5-01 Forms of Particiles

Modern English part II—Sentence & Complex Structures
Exercises for Non-native Speakers

5-1 FORMS OF PARTICIPLES (1)
pp. 80~82
General form (timeless) Perfect form (past time)
Active offering (present participle) having offered

Voice having been offering (progressive)
Passive offered (past participle) having been offered

Voice being offered (progressive)
Participles are made negative by placing not before them—not offering, not
having offered.
Rewrite the sentences, changing the adjective clauses to participial phrases.

Use the required form of the participles. Keep the commas if they are used
with the adjective clauses.
Present Participle (example, offering)
The time of the main verb determines the time of the participle.
EXAMPLE: a. The woman who is washing the dishes is our new cook.
The woman washing the dishes is our new cook.
(The participle is derived from a progressive verb.)
b. Anyone who violates this law will be punished.
Anyone violating this law will be punished.
(The participle is derived from a non-progressive verb.)
1. The gentleman who is crossing the street is an old friend of my father’s.

The gentleman crossing the street is an old friend of my father’s.
2. Anyone who travels in a foreign country should make sure that he has the
proper documents.
Anyone traveling in a foreign country should make sure that he has the
proper documents.
3. All passengers who are not going to Rockaway must change trains at the
next stops.
All passengers not going to Rockaway must change trains at the next stops.
4. We need a room which seats one hundred people.
We need a room seating one hundred people.
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5. Anyone who doesn’t enter the country legally will be immediately

deported to the country he came from.
Anyone not entering the country legally will be immediately departed to
the country he came from.
6. The young woman, who was running to catch the bus, stumbled and fell.
The young woman, running to catch the bus, stumbled and fell.
Past Participle (example, offered)
The time of the main verb determines the time of the participle. With most
verbs, the past participle has passive voice.
EXAMPLE: Doctors often recommended rabies shots for anyone who is
bitten by a strange dog.
Doctors often recommended rabies shots for anyone bitten by
strange dog.
1. The jewelry which was stolen from our neighbor’s house was found by the
police.
The jewelry stolen from our neighbor’s house was found by the police.
2. A letter which is sent by airmail should arrive sooner than one which is sent
by regular mail.
A letter sent by airmail should arrive sooner than one sent by regular mail.
3. We will prosecute anyone who is caught trespassing on this property.
We will prosecute anyone caught trespassing on this property.
4. Mr. X, who has been exiled from his homeland for many years, began to
make inquiries about whether he could return.
Mr. X, exiled from his homeland for many years, began to make inquiries
about whether he could return.
Cf. Mr. X, having been exiled from his homeland for many years, began
to make inquiries about whether he could return.
N.B. Collins COBUILD, (c) HarperCollins Publishers.

The form having with a past participle can be used to introduce a clause
in which you mention an action which had already happened before
another action began. For example:
He arrived in San Francisco, having left New Jersey on January 19th.
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Having been told by his doctor that he was overweight, he's eating all the
fibre and fruit he can.
5. The young violinist, who was encouraged by his teacher, decided to enter
his name in the music contest.
The young violinist, encouraged by his teacher, decided to enter his name
in the music contest.
6. Any package which is not wrapped properly will not be accepted by the
post office.
Any package not wrapped properly will not be accepted by the post office.
Progressive Passive Participle (example, being offered)
This participle expresses present action.

EXAMPLE: Those houses which are now being torn down were built fifty
years ago.
Those houses being torn down now were built fifty years ago.
1. The music which is being played now is by Bach.

The music being played now is by Bach.
2. The tooth that is being extracted by the dentist has been hurting me for
some time.
The tooth being extracted by the dentist has been hurting me for some time.
3. They expect to help the poor with the money that is being collected.
They expect to help the poor with the money being collected.
4. The air conditioner which is now being installed should make the room
more comfortable.
The air conditioner now being installed should make the room more
comfortable.
5. The letter which is being typed now will introduce you to our
representative in London.
The letter being typed now will introduce you to our representative in
London.
Perfect Participial Forms (example, having offered, having been offering,

having been offered)
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The perfect forms indicate time that corresponds to the present perfect or the
past perfect tense. (Informally the general forms of the participle may also be
used in man sentences.)
EXAMPLE: Anyone who has talked to him once will be convinced of his
innocence.
Anyone having talked to him once will be convinced of his
innocence.
1. The Smiths, who had found just the house they wanted to buy, began to
bargain with the owners to reduce the price.
The Smiths, having found just the house they wanted to buy, began to
bargain with the owners to reduce the price.
2. Mr. Preston, who had been offered a good job out-of-town, told his wife
they would have to move.
Mr. Preston, having been offered a good job out-of-town, told his wife they
would have to move.
3. The orchestra members, who had been practicing all day, were very tired
by evening.
The orchestra members, having been practicing all day, were very tired by
evening.
4. Anyone who has served a term in prison will not be hired by that company.
Anyone having served a term in prison will not be hired by that company.
5. Mr. Richards, who had been badly wounded in the last war, was receiving
a pension from the government.
Mr. Richards, having been badly wounded in the last war, was receiving a
pension from the government.
6. My brother, who had not understood the chemistry lectures at all, failed the
examination.
My brother, not having understood the chemistry lectures at all, failed the
examination.
7. The garden, which had been neglected by the former tenants, was
overgrown with weeds.
The garden, having been neglected by the former tenants, was overgrown
with weeds.
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Modern English part II—Sentence & Complex Structures

Exercises for Non-native Speakers

General form (timeless) Perfect form (past time)

Active offering (present participle) having offered

Passive offered (past participle) having been offered

Rewrite the sentences, changing the adjective clauses to participial phrases.

Present Participle (example, offering)

1. The gentleman who is crossing the street is an old friend of my father’s.

5. Anyone who doesn’t enter the country legally will be immediately

Past Participle (example, offered)

N.B. Collins COBUILD, (c) HarperCollins Publishers.

Progressive Passive Participle (example, being offered)

This participle expresses present action.

1. The music which is being played now is by Bach.

Perfect Participial Forms (example, having offered, having been offering,

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