent much of his time and fortune
building a Buddhist pagoda in hopes of ensuring a happy afterlife. But last March, his
world crumbled. Ne Win's favorite, business-savvy daughter, Sandar Win, and her
husband and their three adult sons were arrested by the military junta.”
The Statesman (India) December 18, 2002, reports: “Ne Win”, means “Sun of
Glory” or “Brilliant as the Sun” as a nom de guerre to conceal his Sino-Burmese origins.
His real name was Shu Maung. Also: “Despite denials by the SLORC, Ne Win remained
politically influential well into the 1990s.”

MYA-1988-1 775 MYA Sein Lwin 25/07/1988 12/08/1988

Ecarta.msn.com notes: Following Ne Win’s retirement in July 1988, Myanmar endured
three months of political turmoil. The head of the riot police took control of the
government …. Leadership then shifted to a civilian associate of the military, Maung
Maung.” Encyclopedia Britannica: “known as the “Butcher of Rangoon.” Newspapers
(from Lexis Nexis) strongly suggest that Sein Lwin, Maung Maung and Saw Maung are
all Ne Win puppets! See for example, NYT, September 22, 1988, Section A, Page 10,
Column 3. Byline: Seth Mydans.
For his death, see Herald Sun (Melbourne, Australia), April 21, 2004, p. 67. For
another obit and his post-exit fate, see The Associated Press, April 10, 2004, BC Cycle,
Section: International News. Byline: By Aye Aye Win.

MYA-1988-2 775 MYA Maung Maung 19/08/1988 18/09/1988

Encyclopedia Britannica: “Western-educated lawyer, judge and government official.” For
his obituary, see LA Times, July 3, 1994, p.26 Born on 11 January, 1925. Died on 2 July,
1994. Deposed by a military coup against the government.

MYA-1988-3 775 MYA Saw Maung 18/09/1988 23/04/1992

Encarta.msn.com notes: “… the military staged a coup against the government it had
created. On September 18, 1988, Defense Minister General Saw Maung announced the
formation of a State Law and Order Restoration Council. …”
NYT, April 24, 1992, p. A6. “Myanmar’s state radio said on April 23, 1992, that
General Saw Maung, the head of the military government, has been replace because of ill
health. General Than Shwe replaced Saw Maung.” LA Times, April 24, 1992, p. 11,
notes that Gen. Than Shwe was the deputy chairman and army commander. Also: “Saw

304
Maung, 63, had been widely reported to be suffering from a nervous disorder, and many
of his public speeches have verged on the incoherent in recent months. He previously
gave up the posts of foreign minister and defense minister to colleagues. Than Shwe, 58,
has been holding the jobs of army commander, deputy chairman of the junta, deputy
supreme commander of the defense forces, and defense minister. However, analysts long
have believed that the key junta figure has been Khin Nyunt, its secretary. Since 1988, he
has been involved in key decisions and policy deliberations while Saw Maung has
usually dealt with generalities.”
But, The Daily Yomiuri, Feb 1, 1993, p. 3 records: “A Myanmar junta source,
who called Saw Maung's resignation a "coup d'etat," said that SLORC First Secretary
Khin Nyunt played a key role in prompting the resignation. Khin Nyunt is a young,
influential figure who is one of the few permitted to freely visit the residence of former
Myanmar President Ne Win, the country's most influential political figure. According to
the source, Ne Win approved last March Khin Nyunt's request to allow him to force Saw
Maung to resign. A diplomatic source in Yangon speculated that Khin Nyunt wanted Saw
Maung out of power because he was not flexible enough to achieve the level of
democracy needed in the country to convince Western nations, and Japan, to lift their
economic sanctions and resume aid to Myanmar. It is commonly believed that Khin
Nyunt, who is not popular among Myanmar's military personnel, persuaded Than Shwe
to assume the post of SLORC chairman to maintain military unity. Studying Thai
Experience It is slowly becoming clearer that SLORC, which is virtually led by Khin
Nyunt, aims to install a civilian government that would actually be run by the military.”
Facts on File, August 14, 1997 has his obituary and notes: “he resigned as
Burma's ruler in 1992 after exhibiting increasingly bizarre behavior, including declaring
himself the reincarnation of an ancient Burmese king; born in December 1928 in
Mandalay; died July 24 in Yangon, Myanmar (formerly Burma) of a heart attack.” See
also for his post exit fate the obituary in NYT, July 27, 1997, Section 1, p. 30. This also
notes: “But for all General Saw Maung's authority and the brutality with which he
exercised it, few believed that he was the ultimate power in his country. The man who
has called the shots in Myanmar, most observers agree, is Gen. Ne Win, General Saw
Maung's longtime mentor. … After General Ne Win stepped down under popular
pressure in July 1988, the appointment of his hand-picked successor, Gen. Sein Lwin,
caused a surge in protests. General Saw Maung, who became Defense Minister,
established his hart-line credentials by ordering troops into Rangoon, as the capital was
then known, to help the security police battle the demonstrators. General Sein Lwin was
forced to resign after 17 bloody days, but Gen. Saw Maung retained his ministry under
the next leader, Maung Maung, a Ne Win civilian protégé. Mr. Maung Maung failed to
win the confidence of the protestors, and demonstrations continued. Finally General Ne
Win had enough. According to widespread reports at the time, he summoned General
Saw Maung to his home one night and ordered him to organize a coup the next day.
General Saw Maung did just that, and was installed as head of a new military junta on
Sept. 18. More than 1,000 civilians were killed before the protesters were finally driven
from the streets. The end of General Saw Maung's rule came after he began acting
erratically. When he began speaking of himself as the reincarnation of an 11th-century
Burmese king, he became an embarrassment. He resigned in April 1992 and was replaced
by his deputy, Gen. Than Shwe, another Ne Win protégé, who continues to serve as

305
chairman of the junta. General Saw Maung, whose survivors include his wife and three
children, has since dropped almost completely out of public sight. So did his mentor,
General Ne Win, who nevertheless, in his mid-80's, is still believed by many to be pulling
the strings of Government.”
The Statesman (India) December 18, 2002, also refers to his removal as a coup:
“Alcoholic and delusional, Saw Maung was removed in a palace coup after Army Day in
1992.”
The source for the Japanese paper seems credible claiming it was a coup, but Saw
Maung had also clearly been sick. We code this as lost=9; the majority of sources refers
to his ill health, which probably is also the reason for his removal if he is removed
“irregularly” and a decision on “unconstitutional” removal in Myanmar has to be
guesswork.

MYA-1992 775 MYA Than Shwe 23/04/1992 31/12/2004

LA Times, April 24, 1992, p. 11, notes that Gen. Than Shwe was the deputy chairman
and army commander. Also: “Saw Maung, 63, had been widely reported to be suffering
from a nervous disorder, and many of his public speeches have verged on the incoherent
in recent months. He previously gave up the posts of foreign minister and defense
minister to colleagues. Than Shwe, 58, has been holding the jobs of army commander,
deputy chairman of the junta, deputy supreme commander of the defense forces, and
defense minister. However, analysts long have believed that the key junta figure has been
Khin Nyunt, its secretary. Since 1988, he has been involved in key decisions and policy
deliberations while Saw Maung has usually dealt with generalities.”
See: Myanmar Junta Leader Rumored Ousted in Coup.
http://www.nytimes.com/reuters/international/international-
myanmar.html
By REUTERS
Published: August 24, 2005
Filed at 4:05 a.m. ET
BANGKOK (Reuters) - Rumors swirled in army-ruled Myanmar and neighboring
Thailand on Wednesday that junta strongman Senior General Than Shwe has been
removed by the powerful army commander.
Reports suggested Than Shwe, head of a military junta which has ruled the former Burma
in various forms since 1962, had been ousted by number two General Maung Aye
although Yangon was calm and people said there was no extra security on the streets.
A Thai intelligence official told Reuters his organization was trying to determine the truth
of the Rumors in the absence of official comment from the Yangon government.
``We've heard Maung Aye has seized power from Than Shwe, citing allegations of
corruption and his involvement in illegal trade of weapons,'' he said.
He said Thura Shwe Man, the number three general in the ruling State Peace and
Development Council (SPDC), was rumored to have been assigned to investigate Than
Shwe's alleged crimes. However, Thai Foreign Minister Kantathi Suphamongkhon told
reporters: ``So far, everything is just a rumor. I am still sticking to my plan to visit
Myanmar late this month.'' Soe Myint, editor of the pro-democracy Mizzima News Web
site mizzima.com, which is based in New Delhi, said there had been tension among the
generals for some time. ``From what I have heard, a five-member group of generals led
by General Maung Aye staged the coup during a weekly cabinet meeting on Monday,'' he

306
told Reuters in the Indian capital. ``The group accused Than Shwe of nepotism and said
he was incapable of running the country. Ever since, there has been a total blackout and
there has been no news from the cabinet meeting,'' Soe Myint said.
UNDER ARREST?
Than Shwe has not been seen on state television since August 20 when he met U.N.
envoy and former Indonesian Foreign Minister Ali Alatas, but official newspapers on
Wednesday reported his message of congratulations to Ukraine on its independence day .
Diplomats in Yangon said they believed he was on a provincial tour. ``We understand he
is out of town and this rumor did not start in Yangon, but outside the country,'' a
Southeast Asian diplomat said. The opposition National League for Democracy (NLD)
also played down the Rumors. ``So far as we can confirm, this rumor is more likely not to
be true. The situation across the city is quite normal,'' NLD spokesman Nyan Win told
Reuters. But the Thai language newspaper Phuchatkan reported on its Web site at
manager.co.th that Maung Aye, the army commander-in-chief had ordered Than Shwe
detained at a Yangon hospital on Tuesday. ``General Maung Aye has taken over power
since midnight on August 23,'' the newspaper said, citing Thai intelligence sources.
The former Burma has been ruled by the military in various guises since a coup in 1962
and is reviled in the West for its alleged human rights abuses and confinement of
democracy icon Aung San Suu Kyi since May 2003. Yangon says it is moving toward
democracy along a seven-stage roadmap it unveiled in August 2003. However, few take
its rulers seriously, especially with Suu Kyi languishing under house arrest and her party
effectively excluded from talks to draw up a new constitution, which are set to resume in
December. Than Shwe, 73 and an expert in psychological warfare, seized the junta
leadership in 1992 with the help of General Khin Nyunt, who was ousted as prime
minister and military intelligence chief last October. The Norway-based Democratic
Voice of Burma reported on its Web site, dvb.no, on Monday that Than Shwe's son-in-
law, Teza, was being investigated for corruption.

SRI LANKA (CEYLON)

SRI-1948 780 SRI Senanayake, Don 04/02/1948 22/03/1952

Dies in horseback riding accident.

SRI-1952 780 SRI Senanayake, Dudley 26/03/1952 12/10/1953

Son of Don. Lentz: “Senanayake was suffering from poor health and could not stand the
strain of office. He stepped down on October 12, 1954.’ HG: should read 1953.
Resignation for ill health in confirmed in news reports of the day. See LA Times, Oct. 13,
1953, p. 24 (acute stomach trouble brought on by political opposition) and NYT, Oct. 13,
1953, 16.

SRI-1953 780 SRI Kotelawala 12/10/1953 11/04/1956

News reports suggest he was OK. Lentz notes that “Kotelawala retired to Great Britain
until the late 1970s after he relinquished office”, but NYT, Mar 10, 1957, p. 32 notes him
as OK, speaking to the annual conference of the United National Party. He retired to
Great Britain.

307
SRI-1956 780 SRI Bandaranaike, S.W.R.D 12/04/1956 26/09/1959
Shot by a Buddhist monk.

SRI-1959 780 SRI Dahanayake 26/09/1959 21/03/1960

SRI-1960-1 780 SRI Senanayake, Dudley 21/03/1960 22/07/1960

SRI-1960-2 780 SRI Bandaranaike, S 31/05/1970 23/01/1977

Widow of assassinated Bandaranaike S.W.R.D. Lentz: In 1980, she was expelled from
the Parliament and deprived of her political rights for alleged corruption while in office.
Pardoned in 1986.

SRI-1977 780 SRI Jayewardene 23/01/1977 02/01/1989

Lentz: Law degree. Sponsors a new constitution that provided for an executive
presidency, and stepped down as prime minister to become president on February 3,
1978. He narrowly avoided death in a grenade attack on the Parliament in August of
1987. Keesing’s Vol. 40, February 1994: “Wijetunge argued that under the existing
system (i.e. the "presidential" Constitution introduced in 1978, prior to which the
presidency had been a largely ceremonial appointive office; there was a danger of the
votes of the majority Sinhalese population being divided--between the ruling United
National Party (UNP) and the opposition Sri Lanka Freedom Party (SLFP)--in such a
way as to give the minority Tamil population a decisive say in determining the outcome.”

SRI-1989 780 SRI Premadasa 02/01/1989 01/05/1993

Killed when an explosive-laden bicyclist attacked him during a May Day parade in
Colombo He was assassinated in suicide bombing.

SRI-1993 780 SRI Wijetunge 01/05/1993 12/11/1994

For plans to kill both Wijetunge and Kumaratunga, and W’s being OK, see Lexis Nexis,
Xinhua News Agency, May 14, 1995. Item No: 0514039.

SRI-1994 780 SRI Kumaratunga 12/11/1994 31/12/2004

Female, and daughter of both SWRD Bandaranaike, and Srimavo Bandaranaike. She
survived a suicide bomber 5 meters away.

MALDIVES

http://www.maldivesculture.com/maldives_constitution.html
Constitution of the Republic of the Maldives that came into force in 1968 (and amended
in 1970, 1972, and 1975) has been repealed and replaced by a new Constitution assented
to by the President of the Republic on 27 November 1997. The new Constitution came
into force on 1 January 1998. “Article 4 of the Constitution of the Maldives provides that
the powers of the state comprise of the executive, the legislature, and the administration
of justice ("the judiciary") and those powers vest in the citizens. This Article further
provides that the executive power vests in the President of the Republic and the cabinet
ministers, the legislative power vests in Parliament, and the judicial power vests in the

308
President of the Republic and the courts. In theory the three powers are identified
separately and they appear to be independent of each other. However, those powers are,
in effect, administered collectively as a composite whole. To this effect, Article 3 states:
The State of the Maldives shall, in accordance with this Constitution, be the territory of
the Maldives, the citizens of the Maldives and the powers of the state as a composite
whole. Article 33 then designates the President of the Republic as the "head of state" and
"head of government". It is said: The President shall be the Head of State, Head of
Government and the Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces and the Police of the
Maldives.” Maldives became independent on July 26, 1965. Presidential system

MAD-1953 781 MAD Ali Didi 02/09/1953 12/12/1957

Lentz notes that the previous leader, President Amin Didi, was ousted irregularly on Sept.
3, 1953, and died January 19, 1954, from injuries received when beaten by a crowd of
angry demonstrators. Ali Didi is in power as joint president-prime minister from Sept. 3,
1953, until Sultanate is restored on March 7, 1954. Ali Didi subsequently named to head
a new gov’t as PM. NYT, April 4, 1958, p.5: “Britain reached an agreement with
Maldivian Prime Minister Ibrahim Ali Didi to build an air base at Gan. The Prime
Minister resigned last December, ostensibly because of ill health. His successor, Ibrahim
Nassir, opposed the agreement and requested its revision.

MAD-1957 781 MAD Nasir 12/12/1957 11/11/1978

Lentz: “subsequently went to Singapore, and in 1980 he was charged with embezzlement
of public funds. Nasir was convicted in absentia and banished for 25 years. He was
granted a pardon in July of 1990 by President Maumoon Abdual Gayoom.” The
Washington Post, Nov. 11, 1978, p. A18 notes Gayoon [sic, HG] is “succeeding Ibrahim
Nasir, 54, who retired because of ill health.” Keesing’s Vol. 25, February 1979 confirms
this: “Mr. Gayoom (42), who had been Minister of Transport at the time of his election as
President, had gained a master's degree in Islamic studies at the AI-Azhar University in
Cairo, had been a university lecturer in Nigeria and had formerly been the Maldives'
permanent representative at the United Nations. In late June 1978 he had been nominated
by the Majlis (Parliament) as presidential candidate following the announcement by
President Ibrahim Nasir (52) that for health reasons he did not wish to be considered for
re-election. (Mr. Nasir had been President of the Maldives since it became a republic for
the second time in 1968A-having from December 1957B-until that date been Chief
Minister, and later Prime Minister. During his second presidential term he had in March
1975 concurrently resumed the duties of Prime Minister following the banishment of the
then head of government, Mr. Ahmed ZakiB.)” Wikipedia, though, suggests “Maldives's
20 year period of authoritarian rule under Nasir abruptly ended in 1978 when he fled to
Singapore. A subsequent investigation revealed that he had absconded with millions of
dollars from the state treasury.” We go with the ill health, even though it feels like
something sketchy is going on, because he announced more than 6 months before he
won’t run for reelection.
First Nasir was PM, later became president, resigned and fled to Singapore.

MAD-1978 781 MAD Gayoom 11/11/1978 31/12/2004

309
NEPAL

NEP-1846 790 NEP Jang Bahadur Kunwar 17/09/1846 25/02/1877

NEP-1877 790 NEP Rana Udip Singh 27/02/1877 21/11/1885

Rana Udip Singh, (b. 1825 - d. 1885). Was killed in 1885.

NEP-1885 790 NEP Bira S. J. Bahadur Rana 23/11/1885 05/03/1901

Bira Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana. Lentz: Brother of Jang Bahadur Rana, the initiator of
the powerful Rana family’s claims to the hereditary prime ministership in 1848.
Apparently arranged the murder of Rana Udip.
The Rana family allegedly claimed the hereditary Prime Ministership of Nepal.

NEP-1901-1 790 NEP Dev Shumshere J. B. Rana 15/03/1901 26/06/1901

Dev Shumshere Jung Bahadur Rana. Brother of Bira. Born in 1862.

NEP-1901-2 790 NEP Chandra Rana 26/06/1901 22/06/1929

Brother of Bira

NEP-1929 790 NEP Bhim Rana 22/06/1929 01/09/1932

Brother of Bir and Chandra.

NEP-1932 790 NEP Juddha Rana 01/09/1932 28/11/1945

Younger Brother of Bim. On his fate see Lentz: retires to western Nepal, and dedicates
the remainder of his life to religious contemplation.

NEP-1945 790 NEP Padma Rana 28/11/1945 09/02/1948

Brother of Juddha.

NEP-1948 790 NEP Mohan Rana 09/02/1948 18/02/1951

Son of former PM Chandra Shumshere. Revolt by Congress Party against Ranas, exile in
India.

NEP-1951 790 NEP Tribhuvan 18/02/1951 13/03/1955

Only son of King Prithvi.
See NYT, Oct. 6, 1982, p. B10: Kunwar Inderjit Singh, Former Nepal Premier. “… led a
coup, and ruled Katmandu for two days in 1952 before the army moved against him and
he fled to Tibet. The Chinese Communists then took him to China and they sent him back
to Nepal in 1955, after asking King Mahendra to allow him to return and grant him an
amnesty. He served as Prime Minister for four months in 1957.”

NEP-1955 790 NEP Mahendra 14/03/1955 31/01/1972

Son of King Tribuvan. Perhaps launches an “auto-golpe” in 1960. Lentz: “The new king
attempted to democratize Nepal. He appointed a new government on January 27, 1956,
and allowed the formation of political parties to participate ina free election in 1959. The

310
king dismissed the government of B. P. Koirala on December 15, 1960, revoked the
constitution, and restored the monarchy to full power.”

NEP-1972 790 NEP Birendra 31/01/1972 01/06/2001

Son of King Mahendra. Birendra was assassinated by his son in a (drug or alcohol
induced) rampage.

NEP-2001 790 NEP Gyanendra Bir B. S. Deva 02/06/2001 11/10/2002

Gyanendra Bir Bikram Shah Deva. He was brother of the former king.

311
NEP-2002 790 NEP Lokendra Bahadur Chand 11/10/2002 05/06/2003

NEP-2003 790 NEP Surya Bahadur Thapa 05/06/2003 03/06/2004

NEP-2004 790 NEP Sher Bahdur Deuba 03/06/2004 31/12/2004

THAILAND

THI-1868 800 THI Rama V 01/10/1868 23/10/1910

THI-1910 800 THI Rama VI 23/10/1910 26/11/1925

Son of Rama V.

THI-1925 800 THI Rama VII 26/11/1925 10/12/1932

Youngest son of Rama V. Educated at Eton, and the Woolwich Military Academy in
England, and later the Ecole Superieure de Guerre in France. Coup against him on 24
June 1932, but he still remains powerful enough to struggle against the coup plotters.
CSM, June 21, 1933, p. 1 reports “A constitutional monarchy was established June 24,
1932, after a sudden revolt, resulting in one fatality. The King thereupon signed a
constitution, and a new Siamese Senate was formed. King Prajadhipok was permitted to
name the executive committee and dissolve Parliament. Three days after the revolt the
King reascended the throne.” Lentz: A group of high ranking civil and military officials
forced Prajadhipok to end the absolute monarchy and accept constitutional rule in 1932.
On December 10, 1932, he granted a constitution. He abdicated the throne on March 2,
1934. He went into exile in England. Encyc Brit says he went to England in early 1934
and abdicated in March 1935. Coup, leads to parliamentarism, abdicates 2 March 1934.
See Wikipedia:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siamese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_of_1932
Anecdote from http://anecdotage.com/index.php?aid=8306: “What did the late King
Prajadhipok, the last absolute ruler of Siam (now Thailand), do to prepare himself
financially for life after his anticipated overthrow in the early 1930s? He took out
unemployment insurance with French and British insurance companies. Then, having
failed to suppress the newly formed constitutional government, he accepted his ouster,
collected on the policies and lived comfortably in England for the remaining six years of
his life.”

THI-1932 800 THI Phraya Mano 10/12/1932 20/06/1933

Phraya Manopakorn Nititada. Enters as a result of the King’s new constitution which was
the result of the 24 June coup d’etat. According to Wikipedia, a lawyer and married to a
Lady-in-waiting of the Queen. The main people behind the coup called themselves the
People’s Party (Khana Ras). Exile.

THI-1933 800 THI Phahon 20/06/1933 21/12/1938

General Phraya Phahol Pholphayuhasena. According to Wikipedia, one of the leaders of
the coup of 24 June 1932, and a close friend of Hermann Göering. For his entry, see
CSM, June 21, 1933, p. 1

312
NYT, Oct. 13, 1933, p. 1 reports “General Phya Bahol, commander-in-chief of the army,
headed a bloodless revolt last June 20 against the new State Council headed by Phya
Manopakarama, liberal successor to Pradit. Three days later General Phya Bahol became
Prime Minister but said he would act only temporarily in that post because he was an
army man.”

THI-1938 800 THI Plaek Pibulsongkram 26/12/1938 02/08/1944

Encyclopedia Brit notes that the two leaders who became the nucleus for the overthrow
of the absolute monarch were:
http://search.eb.com/eb/topic?idxStructId=475880&typeId=13
Pridi Phanomyong and http://search.eb.com/eb/topic?idxStructId=455772&typeId=13
http://search.eb.com/eb/article?tocId=9059632
Luang Phibun Songkhram, Phibungsongkram) who was then [1920s, HG] studying
military science in France. Encyclopedia Britannica notes that “Phibunsongkhram's
government collapsed (July 1944) and a civilian government took power, controlled from
behind the scenes by Pridi Phanomyong.”

THI-1944 800 THI Pridi Banomyong 02/08/1944 21/08/1946

Also known as Pridi Phanomyong. Encyclopedia Britannica reports:
“He served as minister of finance (1938–41) under Phibunsongkhram but resigned in
protest against pro-Japanese policies and was appointed regent for the boy king Ananda
Mahidol, then at school in Switzerland. As regent, Pridi directed the anti-Japanese
underground Free Thai Movement in the later years of the war and engineered the
downfall of Phibunsongkhram's government in 1944. Over the next two years, Pridi was
the real power behind successive civilian governments as Thailand, successfully avoiding
treatment as an ally of Japan, regained international respectability. In March 1946 Pridi
himself became prime minister, the first to have been popularly elected. Public support
for his government was shattered, however, after King Ananda was found dead of gun
wounds on June 9, 1946. Pridi was unjustly held responsible, in part because of his earlier
radicalism and reputed republican sympathies, and in August he was forced to resign.
When the army staged a coup d'état in November 1947, Pridi fled the country; by 1951,
after coup attempts on his behalf had failed, he took up residence in China. In 1970 Pridi
left China for France, continuing to voice his criticism of the Thai military regimes.”

THI-1946 800 THI Plaek Pibulsongkram 21/08/1946 16/09/1957

See Lentz. Encyclopedia Brit.: “After a brief experiment with democracy in 1956–57,
when political parties were allowed and free speech encouraged, he was ousted by
military colleagues who had tired of the corruption and inefficiency of his government.
He then fled to Tokyo, where he lived until his death.” Coup, exile in US and Japan.

THI-1957-1 800 THI Pote Sarasin. 21/09/1957 27/12/1957

He was born on 25 March 1906.

THI-1957-1 800 THI Thanon Kittakachorn 27/12/1957 20/10/1958

313
Thanon Kittakachorn was born on 11 August 1911. Lentz notes that: “His government
was unstable and collapsed on October 20, 1958. Sarit Thanarat staged another military
coup the same day, and Thanon was named deputy premier in Sarit’s military
government.

THI-1957 800 THI Sarit 20/10/1958 08/12/1963

He leads the coup that ousts the government on September 16, 1957. He was seriously ill
with cirrhosis of the liver and General Thanon Kittakachorn was elected prime minister.
Sarit went to the United States to receive medical treatment at Walter Reed Army
Hospital. He returned to Thailand after his recovery and led another coup that placed him
in charge of the government on October 20, 1958. … He was hospitalized in November
1963 for hear and lung ailments and died at an army hospital in Bangkok at the age of 55
on December 8,1963.

THI-1963 800 THI Thanon Kittakachorn 08/12/1963 13/10/1973

Perhaps launches an “auto-golpe” in November 1971. Lentz: “He dissolved the
Parliament and banned political parties in November 1971.” Lentz: Coup in 1973. Exile
in Singapore, and returned to Thailand in September of 1976 and became a Buddhist
monk. Military toppled, return to civilian rule, exile in Singapore.

THI-1973 800 THI Sanya 14/10/1973 21/02/1975

Lentz: served as privy councilor to the king the following year.

THI-1975-1 800 THI Seni Pramoj 21/02/1975 06/03/1975

For being OK, see Keesing’s Vol. 21, April, 1975. See also Vol. 22, July 1976, which
notes he is “a member of a noble family of royal descent, is a lawyer and diplomat by
profession. When Minister to Washington in 1941 he refused to hand over his
Government's declaration of war on the United States, and formed the Free Thai
Movement to struggle against the Japanese and the pro-Japanese Thai Government .
After the war he founded the Democratic Party and became Prime Minister for four
months in 1945-46. He represented Thailand at the hearings before the International
Court of Justice in 1962 on the dispute with Cambodia over Preah Vihear. He formed his
second Government after the elections in January 1975, but resigned a fortnight later
when he failed to obtain a vote of confidence from the House.” Drafts new Thai
constitution between 1977-1978.

THI-1975-2 800 THI Kukrot Pramoj 17/03/1975 16/04/1976

Younger brother of Seni Pramoj. For post tenure fate see Keesing’s Vol. 24, March,
1978.

THI-1976-1 800 THI Seni Pramoj 20/04/1976 06/10/1976

Older brother of Kukrot. For his poet tenure fate see Keesing’s Vol. 24, March, 1978.

THI-1976-2 800 THI Sangad 06/10/1976 12/11/1977

Lentz: Attended the Royal Navy Cadet Academy and subsequently joined the Thai Navy.
Is he the power behind the scenes, also for Kriangsak? He is Chairman of the National

314
Policy Council from 12 November, 1977 until his death from a heart attack in Bangkok
on 23 November, 1980.

THI-1977 800 THI Kriangsak 12/11/1977 29/02/1980

Lentz: arrested and detained in February 1986.

THI-1980 800 THI Prem 03/03/1980 04/08/1988

Lentz: survives coup attempts (April 1981 and September 1985) and retired from active
politics after out. Prem survived several coup attempts.

THI-1988 800 THI Choonhavan 04/08/1988 23/02/1991

Rulers.org: only son of Marshal Pin Choonhavan, a prominent army general who led the
1947 coup that brought Filed Marshal Phibulsongkhram to power. Lentz for his exile.
Coup, exile.

THI-1991 800 THI Panyarachun 07/03/1991 04/04/1992

Interim PM.

THI-1992-1 800 THI Kraprayoon 05/04/1992 24/05/1992

Served in the Thai army, and rose to the position of commander of the army. New
caretaker cabinet. His repression in mind may of demonstrations led to the
“unprecedented intervention” by King Bhumipol Adulyadey after which Suchinda
resigned. For him being OK, see: Lexis Nexis: The Straits Times, July 2, 1993, p.15.

THI-1992-2 800 THI Panyarachun 10/06/1992 23/09/1992

See Keesing’s Vol. 40, July 1994 for his OK fate.

THI-1992-3 800 THI Leekpai 23/09/1992 13/07/1995

For his OK fate, see Keesing’s Vol. 42, November 1996.

THI-1995 800 THI Silapa-Archa 13/07/1995 01/12/1996

THI-1996 800 THI Chavalit Yongchaiyudh 01/12/1996 09/11/1997

Also a General. For being OK, see The Australian, November 10, 1998, p. 8.

THI-1997 800 THI Leekpai 09/11/1997 09/02/2001

Apparently had a heart condition during his tenure, which he kept secret all this time.
Operation in January 2002.

THI-2001 800 THI Thaksin Shinawatra 10/02/2001 31/12/2004

CAMBODIA (KAMPUCHEA)

CAM-1953 811 CAM Sihanouk 09/11/1953 18/03/1970

Coup while traveling abroad, exile in China.

315
CAM-1970 811 CAM Lon Nol 18/03/1970 10/04/1975
Coup, exile to Bali then Honolulu

CAM-1975 811 CAM Pol Pot 11/04/1975 07/01/1979

Chinese invasion.

CAM-1979 811 CAM Heng Samrin 07/01/1979 14/01/1985

For being OK, see Keesing’s Vol.33 April, 1987.

CAM-1985 811 CAM Hun Sen 14/01/1985 21/09/1993

Far Eastern Economic Review, Hong Kong, June 30, 1994, Vol. 157, Iss. 26, pp.14—16.
Leader of the CCP, lost the elections and forced a power-sharing agreement with the
election victors, Funcinpec and its leader Ranaridh. “But deep mistrust continues to
divide the two parties, and the CPP has successfully maneuvered to retain real control
over the military, state administration, provincial structures and security services.”
Rulers.org reports his birthday as 5 August, 1952, with this footnote: “His
birthday was long thought to be April 4, 1951. But on his supposed 53rd birthday in
2004, he declared that his true birthday was Aug. 5, 1952. He had forgotten his real birth
date and misreported it in official documents when he became a soldier in 1970.”
Rulers.org also reports: “On July 5, 1997, Hun Sen ordered troops to attack the
stronghold of Ranariddh. He and his party named a token FUNCINPEC official, Ung
Huot, to replace the prince as first prime minister, but Hun Sen continued his tactics of
domination and intimidation. In 1998 he became sole prime minister. King Sihanouk
awarded him the honorary title of Samdech in 1993.” We drop the period of supposed co-
equal prime ministers, because Hun Sen still held most power and out-maneuvered
Ranaridhh. See below.

CAM-1993 811 CAM Ranariddh 21/09/1993 06/07/1997

San Francisco Chronicle, Sept. 18, 1993, p. A.10 “Cambodia's two major political parties
agreed yesterday that Prince Norodom Ranariddh should be the principal civilian leader
of Cambodia's first postwar government, with his 70-year-old father, Prince Norodom
Sihanouk, restored as king. The agreement will end an interim arrangement in which
Prince Ranariddh, the French-educated legal scholar who leads the royalist party that won
national elections in May, has shared power equally with Hun Sen, the leader of the rival
political party and the former prime minister in the Vietnamese-installed government that
came to power in 1979. Under the new agreement, Prince Ranariddh will assume the title
first president, with Hun Sen his chief deputy, or second president. Hun Sen, whose party
came in second in the elections, initially said he and Prince Ranariddh should continue to
have equal authority and the same title. … Even though Hun Sen agreed yesterday to a
demotion, he and his party, the Cambodian People's Party, will doubtless continue to
wield significant power, since they command the loyalty of much of the army and the
police. Hun Sen said yesterday that while he will now have a lesser title, he will have a
say in all major decisions of the new government. "The working system will not change,"
he said. "The only change is the new title." Prince Ranariddh agreed that Hun Sen will
maintain broad authority. "I will continue to implement the consensus rule," the prince
said. "I have to have the consent of Hun Sen."” He lost standoff with Hun Sen and fled.

316
CAM-1997 811 CAM Hun Sen 06/07/1997 31/12/2004
Rulers.org reports: “On July 5, 1997, Hun Sen ordered troops to attack the stronghold of
Ranariddh. He and his party named a token FUNCINPEC official, Ung Huot, to replace
the prince as first prime minister, but Hun Sen continued his tactics of domination and
intimidation. In 1998 he became sole prime minister. King Sihanouk awarded him the
honorary title of Samdech in 1993.”
He assumed control when Ranariddh fled, questionable but probably regular.

LAOS

LAO-1951 812 LAO Souvanna Phouma 21/11/1951 25/11/1954

Lentz: remained in the government as deputy PM and minister of defense.

LAO-1954 812 LAO Katay Don Sasorith 25/11/1954 21/03/1956

Lentz: Katay Sosorith remained in the Souvanna government as deputy PM and also
served as minister of the interior and justice. He died, December 29, 1959.

LAO-1956 812 LAO Souvanna Phouma 21/03/1956 22/07/1958

Lentz: Subsequently sent to France to serve as Laos’s ambassador. Can’t find a reference
on that. He seems to have been OK, nevertheless. For his obituary, see NYT, Jan 11,
1984, p. D. 19.

LAO-1958 812 LAO Sananikone 15/08/1958 31/12/1959

LA Times, Dece. 31, 1959, p. 1: “Vientiane, Laos, Dec. 31 (Thursday). Prime Minister
Phoui Sananikone and his cabinet submitted a mass resignation to King Sawang
Watthana of Laos today. Informed sources said theking rejected the resignations and
ordered the Phoui cabinet to remain in office until April general elections.” NYT, Dec.
31, 1959, p. 3 notes “Mr. Phoui’s resignation followed the death Tuesday of Deputy
Premier Katay Don Sasorith. Mr. Katay was president of the ruling Rally of the Lao
People (R. L. P.) party, which controls thirty-six seats in the fifty-nine-member National
Assembly. Mr. Phoui, the party vice president, has the personal allegiance of only about a
fourth of the party. Following Mr. Katay’s death, members of the right-wing opposition,
the Committee for Defense of the National Interest (C.D.I.N.) predicted that Mr. Phoui
would resign and then seek an alliance with them.” On the other hand, see, NYT, Jan. 1,
1960, p. 1 and in particular NYT, Jan. 4, 1960, p. 4. “Military in Laos Tightens Control.”
Which reports “Vientiane, Laos, Jan. 3 – This Buddhist kingdom is now under control of
the Laotian army. But the army denies that it has carried out a coup. Brig. Gen. Phoumi
Nosavan, Laotian strong man and one of the leaders of the reform group known as the
Committee for the Defense of the National Interest said in an interview: “…” Laos has
been without a civilian government since New Year’s Day, when the resignation of
Premier Phoui Sananikone was accepted by King Savang Vathana. The resignation is
reported to have resulted from pressure by the reform group. A dispute arose over what
the group considered to be appeasement by Mr. Phoui toward the Communists and over
his interpretation of the electoral law. General Phoumi labeled as Communist propaganda
charges that the army had staged a coup and that supporters of the former Premier were in

317
danger. The general said: “We are in power at present only because the National
Assembly is taking an unconstitutional attitude toward the electoral law. Under the
Constitution the National Assembly and he Government should have terminated Dec. 25
when their four-year mandate expired. When the National Assembly is willing to dissolve
and permit the King to act constitutionally and appoint a provisional Government prior to
holding national elections, then we will be more than willing to had back the reins of
power to the civilians.” Premier Phoui, with the support of the Assembly, contended that,
despite the end of their terms Dec. 25, the Cabinet and the Assembly could continue to
function until the next election. The Committeee for the Defense of the National Interest,
seven of whose members held Cabinet seats, had insisted that the Government must go
out of existence Dec. 25 and had demanded immediate elections. As a result of the
dispute the reform group’s members resigned from the Cabinet Dec. 15. The Premier is
said to have felt elections were not possible at present because of the state of insecurity
caused by the rebellion started last August by the pro-Communist Pathet Lao. General
Phoumi contended that elections were possible and that a democratic form of government
could solve the problem of Communist infiltration. The general said the military would
take over the Prime Minister’s office until the crisis was resolved. Meanwhile, troops are
patrolling Vientiane streets and guarding all major installations, including cable and
wireless offices.”
Based on this later and fuller report, we code his exit as irregular. Lentz: Goes into exile
in Thailand following the Communist takeover in May of 1975, then goes into exile in
France.

LAO-1959 812 LAO Nosavan 31/12/1959 07/01/1960

For entry, see NYT, Jan. 4, 1960, p. 4. “Military in Laos Tightens Control.” Lentz: Rose
to become chief of staff of the anti French revolutionary forces. … Served in the Og
Long government as minister of national defense, and remained a powerful figure in
government until Captain Kong led a neutralist military coup in August 1960. Leads a
revolt against Kon Le. (see NYT, Aug 12, 1960, p. 3. The Washington Post, Aug. 27, p.
A4.) Briefly served in the Souvanna Phouma coalition cabinet.

LAO-1960-1 812 LAO Kou Abhay Og Long 07/01/1960 31/05/1960

For entry, see Keesing’s Vol. 6, February 1960. Nothing on his fate.
Kou Abhay Og Long ruled between 7 Jan 1960 - 3 Jun 1960. (b. 1892 - d. 19..).
He was the head of an interim government, charged with preparing for new elections. His
party won all 59 seats. Keesing’s Vol. 6 .(1960) suggest this was NOT a coup. So does
Lentz. “General elections were held in Laos on April 24 and May 8, all the 59 seats in the
National Assembly being won by supporters of groups represented in the outgoing
caretaker Government led by M. Kou Abhay--a right-wing coalition composed chiefly of
members of the Committee for the Defence of National Interests (C.D.I.N., the strongly
anti-Communist group supported by Laotian Army leaders) and of the conservative
Laotian People's Rally. All the nine candidates presented by the extreme-left Neo Lao
Haksat (led by Prince Souphanou-vong-elow) were unsuccessful, as were the ten
candidates of the neutralist left-wing Santiphab Phenk Kang led by M. Quinim
Pholsena. … The caretaker government resigned on May 30 and a new coalition
government was formed on June 2 by Prince Tiao Somsanith, who also retained the

318
Interior portfolio which he had held under M. Kou Abhay-. The other Ministers were: M.
Khamphan Panya--Foreign Affairs; General Phoumi Nosavan--Defence, Sports, Youth,
and Ex-servicemen; M. Inpeng Suryadhay--Finance and Planning; M. Keo Viphakorn --
Economy and Rural Affairs; M. Ngon Sananikone--Justice; M. Koukeo Saycocile--
Health; M. Phanga Nith Singharaj--Public Works, Posts and Telegraphs; M. Nhouy Kou
Abhay-Education; M. Leuam Insisiengmay--Information. The Cabinet comprised seven
members of the Paxasangkhom, two Independents (M. Nhouy Abhay and M. Leuam
Insisiengmay), and one member of the Laotian People's Rally (M. Ngon Sananikone).
Five Ministers had been members of the caretaker government, though with changed
portfolios in some cases. “
{Coup attempt against Prince Souvannah, 19 April 1964 – May 1964. Fails.}

LAO-1960-2 812 LAO Somsanith 31/05/1960 09/08/1960

Prince Tiaio Somsanith. See for him being OK, LA Times, Nov. 24, 1960, p. 12 and in
particular NYT, Aug 16, 1960, p. 1 “Laotian Neutralist Is Named Premier” continued on
p. 8. See Keesing’s Vol. 7 March 1961 which lists that he led a parliamentary delegation
on November 30 1960. See also: Vol. 6 (1960). He resigned, and was fine post tenure.
Later on he lives outside his country, so maybe he was exiled later.

LAO-1960-3 812 LAO Kong Le 09/08/1960 15/08/1960

Lentz: A Captain in the Military. For his entry, see Chicago Daily Tribune, Aug. 12,
1960, p. A12 and The Washington Post, Times Herald, Aug. 11, p. A9. The latter notes
he is “a veteran of a military indoctrination course at Fort Benning, Ga. …” Had
received further training the United States and the Philippines in 1957. For his exit, see
NYT, Aug. 17, 1960, p. 14. “Laotian Premier Appoints Cabinet. … Vientiane, Laos,
Aug. 16 – Premier Souvanna Phouma …. Offered the Cabinet after Capt. Kong Le,
whose rebel force seized the administrative capital a week ago, succeeded in removing
Oune Sananikone as Assembly President. … Captian Kong Le and armed guards
attended the session. … A crowd around the Assembly protested the delay in voting on
the Cabinet, but the Assembly nevertheless recessed. Captain Kong Le marched at the
head of a small procession of demonstrators from the Assembly through the city and back
to his headquarters. He expressed approval of the new Government, which is regarded by
observers here as relatively undistinguished except for Prince Souvanna Phouma.”
Hence, he is coded as leaving office in a regular manner.
Keesing’s Vol. 6, October 1960 reports: “Captain Kong Lae was placed under two week's
"technical arrest" by the Prime Minister on Oct. 18 for his action in organizing, on his
own initiative, a special welcome for the Soviet Ambassador at Vientiane airport on Oct.
13. Prince Souvanna explained that Captain Kong Lae would not be placed under any
restraint during the period of his arrest and would continue to carry out his military
duties, but that the punishment would be entered in his record. (Le Monde, Paris - Times
- Daily Telegraph - Guardian - New York Times)”
Keesing’s Vol. 7, March 1961 shows him still fighting, and in Dec. 10 becoming
second vice-president. Keesing’s Vol. 27, November 1981 reports he had gone into exile
in 1966. Lentz reports, “The assassination of Colonel Ketsana Vongsouvan, Kong Le’s
chief of staff, on February 12, 1963, led to a schism in the neutralist forces, and Kong Le
was forced into exile in Paris the following year.” See LA Times, April 20, 1964, p.1,

319
continued p. 18 which says the leader of Pathet Lao asks Gen Kong Le to cooperate
resolutely, so he must have been in the country.
Kong Le, in 1966 was dismissed as army chief and left the country, now lives in
exile, primarily in the United States.

LAO-1960-4 812 LAO Souvanna Phouma 15/08/1960 10/12/1960

For meeting between Phoumi Nosavan and Souvanna Phouma, in Pnompenh, Cambodia,
March 1961 and Phouma’s exile there, see NYT, March 10, 1961, p. 3, also, Keesing’s
Vol. 7, March 1961.Exiled.

LAO-1960-5 812 LAO Boun Oum 13/12/1960 22/06/1962

Phoumi Nosavan is Deputy PM and Defence Minister. Probably the regime’s strong man
and real power (See The Washington Post, Aug 28, 1962, p. A8.) See Keesing’s Vol. 7,
March 1961. Lentz: Boun Oum left Laos for Thailand in 1974 as the Pathet Lao became
more dominant in the government. When the Pathet Lao abolished the monarchy in
December of 197, Boun Oum went into exile in Paris. He was tried in absentia by the
government of the People’s Democratic Republic of Laos and sentenced to death.” Date
of judgment is Sept. 4, 1975. Keesing’s Vol. 22, January, 1967. For him being OK, see
also, NYT, Feb 9, 1965, p. 11. Also, Keesing’s Vol. 10, October, 1964.

LAO-1962 812 LAO Souvanna Phouma 24/06/1962 19/04/1964

Had degrees (in France) in architecture and electrical engineering.
Keesing’s Vol. 10, October, 1964, reports: “In the early hours of April 19, 1964, a
right-wing military junta, led by General Khouprasith Abhay (commander of the
Vientiane military region) and General Siho Lanphouthacoul (commander of the right-
wing military police), seized control in Vientiane and placed Prince Souvanna and the
neutralist members of his Government under house arrest. Troops and police had taken
up their positions during the previous night, erected barricades across the roads leading
Gilt of the town, and occupied the airport. Sporadic firing took place between 2 and 4.30
a.m. on April 19 as the troops guarding the neutralist Ministers tried to resist those sent to
arrest them, but the only persons killed were two members of the military police. No
attempt was made to arrest the Pathet Lao Secretaries of State, who were protected by the
I.C.C.'s guards. A communiqué broadcast at 8 a.m. announced that a "Revolutionary
Committee of the National Army" had taken over the powers previously held by the
Government; according to a subsequent statement, the committee consisted of 18
generals and 58 other officers, with General Khouprasith as chairman and General Siho
as vice-chairman. During the morning a statement alleged to have been issued by Prince
Souvanna was broadcast, in which he announced that he had resigned his powers to the
Revolutionary Committee. General Khouprasith, who is the son of a former Premier, M.
Kou Abhay, took a prominent part in the battle for Vientiane in 1960, …”
Coup is also reported in NYT, April 19, 1964, p. 1. It is reported as collapsing the
day after in LA Times, April 20, 1964, p.1, which also reports: “The diplomatic reports
late Sunday said Souvanna had been released from house arrest by the coup leader, Gen.
Kouprasith Abhay, and was on his way to the Plain of Jars for a conference. Gen.
Kouprasith reportedly had apologized for the coup attempt and was included in the
conference party.

320
LAO-1964-1 812 LAO Kouprasith 19/04/1964 20/04/1964
Son of previous ruler: Kou Abhay.
Keesing’s Vol. 10, October, 1964, reports: “In the early hours of April 19, 1964, a right-
wing military junta, led by General Khouprasith Abhay (commander of the Vientiane
military region) and General Siho Lanphouthacoul (commander of the right-wing military
police), seized control in Vientiane and placed Prince Souvanna and the neutralist
members of his Government under house arrest. Troops and police had taken up their
positions during the previous night, erected barricades across the roads leading Gilt of the
town, and occupied the airport. Sporadic firing took place between 2 and 4.30 a.m. on
April 19 as the troops guarding the neutralist Ministers tried to resist those sent to arrest
them, but the only persons killed were two members of the military police. No attempt
was made to arrest the Pathet Lao Secretaries of State, who were protected by the I.C.C.'s
guards. A communiqué broadcast at 8 a.m. announced that a "Revolutionary Committee
of the National Army" had taken over the powers previously held by the Government;
according to a subsequent statement, the committee consisted of 18 generals and 58 other
officers, with General Khouprasith as chairman and General Siho as vice-chairman.
During the morning a statement alleged to have been issued by Prince Souvanna was
broadcast, in which he announced that he had resigned his powers to the Revolutionary
Committee. General Khouprasith, who is the son of a former Premier, M. Kou Abhay,
took a prominent part in the battle for Vientiane in 1960, …”
Coup is also reported in NYT, April 19, 1964, p. 1. It is reported as collapsing the
day after in LA Times, April 20, 1964, p.1, which also reports: “The diplomatic reports
late Sunday said Souvanna had been released from house arrest by the coup leader, Gen.
Kouprasith Abhay, and was on his way to the Plain of Jars for a conference. Gen.
Kouprasith reportedly had apologized for the coup attempt and was included in the
conference party.
For his entry—and leadership of the coup—see Chicago Tribune, April. 20, 1964,
p. 1 “Report Coup Fails in Laos.” Which also notes that “Gen. Phoumi Nosava … was
not mentioned among the leaders of the coup.” See also NYT, Apr. 20, 1964, p. 14. “Key
Figure in Laos Kouprasith Abhay” which has lots of detail on him. “He is thought to be
about 37 or 38. … His father was the late Kou Abhay, who was President of the King’s
Council and one of the country’s most respected men.”
For him being OK after the coup, see LA Times, April 29, 1965, p. 30 which
reports he commanded government operations against rightist rebels. See also LA Times,
Sept. 25, 1964, p. A5.

LAO-1964-2 812 LAO Souvanna Phouma 20/04/1964 02/12/1975

Lentz: Served as advisor to the new government. On him being OK, see his obituary,
NYT, Jan 11, 1984, p. D.19. The Washington Post, Jan 11, 1984, p. B6 reports that
during this episode of tenure, in 1974, he had suffered a severe heart attack.
Entry this second time is regular because coup collapses and country reverts back to
legitimate ruler.

LAO-1975 812 LAO Phomivihane 02/12/1975 25/11/1992

321
msn.encarta.com: New Constitution comes into effect in 1992, and president becomes
main executive. Kaysone Phomvihane: dies a natural death in office on 21 November.

LAO-1992 812 LAO Phounsavanh 25/11/1992 24/02/1998

Reports suggest aging and that he was fine after losing power.

LAO-1998 812 LAO Siphandon 24/02/1998 31/12/2004

For his succession, see Keesing’s Vol. 44, February 1998.

VIETNAM

Sources on Vietnam include

Nguyen-Van-Thai and Nguyen-Van-Mung, A Short History of Viet-Nam, Saigon: The
Times Publishing Company, 1958.
Joseph Buttinger, The Smaller Dragon, a political history of Vietnam, New York:
Frederick A. Praeger, 1958.
Danny J. Whitfield, Historical and Cultural Dictionary of Vietnam, Metuchen, NJ: The
Scarecrow Press, Inc., 1976
William Duiker, Historical Dictionary of Vietnam, Lanham, Md.: The Scarecrow Press,
1998

VNM-1847 815 VNM Tu Duc 10/11/1847 17/07/1883.

Nguyen & Nguyen: Second son of Thieu-Tri. His older brother was forced to drink
poison. His accession marks the abandonment of the primogeniture tradition. Exit date is
also from Nguyen & Nguyen. Names of Kings come from Nguyen & Nguyen, p. 226.
The Washington Post, Aug 4, 1883, p.1 reports that “Aug. 3. – A dispatch from Saigon of
to-day’s date states that Tuduc, the king of Annam, died on the 20th of July, and was
succeeded by Phudac.”

VNM-1883-1 815 VNM Duc Duc 20/07/1883 23/07/1883

Nguyen & Nguyen: p. 285-6: “Tu-Duc had no sons, but had adopted three of his
nephews: Duc-Duc, Chanh-Mong, and Duong-Thien. According to the Imperial
testament, Duc-Duc should have become emperor, with Tran-Tien-Thanh, Nguyen-Van-
Tuong, and Ton-That-Thuyet acting as Regents. It was stated in the testament that Duc-
Duc, the oldest of the three adopted sons, should succeed to the throne in spite of his eye
infirmity and of his loose character, because the country needed an adult ruler. On the
occasion of the enthronement ceremony, Ton-That-Thuyet and Nguyen-Van-Tuong, on
the basis of this phrase, dismissed the meeting of the court and postponed the decision to
another meeting, held three days later. They made public the repudiation of Duc-Duc
contained in the testament. … The youngest brother of Tu-Duc, Hong-Dai, was
proclaimed Emperor under the name of Hiep-Hoa. Duc-Duc’s fate was prison, where he
died.” Rulers.org has him dying in 1883.

VNM-1883-2 815 VNM Hiep Hoa 30/07/1883 29/11/1883

See above on his irregular entry. Brother of Tu-Duc. Rulers.org: Often referred to as Hiep
Hoa. NYT, December 14, 1883, p.1 reports: Paris, Dec. 13. – The Paris publishes a

322
telegram from Saigon stating that a revolution has taken place at Hue, and that the King
of Annam has been killed. The Ministry have no information relative to the report.
London, Dec. 13, -- A Hong Kong dispatch to Reuter’s Telegram Company says it is
stated that that Hiephema, King of Annam, has been poisoned by the anti-French party at
Hue. … London, Dec. 14. – A dispatch to the Standard from Hanoi dated Dec. 5 confirms
the reports of the breaking out of a revolution at Hue and the poisoning of King
Hiephema. The new King of Annam is Tiephoa.
Nguyen & Nguyen, p. 286: “Thuyet and Tuong … requested the Queen Mother,
mother of Tu-Duc, to repudiate Hiep-Hoa and enthrone Duong-Thien, youngest of the
three adopted sons of Tu-Duc. Hiep-Hoa was forced to take poison; and Tran-Tien-
Thanh, who refused to endorse Hiep-Hoa’s repudiation, was assassinated on order of
Thuyet and Tuong. Power then fell into the hands of Nguyen-Van-Tuong and Ton-That-
Thuyet, for the Emperor Kien-Phuc, former Prince Duong Thien, was only fifteen years
old.”

VIE-1883 815 VIE Regency 02/12/1883 14/10/1885

Nguyen Van Tuong & Ton That Thuyet were in power from 2 December 1883 to 14
September 1885. The variable Born in is coded as missing, because there are two regents.
Nguyen Van Tuong was born in 1824 and he died in 1886. Ton That Thuyet, was born in
1835 and he died in 1913.
Nguyen & Nguyen: (p.286-7) note that : “Power then fell into the hands of
Nguyen-Van-Tuong and Ton-That-Thuyet, for the Emperor Kien-Phuc, former Prince
Duong Thien, was only fifteen years old. Kien-Phuc reigned for six months before he
died from illness. The throne should have legally passed to the remaining nephew,
adopted son of Tu-Duc, Changh-Mong, but Thuyet and Tuong did not enthrone him. He
was an adult, and they chose instead his twelve-year old brother, Ung-Lich, in order to
keep the power in their own hands. Ung-Lich was given the royal name of Ham-Nghi. ”
On p. 290, they note that the new treaty of June 6, 1884 between France and Vietnam was
signed by the French Government and Nguyen-Van-Tuon, Pham-Than-Duat, and Ton-
That-Phan for the Imperial Court. After the uprising of 5 July 1885, half of the Court
officials, headed by Nguyen-Van-Tuong returned to Hue to surrender, and the other half,
headed by Ton-That-Thuyet, took Emperor Ham-Nghi to the Jungle … to continue the
fight. Tuon is order by the French to lure the King back. He fails and, p. 294, “he was
exiled by the French to Tahiti two months later. There he died of illness.” Eventually,
Ton-That-Thuyet goes to China to ask for help.
Duiker, 2nd edition also notes that : Nguyen Puoc Minh, better known as Ham
Nghi, fled the imperial palace to launch a movement of anti-French resistance in July.
Brother of Emperor Kien Phuc. He rose to the throne at age 12. “In July 1885 he fled the
capital of Hue with Regent Ton That Thuyet to launch the Can Vuong resistance
movement against French occupation. In September he was replaced on the throne by his
brother Dong Khanh. Captured in November 1888, Ham Nghi was sent to live out his life
in exile in Algeria, and he died there in 1947.” (p.91)

VNM-1885 815 VNM Dong Khanh 14/10/1885 28/01/1889

323
Nguyen & Nguyen, (p.29-7) notes that : “On September 14, 1885, while Ham-Nghi was
still at large the French proclaimed Chanh-Month Emperor under the Royal name of
Dong-Khanh. The new ruler proved to be obedient and compliant to French rule.
Nephew of Emperor Tu Duc and an elder brother of Emperor Ham Nghi. Note that
Duiker also records him in power until 1889, but Whitfield has him dying in January
1888.
The Washington Post, March 10, 1889, p. 1 notes: “San Francisco, March 9. –
The Courier de Haiphong of January 31 says, Emperor Dong Kanh of Annam died
suddenly at Hue. It is not known whether his death was from natural causes or the result
of a police revolution.”

VNM-1889 815 VNM Thanh Thai 01/02/1889 03/09/1907

Nguyen Phuoc Buu Lan Thanh Thai. . Son of Emperor Duc-Duc. Nguyen & Nguyen, p.
297: On January 28, 1888 [HG: sic], a little over two years from the time of his
enthronement, Dong-Khanh died. The then French Resident Superior in Hue, Rheinart,
established Duc-Duc’s son Buu-Lan on the throne under the royal name of Thanh-Thai.
Buu-Lan was in prison with his mother when the Court representatives came to release
him and put him on the throne. As he was then only ten years old, Nguyen-Trong-Hop
and Truong-Quang-Dan became regents. Exiled to Reunion. Thanh Thai was exiled first
to Vung Tau and then to Reunion Island in 1916. In 1945 he was allowed to return home
but was kept under house arrest in Vung Tau, South Vietnam. French colonialization

DEMOCRACTIC REPUBLIC OF VIETNAM

DRV-1945 816 DRV Ho Chi Minh 02/09/1945 03/09/1969

He died a natural death.

DRV-1969 816 DRV Le Duan 03/09/1969 10/07/1986

He died a natural death.

DRV-1986-1 816 DRV Truong Chinh 10/07/1986 18/12/1986

Lentz: Remained President until June 18th, 1987.

DRV-1986-2 816 DRV Nguyen Van Linh 18/12/1986 27/06/1991

Dies April 27, 1998. For his OK fate, see Keesing’s Vol. 44, April, 1998, also Vol. 43,
December 1997, and in particular, Vol. 38, May, 1992..

DRV-1991 816 DRV Do Muoi 27/06/1991 29/12/1997

Appointed afterwards as advisor to the central committee, see Keesing’s Vol. 43,
December 1997.

DRV-1997 816 DRV Phieu 29/12/1997 22/04/2001

For his entry, and him being a General, and conservative hardliner, see Keesing’s Vol.
43, December 1997. For him being OK, suggested by: “The lessons of Le Kha Phieu:

324
Changing rules in Vietnamese politics,” in Contemporary Southeast Asia, April 2002,
Vol. 24, Iss.1, pp.121-146.

DRV-2001 816 DRV Nong Duc Manh 23/04/2001 31/12/2004

For his entry, see Keesing’s Vol. 47, April 2001.

REPUBLIC OF VIETNAM

RVN-1954-1 817 RVN Pham Buu Loc 12/01/1954 16/06/1954

Is cousin of emperor Bao Dai. Welcomes Diem back to Saigon on 25th of June. No info
on his fate.

RVN-1954-2 817 RVN Quat 16/06/1954 26/06/1954

Lentz reports that he “briefly served as acting premier in 1954. He was involved in an
unsuccessful coup attempt against President Ngo Dinh Diem in 1960 and was imprisoned
until Diem’s ouster in 1963.”

RVN-1954-3 817 RVN Ngo Dinh Diem 26/06/1954 01/11/1963

Rulers.org has Quat as interim PM, 16 June – 26 June 1954. The Washington Post and
Times Herald, June 17, 1954, p.4 reports that Ngo Dinh Diem was asked to form a
government on the 16th. Lentz also does NOT insert Quat (although mentions it later in
entry for Quat), but has a three day interim between Buu Loc and Diem. The Washington
Post and Times Herald, June 26, 1954, p.5: Diem as out of the country in Paris on the
25th. He is welcomed on the plane by Buu Loc. Murdered in coup

RVN-1963 817 RVN Minh 01/11/1963 30/01/1964

Coup by General Nguyen Khanh; exile 25 October 1964. See NYT, October 25, 1964,
p.1 “Vietnam Council Chooses Civilian as Chief of State. …

RVN-1964-1 817 RVN Khahn 30/01/1964 04/11/1964

NYT, October 25, 1964, p.1 “Vietnam Council Chooses Civilian as Chief of State. …
Mr. Suu is designating Tran Van Huong, a 61-year-old nationalist politician and former
Mayor of Saigon, as Premier. Mr. Huong replaces Maj. Gen. Nguyen Khanh, who has led
a caretaker government since he was forced to step down amid rioting and confusionin
Saigon late in August. … Demands for civilian government were reaised by Buddhist
and student groups during the August riots. Their outcry was taken up by militant
political movements, including those of Buddhist intellectuals at the universities of Hue
and Saigon. General Khanh bowed to these demands by promising to step down as
Premier and to resume his purely military duties.” Hence, an irregular exit.

RVN-1964-2 817 RVN Van Huong 04/11/1964 26/01/1965

Lentz: Ousted in a military coup, unsuccessful candidate for the presidency in 1967.

RVN-1965-1 817 RVN Khahn 26/01/1965 20/02/1965

Nguyen Khahn, first ruled between 30/1/1964 – 4/11/1964. He became an ambassador,
left the country, diplomatic exile. Second time he ruled between 26/1/1965 – 20/2/1965.

325
He was exiled in the US. (Keesing’s Vol. 11 (1965) September. The Military Directorate
announced on Aug. 7 [1965, HG] that Lieut. General Nguyen Khanh (the former Prime
Minister, who was living in the United States) had been removed from the active list and
ordered to return to face an inquiry into corruption charges against him, and that General
Pham Van Dong had been dismissed from the Army. Major-General Do Cau Tri, who
had gone into exile after being implicated in the coup of Sept. 13, 1964, was also ordered
to face an inquiry into his conduct.)

RVN-1965-2 817 RVN Quat 20/02/1965 12/06/1965

Keesing’s Vol. 27, April 1981 reports: “Dr Phan Huy Quat, the former leader of the right-
wing Dai- Viet party, who served as the South Vietnamese Foreign Minister in 1964-65
and as Prime Minister for four months in 1965, died in Chi-Hoa prison on April 27,
1979.” Phan Huy Quat ruled between 20/2/1965 and 12/6/1965. See, Keesing’s Vol. 11
(1965).

RVN-1965-3 817 RVN Van Thieu 14/06/1965 21/04/1975

He resigned and fled to Taiwan.

RVN-1975 817 RVN Minh 28/04/1975 30/04/1975

Country incorporated in Democratic Republic; detained.

MALAYSIA

MAL-1957 820 MAL Rahman 31/08/1957 15/04/1959

Lentz: Stepped down, and led the Alliance party in state elections.

MAL-1959-1 820 MAL Razak 15/04/1959 21/08/1959

Lentz: continued to serve as deputy prime minister.

MAL-1959-2 820 MAL Rahman 21/08/1959 22/09/1970

Lentz: remained interested and wrote a weekly newspaper column until 1987.

MAL-1970 820 MAL Razak 22/09/1970 14/01/1976

Lentz: “Abdul Razak was hospitalized in London in December of 1975 for acute
leukemia. He died in London at the age of 53 on January 14, 1976.” Died suddenly.

MAL-1976 820 MAL Hussein Bin Onn 14/01/1976 16/07/1981

Lentz: educated locally and at the Indian Military Academy at Dehra Dan. Studied law in
London and returned to Malaya to establish a law practice. … resigned from office on
July 16, 1981, following a coronary bypass operation.” Keesing’s Vol. 27, September,
1981 reports: “Malaysia's federal Prime Minister since 1976, Datuk Hussein bin Onn
(59), announced on May 15, 1981, that he would not stand for re-election as president of
the United Malays National Organization (UMNO, the dominant component of the ruling
National Front coalition) when the party held its general assembly in the following
month, and that he would relinquish the federal premiership soon after the holding of that
assembly. Datuk Hussein's decision was taken on health grounds following a six-week

326
visit to the United Kingdom for medical treatment earlier in 1981 during which he had
undergone a coronary by-pass operation on Feb. 7.”

MAL-1981 820 MAL Mahatir Bin Mohammad 16/07/1981 31/10/2003

MAL-2003 820 MAL Ahmad Badawi 31/10/2003 31/12/2004

SINGAPORE

SIN-1959 830 SIN Lee Kuan Yew 05/06/1959 28/11/1990

SIN-1990 830 SIN Goh Chok Tong 28/11/1990 12/08/2004

Goh Chok Tong is OK, after losing office. Rulers.org reports: Retiring on Aug. 12, 2004,
he became senior minister and replaced new prime minister Lee Hsien Loong as
chairman of the Monetary Authority of Singapore (central bank).

SIN-2004 830 SIN Lee Hsien Loong 12/08/2004 31/12/2004

Son of Lee Kuan Yew. Degree in Mathematics, Cambridge and Harvard educated. See
http://www.ndtv.com/morenews/showmorestory.asp?slug=Lee+wins+Singapore+pol
ls&id=87646

BRUNEI

BRU-1967 835 BRU Muda H. B. M. Waddaulah 04/10/1967 31/12/2004

Full name: Muda Hassanal Bolkiah Mu’izzadin Waddaulah. Son of previous Sultan.
Educated at Victoria Institute in Malaysia and Sandhurst Royal Military Academy in
Great Britain.

PHILIPPINES

PHI-1946 840 PHI Roxas 04/07/1946 16/04/1948

Lentz: Degree in law. Heart attack.

PHI-1948 840 PHI Quirrino 16/04/1948 30/12/1953

Lentz: law degree. “Despite poor health, Quirino was a candidate for reelection in 1953.
… Magsaysay defeated Quirino, …. His health continued to deteriorate, and he died of a
heart attack at his home in Novaliches at the age of 65 on February 28, 1956.”

PHI-1953 840 PHI Magsaysay 30/12/1953 17/03/1957

Lentz: educated at the University of the Philippines and at the Jose Rizal College Institute
of Commerce, where he graduated in 1932. He subsequently worked as an auto
mechanic. …. He was killed when the C-47 twin-engine transport he was a passenger in
exploded and crashed on Mt. Bago, hear Cebu City, on March 17, 1957.”
The Washington Post and Times Herald, March 18, 1957, p. A1 reports: “Philippines
President Ramon Magsaysay and 24 other persons were killed Sunday in the flaming

327
crash of the presidential C-47 airliner on a mountain on Cebu Island. Officials suspected
sabotage.” The Washington Post and Times Herald, March 21, 1957, p. A14 reports that
Col. Richardo Papa, deputy constabulary chief said that evidence indicated no foul play
was involved in the death of the president. But the article ends “Walker Stone, editor in
chief of the Scripps-Howard newspapers, quoted Magsaysay as saying eight days ago:
“They’re going to try to bump me off in this (election)( campaign. They know they can’t
win if I live.”” The Washington Post and Times Herald, April. 28, 1957, p. A6 reports
that “The chief of the Philippine Constabulary said today that metal fatigue caused the
plane crash in which President Ramon Magsaysay and 25 other persons died March 17.
Brig. Gen. Manuel F. Cabal told a Senate investigating committee that the possibility of
“direct or indirect” sabotage had been ruled out.”

PHI-1957 840 PHI Garcia 17/03/1957 14/11/1961

For entry, see Chicago Daily Tribune, March 18, 1957, p.6. He was a politician, poet,
former law student and teacher. And Vice President. Lentz: Remained an influential
figure and was chosen president of the Constitutional Convention in June of 1971. He
died three days later of a heart attack at his home in Quezon City at the age of 74 on June
14, 1971.

PHI-1961 840 PHI Macapagal 14/11/1961 30/12/1965

Diosdado Macapagal. On his OK posttenurefate the year after out, see The Washington
Post, Times Herald, March 12, 1966, p. A12 and Chicago Tribune, Dec. 15, 1968, p. A9.

PHI-1965 840 PHI Marcos 30/12/1965 25/02/1986

Popular revolt, exile.

PHI-1986 840 PHI Aquino 25/02/1986 30/06/1992

PHI-1992 840 PHI Ramos 30/06/1992 30/06/1998

PHI-1998 840 PHI Estrada 30/06/1998 20/01/2001

Keesing’s Vol. 47, December 2001. On trial on charges of economic plunder, graft,
perjury, and the illegal use of an alias. Keesing’s Vo. 47, July 2001: arraigned in an anti-
Corruption court on July 10. Keesing’s Vol. 47, May 2001: “The streets were largely
calm by May 3 and Arroyo made the conciliatory gesture of visiting her opponent
Estrada, who had been charged in April with economic plunder and detained in a high
security prison [ibid.].” Ousted by supreme court.

PHI-2001 840 PHI Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo 21/01/2001 31/12/2004

Female. She was vice president under Estrada. She was the daughter of Diosdado P.
Macapagal, president 61-65. Studied economics at Georgetown University. Has a
doctorate in economics from the University of the Philippines, Quezon City in 1986. She
was a University Professor.

INDONESIA

328
INS-1945 850 INS Sukarno 17/08/1945 18/12/1948
nl.encarta.msn.com Son of teacher, who belonged to the lower nobility of Java. Educated
as civil engineer at the Technical Academy at Bandung. First Dutch – Indonesian war 21
July – 5 August 1947. Second Dutch – Indonesian War, 19 December 1948 – 11 August
1949.
Lentz: Captured by Dutch paratroopers at the nationalists’ headquarters in Jogjakarta
December 18, 1948. He was exiled to Prapart until July of 1949, when the Dutch were
forced by world opinion to release him and grant Indonesia independence. For his capture
see also NYT, Dec. 27, 1948, p. 1 and NYT, Dec. 29, 1948, p.1
Exiled to Propat.

INS-1948 850 INS Louis Beel 18/12/1948 19/05/1949

Studied law in Nijmegen, doctorate: “Self-rule or dependent decentralization.” After
being High Commissioner in Indonesia from October 1948, he resigns in May 1949,
because of disagreements with the government on it’s policies regarding Indonesia. In
October he becomes extraordinary professor in Nijmegen. Returned to the Netherlands,
later PM.

INS-1949-1 850 INS A. H. J. Lovink 19/05/1949 27/12/1949

Antonius Hermanus Johannes Lovink. Source:
http://www.inghist.nl/Onderzoek/Projecten/BWN/lemmata/bwn5/lovink
Studied trade economics at the Ruprecht-Karls Universität in Heidelberg. Left for the
Netherlands immediately after he signed the transfer of authority and power. Became
ambassador in Ottawa afterwards. He is ‘forced’ to go back to the Netherlands, now a
different country: hence exile. Born on12 July 1902.

INS-1949-2 850 INS Sukarno 27/12/1949 12/03/1966

Coup, then house arrest.

INS-1966 850 INS Suharto 12/03/1966 21/05/1998

NYT, May 30, 2000, p. A3: “May 29 – Under intense pressure to get tough, the
Indonesian government placed former President Suharto under house arrest today as it
sought to try him on charges of corruption and abuse of power.” Almost two years after
he lost power. For exit, see NYT, May 21, 1998, p. 1. Resigns after riots, later faced with
criminal charges and house arrest.

INS-1998 850 INS Habibie 21/05/1998 20/10/1999

Was Vice President under Suharto. For entry, see NYT, May 21, 1998, p. 1. For his OK
fate, see NYT, May 28, 2000, p.3.

INS-1999 850 INS Wahid 20/10/1999 23/07/2001

For his ouster by parliament, see NYT, July 23, 2001, p. A1.After ousted heads for the
US for a medical checkup. NYT, July 27, 2001, p. A1. Looks like the medical check up,
at Johns Hopkins is legit. See NYT, Aug. 4, 2001, p. A7.

INS-2001 850 INS Megawati Sukarnoputri 24/07/2001 20/10/2004

329
Female. Daughter of Sukarno.

INS-2004 850 INS Bambang Yudhoyono 20/10/2004 31/12/2004

EAST TIMOR
ETM-2002 860 ETM Gusmao 20/05/2002 31/12/2004
Had been jailed by the Indonesians.

AUSTRALIA

AUL-1901 900 AUL Edmund Barton 01/01/1901 24/09/1903

Lentz: Graduated from University of Sydney; subsequently judge.

AUL-1903 900 AUL Alfred Deakin 24/09/1903 26/04/1904

Lentz: Graduated from Melbourne University, Law.

AUL-1904-1 900 AUL J.C Watson 26/04/1904 18/08/1904

John Christian Watson. Subsequently Australia’s High Commissioner in London in 1909,
where he stayed until 1915.

AUL-1904-2 900 AUL George Reid 18/08/1904 05/07/1905

AUL-1905 900 AUL Alfred Deakin 05/07/1905 13/11/1908

AUL-1908 900 AUL Andrew Fisher 13/11/1908 02/06/1909

AUL-1909 900 AUL Alfred Deakin 02/06/1909 29/04/1910

AUL-1910 900 AUL Andrew Fisher 29/04/1910 24/04/1913

AUL-1913 900 AUL Joseph Cook 24/04/1913 17/09/1914

AUL-1914 900 AUL Andrew Fisher 17/09/1914 27/10/1915

Lentz: “the burden of leading the country during the war led to his resignation on October
27, 1915. He subsequently served as Australia’s high commissioner in England, where he
remained until 1921.”

AUL-1915 900 AUL Hughes 27/10/1915 03/02/1923

AUL-1923 900 AUL Bruce 03/02/1923 22/10/1929

AUL-1929 900 AUL Scullin 22/10/1929 06/01/1932

AUL-1932 900 AUL Lyons 06/01/1932 07/04/1939

Lentz: Returned to office twice, 1934, and 1937.

330
AUL-1939-1 900 AUL Page 07/04/1939 26/04/1939

AUL-1939-2 900 AUL Menzies 26/04/1939 29/08/1941

Lentz: Law degree form the University of Melbourne. After ousted, remained in the
government of Arthur Fadden as minister of defense coordination until the Labor Party,
under Joseph Curting , came to power in October 1941.

AUL-1941-1 900 AUL Fadden 29/08/1941 07/10/1941

AUL-1941-2 900 AUL Curtin 07/10/1941 30/04/1945

Lentz: Suffered a heart attack in November 1944 and died of a heart ailment in Canberra
on July 6, 1945. Lentz’s entry on Forde – next item – shows he was replaced on April 30.

AUL-1945-1 900 AUL Forde 30/04/1945 13/07/1945

Lentz: Forde was deputy prime minister and minister for the army from 1941 to 1946. …
He became acting prime minister of Australia on April 30, 1945, following the illness of
John Curtin. … From 1946 until 1953 Forde was Australian high commissioner to
Canada.

AUL-1945-2 900 AUL Chifley 13/07/1945 19/12/1949

Lentz: suffered a heart attack in 1950, and on June 13, 1951, he died suddenly in
Canberra.

AUL-1949 900 AUL Menzies 19/12/1949 26/01/1966

For his exit (not ill health) see Keesing’s Vol. 12, February 1996.

AUL-1966 900 AUL Holt 27/01/1966 19/12/1967

For his entry see Keesing’s Vol. 12, February 1996. Lentz: “The 59-year old Holt was
lost and presumed drowned on December 16, 1967, while skindiving in Port Philip Bay
by the town of Portsea.” Law degree from Melbourne University.
Died in swimming accident.

AUL-1967 900 AUL McEwen 19/12/1967 10/01/1968

AUL-1968 900 AUL Gorton 10/01/1968 10/03/1971

Rulers.org has the nice anecdote that HE voted himself, deliberately, out of office. After
the Liberal party member split 33-33.

AUL-1971 900 AUL McMahon 10/03/1971 05/12/1972

AUL-1972 900 AUL Whitlam 05/12/1972 11/11/1975

Lentz: Law degree from Sydney University. “In an unprecedented move, the governor-
general, Sir. John Kerr, dismissed Whitlam as prime minister and called for new
elections.” Looks very much an irregular removal. See also Keesing’s Vol. 21, December
1975.

331
AUL-1975 900 AUL Fraser 11/11/1975 11/03/1983
Lentz: called elections nine months before required by law.

AUL-1983 900 AUL Hawke 11/03/1983 19/12/1991

AUL-1991 900 AUL Keating 19/12/1991 11/03/1996

AUL-1996 900 AUL Howard 11/03/1996 31/12/2004

PAPUA NEW GUINEA

PNG-1975 910 PNG Somare 16/09/1975 11/03/1980

PNG-1980 910 PNG Chan 11/03/1980 02/08/1982

PNG-1982 910 PNG Somare 02/08/1982 21/11/1985

PNG-1985 910 PNG Wingti 21/11/1985 04/07/1988

PNG-1988 910 PNG Namaliu 04/07/1988 17/07/1992

PNG-1992 910 PNG Wingti 17/07/1992 30/08/1994

PNG-1994 910 PNG Chan 30/08/1994 22/07/1997

PNG-1997 910 PNG Skate 22/07/1997 14/07/1999

Keesing’s Vol. 45, November 1999 reports that “Former Prime Minister Bill Skate
appeared in court on Nov. 22 charged with an insurance fraud dating from 1990, before
he had entered the legislature …” Vol. 45, December 1999: “Former Prime Minister Bill
Skate was charged on Dec. 6 with the attempted theft of over 5,000 kina from the
National Capital District (NCD) commission during his tenure as governor of the
commission …” Vol. 46, July 2000 It was reported by Radio Australia on July 13 that
former Prime Minister Bill Skate had been charged with attempting to pervert the course
of justice in relation to an insurance fraud case against him which was due to be heard
later in the year …” Acquitted on the theft charges, see Keesing’s 47 November, 2001
“The National Court on Nov. 27 acquitted former Prime Minister Bill Skate of a charge
of misappropriating 5,763 kina (US$1.00=3.8620 kina as at Nov. 30, 2001) during his
tenure as governor of the National Capital District Commission (NCDC) for lack of
evidence [see pp. 43319; 44061]. Skate, who still faced two further criminal cases,
claimed that the charges against him were politically motivated.”

PNG-1999 910 PNG Morauta 14/07/1999 05/08/2002

PNG-2002 910 PNG Somare 06/08/2002 31/12/2004

332
NEW ZEALAND

NEW-1906 920 NEW Ward 06/08/1906 28/03/1912

NEW-1912-1 920 NEW Thomas Mackenzie 28/03/1912 10/07/1912

On his election to office, see CSM, March 23, 1912, p. 6. (Note that Lentz omits
Mackenzie.) CSM, July 10, 1913, p. 2. High Commissioner in London next year. For his
appointment, see CSM, Aug. 7, 1912, p.20 & CSM, Aug. 16, 1912, p.12.

NEW-1912-2 920 NEW Massey 10/07/1912 10/05/1925

NEW-1925-1 920 NEW Bell 14/05/1925 30/05/1925

Bell was born on 31 March 1851. Lentz notes that he had a Law degree from St. John’s
College, Cambridge.

NEW-1925-2 920 NEW Coates 30/05/1925 07/12/1928

NEW-1928 920 NEW Ward 10/12/1928 15/05/1930

Lentz: “He stepped down due to poor health on May 15, 1930, and died on July 8, 1930.”

NEW-1930 920 NEW Forbes 8/05/1930 27/11/1935

NEW-1935 920 NEW Savage 27/11/1935 26/03/1940

NEW-1940 920 NEW Fraser 01/04/1940 12/12/1949

Lentz: died exactly one year after he left office, from heart failure.

NEW-1949 920 NEW Holland 13/12/1949 20/09/1957

Lentz: “Suffering from failing health, he retired on September 20, 1957 …. Died in
Wellington on August 5, 1961.” Chicago Daily Tribune, Sept. 21, 1957, p. 3, also notes
“Sidney G. Holland, 64, who resigned because of poor health.” For his obit, which also
mentions ill health, see NYT, Aug 5, 1961, p. 17.

NEW-1957-1 920 NEW Holyoake 20/09/1957 12/12/1957

For his entry, see Chicago Daily Tribune, Sept. 21, 1957, p. 3, which refers to him as “a
self-educated farmer.”

NEW-1957-2 920 NEW Nash 12/12/1957 12/12/1960

NEW-1960 920 NEW Holyoake 12/12/1960 07/02/1972

NEW-1972-2 920 NEW Marshall 07/02/1972 08/12/1972

NEW-1972-1 920 NEW Kirk 08/12/1972 31/08/1974

NEW-1974 920 NEW Rowling 06/09/1974 12/12/1975

333
NEW-1975 920 NEW Muldoon 12/12/1975 26/07/1984

NEW-1984 920 NEW Lange 26/07/1984 08/08/1989

NEW-1989 920 NEW Palmer 08/08/1989 04/09/1990

NEW-1990-1 920 NEW Moore 04/09/1990 27/10/1990

NEW-1990-2 920 NEW Bolger 27/10/1990 08/12/1997

Rulers.org: Ambassador from 6 April 1998 until 2001.

NEW-1997 920 NEW Shipley 08/12/1997 10/12/1999

Jenny Shipley, Female.

NEW-1999 920 NEW Clark 10/12/1999 31/12/2004

Helen Clark, Female.

SOLOMON ISLANDS

SOL-1978 940 SOL Kenilorea 07/07/1978 31/08/1981

SOL-1981 940 SOL Mamaloni 31/08/1981 19/11/1984

For his death, see Keesing’s Vol. 46, January 2000. Died on 11 January, 2000.

SOL-1984 940 SOL Kenilorea 19/11/1984 01/12/1986

SOL-1986 940 SOL Alebua 01/12/1986 28/03/1989

SOL-1989 940 SOL Mamaloni 28/03/1989 18/06/1993

SOL-1993 940 SOL Hilly 18/06/1993 31/10/1994

Keesing’s Vol. 40, November 1994, says dismissed by the Governor General in October.
For more details, suggesting this was irregular and unconstitutional, see Keesing’s Vol.
40 October 1994: “The Solomon Islands underwent a constitutional crisis in October as
Prime Minister Francis Billy Hilly waged a protracted, but ultimately unsuccessful,
struggle to resist efforts to remove him from office. The crisis began in early October
when the opposition declared that it controlled a majority in the country's 47-member
National Parliament and would launch a no confidence motion against Billy Hilly at the
earliest opportunity. The defection of two members of the coalition government in
September had reduced the number of government legislators to 22, although with
parliament not due to reconvene until Nov. 18, Billy Hilly's position appeared secure in
the short term. Governor-General Moses Pitakaka, who had taken office in June,
intervened in the political process on Oct. 13 by dismissing Billy Hilly from office on the
grounds that he no longer commanded a parliamentary majority. The Prime Minister
refused to stand down, however, and asked the country's judiciary to rule on the legality

334
of Pitakaka's move. The case was examined by both the High Court of the Solomon
Islands and, later, by the Court of Appeal. This latter body on Oct. 23 ruled in favour of
Pitakaka's right to dismiss Billy Hilly. In a private ceremony on Oct. 24, Pitakaka swore
in opposition leader and former Prime Minister Solomon Mamalonias caretaker Prime
Minister. He also issued a proclamation which declared the post of prime minister vacant,
appealed for nominations, and directed the Speaker of parliament to convene the
legislature in order to elect a prime minister. Notwithstanding the judicial decision, Billy
Hilly continued to refuse to leave office, and rejected Mamaloni's claims to have
succeeded him. After further legal consideration, his assertion that he could be dismissed
only after a parliamentary vote of no confidence was upheld by the judiciary on Oct. 26,
whereupon Pitakaka immediately lodged an appeal against the decision. However,
heightening the confusion and further undermining Billy Hilly's position, the ruling also
found that the Governor-General was not required to take advice from a minority
government. The crisis ended on Oct. 31 when Billy Hilly accepted the untenability of his
position and informed Pitakaka of his resignation.”
Based on Keesing’s we code this is an irregular and unconstitutional removal
from office. At minimum, without Pitakaka’s action, he could have stayed until Nov. 18.

SOL-1994 940 SOL Mamaloni 31/10/1994 27/08/1997

He DOES get elected legally later, but is entered illegally, see previous entry.

SOL-1997 940 SOL Ulufa'alu 27/08/1997 05/06/2000

Keesing’s Vol. 46, June 2000: “An armed coup on June 5, carried out by an ethnic
militia, the Malaita Eagles Force (MEF), forced the resignation of Prime Minister
Bartholomew Ulufa’alu [for appointment see p. 41779] and the election at the end of the
month by the National Parliament (the legislature) of a new Prime Minister. A group of
MEF gunmen took Ulufa’alu hostage having raided police armouries, seized key
installations and set up road blocks around Honiara, the capital of the Solomon Islands on
the island of Guadalcanal. Andrew Nori, the MEF’s lawyer and a former Finance
Minister [see p. 40189], emerged as the group’s leader when he held a press conference
demanding Ulufa’alu’s resignation. … Ulufa’alu was released on June 9, saying that he
was willing to resign if he lost a parliamentary vote of confidence planned for June
16. In the event Ulufa’alu, himself a Malaitan, resigned on June 13, accusing Australia
and New Zealand of having condoned the coup its debasement of democracy.”
See also The Daily Telegraph (Sydney, Australia) 7-6-2000, p. 27.
Sydney Morning Herald, notes on 3 July 2000 that Ulufa’Alu now leads the opposition.
He seems to be fine subsequently. Bartholemew Ulufa’alu under house arrest and held
him for four days.

SOL-2000 940 SOL Sogavare 30/06/2000 17/12/2001

Keesing’s Vol. 46, June 2000: “After negotiations facilitated by Australia between the
IFM and the MEF and between the Prime Ministers of Guadalcanal and Malaita
provinces, the Solomon Islands Governor General Sir John Ini Lapli set a date for a
meeting of the National Parliament to choose a new Prime Minister. Leader of the
opposition People’s Progressive Party [for appointment see p. 43367] and former Finance
Minister Manasseh Sogavare was elected Prime Minister on June 30 by 23 votes to the 21

335
cast for Home and Cultural Affairs Minister Leslie Boseto. A third contender, former
Prime Minister Francis Billy Hilly, received no votes.”
BBC Worldwide Monitoring, March 4, 2002, from SOURCE: Solomon Islands
Broadcasting Corporation text web site, Noniare, in English 4 Mar 02 notes “Caretaker
Prime Minister in the absence at the Commonwealth summit of Sir Allan Kemakeza
Manasseh Sogavare has blamed development partners for the failure in retrieving guns
still at large with some former militants.”

SOL-2001 940 SOL Kemakeza 17/12/2001 31/12/2004

Seattle Post Intelligencer, Wednesday, April 19, 2006.
http://seattlepi.nwsource.com/national/1106AP_Solomon_Islands_Unrest.html
“The rioting erupted Tuesday after Snyder Rini was elected prime minister by 50
lawmakers chosen in an April 5 parliamentary election. Rini is seen as having close links
with the corruption-tainted administration of his predecessor, Sir Allan Kemakeza.
Rini was Kemakeza's deputy prime minister. On Wednesday afternoon, Solomons'
Governor General Sir Nathaniel Waena went on national radio to appeal for calm and
signed off on a 12-hour curfew in Honiara beginning at 6 p.m.”

FIJI

FJI-1970 950 FJI Mara 10/10/1970 13/04/1987

Loses election. Ratu Mara is minister of Foreign Affairs and Civil Avaition in the Rabuka
government. See Keesing’s Vol. 33, July 1987.

FJI-1987-1 950 FJI Bavadra 13/04/1987 14/05/1987

Keesing’s. Vol. 33, July 1987: “The new Bavadra government was removed from power
on May 14, however, by a military coup led by Lt. -Col. Sitiveni Rabuka, the third in
command of the 2,600-strong Fijian Armed Forces (over 95 per cent of whom were
Melanesian). The resulting constitutional crisis was eventually resolved through the
establishment of an interim Advisory Council under the chairmanship of the Governor-
General, Ratu Sir Penaia Ganilau, which was charged with executive authority until a
new election could be held under an amended constitution.” Coup, briefly house arrest.

FJI-1987-2 950 FJI Rabuka 14/05/1987 19/05/1999

Keesing’s Vol. 33, July 1987: “At 10 am on May 14 a group of 10 masked soldiers led by
Lt. -Col. Rabuka burst in to the chamber of the House of Representatives, forcibly
abducted Dr Bavadra and the other 27 members of the governing coalition, and
imprisoned them in an Army barracks five km outside Suva. Rabuka stated that the
constitution was henceforth suspended and declared himself the chief minister of an
interim ruling council whose 17 members included Ratu Mara and other leading elements
of the former Alliance government. Lt. -Col. Rabuka, a Methodist lay preacher, claimed
that his action was essential for the maintenance of order and the prevention of racial
violence. Brig. Ratu Epeli Nailataiau, Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces since
1980, who was in Australia at the time of the coup, stated his continuing support for the
constitution, his abhorrence of the coup and his disregard of the rebel claim that he had

336
been dismissed from his post. … During the course of May 17 the Governor-General
refused to swear in, and thereby legitimize, Rabuka's Council of Ministers. He was
supported by the Chief Justice, Sir Timoci Tuivaga, and by the country's seven Supreme
Court judges, who stated their 'undivided and complete loyalty' to the constitution.
Nevertheless, in the evening of May 18 it was announced that Ratu Ganilau had sworn in
Lt. -Col. Rabuka as Chief Minister 24 hours earlier and had agreed to legitimize similarly
the position of the other members of the Council of Ministers. ”
Brit. Encyc.: Election of May 1999 is first under the new constitution. “Rabuka resigned
from Parliament and was elected chair of the Great Council of Chiefs, a body with wide
influence as well as a formal constitutional role.” Coup.

FJI-1999 950 FJI Chaudhry 19/05/1999 27/05/2000

Held hostage by Speight during the coup. See Keesing’s Vol. 46, May, 2000 and Vol. 46,
October, 2000.

FJI-2000-1 950 FJI Ratu Josefa Iloilo 27/05/2000 04/07/2000

President from 18 July 2000 on.

FJI-2000-2 950 FJI Laisenia Qarase 04/07/2000 31/12/2004

337
Notes on sources
Among general sources we relied primarily Lentz (1994,1999) and Spuler (1997). We
have also relied on a large number of country specific sources, which will be identified in
the complete version of the case description file.

Many websites provide helpful information on heads of states. In particular, we have

benefited tremendously from B. Schemmel’s Rulers web site (http://www.rulers.org)
for data on heads of states and their dates of tenure.

Ben Calhoun’s website on world statesmen (http://www.worldstatesmen.org)

also contains useful information about many historical polities.

As well as Francesco Chirico’s website: (http://www.geocities.com/francesco.chirico/)

Roberto Ortiz de Zárate’s Biografías de Líderes Políticos website

(http://www.terra.es/personal2/monolith/00index.htm) provides biographies for many
political leaders.

The online supplement to Vanhanen’s (2000) Polyarchy dataset

(http://www.sv.ntnu.no/iss/data/vanhanen/) contains notes on events in many
countries.

Lijphart’s Election Archive (http://dodgson.ucsd.edu/las/) contains a Latin American

Election statistics section that provides summary of many events for particular countries.

General sources for the Americas include Nohlen (1993 & 2005).

The following web sites provided useful information during the course of the project:

http://www.famousamericans.net

http://www.biografiasyvidas.com

http://www.nytimes.com

http://www.washingtonpost.com

http://www.consortiumnews.com

http://news.bbc.co.uk

http://www.edufuturo.com
(provides excellent information on Ecuadorian Presidents)

http://www.explored.com.ec/ecuador/baqueriz.htm.

338
http://www.mmrree.gov.ec
(Ecuador ministry of external relations website)

http://www.washingtonpost.com

http://www.cnn.com

http://www.nrc.nl

http://www.wordiq.com

http://de.encarta.msn.com/

http://www.macedonian-heritage.gr

http://www.datamass.net

http://www.ikuska.com

http://www.liberiapastandpresent.org

http://www.dacb.org

http://www.blignaut.co.za

http://www.infoplease.com

http://www.nationmaster.com

http://www.maldivesculture.com

http://www.inghist.nl

http://www.worldstatesmen.org

http://www.lexisnexis.com

http://www.consortiumnews.com

http://www.chron.com
(Houston Chronicle web site)

http://proquest.umi.com
The Historical Newspapers collections was crucial.

www.chicagotribune.com

339
http://www.inghist.nl

www.timesherald.com

http://www.monitor.bbc.co.uk
(BBC Worldwide Monitoring)

http://www.sibconline.com.sb
(Solomon Islands Broadcasting Corporation web site)

http://www.auyantepui.com/historia/presidentes.html and
http://www.auyantepui.com/historia/posesiones.html (for Venezuelan Presidents, with
details on profession and election dates)

http://countrystudies.us/venezuela/39.htm

340
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