Chapter 5
Angle Modulation
Updated: 4/6/15
Outline
• Angle Modulation
Review: Modulation Concept
• Modulation is the process by which a message or
information-bearing signal is transformed into another signal
to facilitate transmission over a communication channel
– Requires an auxiliary signal called carrier
– The modulation process is performed to accomplish several
objectives
• Modulation Objectives
– Frequency translation
• Designating various frequency spectrum for difference applications
– Channelization
• E.g., assigning difference channels for uploading and downloading
– Practical Equipment Design
• Antenna size (λf=c)
– Noise Performance
• Assigning higher BW to ensure higher noise performance
• E.g., FM has 200-KHz channel BW compared to 10KHz for AM
Review: Bandpass Signal & AM Modulation
• Remember for bandpass waveform we have
e
• The voltage (or current) spectrum of the bandpass signal is
• The PSD will be
• In case of Ordinary AM (DSB – FC) modulation:
• In this case Ac is the power level of the carrier signal with no
modulation;
• Therefore:
Review: Voltage/Current Spectrum in AM
• We know for AM:
• The voltage or Current Spectrum will be
Amax – Amin
m=
Amax + Amin
Angle Modulation – Basic Concepts
Φi(t)
Definitions:
Phase
• θ(t) is the deviation sensitivity
instantaneous (rad/V) (excess phase) - radian
phase deviation
• θ’(t) is the instantaneous frequency deviation – radian/sec
• Φi(t)=ωct + θ(t) is the instantaneous phase (exact) - radian
• fi(t)=(1/2p)dΦ ι(t)/dt = d(ω
Freq. deviation ct + θ(t))/dt
sensitivity in
rad/sec
• This is the instantaneous frequency (exact) – radian/sec
à Note that θ’(t) Referred as the instantaneous frequency deviation
Angle Modulation Representation
Constant called Phase deviation sensitivity (rad/V)
Constant called Freq. deviation sensitivity in ((rad/sec)/V) or Df/2π = Hz/V
In PM: θ(t) is proportional to m(t)à θ(t) = Dp . m(t)
àθ’(t) = Dp . d [m(t)] / dt
à Max. Instant. Frequency Deviation at Zero Crossing!
In FM: θ’(t) is proportional to m(t) à θ’(t) = Df . m(t)
à Max. Instant. Frequency Deviation at max[m(t)]
Frequency VS Phase Modulation
Frequency
Modulation
θ’(t) = Df . m(t)
Phase
Modulation
θ’(t) = Dp . d [m(t)] / dt
Frequency VS Phase Modulation
Max. Instant. Frequency
Deviation at max[m(t)]
Max. Instant. Frequency
Deviation at Zero Crossing
Frequency
Modulation
θ’(t) = Df . m(t)
Phase
Modulation
θ’(t) = Dp . d [m(t)] / dt
Generation of FM from PM & Vice Versa
Frequency Deviation
• In general
Frequency deviation from
– For FM the carrier frequency
– Thus, in case of FM The instantaneous freq.
varies about carrier
freq. proportional to m(t)
– For PM
, Derivative
– Thus, in case of PM p
of m(t)
Maximum Frequency Deviation
Angle Modulation Using MATLAB
Assuming the Modulating Signal is Sinusoid
In general (Vp=Vm): s(t) = Vc cos(ω c t + θ (t))
sPM (t) = Vc cos(ω c t + Dp m(t))
sFM (t) = Vc cos(ω c t + ∫ D m(τ )dτ )
f
If the modulating signal is sinusoid:
m(t) = Vm cos(ω m t)
sPM (t) = Vc cos(ω c t + DpVm cos(ω m t))
D f Vm
sFM (t) = Vc cos(ω c t + sin(ω m t))
ωm
The modulation index can be defined as (pay attention to units):
sPM (t) = Vc cos(ω c t + m p cos(ω m t));→ m p = β p = Dp max[m(t)] = DpVm
D f Vm 1 ΔF
sFM (t) = Vc cos(ω c t + m f sin(ω m t));→ m f = β f = . =
2 π fm B
Note that the Peak Phase Deviation is
the same as modulation index in PM Peak Freq. Deviation=ΔF BW of m(t)
Assuming the Modulating Signal is Sinusoid
m p = β p = Dp max[m(t)] = DpVm Notes:
• Vm is proportional to ΔF (peak frequency
D f Vm 1 ΔF deviation)
mf = β f = . = • Vm is proportional to Β (bandwidth of the
2 π fm B
modulating signal)
• Vm directly impacts the BW but no impact on the
total signal spectral power –
• This is difference from AM!
• Then what is the spectral impact of Vm? à
If impact the individual spectral lines!
Note K = Dp & K1=Df ;Vm = max [m(t)]=max [Vm(t)] = Modulating Signal
Example (C0)
• Assume Df = 10π (rad/sec/V); Dp=π/2 rad/V, fc=10Hz,
fm=1Hz, Vc=1Volt.
– Determine XFM(t) and plot it
– Determine XPM(t) and plot it
Example (C0) - Answer
• Assume Df = 10π (rad/sec/V); Dp=π/2 rad/V, fc=10Hz,
fm=1Hz, Vc=1Volt.
– Determine XFM(t) and plot it
– Determine XPM(t) and plot it
Transitions
See
Notes
Example (C)
• Assume Df = 5KHz/V and m(t) = 2cos(2π.2000t)
– Determine the peak frequency for FM
– Determine the modulation index for FM
– If Dp=2.5 rad/V, determine the peak phase deviation
sPM (t) = Vc cos(ω c t + m p cos(ω m t));→ m p = β p = Dp max[m(t)] = DpVm
D f Vm 1 ΔF
sFM (t) = Vc cos(ω c t + m f sin(ω m t));→ m f = β f = . =
2 π fm B
Summary
=Df =Dp
Note K = D = Sensitivity; Vm = max [m(t)]=max [Vm(t)] = Modulating Signal
m modulation index; ΔF=Δf;
Spectra of Angle-Modulated Signals
s(t) = Vc cos(ω c t + θ (t))
sPM (t) = Vc cos(ω c t + Dp m(t))
sFM (t) = Vc cos(ω c t + ∫ D m(τ )dτ )
f
Example: Spectrum of a PM or FM Signal with Sinusoidal
Modulation
So, what is the expression for angle modulation in frequency domain (assume
m(t) is sinusoidal: For PM: For FM:
Complex envelope:
Using Fourier Series
Note:
wmt= θ
dθ = wmdt
dt=dθ/wm
Change Limits:
Tm/2àπ/-π
Jn (β) is Bessel function of the first kind of the nth order;
Cannot be evaluated in closed form, but it has been evaluated numerically
Bessel Function
Carson’s Rule: shown that 98% of the total
power is contained in the bandwidth
(sometimes we use 99% rule)
Zero crossing points;
Used to determine the modulation index
Bessel Function for Angle Modulation
• In general the modulated signal (s(t)) is
S(t)
• The Bessel Function:
Bessel Function for Angle Modulation
S(t)
S(t)
Example (A)
• Assume FM modulation with modulation index of 1
• m(t) =Vmsin(2.pi.1000t) and Vc(t)= =10sin(2.pi.500.103t)
• Find the following:
– Number of sets of significant side frequencies (G(f))
– Amplitude of freq. components
– Draw the frequency component
Example (B)
• Plot the spectrum from the modulated FM
signal for β=0.5, 1, 2
Normalized
β=0.5
Bessel Function Using MATLAB
Narrowband Angle Modulation
Note: m=|θ(t)|
NBPM / NBFM & WB Angle Modulation
Wideband Angle Modulation
Frequency-division multiplexing (FDM)
Stereo FM Modulator
Stereo FM De-Modulator
References
• Leon W. Couch II, Digital and Analog Communication
Systems, 8th edition, Pearson / Prentice, Chapter 5
• Electronic Communications System: Fundamentals Through
Advanced, Fifth Edition by Wayne Tomasi – Chapter 7
(https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/209442.Electronic_Communications_System)
See
Notes
